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Revenko, G. O., I. V. Budayeva, and V. V. Mavrutenkov. "SEROLOGICAL MONITORING OF POPULATION ANTITOXIC ANTI-DIPHTHERIA IMMUNITY IN RESIDENTS OF DNIPROPETROVSK REGION." Клінічна та профілактична медицина 4, no. 9-10 (October 17, 2019): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31612/2616-4868.4(10).2019.07.
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The goal of the work – to present the analysis of epidemiological monitoring of anti-diphtheria protection of the population of Dnepropetrovsk region, to show the generalizing epidemiological situation of diphtheria, to substantiate the need for the development of tools to improve vaccination and to prove the feasibility of regular epidemiology.
Material and methods. Epidemiological analysis of anti-diphtheria immunity (2016-2017) was performed on the basis of the results of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of antibody-IgG against diphtheria toxin (RIDASCREEN Diphtherie IgG (Germany)) in 185 residents of the age from 1 year to 60 years, from them 166 people were included into representative group.
Results. An analysis of the results revealed that only 34.05% (n =63) of the population have antitoxic antibody titers of 1.0 IU/ml or more, providing these residents with adequate protection against diphtheria in the next 5-7 years of life. , most of the population (65.95%) requires immediate single booster vaccination (n=91; 49.19%) or immediate baseline vaccination (n=31; 16.76%). Overall, the results suggest that if diphtheria may occur in country: the disease is likely to be epidemiological or epidemic in nature, as 66% (n=122) of the population do not have sufficient immunological anti-diphtheria protection and require immediate baseline or booster vaccination; children under 15 years of age and adults over 27 will be the most vulnerable to diphtheria.
Conclusions. There are the need to develop strategic measures for mass vaccination of the population (children and adults) against diphtheria, mechanisms for government control over the effectiveness of vaccination, mechanisms of civil or legal liability for voluntary refusal of vaccination without medical indications. It is appropriate and necessary to conduct regular epidemiological monitoring of the intensity of post-vaccination protection of the population against vaccine-preventable infections, in general, including diphtheria.
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Van Damme, P. "Diphtheria vaccination." Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 54, no. 7 (August 2000): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0753-3322(01)80015-9.
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Tok, Peter Seah Keng, Misbaha Jilani, Nurul Fateha Misnar, Nor Suzila Bidin, Norli Rosli, and Haidar Rizal Toha. "A diphtheria outbreak in Johor Bahru, Malaysia: Public health investigation and response." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 16, no. 07 (July 28, 2022): 1159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.16076.
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Introduction: Diphtheria is an acute infectious disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Although the incidence of diphtheria worldwide has rapidly declined following the largely successful diphtheria toxoid-based vaccines, concerns persist for those who were unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated. In this report, we describe a recent diphtheria outbreak in Malaysia involving four confirmed diphtheria cases.
Methodology: The outbreak investigation efforts and epidemiological characteristics of a diphtheria outbreak in Malaysia are described. For all suspected cases, swabs were taken and sent for isolation of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and confirmation of toxigenic strains.
Results: The index case was a two-year-old child living with his family in a welfare home. Following contact tracing efforts and investigation for suspected cases, seven samples came back as culture positive for Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Confirmation of toxigenic strains was performed using PCR and Elek’s test, which showed 100% correlation in positivity for four of the samples. All four confirmed cases were below 18 years of age, and three of them did not have complete vaccination history (two unvaccinated, one unknown). The index case eventually succumbed due to severe diphtheria with multiorgan failure while all the other cases were discharged healthy.
Conclusions: In Malaysia, despite good vaccination coverage, sporadic diphtheria outbreaks still occur. The rising trend of cases reported over the recent years underscores the need to remain vigilant. Addressing pockets of unvaccinated children and potential waning immunity levels in the population remains pivotal.
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Schirmer, Patricia, Cynthia A. Lucero-Obusan, Aditya Sharma, Gina Oda, and Mark Holodniy. "1201. Diphtheria in Veterans Health Administration (VHA), 2000-2021." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 8, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2021): S692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab466.1393.
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Abstract Background Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and can cause respiratory or skin infections. Transmission occurs primarily person-to-person via respiratory tract and rarely from skin lesions or fomites. In the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), we perform surveillance for nationally notifiable diseases such as diphtheria. In early 2021, there were 4 alerts for C. diphtheriae. Therefore, we investigated diphtheria prevalence in VHA over the last 20 years. Methods Isolates of C. diphtheriae were identified from VHA data sources from 1/1/2000-2/28/2021. Patient demographics, co-morbidities, microbiologic data, treatment, outcomes, and vaccination status were obtained via electronic medical record (EMR) review. Results 33 C. diphtheriae isolates were identified representing 32 unique individuals. 17 isolates were identified from 2000-2015 and 16 were identified from 2016-2021. Isolates were from cutaneous (16), blood (10), urine (4), pulmonary (2), and throat (1) specimens. In 11 individuals, clinical significance was unclear (no antibiotics given, note mentioned that it was being considered a contaminant - i.e., isolate may have been incorrectly labeled as “C. diphtheriae” instead of “diphtheroid”). Only 3 isolates had toxin testing documented. One C. diphtheriae biovar gravis blood isolate was associated with sepsis without another source identified. The throat isolate was a nontoxigenic strain. No cutaneous isolates underwent susceptibility testing, but all 15 individuals received antibiotics (1 patient had 2 isolates). 11 had additional organisms identified in addition to C. diphtheriae. Table 1 describes demographics, co-morbidities, and vaccination status of cutaneous cases. Only 1 case (in 2021) had EMR documentation of local public health department reporting. Table 1. Characteristics of Unique Individuals with Cutaneous Diphtheria Isolates in VHA, 2000-2021 Conclusion Nearly as many isolates have been identified in the last 5.5 years compared to the previous 15 years which may be related to more robust molecular identification methods available in VHA. Most C. diphtheriae isolated was from cutaneous sources that were acute in onset. About 33% were identified as C. diphtheriae but were not treated. EMR documentation of toxin production and public health department reporting was lacking. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures
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Truelove, Shaun A., Lindsay T. Keegan, William J. Moss, Lelia H. Chaisson, Emilie Macher, Andrew S. Azman, and Justin Lessler. "Clinical and Epidemiological Aspects of Diphtheria: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis." Clinical Infectious Diseases 71, no. 1 (August 19, 2019): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz808.
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Abstract Background Diphtheria, once a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality, all but disappeared following introduction of diphtheria vaccine. Recent outbreaks highlight the risk diphtheria poses when civil unrest interrupts vaccination and healthcare access. Lack of interest over the last century resulted in knowledge gaps about diphtheria’s epidemiology, transmission, and control. Methods We conducted 9 distinct systematic reviews on PubMed and Scopus (March–May 2018). We pooled and analyzed extracted data to fill in these key knowledge gaps. Results We identified 6934 articles, reviewed 781 full texts, and included 266. From this, we estimate that the median incubation period is 1.4 days. On average, untreated cases are colonized for 18.5 days (95% credible interval [CrI], 17.7–19.4 days), and 95% clear Corynebacterium diphtheriae within 48 days (95% CrI, 46–51 days). Asymptomatic carriers cause 76% (95% confidence interval, 59%–87%) fewer cases over the course of infection than symptomatic cases. The basic reproductive number is 1.7–4.3. Receipt of 3 doses of diphtheria toxoid vaccine is 87% (95% CrI, 68%–97%) effective against symptomatic disease and reduces transmission by 60% (95% CrI, 51%–68%). Vaccinated individuals can become colonized and transmit; consequently, vaccination alone can only interrupt transmission in 28% of outbreak settings, making isolation and antibiotics essential. While antibiotics reduce the duration of infection, they must be paired with diphtheria antitoxin to limit morbidity. Conclusions Appropriate tools to confront diphtheria exist; however, accurate understanding of the unique characteristics is crucial and lifesaving treatments must be made widely available. This comprehensive update provides clinical and public health guidance for diphtheria-specific preparedness and response.
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MAHOMED, S., M. ARCHARY, P. MUTEVEDZI, Y. MAHABEER, P. GOVENDER, G. NTSHOE, W. KUHN, et al. "An isolated outbreak of diphtheria in South Africa, 2015." Epidemiology and Infection 145, no. 10 (May 8, 2017): 2100–2108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268817000851.
