Academic literature on the topic 'Diphtheria – Vaccination'
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Journal articles on the topic "Diphtheria – Vaccination"
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Revenko, G. O., I. V. Budayeva, and V. V. Mavrutenkov. "SEROLOGICAL MONITORING OF POPULATION ANTITOXIC ANTI-DIPHTHERIA IMMUNITY IN RESIDENTS OF DNIPROPETROVSK REGION." Клінічна та профілактична медицина 4, no. 9-10 (October 17, 2019): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31612/2616-4868.4(10).2019.07.
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The goal of the work – to present the analysis of epidemiological monitoring of anti-diphtheria protection of the population of Dnepropetrovsk region, to show the generalizing epidemiological situation of diphtheria, to substantiate the need for the development of tools to improve vaccination and to prove the feasibility of regular epidemiology.
Material and methods. Epidemiological analysis of anti-diphtheria immunity (2016-2017) was performed on the basis of the results of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of antibody-IgG against diphtheria toxin (RIDASCREEN Diphtherie IgG (Germany)) in 185 residents of the age from 1 year to 60 years, from them 166 people were included into representative group.
Results. An analysis of the results revealed that only 34.05% (n =63) of the population have antitoxic antibody titers of 1.0 IU/ml or more, providing these residents with adequate protection against diphtheria in the next 5-7 years of life. , most of the population (65.95%) requires immediate single booster vaccination (n=91; 49.19%) or immediate baseline vaccination (n=31; 16.76%). Overall, the results suggest that if diphtheria may occur in country: the disease is likely to be epidemiological or epidemic in nature, as 66% (n=122) of the population do not have sufficient immunological anti-diphtheria protection and require immediate baseline or booster vaccination; children under 15 years of age and adults over 27 will be the most vulnerable to diphtheria.
Conclusions. There are the need to develop strategic measures for mass vaccination of the population (children and adults) against diphtheria, mechanisms for government control over the effectiveness of vaccination, mechanisms of civil or legal liability for voluntary refusal of vaccination without medical indications. It is appropriate and necessary to conduct regular epidemiological monitoring of the intensity of post-vaccination protection of the population against vaccine-preventable infections, in general, including diphtheria.
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Van Damme, P. "Diphtheria vaccination." Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 54, no. 7 (August 2000): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0753-3322(01)80015-9.
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Tok, Peter Seah Keng, Misbaha Jilani, Nurul Fateha Misnar, Nor Suzila Bidin, Norli Rosli, and Haidar Rizal Toha. "A diphtheria outbreak in Johor Bahru, Malaysia: Public health investigation and response." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 16, no. 07 (July 28, 2022): 1159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.16076.
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Introduction: Diphtheria is an acute infectious disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Although the incidence of diphtheria worldwide has rapidly declined following the largely successful diphtheria toxoid-based vaccines, concerns persist for those who were unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated. In this report, we describe a recent diphtheria outbreak in Malaysia involving four confirmed diphtheria cases.
Methodology: The outbreak investigation efforts and epidemiological characteristics of a diphtheria outbreak in Malaysia are described. For all suspected cases, swabs were taken and sent for isolation of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and confirmation of toxigenic strains.
Results: The index case was a two-year-old child living with his family in a welfare home. Following contact tracing efforts and investigation for suspected cases, seven samples came back as culture positive for Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Confirmation of toxigenic strains was performed using PCR and Elek’s test, which showed 100% correlation in positivity for four of the samples. All four confirmed cases were below 18 years of age, and three of them did not have complete vaccination history (two unvaccinated, one unknown). The index case eventually succumbed due to severe diphtheria with multiorgan failure while all the other cases were discharged healthy.
Conclusions: In Malaysia, despite good vaccination coverage, sporadic diphtheria outbreaks still occur. The rising trend of cases reported over the recent years underscores the need to remain vigilant. Addressing pockets of unvaccinated children and potential waning immunity levels in the population remains pivotal.