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SUMMARYAn outbreak of respiratory diphtheria occurred in two health districts in the province of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa in 2015. A multidisciplinary outbreak response team was involved in the investigation and management of the outbreak. Fifteen cases of diphtheria were identified, with ages ranging from 4 to 41 years. Of the 12 cases that were under the age of 18 years, 9 (75%) were not fully immunized for diphtheria. The case fatality was 27%. Ninety-three household contacts, 981 school or work contacts and 595 healthcare worker contacts were identified and given prophylaxis against Corynebacterium diphtheriae infection. A targeted vaccination campaign for children aged 6–15 years was carried out at schools in the two districts. The outbreak highlighted the need to improve diphtheria vaccination coverage in the province and to investigate the feasibility of offering diphtheria vaccines to healthcare workers.
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Petráš, Oleár, Molitorisová, Dáňová, Čelko, Nováková, Štefkovičová, Krištúfková, Malinová, and Lesná. "Factors Influencing Persistence of Diphtheria Immunity and Immune Response to a Booster Dose in Healthy Slovak Adults." Vaccines 7, no. 4 (October 7, 2019): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines7040139.
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We assessed the long-term persistence of humoral immunity against diphtheria in adults with childhood vaccination and the immunogenicity of a booster dose considering demographic, behavioural and vaccinating factors. We conducted a trial in 200 healthy Slovak adults aged 24–65 years, immunised against diphtheria in childhood and against tetanus at regular 10–15 year intervals, and receiving a dose of a tetanus-diphtheria toxoid vaccine. The response was determined by ELISA antibody concentrations of paired sera before and at 4 weeks post-vaccination. A seroprotection rate of 21% (95% confidence interval, CI 15.6–27.3%) was found in adults up to 59 years since the last vaccination with seroprotective levels of antibodies against diphtheria ≥0.1 IU/mL and a geometric mean concentration of 0.05 IU/mL. Conversely, seropositive levels ≥0.01 IU/mL were observed in 98% of adults (95% CI 95–99.5%). Booster-induced seroprotection was achieved in 78% of adults (95% CI 71.6–83.5%) clearly depending on pre-booster antibody levels correlating with age and time since the last vaccination. Moreover, only 54.2% of smokers and 53.3% of patients on statins exhibited seroprotection. Booster vaccination against diphtheria was unable to confer seroprotection in all recipients of only childhood vaccination.
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Tovikkai, Dissaruj, Jakapat Vanichanan, and Kamonwan Jutivorakool. "2709. Immune Response After Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoid Booster in Patients with Adult-Onset Immunodeficiency with Anti-interferon-γ Autoantibody." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S952—S953. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.2386.
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Abstract Background Immunization were the key of prevention in tetanus and diphtherial disease. Nevertheless, in previous observational study, low seroprotection rate of both diphtheria and tetanus were observed in Thai healthy population. Reduced-dose diphtheria and tetanus toxoid vaccine (dT) was recommended to all adult patients regardless of immunologic status. However, data on vaccine efficacy in interferon gamma (IFN-γ) autoantibody were limited. We therefore conducted clinical study to evaluate efficacy and safety of one dose of dT in IFN-γ autoantibody patient compared with healthy individuals at 4 weeks after vaccination. Methods Study was conducted from February to April 2019. Total 18 patients with confirmed IFN-γ autoantibody were enrolled. Baseline tetanus and diphtheria serologic study and 4 weeks after vaccination were examined. Antibody levels were measured with a solid-phase IgG-specific ELISAs (EUROIMMUN, Germany). Geometric mean titers (GMTs) were calculated using the log transformation of serological titers and from taking the antilog mean of the transformed values. Results Seroprevalence of tetanus was 94.5% in healthy population compared with 60.1% in IFN-γ autoantibody patients. While, seroprevalence of diphtheria was 27.8% and 77.8%, respectively. After vaccination, all healthy adults had reached seroprotection level in both diphtheria and tetanus. For patients with IFN-γ autoantibody, 88.9% and 94.4% had anti-tetanus toxin IgG and anti-diphtheria toxin IgG level above 0.1 IU/mL, respectively. These results indicated seroconversion rate of 71% for tetanus and 75% for diphtheria after dT vaccination. (Table 2). In the subgroup analysis, unboosted IFN-γ autoantibody patient had lower tetanus seroconversion rate compared with previously boosted patient (50% vs 100%). Active infection was also associated with lower immune response after tetanus vaccination. There was no severe adverse event in both group. Conclusion This is the first study on immune response after dT vaccination in IFN-γ autoantibody patient. Seroconversion rate of dT vaccine in IFN-γ autoantibody patient were slightly lower than healthy adults. Active infection and previously unboosted patient provided lower immune response of tetanus. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Islam, Shamsal M., Salim M. Chowdhury, Mahfuz A., Bimal C. Das, Reza M., Mahbuba K., Alauddin M., and A. K. M. M. Haque. "Massive diphtheria outbreak in South Asia: an epidemiological evidence review and lesson learnt." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20205734.
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Vaccination is to be considerd as one of the most well-known economically viable medical procedures to prevent massive diphtheria outbreaks happening in recent times. Under this circumstance, the available data on diphtheria and vaccination coverage of three South Asian countries is warranted. The published English-language literature between January 2007 and January 2019 was retrieved from search results in eight highly resourceful journal databases using the specific terms. A massive diphtheria outbreak was occurred in refugee camps in Cox Bazar, a harbour city in Bangladesh, between November 2017 and March 2019. A total of 8641 diphtheria case-patients were reported including 45 deaths in the refugee camps. Our synthesis data shows that there is a gap of immunity which creates a large scale of potentiality for a new pandemic for adult couples along with children. The DTP3 coverage in India and Myanmar is less than 90% and these two countries had no standard coverage of DTP3 dose. We concluded that the massive outbreak of diphtheria in South Asia normally occurred due to low coverage of vaccination or incomplete vaccination. Crowded living environment, low socio-economic conditions, cultural belief, and importation of microorganisms are considered for massive outbreak of diphtheria outbreaks. Community-based awareness program and vaccinating individuals and some cases revaccination of older age groups are needed to stop further transmission and control the diphtheria outbreaks in South Asia. Further research is required to fully assess the vaccination coverage in the stateless populations in this region.
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Kharseeva, G. G., S. Yu Tyukavkina, and A. Yu Mironov. "Diphtheria: characteristics of the pathogen and laboratory diagnostics (lecture)." Russian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 65, no. 11 (December 4, 2020): 699–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0869-2084-2020-65-11-699-706.
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The problem of diphtheria infection remains relevant, since the circulation of toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae persists in the body of bacterial carriers, despite ongoing vaccination. The lecture presents modern ideas about the properties of the pathogen, its pathogenicity factors (toxin, pili, surface proteins (67-72P (or DIP0733), DIP1281, etc.) and their role in the pathogenesis of the disease.. Information about the clinical and epidemiological characteristics and modern methods of laboratory diagnostics of diphtheria is presented. The algorithm of bacteriological research and methods for determining the toxigenic properties of the pathogen are described. The basics of diphtheria vaccination as the only effective means of preventing mass outbreaks of this disease are considered in the framework of the proposed lecture. Knowledge of the peculiarities of the circulation of strains of Corynebacterium diphtheria in modern conditions, pathogenetic and clinical-epidemiological features of diphtheria, as well as modern methods of laboratory diagnostics is important and necessary for students of medical schools and infectious diseases doctors, pediatricians, bacteriologists, therapists, pulmonologists, epidemiologists, etc.
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Cassimos, Dimitrios C., Evgnosia Effraimidou, Snezana Medic, Theoharis Konstantinidis, Maria Theodoridou, and Helena C. Maltezou. "Vaccination Programs for Adults in Europe, 2019." Vaccines 8, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8010034.
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Background: While all European countries implement vaccination programs for children, there are gaps in terms of vaccination programs for adults. Methods: We studied the 2019 vaccination policies for adults in 42 European countries. Results: Vaccination programs for adults were in place in all countries. However, there were considerable differences between countries in terms of number of vaccinations, target populations and frame of implementation (recommended or mandatory vaccinations). In particular the following vaccination policies were in place: influenza (42 countries), tetanus (31), diphtheria (30), pneumococcus (29), hepatitis B (20), pertussis (18), measles (14), human papilloma virus (14), meningococcus tetravalent A,C,W,Y (14), rubella (13), hepatitis A (11), mumps (11), poliomyelitis (10), herpes zoster (9), varicella (8), tick-born encephalitis (8), meningococcus B (6), rabies (6), Haemophilus influenzae type b (5), tuberculosis (3), typhoid fever (3), meningococcus C (2), and yellow fever (1). Seventeen countries implement mandatory vaccinations, mainly against diphtheria, tetanus and hepatitis B. Conclusions: There are significant differences in vaccination programs for adults in Europe. Routine vaccination programs for adults need to be strengthened. A consensus-based vaccination program is needed.
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Arnold, Jana Nele, Nils Gundlach, Irina Böckelmann, and Stefan Sammito. "Impfstatus von jungen Arbeitnehmern – Eine Erhebung bei Berufsanfängern der Bundeswehr." ASU Arbeitsmedizin Sozialmedizin Umweltmedizin 2020, no. 12 (November 27, 2020): 770–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17147/asu-2012-8715.
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Vaccination status of young employees: A survey of entrants in the Bundeswehr (German Federal Armed Forces) Objectives: In addition to the recommendations of the Standing Committee on Vaccination (STIKO) at the Robert-Koch-Institut, there are also jobrelated vaccination recommendations for special occupational groups. This applies equally to soldiers, but there is insufficient scientific data on vaccination rates. For this reason, the following study examined the extent of the vaccination gaps among young people entering the armed forces. Methods: As part of a cross-sectional study at Rotenburg (Wümme), Lower Saxony, the existing vaccination rates among soldiers in relation to tetanus, diphtheria, poliomyelitis, pertussis, measles, mumps, rubella, hepatitis A, hepatitis B and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) were recorded and compared statistically between the three recruitment quarters (II/ to IV/2016). Results: The vaccination booklets of 247 recruits (age: 20.5 ± 2.7 years) from three quarters were recorded. The rate of unavailable vaccination booklets was 23.1 %. The vaccination rates were between 2 % for TBE and 75 % for measles. Whilst low vaccination protection rates were identified for TBE and hepatitis A/B in particular, the rates were also found to be as low as 44–60 % for the „typical“ tetanus, poliomyelitis and diphtheria vaccinations. There were high numbers of „expired“ full protection: these ranged from 19 % (diphtheria) to 50 % (hepatitis B). Conclusions: The results of the study indicate a clear lack of vaccination protection in a random sample of German citizens with an average age of 20 who started their service in the Bundeswehr as young professionals. Although, as expected, this was very low for vaccinations that are not standard STIKO vaccinations (hepatitis A, TBE), there were also significant vaccine deficiencies in the vaccinations recommended by STIKO in the young adults examined here. Keywords: military – vaccination – prevention – infection disease
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Langhorst, Silvan Elias, Niklas Frahm, Michael Hecker, Pegah Mashhadiakbar, Barbara Streckenbach, Julia Baldt, Felicita Heidler, and Uwe Klaus Zettl. "Vaccination Coverage against Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis and Poliomyelitis and Validity of Self-Reported Vaccination Status in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis." Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 5 (April 23, 2022): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm12050677.
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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated disease with a neurodegenerative component of the central nervous system. Immunomodulatory therapy can increase the risk of infection, which is a particular risk for MS patients. Therefore, a complete vaccination status is of utmost importance as protection against vaccine-preventable infectious diseases. Our aim was to investigate the vaccination status, vaccination card knowledge and the vaccination behavior of MS patients with regard to vaccinations against tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis and poliomyelitis. Three hundred twenty-seven patients with MS were evaluated by anamnesis, clinical examination, structured interview and vaccination card control in this two-center study. Based on the recommendations of the Robert Koch Institute, we assessed the completeness of the vaccination status of the examined vaccinations. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of patients with complete/incomplete or correctly/wrongly self-reported vaccination status was performed. In the cohort analyzed, the vaccination coverage was 79.5% for tetanus, 79.2% for diphtheria, 74.8% for pertussis and 84.8% for poliomyelitis. The assumed vaccination status was higher for tetanus (86.5%) and lower for diphtheria (69.4%), pertussis (61.2%) and poliomyelitis (75.9%). Patients who were unvaccinated or only partially vaccinated against tetanus had received vaccination advice from a physician less often in the past year (13.4 vs. 36.9%, p < 0.001) and had no one to check the vaccination card more often (35.8 vs. 12.3%, p < 0.001). High sensitivity (93.7%) and low specificity (30.3%) were determined regarding the validity of self-reported tetanus vaccination status. Patients with a correctly reported tetanus vaccination status were more likely to have their vaccination card checked by a physician than those who overestimated or underestimated their vaccination status (76.7 vs. 63.0/43.8%, p = 0.002). Similar findings were seen with regard to diphtheria, pertussis and poliomyelitis vaccination. Patients without a regular vaccination card control (17.1%) were more likely to be male (44.6 vs. 29.4%, p = 0.037), had fewer siblings on average (1.1 vs. 1.6, p = 0.016), dealt less frequently with the issue of vaccination in the past year (32.1 vs. 69.3%, p < 0.001) and more frequently had the wish to receive vaccination advice (48.2 vs. 34.4%, p = 0.030) than patients in whom the vaccination card was checked regularly by a physician. To minimize the risk of infection in MS patients, treating physicians should provide regular vaccination counseling and perform vaccination card controls, as these factors are associated with a higher vaccination coverage and a higher validity of self-reported vaccination statuses.
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Wijayanti, Siwi Pramatama Mars, and Alfianti Nur Fadillah. "EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DIPHTERIA IN PURWAKARTA REGENCY INDONESIA." Epidemiology and Society Health Review (ESHR) 1, no. 1 (September 9, 2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.26555/eshr.v1i1.935.
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Background: Diphtheria is considered as a neglected disease since it was successfully eliminated in many countries. However, there were several sporadic re-emergence cases of Diphtheria and the peak was outbreak in Indonesia in 2017. This research was a descriptive study aimed to explore epidemiology of diphtheria by person, time and place in one of diphtheria endemic area.Methods: This was a descriptive study with cross sectional design in Purwakarta Regency, West Java, Indonesia in 2018. Several data were collected in this study such as diphtheria cases by age, time of occurrence, gender, place and immunization status. The data was collected from Purwakarta Health Office. It was the data from the year of 2015-2017. The data was analysed by using descriptive analysis with percentages displayed in graphs and tables.Results: This study reveals that Purwakarta regency is an endemic area of diphtheria with fluctuated cases since 2015-2017. More cases of diphtheria occurred from September to December in rainy season. More cases suffered by children in 5-9 years old, however, this disease also infected adult population. The area with high diphtheria cases in this study also areas with high population densities which is conducive for C diphteriae transmission. Low coverage of immunization is highlighted in the result of this study, which could explain why diphtheria cases occurred continuously in this area.Conclusions: High number of diphtherias in this area should be an awareness for local health officer to do an effective preventive effort such as increasing the coverage of vaccination. Furthermore, optimizing the role of religious and community leader should be made to support diphtheria vaccination programs.
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Candido, R. "The perception of Italian diabetologists on anti-influenza and anti-diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccinations in subjects with diabetes mellitus: the AMD survey." Journal of AMD 22, no. 3 (October 2019): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.36171/jamd19.22.3.03.
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Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased incidence of some infections and a greater severity and/or frequency of complications related to these diseases. Influenza is characterized by an increased severity of clinical course and risk of complications, especially in diabetic patients who are more susceptible to influenza infection. For these reasons, the Italian Vaccine Prevention Plan 2017-19 provides an active and free offer of influenza vaccine for the diabetic subjects. In addition, among the vaccinations recommended by the Italian Prevention Plan in adults, including the diabetes ones, there is the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine and the decennial booster. To investigate what is the perception of Italian diabetologists on the role and importance of the influenza and the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccines, AMD has promoted an online survey. Participants claimed to be aware of the importance of carrying out and recommending influenza vaccination, while awareness of the usefulness of performing and suggesting the decennial booster for diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis was lower. Diabetologists attribute to patients’ resistance and lack of interest in such vaccinations the main motivation for which they are not used to recommend them, even if they acknowledge that they have little knowledge about the decennial booster of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine. The survey shows that the percentage of patients with diabetes who seek advice on these vaccinations is inadequate and the diabetologists’ knowledge of the National Vaccination Prevention recommendations and the need to actively promote vaccinations is inappropriate. This survey has allowed to highlight the opinion, of a significant percentage of Italian diabetologists, on some key aspects of the vaccination therapy indicated in diabetic patient, allowing to gather important information to open a debate, to know strengths and weaknesses on this topic and implement training activities. KEY WORDS diabetes mellitus; influenza vaccine; diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine; survey.