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Schirmer, Patricia, Cynthia A. Lucero-Obusan, Aditya Sharma, Gina Oda, and Mark Holodniy. "1201. Diphtheria in Veterans Health Administration (VHA), 2000-2021." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 8, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2021): S692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab466.1393.
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Abstract Background Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and can cause respiratory or skin infections. Transmission occurs primarily person-to-person via respiratory tract and rarely from skin lesions or fomites. In the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), we perform surveillance for nationally notifiable diseases such as diphtheria. In early 2021, there were 4 alerts for C. diphtheriae. Therefore, we investigated diphtheria prevalence in VHA over the last 20 years. Methods Isolates of C. diphtheriae were identified from VHA data sources from 1/1/2000-2/28/2021. Patient demographics, co-morbidities, microbiologic data, treatment, outcomes, and vaccination status were obtained via electronic medical record (EMR) review. Results 33 C. diphtheriae isolates were identified representing 32 unique individuals. 17 isolates were identified from 2000-2015 and 16 were identified from 2016-2021. Isolates were from cutaneous (16), blood (10), urine (4), pulmonary (2), and throat (1) specimens. In 11 individuals, clinical significance was unclear (no antibiotics given, note mentioned that it was being considered a contaminant - i.e., isolate may have been incorrectly labeled as “C. diphtheriae” instead of “diphtheroid”). Only 3 isolates had toxin testing documented. One C. diphtheriae biovar gravis blood isolate was associated with sepsis without another source identified. The throat isolate was a nontoxigenic strain. No cutaneous isolates underwent susceptibility testing, but all 15 individuals received antibiotics (1 patient had 2 isolates). 11 had additional organisms identified in addition to C. diphtheriae. Table 1 describes demographics, co-morbidities, and vaccination status of cutaneous cases. Only 1 case (in 2021) had EMR documentation of local public health department reporting. Table 1. Characteristics of Unique Individuals with Cutaneous Diphtheria Isolates in VHA, 2000-2021 Conclusion Nearly as many isolates have been identified in the last 5.5 years compared to the previous 15 years which may be related to more robust molecular identification methods available in VHA. Most C. diphtheriae isolated was from cutaneous sources that were acute in onset. About 33% were identified as C. diphtheriae but were not treated. EMR documentation of toxin production and public health department reporting was lacking. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures
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Truelove, Shaun A., Lindsay T. Keegan, William J. Moss, Lelia H. Chaisson, Emilie Macher, Andrew S. Azman, and Justin Lessler. "Clinical and Epidemiological Aspects of Diphtheria: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis." Clinical Infectious Diseases 71, no. 1 (August 19, 2019): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz808.
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Abstract Background Diphtheria, once a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality, all but disappeared following introduction of diphtheria vaccine. Recent outbreaks highlight the risk diphtheria poses when civil unrest interrupts vaccination and healthcare access. Lack of interest over the last century resulted in knowledge gaps about diphtheria’s epidemiology, transmission, and control. Methods We conducted 9 distinct systematic reviews on PubMed and Scopus (March–May 2018). We pooled and analyzed extracted data to fill in these key knowledge gaps. Results We identified 6934 articles, reviewed 781 full texts, and included 266. From this, we estimate that the median incubation period is 1.4 days. On average, untreated cases are colonized for 18.5 days (95% credible interval [CrI], 17.7–19.4 days), and 95% clear Corynebacterium diphtheriae within 48 days (95% CrI, 46–51 days). Asymptomatic carriers cause 76% (95% confidence interval, 59%–87%) fewer cases over the course of infection than symptomatic cases. The basic reproductive number is 1.7–4.3. Receipt of 3 doses of diphtheria toxoid vaccine is 87% (95% CrI, 68%–97%) effective against symptomatic disease and reduces transmission by 60% (95% CrI, 51%–68%). Vaccinated individuals can become colonized and transmit; consequently, vaccination alone can only interrupt transmission in 28% of outbreak settings, making isolation and antibiotics essential. While antibiotics reduce the duration of infection, they must be paired with diphtheria antitoxin to limit morbidity. Conclusions Appropriate tools to confront diphtheria exist; however, accurate understanding of the unique characteristics is crucial and lifesaving treatments must be made widely available. This comprehensive update provides clinical and public health guidance for diphtheria-specific preparedness and response.