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Veronese, Nicola, Giusy Vassallo, Maria Armata, Laura Cilona, Salvatore Casalicchio, Roberta Masnata, Claudio Costantino, et al. "Multidimensional Frailty and Vaccinations in Older People: A Cross-Sectional Study." Vaccines 10, no. 4 (April 3, 2022): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10040555.
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It is known that influenza, herpes zoster, pneumococcal and pertussis infections may increase morbidity and mortality in older people. Vaccinations against these pathogens are effective in older adults. Frailty seems to be an important determinant of vaccination rates, yet data supporting this association are still missing. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of four recommended vaccinations (influenza, herpes zoster, pneumococcal and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis) and the association with multidimensional frailty assessed using a self-reported comprehensive geriatric assessment tool, i.e., the multidimensional prognostic index (SELFY-MPI). Older participants visiting the outpatient clinic of Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Palermo, Italy were included. The SELFY-MPI questionnaire score was calculated based on eight different domains, while the vaccination status was determined using self-reported information. We included 319 participants from the 500 initially considered (63.8%). Vaccination against influenza was observed in 70.5% of the cases, whilst only 1.3% received the vaccination against diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis. Participants with higher SELFY-MPI scores were more likely to report vaccination against pneumococcus (45.6 vs. 28.3%, p = 0.01), whilst no significant differences were observed for the other vaccinations. In conclusion, the coverage of recommended vaccinations is low. Higher SELFY-MPI scores and vaccination status, particularly anti-pneumococcus, appear to be associated, but future studies are urgently needed for confirming that frailty is associated with vaccination status in older people.
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Kanchanarat, Siwaphorn, Settapat Chinviriyasit, and Wirawan Chinviriyasit. "Mathematical Assessment of the Impact of the Imperfect Vaccination on Diphtheria Transmission Dynamics." Symmetry 14, no. 10 (September 24, 2022): 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14102000.
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Diphtheria is a vaccine-preventable disease in which the outbreaks will not occur if a high enough proportion of individuals in a population are immune. Recent reports reveal that vaccinated individuals with low coverage levels of immunity may be at risk of subclinical diphtheria infection. Therefore, the development of an epidemiology model that will predict the optimal vaccine coverage level needed to prevent the spread of these diseases is crucial. In this paper, a mathematical model for diphtheria transmission with asymptomatic infection, logistic growth, and vaccination is formulated and rigorously analyzed to gain insights into its global dynamical features. The study results show that the disease is eradicated whenever the vaccination coverage is greater than the optimal vaccination coverage level needed for diphtheria eradication. The reported cases of diphtheria in Thailand are applied to estimate the appropriate parameters of the model. Sensitivity analysis reveals the rate of vaccination and the asymptomatic infection are influential factors in controlling and preventing diphtheria. Numerical simulations are illustrated in the theoretical results and show that the incubation period of asymptomatic individuals has an impact on the optimal vaccination coverage level needed for diphtheria eradication.
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Pracoyo, Noer Endah. "FAKTOR PENYEBAB TERJADINYA KEJADIAN LUAR BIASA (KLB) DIFTERI PADA ANAK DI INDONESIA." JURNAL EKOLOGI KESEHATAN 19, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 184–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/jek.v19i3.4018.
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ABSTRACT
The diphtheria is pathogen re-emerging diseases caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. In 1920 that were pandemic outbreak that caused of the death a thousand of children and there still was found fluctuated cases until 2018. The diphtheria could be prevented by immunization but still to be causing disease as an outbreak (KLB). The article is a review of several articles that aim to analyze the factors causing diphtheria in Indonesia. The number of selected articles were 25 with diphtheria incidence variables and risk factors for diphtheria causes. The result shown that the risk factors which was caused of the diphtheria outbreak i.e; children not to get immunization properly, incomplete basic immunization in children under 5 years old, the lack of parents knowledge about the importance of vaccinations in children and and environmental conditions that are less hygiene sanitation in residential areas. From the results was concluded that immunization is very important in the prevention of diphtheria Education is needed to public about the importance of vaccination, and the importance of maintaining healthy environment.
Keywords: Diphtheria, immunization, outbreaks
ABSTRAK
Difteri adalah penyakit pathogen re-emerging yang disebabkan oleh Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Pada tahun 1920 terjadi pandemic yang menyebabkan kematian pada ribuan anak-anak dan sampai dengan tahun 2018 masih ditemukan kasus yang berfluktuatif. Penyakit difteri ini dapat dicegah dengan imunisasi namun masih dapat menyebabkan Kejadian Luar Biasa (KLB). Artikel ini merupakan review dari penelusuran beberapa artikel yang bertujuan untuk melakukan analisis faktor penyebab kejadian difteri di Indonesia. Jumlah artikel terpilih sebanyak 25 artikrl dengan variabel kejadian difteri dan faktor risiko penyebab difteri. Hasil analisa menunjukkan bahwa beberapa faktor risiko yang dapat menimbulkan kejadian difteri antara lain pada anak-anak yang tidak mendapatkan imunisasi, pemberian imunisasi dasar pada anak di bawah lima tahun yang tidak lengkap, kurangnya pengetahuan orang tua tentang pentingnya melakukan imunisasi dan kondisi lingkungan tempat tinggal yang kurang bersih pada pemukiman padat penduduk. Dari hasil tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian imunisasi merupakan hal yang sangat penting dalam pencegahan penyakit difteri. Diperlukan edukasi pada masyarakat tentang pentingnya vaksinasi dan pentingnya menjaga kebersihan lingkungan.
Kata kunci: Difteri, imunisasi, Kejadian Luar Biasa (KLB)
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Maltezou, Helena C., Christos Rahiotis, Maria Tseroni, Phoebus Madianos, and Ioannis Tzoutzas. "Attitudes toward Vaccinations and Vaccination Coverage Rates among Dental Students in Greece." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5 (March 1, 2022): 2879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052879.
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Our aim was to study attitudes toward vaccinations, full vaccination rates and susceptibility rates against vaccine-preventable diseases among students attending a University Dental School. A total of 134 students were studied. Full vaccination rates were as follows: 56.5% against measles and mumps, 70.6% against rubella, 32.3% against varicella, 44.1% against hepatitis A, 45.9% against hepatitis B, and 87.7% against COVID-19. In the past decade, 63.2% of students had received a booster shot against tetanus–diphtheria, 47.8% against pertussis, and 28.1% against poliomyelitis, while 29.4% of students had been vaccinated against influenza in the past year. Susceptibility rates were 40.4% for measles, 42.4% for mumps, 28.3% for rubella, 32.3% for varicella, 55.3% for hepatitis A, 54.1% for hepatitis B, 36.8% for tetanus–diphtheria, 52.2% for pertussis, and 71.9% for poliomyelitis. Overall, 123 (91.8%) students favored mandatory vaccinations, mainly for all dentists (88.4%), while 11.6% of students favored them only for dentists who provide care to high-risk patients. In conclusion, most dental students favored mandatory vaccinations, yet we found significant vaccination gaps and susceptibility rates against vaccine-preventable diseases. Vaccinations for dental students should be intensified. A national vaccination registry for healthcare personnel including dental students is urgently needed.
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DI GIOVINE, P., G. KAFATOS, A. NARDONE, N. ANDREWS, R. M. ÖLANDER, G. ALFARONE, K. BROUGHTON, et al. "Comparative seroepidemiology of diphtheria in six European countries and Israel." Epidemiology and Infection 141, no. 1 (February 24, 2012): 132–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268812000210.
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SUMMARYSerological surveys for diphtheria were conducted in six European countries including Czech Republic, Hungary, Ireland, Latvia, Luxembourg, Slovakia and one country outside Europe, Israel. For each country, a nationally representative population sample was collected across the entire age range and was tested for antibodies to diphtheria toxin. Although each national laboratory used its preferred assay, the results were all standardized to those of the in vitro neutralization test and expressed in international units (IU) which allowed comparative analyses to be performed. The results showed that increasing age is related to a gradual increase in seronegative subjects (<0·01 IU/ml of diphtheria antitoxin antibodies). This may reflect waning immunity following childhood vaccination without repeated booster vaccinations in adults. Differences in seronegativity were also found according to gender. In subjects aged 1–19 years, geometric mean titres of antitoxin are clearly related to the different vaccination schedules used in the participating countries. Although clinical disease remains rare, the susceptibility to diphtheria observed in these serosurveys highlights the importance of strengthened surveillance.
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Rubtsova, Yelyzaveta I., Svitlana V. Oberemko, and Мaryana М. Rоsul. "DYNAMICS OF DIPHTHERIA INCIDENCE IN THE TRANSCARPATHIAN REGION OF UKRAINE IN THE VACCINATION ERA." Wiadomości Lekarskie 74, no. 4 (2021): 1019–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202104139.