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MAHOMED, S., M. ARCHARY, P. MUTEVEDZI, Y. MAHABEER, P. GOVENDER, G. NTSHOE, W. KUHN, et al. "An isolated outbreak of diphtheria in South Africa, 2015." Epidemiology and Infection 145, no. 10 (May 8, 2017): 2100–2108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268817000851.
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SUMMARYAn outbreak of respiratory diphtheria occurred in two health districts in the province of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa in 2015. A multidisciplinary outbreak response team was involved in the investigation and management of the outbreak. Fifteen cases of diphtheria were identified, with ages ranging from 4 to 41 years. Of the 12 cases that were under the age of 18 years, 9 (75%) were not fully immunized for diphtheria. The case fatality was 27%. Ninety-three household contacts, 981 school or work contacts and 595 healthcare worker contacts were identified and given prophylaxis against Corynebacterium diphtheriae infection. A targeted vaccination campaign for children aged 6–15 years was carried out at schools in the two districts. The outbreak highlighted the need to improve diphtheria vaccination coverage in the province and to investigate the feasibility of offering diphtheria vaccines to healthcare workers.
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Petráš, Oleár, Molitorisová, Dáňová, Čelko, Nováková, Štefkovičová, Krištúfková, Malinová, and Lesná. "Factors Influencing Persistence of Diphtheria Immunity and Immune Response to a Booster Dose in Healthy Slovak Adults." Vaccines 7, no. 4 (October 7, 2019): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines7040139.
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We assessed the long-term persistence of humoral immunity against diphtheria in adults with childhood vaccination and the immunogenicity of a booster dose considering demographic, behavioural and vaccinating factors. We conducted a trial in 200 healthy Slovak adults aged 24–65 years, immunised against diphtheria in childhood and against tetanus at regular 10–15 year intervals, and receiving a dose of a tetanus-diphtheria toxoid vaccine. The response was determined by ELISA antibody concentrations of paired sera before and at 4 weeks post-vaccination. A seroprotection rate of 21% (95% confidence interval, CI 15.6–27.3%) was found in adults up to 59 years since the last vaccination with seroprotective levels of antibodies against diphtheria ≥0.1 IU/mL and a geometric mean concentration of 0.05 IU/mL. Conversely, seropositive levels ≥0.01 IU/mL were observed in 98% of adults (95% CI 95–99.5%). Booster-induced seroprotection was achieved in 78% of adults (95% CI 71.6–83.5%) clearly depending on pre-booster antibody levels correlating with age and time since the last vaccination. Moreover, only 54.2% of smokers and 53.3% of patients on statins exhibited seroprotection. Booster vaccination against diphtheria was unable to confer seroprotection in all recipients of only childhood vaccination.
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Tovikkai, Dissaruj, Jakapat Vanichanan, and Kamonwan Jutivorakool. "2709. Immune Response After Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoid Booster in Patients with Adult-Onset Immunodeficiency with Anti-interferon-γ Autoantibody." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S952—S953. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.2386.