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The aim: Was to study the dynamics of the incidence of diphtheria in the Transcarpathian region of Ukraine. Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis of the data of the state statistical reporting of the Transcarpathian region on the incidence of diphtheria, the carriage of infection, vaccination coverage and the severity of diphtheria immunity was carried out. Conclusions: Low coverage of the population with vaccination against diphtheria, registration of an outbreak of diphtheria among international students of the region, and other regions of Ukraine in conditions of increased population migration, are alarming prognostic signs of the possible development of another significant epidemic rise of diphtheria morbidity in Transcarpathia.
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Rich, Vera. "Diphtheria vaccination fails in Ukraine." Lancet 347, no. 9016 (June 1996): 1686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(96)91510-x.
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Booy, Robert, E. Richard Moxon, RichardT Mayon-White, StuartJ Aitken, Helen Griffiths, and HelenM Chapel. "Diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus vaccination." Lancet 339, no. 8808 (June 1992): 1538–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(92)91302-o.
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Cutts, FelicityT, Norman Begg, and NoelW Preston. "Diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus vaccination." Lancet 339, no. 8805 (May 1992): 1355–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(92)91999-o.
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Scherrer, Jeffrey, Joanne Salas, Timothy Wiemken, Christine Jacobs, John Morley, and Daniel Hoft. "ADULT TETANUS, DIPHTHERIA, AND PERTUSSIS VACCINATION AND INCIDENT DEMENTIA." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.969.
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Abstract Adult vaccinations may reduce risk for dementia. We determined whether tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (Tdap) vaccination is associated with lower risk for dementia. Analysis conducted with Veterans Health Affairs (VHA) administrative medical record data and replicated in private sector medical claims data. Patients were ≥65 years of age and free of dementia for 2 years prior to index date. Tdap vaccination in 2011 or 2012. Follow-up through 2018. Controls had no Tdap vaccination for the duration of follow-up. After controlling for confounding, patients with, compared to without Tdap vaccination, had a significantly lower risk for dementia in both cohorts (VHA: HR=0.58; 95%CI:0.54 - 0.63 and MarketScan: HR=0.58; 95%CI:0.48 - 0.70). Results were replicated in two cohorts with different clinical and sociodemographic characteristics. Several vaccine types are linked to decreased dementia risk, suggesting that these associations are due to nonspecific effects on inflammation rather than vaccine-induced pathogen-specific protective effects.
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Bühler, Silja, Veronika Katharina Jaeger, Sabine Adler, Bettina Bannert, Carolin Brümmerhoff, Adrian Ciurea, Oliver Distler, et al. "Safety and immunogenicity of tetanus/diphtheria vaccination in patients with rheumatic diseases—a prospective multi-centre cohort study." Rheumatology 58, no. 9 (March 15, 2019): 1585–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kez045.
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Abstract Objectives We aimed to assess the safety and immunogenicity of a diphtheria/tetanus vaccine booster dose in three different patient groups with rheumatic diseases on a variety of immunosuppressive/immunomodulatory medications compared with healthy controls (HCs). Methods We conducted a multi-centre prospective cohort study in Switzerland. We enrolled patients with RA, axial SpA/PsA, vasculitis (Behçet’s disease, ANCA-associated vasculitis) and HCs. Diphtheria/tetanus vaccination was administered according to the Swiss vaccination recommendations. Blood samples were drawn before vaccination, and 1 month and 3 months afterwards. Antibody concentrations against vaccine antigens were measured by ELISA. Immunogenicity was compared between patient and medication groups. A mixed model was applied for multivariate analysis. Missing data were dealt with using multiple imputation. Results Between January 2014 and December 2015, we enrolled 284 patients with rheumatic diseases (131 RA, 114 SpA/PsA, 39 vasculitis) and 253 HCs. Of the patients, 89% were on immunosuppressive/immunomodulatory medication. Three months post-vaccination 100% of HCs vs 98% of patients were protected against tetanus and 84% vs 73% against diphtheria. HCs and SpA/PsA patients had significantly higher responses than RA and vasculitis patients. Assessing underlying diseases and medications in a multivariate model, rituximab was the only factor negatively influencing tetanus immunogenicity, whereas only MTX treatment had a negative influence on diphtheria antibody responses. No vaccine-related serious adverse events were recorded. Conclusion Diphtheria/tetanus booster vaccination was safe. Tetanus vaccination was immunogenic; the diphtheria component was less immunogenic. Vaccine responses were blunted by rituximab and MTX. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, http://clinicaltrials.gov, Identifier: NCT01947465.
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Kaplina, S. P., N. V. Skripchenko, and S. M. Kharit. "The Effectiveness of Vaccination in Sickly Children with Disorders of the Central Nervous System." Epidemiology and Vaccine Prevention 14, no. 5 (October 20, 2015): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2015-14-5-90-95.
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Data on the current vaccination process have in sickly children with disorders of the central nervous system, and grafted lifeless live vaccines against diphtheria, measles and mumps.The levele of intercurrent diseases in every group was 33,3%. The post-vaccination period in 73% vaccination to diphtheria are asymptomatic (and after measles mumps vaccination in 86%). The post-vaccination reactions were in 50% illness children. The antibody titers seronegative was not identified. Children with epilepsia need to determine antibody titers sixs months after vaccination against measles and mumps to decide on supplementary immunization.
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Lybimova, N. A., I. V. Fridman, O. V. Goleva, S. M. Kharit, and M. M. Kostik. "The main factors, associated with incomplete vaccination againts measels, parotitis, rubella, and diphtheria in 170 juvenile idiopathic arthritis patients: the results of prospective pilot study." Rheumatology Science and Practice 59, no. 3 (July 15, 2021): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.47360/1995-4484-2021-335-343.
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Background. Patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) may have incomplete vaccination againts different vaccines leads to lower protective levels of anti-vaccine antibodies.The aim of the study – to evaluate the rate and the main factors of incomplete vaccination against measels, parotitis, rubella (MMR), and diphtheria in JIA patients.Methods. In the present study were included data 170 JIA (55 boys and 115 girls) aged from 2 to 17 years, who received scheduled vaccination before the age of 2 years and before JIA onset against measles, parotitis, diphtheria and rubella. Incomplete vaccination means the reduced number of vaccine to age. In all patients the IgG anti-vaccine antibodies levels were detected with ELISA. Data presented with odds ratio ()OR) with 95 confidence interval (CI).Results. Incomplete vaccination against MMR was in 50 (32.5%) of children less than 6 years. Incomplete vaccination against diphtheria was in 6/16 (37.5%) of children less than 6 year, in 53/110 (48.2%) of children aged 6–14 years and in 26/44 (59.1%) of the JIA patients more than 14 years. The main predictors in logistic regression for incomplete vaccination for MMR were: onset age <4 years (OR=12.2 [95% CI: 5.0–28.9]; p=0.0000001), JIA duration >3.1 years (OR=4.4 [95% CI: 2.0–9.9]; p=0.0002), methotrexate duration >3 years (OR=5.7 [95% CI 2.7–12.0]; p=0.0000012); biologic treatment (OR=2.5 [95% CI: 1.3–4.9]; p=0.008) and treatment >1 biologic (OR=3.3 [95% CI: 1.1–10.4]; p=0.002); for diphtheria were: JIA duration >3.1 years (OR=3.4 [95% CI: 1.8–6.5]; p=0.0002), methotrexate duration >2.8 years (OR=4.1 [95% CI: 2.1–8.1]; p=0.00004), biologic treatment (OR=2.4 [95% CI: 1.3–4.4]; p=0.006). In the multiple regression only JIA onset age (p=0.00001) and duration of methotrexate (p=0.003) were predictors of incomplete vaccination against MMR. Methotrexate duration (p=0.005) and biologics treatment (p=0.05) were predictors of incomplete vaccination against diphtheria.Conclusion. The main predictor of incomplete vaccination was younger onset age of JIA. Children received more intensive immunosupression usually have scheduled vaccination rarely which leads to increased number of patients without protective antibody levels. These facts indicate the attitude of physicians parents to vaccination in immunocompromised children. Further investigations required for assessment of safety of vaccinations in children with rheumatic diseases may be a factor for changing this prejudice.
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van Wijhe, M., A. D. Tulen, H. Korthals Altes, S. A. McDonald, H. E. de Melker, M. J. Postma, and J. Wallinga. "Quantifying the impact of mass vaccination programmes on notified cases in the Netherlands." Epidemiology and Infection 146, no. 6 (March 14, 2018): 716–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268818000481.
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AbstractVaccination programmes are considered a main contributor to the decline of infectious diseases over the 20th century. In recent years, the national vaccination coverage in the Netherlands has been declining, highlighting the need for continuous monitoring and evaluation of vaccination programmes. Our aim was to quantify the impact of long-standing vaccination programmes on notified cases in the Netherlands. We collected and digitised previously unavailable monthly case notifications of diphtheria, poliomyelitis, mumps and rubella in the Netherlands over the period 1919–2015. Poisson regression models accounting for seasonality, multi-year cycles, secular trends and auto-correlation were fit to pre-vaccination periods. Cases averted were calculated as the difference between observed and expected cases based on model projections. In the first 13 years of mass vaccinations, case notifications declined rapidly with 82.4% (95% credible interval (CI): 74.9–87.6) of notified cases of diphtheria averted, 92.9% (95% CI 85.0–97.2) cases of poliomyelitis, and 79.1% (95% CI 67.1–87.4) cases of mumps. Vaccination of 11-year-old girls against rubella averted 49.9% (95% CI 9.3–73.5) of cases, while universal vaccination averted 68.1% (95% CI 19.4–87.3) of cases. These findings show that vaccination programmes have contributed substantially to the reduction of infectious diseases in the Netherlands.
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Costantino, Claudio, Walter Mazzucco, Nicole Bonaccorso, Livia Cimino, Arianna Conforto, Martina Sciortino, Gabriele Catalano, et al. "Educational Interventions on Pregnancy Vaccinations during Childbirth Classes Improves Vaccine Coverages among Pregnant Women in Palermo’s Province." Vaccines 9, no. 12 (December 8, 2021): 1455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9121455.
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Maternal immunization is considered the best intervention in order to prevent influenza infection of pregnant women and influenza and pertussis infection of newborns. Despite the existing recommendations, vaccination coverage rates in Italy remain very low. Starting from August 2018, maternal immunization against influenza and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis were strongly recommended by the Italian Ministry of Health. We conducted a cross sectional study to estimate the effectiveness of an educational intervention, conducted during childbirth classes in three general hospitals in the Palermo metropolitan area, Italy, on vaccination adherence during pregnancy. To this end, a questionnaire on knowledge, attitudes, and immunization practices was structured and self-administered to a sample of pregnant women attending childbirth classes. Then, an educational intervention on maternal immunization, followed by a counseling, was conducted by a Public Health medical doctor. After 30 days following the interventions, the adherence to the recommended vaccinations (influenza and pertussis) was evaluated. At the end of the study 326 women were enrolled and 201 responded to the follow-up survey. After the intervention, among the responding pregnant women 47.8% received influenza vaccination (+44.8%), 57.7% diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccination (+50.7%) and 64.2% both the recommended vaccinations (+54.8%). A significant association was found between pregnant women that received at least one vaccination during pregnancy and higher educational level (graduation degree/master’s degree), employment status (employed part/full-time) and influenza vaccination adherence during past seasons (at least one during last five years). The implementation of vaccination educational interventions, including counseling by healthcare professionals (HCPs), on maternal immunization during childbirth courses improved considerably the vaccination adherence during pregnancy.
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Lu, Xinting, Helen E. Quinn, Rob I. Menzies, Linda Hueston, Lyn Gilbert, and Peter B. McIntyre. "Diphtheria Immunity in Australia: Should we be Concerned?" Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets 20, no. 3 (July 20, 2020): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871526518666181011114834.
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Objective: We report the results of the 2007 national serological survey of immunity to diphtheria in Australia to assess the impact of recent schedule changes on diphtheria immunity, and the adequacy of current policy in the context of increased international travel of people and pathogens. Methods: Residual sera (n =1656) collected opportunistically from Australian laboratories in 2007 were tested for diphtheria antibody levels using an enzyme immunoassay, with the protective threshold defined as ≥0.1 IU/mL. About 40% of adults aged ≥30 years are susceptible to diphtheria; following the removal of the 18-month booster and its replacement with a dose in adolescence offered through school-based dTpa vaccination program, 59% of children aged 3 years were susceptible to diphtheria, whilst adolescents demonstrated improved immunity. Results: There is no apparent boosting of diphtheria immunity from meningococcal group C conjugate (MCC) or seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate (7vPCV) vaccines in relevant age groups. Conclusion: Australians who travel to diphtheria-endemic areas should be up-to-date with their vaccinations. Close monitoring of population immunity levels against diphtheria remains important to ensure that immunity does not decline to a level where wide-spread transmission would be possible.V
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Macias, Vasco Coelho, and Daniela Cunha. "Psoriasis triggered by tetanus-diphtheria vaccination." Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology 32, no. 2 (October 10, 2012): 164–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15569527.2012.727936.
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Gozdas, Hasan Tahsin, and Oguz Karabay. "Immune response to diphtheria booster vaccination." American Journal of Infection Control 42, no. 12 (December 2014): 1344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2014.08.020.
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Cozzani, E., M. Cacciapuoti, A. .Parodi, and A. Rebora. "Pemphigus following tetanus and diphtheria vaccination." British Journal of Dermatology 147, no. 1 (July 2002): 180–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.47958.x.
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Lybimova, N., I. Fridman, O. Goleva, S. Kharit, and M. Kostik. "POS1293 RISK FACTORS OF NON-PROTECTIVE LEVELS OF ANTIBODIES TO VACCINES IN PATIENTS WITH JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (May 19, 2021): 927.3–928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.503.
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Background:Immunosuppressive drugs, decreased vaccine coverage, aberrant immunity might be factors of low anti-vaccine antibodies in JIA patients.Objectives:The study aimed to evaluate risk factors of non-protective levels of antibodies against measles, mumps, rubella, hepatitis B and diphtheria in JIA patients.Methods:A prospective study included 170 children diagnosed with JIA aged 2 to 17 years, who received routine vaccinations against measles, rubella, mumps, diphtheria and hepatitis B. In all patients, the levels of post-vaccination antibodies (IgG) for measles, rubella, mumps, hepatitis B and diphtheria measured with ELISA.Results:Protective level of antibodies were 50% against hepatitis B, 52% diphtheria, 58% measles, 80% mumps, 98%rubella. The best coverage for MMR had patients with enthesytis-related arthritis85%, compare to oligoarthritis70%, polyarthritis69%, systemic arthritis63%. Diphtheria coverage was 50%, 51%, 46%, 63%, respectively. Incomplete MMR vaccination had 39%patients, treated with biologics, 22%with methotrexate and 14%with NSAID(p=0.025), and 61%, 46%, 36% for diphtheria (p=0.021). Incomplete vaccination was a risk factor of non-protective level of antibodies against measles (HR=2.03[95%CI: 1.02; 4.0], p=0.042), parotitis (HR=6.25[95%CI: 2.13; 17.9], p=0.0008) and diphtheria (HR=2.39[95%CI:1.18; 4.85], p=0.016) vaccines. The lowest probability of having a protective level of antibodies was observed in systemic arthritis compared to oligoarthritis (p=0.008) and polyarthritis (p=0.005). JIA patients, with non-protective levels of antibodies against measles, had more extended methotrexate treatment (2.8 [1.3; 6.4] vs 2.2 [0.9; 3.9] years, p<0.05) and increased applying of the biologics (76% vs 52%, p<0.05). Patients treated with biologics had the lowest probability of having protective levels of antibodies against measles, mumps, hepatitis B, and diphtheria than MTX and NSAID. Patients with non-protective antibodies had lower vaccine coverage against mumps (56% vs 67%, p<0.05) and diphtheria (38% vs 61%, p<0.01), longer duration of methotrexate 3.3 [1.4; 6.7] vs 1.8 [1.0; 2.9] years, p<0.01) and biologic treatment 3.1 [1.1; 5.4] vs 0.9 [0.0; 1.9] years, p<0.05) compare to patients with protective levels. The main risk factors to have non-protective levels of antibodies against specific vaccines are in Table 1 below.Table 1.ParametersMeaslesParotitisRubellaDiphtheriaHepatitis BHR (95%CI)рHR (95%CI)рHR (95%CI)рHR (95%CI)рHR (95%CI)РsoJIA, yes1.84 (0.84; 4.03)0.1281.43 (0.53; 3.95)0.4920.99 (0.05; 18.6)0.9952.04 (0.91;4.59)0.082.52 (1.27; 5.0)0.008GCS, yes1.54 (0.91; 2.61)0.1040.31 (0.45;1.84)0.7990.736 (0.11; 4.88)0.7361.89 (1.1; 3.24)0.021.34 (0.77; 2.32)0.295МТХ, yes0.86 (0.39; 1.88)0.7031.55 (0.49; 4.88)0.4531.53 (0.08; 28.64)0.7762.02 (0.71; 5.76)0.1870.6 (0.31; 1.15)0.122Biologics, yes2.02 (1.22; 3.32)0.0061.76 (0.98; 3.15)0.0572.26 (0.5; 9.87)0.2931.67 (0.99; 2.8)0.0531.2 (0.75; 1.92)0.453>1 biologics, consequent, yes1.57 (1.13; 2.2)0.0071.4 (0.93; 2.09)0.1041.82 (0.71; 4.7)0.2131.4 (0.98; 2.0)0.0621.11 (0.78; 1.58)0.572Incomplete vaccination, yes2.02 (1.02; 4.0)0.0426.25 (2.13; 17.9)0.00008na*na*2.39 (1.18; 4.85)0.016na*na*Conclusion:Children with JIA may have lower anti-vaccine antibodies levels and required routine check, especially in children with incomplete vaccination, biologics, systemic arthritis and long-term methotrexate treatment. Funding statement:Footnotes: CI confidence interval, GCS glucocorticosteroids, HR hazard ratio, MTX methotrexate, na not applicable, soJIA systemic onset of juvenile idiopathic arthritis.* Data were not calculated due to a small number of patients with a non-protective level of antibodies against rubella and no patients with incomplete vaccination against hepatitisThis work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant № 18-515-57001).Disclosure of Interests:None declared
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Ahmed, Mahir, Bayan Alorinan, Abdullah AlYemni, Mohammed Albakri, Mohamme Alahmari, Ayan Hassan, Abdulaziz Alrahili, Abdullah Alfawzan, Abdulrahman Alazzouni, and Abdulaziz Alansari. "Vaccines for adults: a review of recent literature." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 11 (October 25, 2018): 4947. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20184601.