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Abstract Background Immunization were the key of prevention in tetanus and diphtherial disease. Nevertheless, in previous observational study, low seroprotection rate of both diphtheria and tetanus were observed in Thai healthy population. Reduced-dose diphtheria and tetanus toxoid vaccine (dT) was recommended to all adult patients regardless of immunologic status. However, data on vaccine efficacy in interferon gamma (IFN-γ) autoantibody were limited. We therefore conducted clinical study to evaluate efficacy and safety of one dose of dT in IFN-γ autoantibody patient compared with healthy individuals at 4 weeks after vaccination. Methods Study was conducted from February to April 2019. Total 18 patients with confirmed IFN-γ autoantibody were enrolled. Baseline tetanus and diphtheria serologic study and 4 weeks after vaccination were examined. Antibody levels were measured with a solid-phase IgG-specific ELISAs (EUROIMMUN, Germany). Geometric mean titers (GMTs) were calculated using the log transformation of serological titers and from taking the antilog mean of the transformed values. Results Seroprevalence of tetanus was 94.5% in healthy population compared with 60.1% in IFN-γ autoantibody patients. While, seroprevalence of diphtheria was 27.8% and 77.8%, respectively. After vaccination, all healthy adults had reached seroprotection level in both diphtheria and tetanus. For patients with IFN-γ autoantibody, 88.9% and 94.4% had anti-tetanus toxin IgG and anti-diphtheria toxin IgG level above 0.1 IU/mL, respectively. These results indicated seroconversion rate of 71% for tetanus and 75% for diphtheria after dT vaccination. (Table 2). In the subgroup analysis, unboosted IFN-γ autoantibody patient had lower tetanus seroconversion rate compared with previously boosted patient (50% vs 100%). Active infection was also associated with lower immune response after tetanus vaccination. There was no severe adverse event in both group. Conclusion This is the first study on immune response after dT vaccination in IFN-γ autoantibody patient. Seroconversion rate of dT vaccine in IFN-γ autoantibody patient were slightly lower than healthy adults. Active infection and previously unboosted patient provided lower immune response of tetanus. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Islam, Shamsal M., Salim M. Chowdhury, Mahfuz A., Bimal C. Das, Reza M., Mahbuba K., Alauddin M., and A. K. M. M. Haque. "Massive diphtheria outbreak in South Asia: an epidemiological evidence review and lesson learnt." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20205734.
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Vaccination is to be considerd as one of the most well-known economically viable medical procedures to prevent massive diphtheria outbreaks happening in recent times. Under this circumstance, the available data on diphtheria and vaccination coverage of three South Asian countries is warranted. The published English-language literature between January 2007 and January 2019 was retrieved from search results in eight highly resourceful journal databases using the specific terms. A massive diphtheria outbreak was occurred in refugee camps in Cox Bazar, a harbour city in Bangladesh, between November 2017 and March 2019. A total of 8641 diphtheria case-patients were reported including 45 deaths in the refugee camps. Our synthesis data shows that there is a gap of immunity which creates a large scale of potentiality for a new pandemic for adult couples along with children. The DTP3 coverage in India and Myanmar is less than 90% and these two countries had no standard coverage of DTP3 dose. We concluded that the massive outbreak of diphtheria in South Asia normally occurred due to low coverage of vaccination or incomplete vaccination. Crowded living environment, low socio-economic conditions, cultural belief, and importation of microorganisms are considered for massive outbreak of diphtheria outbreaks. Community-based awareness program and vaccinating individuals and some cases revaccination of older age groups are needed to stop further transmission and control the diphtheria outbreaks in South Asia. Further research is required to fully assess the vaccination coverage in the stateless populations in this region.
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Kharseeva, G. G., S. Yu Tyukavkina, and A. Yu Mironov. "Diphtheria: characteristics of the pathogen and laboratory diagnostics (lecture)." Russian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 65, no. 11 (December 4, 2020): 699–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0869-2084-2020-65-11-699-706.
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The problem of diphtheria infection remains relevant, since the circulation of toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae persists in the body of bacterial carriers, despite ongoing vaccination. The lecture presents modern ideas about the properties of the pathogen, its pathogenicity factors (toxin, pili, surface proteins (67-72P (or DIP0733), DIP1281, etc.) and their role in the pathogenesis of the disease.. Information about the clinical and epidemiological characteristics and modern methods of laboratory diagnostics of diphtheria is presented. The algorithm of bacteriological research and methods for determining the toxigenic properties of the pathogen are described. The basics of diphtheria vaccination as the only effective means of preventing mass outbreaks of this disease are considered in the framework of the proposed lecture. Knowledge of the peculiarities of the circulation of strains of Corynebacterium diphtheria in modern conditions, pathogenetic and clinical-epidemiological features of diphtheria, as well as modern methods of laboratory diagnostics is important and necessary for students of medical schools and infectious diseases doctors, pediatricians, bacteriologists, therapists, pulmonologists, epidemiologists, etc.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Diphtheria – Vaccination"
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Weissmueller, Nikolas T. "Needle-free vaccination : formulation and dermal delivery of diphtheria toxin CRM197 mutant." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:be74f39b-1f36-451c-8200-4f14b701bcee.