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Vaccinations in adults and older patients are of special importance due to two main reasons: physiological and anatomical alterations in the body as it ages, making diseases more serious and possibly fatal, and so that adult individuals have a decreased immunological response when they are exposed to infections. Major adult vaccination includes influenza, pneumococcal pneumonia and meningitis, pertussis, tetanus, diphtheria, and hepatitis. In this study, our aim was to understand the recent updates on adult immunization and their efficacy in disease prevention. We conducted this review using a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, PubMed and EMBASE from January 1994 to March 2017. The following search terms were used: adult vaccination, adult immunization, influenza, pneumococcal pneumonia and meningitis, pertussis, tetanus, diphtheria, preventive measures, infection prevention. Several communicable diseases that affect the elderly population which can cause significant morbidity and mortality along with excessive costs on the health care system are easily preventable with the use of vaccination. Therefore, using vaccines to prevent these diseases should be updated and encouraged by all family health care practices.
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Savitskaya, T. A., T. V. Makarova, and V. A. Trifonov. "Epidemiological characteristics of diphtheria morbidity in the Republic of Tatarstan in 1994." Kazan medical journal 77, no. 3 (June 15, 1996): 227–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj104461.
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Before the introduction of planned vaccination against diphtheria in Tatarstan, the number of diphtheria cases per 100 thousand people was 25.3 in 1920-1929 - 25.3, 1930-1939 - 66.5, 1940-1949 - 75.4, 1950-1959 - 67,2. Planned vaccination, which began in 1955-1956, contributed to a decrease in the number of cases. Over the following decades, the average incidence rate per 100,000 population steadily decreased and was in 1960-1969 - 5.2, 1970-1979 - 0,07. However, in 1982-1985 there was a slight increase in the number of diphtheria cases, so the average morbidity rate for 1980-1989 slightly increased (0.09 per 100 thousand population).
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Cayol, M., I. Tauveron, F. Rambourdin, J. Prugnaud, P. Gachon, P. Thieblot, J. Grizard, and C. Obled. "Whole-Body Protein Turnover and Hepatic Protein Synthesis Are Increased by Vaccination in Man." Clinical Science 89, no. 4 (October 1, 1995): 389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0890389.
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1. The ability of diphtheria—tetanus—poliomyelitis—typhoid vaccination to induce modifications in protein metabolism was investigated in post-absorptive healthy humans. 2. Seven subjects were studied before and 2 days after vaccination. They underwent an intravenous primed constant infusion of l-[1-13C]leucine for 4 h. Plasma protein concentrations, whole-body amino acid fluxes and acute-phase protein synthesis were determined. 3. Plasma concentrations of fibrinogen, α1-acid glycoprotein, haptoglobin and α1-antitrypsin were significantly elevated 2 days after vaccination (P < 0.05). Leucine oxidation was unaffected but whole-body protein synthesis and breakdown were both increased (P < 0.05), by 25 and 16% respectively, in subjects who had an elevated body temperature (n = 5). Albumin synthesis was unchanged, but hepatic synthesis of fibrinogen was 56% higher after vaccination. 4. The present investigation indicates that diphtheria—tetanus—poliomyelitis—typhoid vaccination could induce a sustained acute-phase reaction. Moreover, protein metabolism appeared to be extremely sensitive to a mild stress since leucine kinetics and fibrinogen synthesis were affected. Therefore, diphtheria—tetanus—poliomyelitis—typhoid vaccination might represent an attractive model for studying the inflammatory process in humans.
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Roslaya, N. A., N. A. Lugovskaya, and I. O. Kholopov. "Experience with Combined Vaccination against Pertussis, Diphtheria, Tetanus and Influenza in Workers with Occupational Respiratory Disease Hazard." Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention 19, no. 2 (May 16, 2020): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2020-19-2-102-109.
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Relevance. Respiratory diseases, flu and pertussis, in particular, are common causes of temporary disability at work place. Pertussis is the second most common infectious disease by incidents increase in the Russian Federation. Combined immunization is found to be an efficient method to prevent infections at work place.Objective. Research objective is to prove safety of combined influenza and the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccines for people with occupational hazard of respiratory diseases.Materials and methods. We have studied the vaccination process in 257 adults with 2-nd and 3-rd health groups. We evaluated post-vaccination reactions, their localization, severity, time onset, and duration. We identified two groups with weaker and stronger side effects after vaccination. We determined typical parameters of the vaccination process.Results. 50% people in examined group showed adverse reaction. Symptoms were weak as a rule and lasted up to 4 days mostly. 29 people (11%) had more severe and long reaction. 6 patients (2%) required supportive care, 2 (0.8%) showed severe symptoms lasting from 2 to up to 5 days.Conclusion. The application of influenza vaccination combined with diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccinations simultaneously have demonstrated that it is safe to use in adults at risk of exposure for respiratory diseases at workplace. Minor side effects do not pose a health threat, and can be completely prevented.
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Roslaya, N. A., N. A. Lugovskaya, and I. O. Kholopov. "Experience with Combined Vaccination against Pertussis, Diphtheria, Tetanus and Influenza in Workers with Occupational Respiratory Disease Hazard." Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention 19, no. 2 (May 16, 2020): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2020-20-2-102-109.
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Relevance. Respiratory diseases, flu and pertussis, in particular, are common causes of temporary disability at work place. Pertussis is the second most common infectious disease by incidents increase in the Russian Federation. Combined immunization is found to be an efficient method to prevent infections at work place.Objective. Research objective is to prove safety of combined influenza and the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccines for people with occupational hazard of respiratory diseases.Materials and methods. We have studied the vaccination process in 257 adults with 2-nd and 3-rd health groups. We evaluated post-vaccination reactions, their localization, severity, time onset, and duration. We identified two groups with weaker and stronger side effects after vaccination. We determined typical parameters of the vaccination process.Results. 50% people in examined group showed adverse reaction. Symptoms were weak as a rule and lasted up to 4 days mostly. 29 people (11%) had more severe and long reaction. 6 patients (2%) required supportive care, 2 (0.8%) showed severe symptoms lasting from 2 to up to 5 days.Conclusion. The application of influenza vaccination combined with diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccinations simultaneously have demonstrated that it is safe to use in adults at risk of exposure for respiratory diseases at workplace. Minor side effects do not pose a health threat, and can be completely prevented.
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Jeevan P J, Sabi. "A short communication: Diphtheria outbreak, Tdap vaccination for adults." Indian Journal of Microbiology Research 8, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 256–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijmr.2021.052.
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Diphtheria cases continue to occur also in Madurai, Tamil Nadu despite a national vaccination program targeting the disease. Outbreaks of diphtheria are noted in areas of low immunization coverage. Last week our nephews came with swollen cheeks etc so forth and so on. Disease manifesting among older children and adults as in of the recent outbreaks from the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Delhi and Assam.Of these, immunized children, 88% were above 10 years of age.A booster second doses of Adacel is for person 8 years and above along with tetanus prophylaxia is given in addition to maintaining a high immunization coverage in the routine immunization program, with special emphasis on areas of low vaccination coverage is essential for preventing then emergence of diphtheria.
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Kottaram, Philip John, S. Vinayababu, and Khaji Mohammed Tanveer. "Diphtheria Resurgence: Where did We fail?" International Journal of Head and Neck Surgery 4, no. 3 (2013): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10001-1163.
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ABSTRACT Objective This report aims at highlighting the persistence of diphtheria in India and the need for better vaccine coverage of both primary as well as booster doses and accessibility of antidiphtheric serum (ADS) at all tertiary medical centers. Case report An 11-year-old girl, previously unimmunized against diphtheria, presented with history of fever, cough, difficulty in swallowing and change in voice within 1 week duration. Examination revealed bilaterally enlarged tonsils with a grayish white patch over them. A provisional diagnosis of faucial diphtheria and the patient was started on antibiotics. Next day, child developed respiratory distress and generalized swelling over the neck. An emergency tracheotomy was performed, and shifted to a center where ADS was available. She received 5 doses of ADS but succumbed to myocarditis 5 days later. Membranous patches removed from the trachea were positive for Corynebacterium diphtheriae and the diagnosis was confirmed by culture. Conclusion Vaccination coverage for both primary as well as boosters should be improved, so as to reach coverage advocated by WHO. All tertiary hospitals should have ADS. Health care personal should be sensitized to maintain a high degree of suspicion when presented with a patch over the tonsil. How to cite this article Chandrakala S, Vinayababu S, Kottaram PJ, Tanveer KM. Diphtheria Resurgence: Where did We fail? Int J Head Neck Surg 2013;4(3):137-139.
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Scherrer, Jeffrey F., Joanne Salas, Timothy L. Wiemken, Christine Jacobs, John E. Morley, and Daniel F. Hoft. "Lower Risk for Dementia Following Adult Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis (Tdap) Vaccination." Journals of Gerontology: Series A 76, no. 8 (April 15, 2021): 1436–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glab115.
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Abstract Background Adult vaccinations may reduce risk for dementia. However, it has not been established whether tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (Tdap) vaccination is associated with incident dementia. Methods Hypotheses were tested in a Veterans Health Affairs (VHA) cohort and replicated in a MarketScan medical claims cohort. Patients were at least 65 years of age and free of dementia for 2 years prior to index date. Patients either had or did not have a Tdap vaccination by the start of either of the 2 index periods (2011 or 2012). Follow-up continued through 2018. Controls had no Tdap vaccination for the duration of follow-up. Confounding was controlled using entropy balancing. Competing risk (VHA) and Cox proportional hazard (MarketScan) models estimated the association between Tdap vaccination and incident dementia in all patients and age subgroups (65–69, 70–74, and ≥75 years). Results VHA patients were, on average, 75.6 (SD ± 7.5) years of age, 4% female, and 91.2% were White. MarketScan patients were 69.8 (SD ± 5.6) years of age, on average and 65.4% were female. After controlling for confounding, patients with, compared to without, Tdap vaccination had a significantly lower risk for dementia in both cohorts (VHA: hazard ratio [HR] = 0.58; 95% confidence interval [CI]:0.54–0.63 and MarketScan: HR = 0.58; 95% CI:0.48–0.70). Conclusions Tdap vaccination was associated with a 42% lower dementia risk in 2 cohorts with different clinical and sociodemographic characteristics. Several vaccine types are linked to decreased dementia risk, suggesting that these associations are due to nonspecific effects on inflammation rather than vaccine-induced pathogen-specific protective effects.
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Drewes, Jochen, Phil C. Langer, Jennifer Ebert, Dieter Kleiber, and Burkhard Gusy. "Sociodemographic, HIV-Related Characteristics, and Health Care Factors as Predictors of Self-Reported Vaccination Coverage in a Nationwide Sample of People Aging with HIV in Germany." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9 (May 4, 2021): 4901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094901.
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Preventing infectious diseases through vaccination becomes more significant among the growing population of people aging with HIV. Coverage rates for vaccinations and factors associated with vaccination utilization among this population in Germany are unknown. We assessed the coverage of eight recommended vaccinations in a certain time frame in our convenience sample of 903 people living with HIV aged 50 years and older. We analysed coverage rates and used bivariate and multiple linear regression analyses to identify factors associated with number of reported vaccinations. Coverage rates in our sample ranged between 51.0% for meningococcus disease and 84.6% for the triple vaccination against tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis. All rates were higher compared to the German general population. Seven factors were related to the number of vaccinations in multiple regression analysis: sexual orientation, education, relationship status, CD4 count, time since last visit to HIV specialist, type of HIV specialist, and distance to HIV specialist. Vaccination coverage among people aging with HIV in Germany is high, but not optimal. To improve vaccination uptake, strengthened efforts need to be focused on female and heterosexual male patients, socioeconomically disadvantaged patients, and patients with barriers to access regular HIV care.
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MARSHALL, GARY S., PETER F. WRIGHT, GERALD M. FENICHEL, and DAVID T. KARZON. "Diffuse Retinopathy Following Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccination." Pediatrics 76, no. 6 (December 1, 1985): 989–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.76.6.989.
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Blindness due to optic neuritis or panretinopathy has been reported as an acute complication of natural measles infection.5 Recently, loss of visual acuity following measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccination with the fundoscopic changes of optic neuritis has been described.6 We have observed a child with blindness due to diffuse neuroretinitis temporally associated with measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and the development of a postvaccination measles syndrome. CASE REPORT A 16-month-old baby girl presented with acute loss of vision 16 days after routine measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination. The infant had been previously healthy and developmentally normal. She had received three previous oral polio and diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccinations without adverse reactions.
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Orbach, H., and A. Tanay. "Vaccines as a trigger for myopathies." Lupus 18, no. 13 (October 30, 2009): 1213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961203309345734.
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Vaccines are considered to be among the greatest medical discoveries, credited with the virtual eradication of some diseases and the consequent improved survival and quality of life of the at-risk population. With that, vaccines are among the environmental factors implicated as triggers for the development of inflammatory myopathies. The sporadic reports on vaccineinduced inflammatory myopathies include cases of hepatitis B virus, bacillus Calmette—Guérin, tetanus, influenza, smallpox, polio, diphtheria, diphtheria—pertussis—tetanus, combination of diphtheria with scarlet fever and diphtheria—pertussis—tetanus with polio vaccines. However, a significant increase in the incidence of dermatomyositis or polymyositis after any massive vaccination campaign has not been reported in the literature. In study patients with inflammatory myopathies, no recent immunization was recorded in any of the patients. Moreover, after the 1976 mass flu vaccination, no increase in the incidence of inflammatory myopathies was observed. Although rare, macrophagic myofasciitis has been reported following vaccination and is attributed to the aluminium hydroxide used as an adjuvant in some vaccines. Prospective multicenter studies are needed to identify potential environmental factors, including vaccines, as potential triggers for inflammatory myopathies. Lupus (2009) 18, 1213—1216.
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Batur, Muhammed, TUNCAY ARTUÇ, Erbil Seven, and Serek Tekin. "ACCOMMODATION SPASM FOLLOWING TETANUS-DIPHTHERIA (Td) VACCINATION." Eastern Journal Of Medicine 25, no. 3 (2020): 450–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5505/ejm.2020.59454.
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Shastri, J., U. Aigal, B. Doctor, and N. Khan. "Resurgence of diphtheria in the vaccination era." Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology 25, no. 4 (2007): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0255-0857.37367.
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Khan, N., J. Shastri, U. Aigal, and B. Doctor. "Resurgence of Diphtheria in the Vaccination Era." Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology 25, no. 4 (October 2007): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0255-0857(21)02078-8.
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Jaber, Lutfi, Mordechai Shohat, and Marc Mimouni. "Infectious Episodes Following Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus Vaccination." Clinical Pediatrics 27, no. 10 (October 1988): 491–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000992288802701005.
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