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The unsafe use of needles propagates cross infections with bloodborne pathogens and reduces the positive impact of vaccinations on global health. While a plethora of needle-free injection devices exist, the reformulation of protein-based vaccines is largely empirical and costly, which presents a barrier to their widespread clinical application. This thesis contributes to the identification of approaches that facilitate rapid vaccine reformulation and enhance the immunogenicity of needle-free dry-powder vaccines with the help of novel antigen delivery platforms. We hypothesised that the thermodynamic stabilisation of diphtheria toxin mutant 197 (CRM197), a glycoconjugate vaccine carrier protein, may enhance its structural preservation during spray-freeze-drying (SFD), and that its formulation in either soluble, surface-adsorbed, or nanoparticle form impacts the elicited immune response. Differential scanning fluorimetry was used to study the effect of excipients on the thermal stability of CRM197. Dry-powder formulation of CRM197 used i) encapsulation into a thermodynamically stabilising excipient matrix by SFD, ii) surface-immobilisation via physisorption onto a novel potassium-doped hydroxyapatite (kHA) carrier microparticle formed by molten salt synthesis, and iii) chemical conjugation and surface presentation on amphiphilic block copolymer nanoparticles that were incorporated into SFD-powders (SFD-NP). The structural integrity of CRM197 was assessed by size separation in addition to various spectral and thermal analysis methods. The immunogenicity of dry-powder CRM197 formulations was subsequently tested in vivo. The results suggest that the thermodynamic stability of CRM197 in solution does not ensure its structural stability during SFD. While needle-free dermal vaccination with kHA-adsorbed CRM197 induced comparable antibody titres to conventional IM injection of alum-adjuvanted CRM197, needle-free SFD and SFD-NP powders were less immunogenic. The highest mean IgG titre and most balanced Th1/Th2 response was achieved with nanoparticle-conjugated CRM197 by IM, which outperformed the current clinical standard. Therefore, future vaccine design should combine thermodynamic and kinetic stability screening, and place special emphasis on the delivery and structural presentation of the antigen to the immune system.
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Rydell, Niclas. "Development of a New Oral Vaccine against Diphtheria and the Study of its Immunogenicity in Mouse and Man." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4629.
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Каплін, Микола Микитович, Николай Никитович Каплин, Mykola Mykytovych Kaplin, and В. М. Ломко. "Характеристика антитоксичного імунітету у хворих на дифтерію в період спаду епідемії та роль вакцінації." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2003. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8594.
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O'Brien, Dawne, Ashley Santa-Cruz, and Amy Kennedy. "Assessing Adherence to the Tetanus, Diphtheria and Pertussis Vaccination Guidelines at a Federally Qualified Health Center Before and After a Clinical Pharmacist Intervention." The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/614235.
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Class of 2014 AbstractSpecific Aims: Tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis are diseases, which are preventable through proper vaccination. In spite of the availability these vaccines, however, there has recently been a surge in the number of pertussis cases in the United States. The objective of this study is to determine provider adherence to tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis guidelines set forth by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices in a primary care setting before and after a clinical pharmacist intervention. Methods: A retrospective cohort of chart reviews was conducted between January 1 – September 30, 2013 to determine immunization adherence to tetanus, diphteria, and pertussis vaccination guidelines. A clinical pharmacist then preformed a series of cross-sectional chart reviews as an intervention. Following the intervention, a retrospective chart review was conducted to evaluate if Tdap vaccination rates improved between March 17-23, 2014. Main Results: Overall immunization rates greatly improved following the intervention (p<0.0001; x2=44.988). For non-pregnant adults between the ages of 19-64 the vaccination rate improved from 26% to 61.1% (p<0.0001; x2=47.07). A statistically significant improvement was not seen in the groups with patients 65 or older or pregnant women (p>0.05). Tdap vaccination status was appropriately evaluated and vaccinations given by primary doctors improved from 17.7% to 61.2% and those prescribed by nurse practitioners improved from 22.4% to 56.3%. Conclusion: Intervention by a Clinical Pharmacist helped improve overall provider adherence to the tetanus, diphteria, and pertussis vaccination guidelines.
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Baynam, Gareth. "Genetic influences on vaccine response in children." University of Western Australia. School of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0259.
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Vaccination is one of the most efficacious public health interventions1 and has been increasingly used to combat non-infectious diseases. Mechanisms underlying vaccine responses overlap with those regulating immune responses in health and disease. Therefore, an understanding of mechanisms underpinning these responses will have broad implications. Variation in immune response genes contributes to impaired vaccine responses2-4. Understanding the contribution of genetic variants to vaccine responses is likely to be particularly important in early life given the generalized functional immaturity of the immune system in infants and the highly variable kinetics of its maturation over the first few years of life5-7. However, studies of genetic influences on early childhood vaccine responses are scarce. Since a number of genes from several pathways are likely to be important, a targeted approach is necessary. This thesis explored the effects and interactions of genes associated with atopy, as atopy, or the genetic risk for it, has been associated with modulation of early childhood vaccine responses. This thesis aimed to: 1) investigate genetic variants associated with atopy on early childhood vaccine responses; 2) examine interactions between these genetic variants and non-genetic factors; 3) approach developmental genetic influences on genetic effects and their interactions; and 4) extend findings on vaccine responses to other immunological phenotypes and disease outcomes.
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Mezones-Holguin, Edward, Ali Al-kassab-Córdova, Jorge L. Maguiña, and Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales. "Vaccination coverage and preventable diseases in Peru: Reflections on the first diphtheria case in two decades during the midst of COVID-19 pandemic." Elsevier Inc, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/655819.
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Васильєв, Юрій Костянтинович, Юрий Константинович Васильев, Yurii Kostiantynovych Vasyliev, Микола Дмитрович Чемич, Николай Дмитриевич Чемич, Mykola Dmytrovych Chemych, Оксана Миколаївна Чемич, Оксана Николаевна Чемич, and Oksana Mykolaivna Chemych. "Особливості епідемії дифтерії в умовах північно-східного регіону України." Thesis, Вид-во СумДУ, 2010. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3745.
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Мета роботи - вивчення клініко-епідеміологічних особливостей сучасної
дифтерії в умовах північно-східного, прикордонного регіону України.
Об’єкт дослідження - медичні карти хворих на дифтерію з 1987 по
2005 рр. Епідеміологічні карти хворих за цей же період.
При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3745
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Truter, Erika Mare. "Chitosan derived formulations and EmzaloidTM technology for mucosal vaccination against diphtheria : nasal efficacy in mice / Erika M. Truter." Thesis, North-West University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/858.
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Previous studies have demonstrated that chitosan and its derivative, N-trimethyl chitosan
chloride (TMC) are effective and safe absorption enhancers to improve mucosal delivery
of macromolecular drugs including vaccines. Furthermore, chitosan and TMC can easily
form microparticles and nanoparticles, which have the ability to encapsulate large
amounts of antigens. Emzaloid™ technology has proven in the past to be an effective
delivery system for numerous drugs. Emzaloids can entrap, transport and deliver large
amounts of drugs including vaccines.
In this study, the ability of chitosan microparticles and nanoparticles, TMC microparticles
as well as micrometer and nanometer range Emzaloids to enhance both the systemic and
mucosal (local) immune response against diphtheria toxoid (DT) after nasal
administration in mice was investigated.
The above mentioned formulations were prepared and characterised according to size and
morphology. DT was then associated to the chitosan microparticles and nanoparticles as
well as TMC microparticles to determine the antigen loading and release. It was found
that the loading efficacy of the formulations was 88.9 %, 27.74 % and 63.1 %
respectively, and the loading capacity of the formulations was 25.7 %, 8.03 % and
18.3 %.
DT loaded and unloaded (empty) chitosan microparticles and nanoparticles, TMC
microparticles, micrometer and nanometer range Emzaloids as well as DT in phosphate
buffered saline (PBS) were administered nasally to mice. Mice were also vaccinated
subcutaneous with DT associated to alum as a positive control. All mice were vaccinated
on three consecutive days in week 1 and boosted in week 3. Sera was analysed for anti-
DT IgG and nasal lavages were analysed for anti-DT IgA using an enzyme linked
imrnunosorbent assay (ELISA).
In the study conducted to determine the systemic (IgG) and local (IgA) immune
responses it was seen that DT associated to all the experimental formulations produced a
systemic immune response. The said formulations produced a significantly higher
systemic immune response when compared to the formulation of DT in PBS.
Furthermore, the mice vaccinated with DT associated to the TMC formulations showed a
much higher systemic immune response than the mice that were vaccinated
subcutaneously with DT associated to alum, whereas the other formulations produced
systemic immune responses that were comparable to that of DT associated to alum. It was
also found that DT associated to the experimental formulations produced a local immune
response, however only DT associated to TMC microparticles produced a consistent local
immune response.
It can be concluded from the in vivo experiments that the TMC formulations, moreover,
the TMC microparticles is the most effective and promising formulation for the nasal
delivery of vaccines.Thesis (M.Sc. (Pharmaceutics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.
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Van, der Westhuizen Elaine. "Chitosan derived formulations and EmzaloidTM technology for mucosal vaccination against diphtheria : oral efficacy in mice / Elaine van der Westhuizen." Thesis, North-West University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/633.
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Vaccination plays a very important part in daily life. It is essential to get vaccinated at an
early age. The conventional parented method used is not always effective and not cost
efficient. It requires qualified personnel and sterile conditions for administration of the
vaccines.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chitosan, N-trimethyl chitosan
chloride (TMC) and Emzaloid™ particles on the local and systemic immune response of
mice after oral vaccination with Diphtheria toxoid (DT). The different formulations used
were chitosan microparticles (± 10 µm), chitosan nanoparticles (± 400 nm), TMC
microparticles (± 5 µm), Emzaloid microparticles (± 4 µm) and Emzaloid nanoparticles
(± 500 nm). All of these formulations proved to be very good delivery systems and can
entrap large amounts of the antigen.
Balb/c mice were used to determine the local and systemic immune response of these
formulations. The mice were vaccinated orally on three consecutive days in week 1 and
3 with 40 Lf DT per week with a total volume of 300 µl. Blood samples were taken from
the mice and analysed for a systemic immune response (IgG). The same mice were used
to determine the local immune response (IgA). Faeces were collected from each mouse
on day 1, 3, 4, 6, 14 and 20 for analysis. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA) was used to determine IgG and IgA titers.
It can be concluded that chitosan nanoparticles was the only formulation with a higher
response than that of the currently used vaccine. Emzaloid nanoparticles showed no
significant difference in response when compared to the currently used vaccine. All the
other formulations showed a much smaller response than that of the conventional method
of vaccination.Thesis (M.Sc. (Pharmaceutics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.
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Helmy, Hannah Louise. "“This Isn’t Like Diphtheria, You Know?”: The Sociocultural Context of Human Papillomavirus Immunization, Potential Mandates, and Narratives of Risk Among." Scholar Commons, 2008. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/288.
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Many in the biomedical community have praised the recently released Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, Gardasil, for having the potential to significantly reduce the disease burden of cervical cancer and genital warts. However, complex intersections of ideology, morality, and politics have made this new vaccine considerably contested, particularly as public debate has turned to the ethics of state-mandated HPV vaccination for 11-12 year old girls. Subsequently, the extent to which mandatory vaccinations are accepted by parents and implications regarding the infringement of these coercive measures on their rights to make health care decisions for their children has become powerfully positioned in public discourse. This research seeks to examine how mothers of girls conceptualize Gardasil and the potential mandates in order to illuminate the multi-faceted socio-cultural context of risk embedded within this immunization. Major themes that emerged from in-depth interviews include diverse perceptions of the risk of HPV for their daughter(s) specifically, children as actual or potential sexual beings, concerns about vaccine safety, mistrust of pharmaceutical companies and government collusion, and conceiving of vaccination against HPV as imbued with a either a moral or cancer prevention subtext. The need for collaboration and communication between the medical and governmental institutions who promote vaccines such as Gardasil and the public who politically and socially consumes them has been apparent throughout my research. Applied anthropologists have a unique role to play by situating diverse stakeholder perspectives across interdisciplinary fields in order to develop more appropriate and informed policies.
Books on the topic "Diphtheria – Vaccination"
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Throm, Carola. Das Diphtherieserum: Ein neues Therapieprinzip, seine Entwicklung und Markteinführung. Stuttgart: Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995.
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Rasmuson, Mark R. Strengthening capacity in public health communication for diphtheria control: A case study of the BASICS program in Russia. Arlington, VA: Basic Support for Institutionalizing Child Survival, 1998.
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Rasmuson, Mark R. Strengthening capacity in public health communication for diphtheria control: A case study of the BASICS program in Russia. Arlington, VA: Basic Support for Institutionalizing Child Survival, 1998.
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Dwyer, Michael. Strangling Angel: Diphtheria and Childhood Immunization in Ireland. Liverpool University Press, 2021.
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Dwyer, Michael. Strangling Angel: Diphtheria and Childhood Immunization in Ireland. Liverpool University Press, 2017.
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Dwyer, Michael. Strangling Angel: Diphtheria and Childhood Immunization in Ireland. Liverpool University Press, 2018.
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Zoysa, Aruni De. Other bacterial diseasesDiseases caused by corynebacteria and related organisms. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0019.
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The genus Corynebacterium contains the species Corynebacterium diphtheriae and the non-diphtherial corynebacteria. C. diphtheriae is the major human pathogen in this genus, but several species of nondiphtheria corynebacteria appear to be emerging as important pathogens.Zoonotic corynebacteria rarely cause disease in humans, but recent reports have indicated that the frequency and severity of infection associated with Corynebacterium ulcerans has increased in many countries. In the past most human C.ulcerans infections have occurred through close contact with farm animals or by consumption of unpasteurised dairy products. However, recently, there have been cases of human infection following close contact with household pets. Rhodococcus equi appears to be emerging as an important pathogen in immunocompromised patients, especially those with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Human infections caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is still a very rare occurrence.Antibiotics in combination with surgery and vaccination are the treatment of choice for human infection. Control of human infection is best achieved by raising awareness in those at risk (e.g. domestic pet owners, sheep shearers, the immunocompromised), clinicians involved in treating these groups and by vaccination. Reducing prevalence in the animal population could be achieved by improving hygiene in farms and husbandry practices, reducing minor injuries (e.g. cuts and abrasions) during routine procedures, and by vaccination.
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Török, M. Estée, Fiona J. Cooke, and Ed Moran. Health protection. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199671328.003.0025.
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This chapter covers immunizations such as routine childhood immunizations and non-routine immunizations, as well as vaccinations in those infected with HIV. The chapter also includes notifiable diseases (such as cholera, diphtheria, smallpox, and typhoid), bioterrorism and biological weapons, and migrant health.
Book chapters on the topic "Diphtheria – Vaccination"
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Zürrer, G., and R. Steffen. "Side Effects of Tetanus Versus Diphtheria-Tetanus Vaccination in Travelers." In Travel Medicine, 225–26. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73772-5_39.
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Shin, Gee Yen. "Vaccination Schedules." In Tutorial Topics in Infection for the Combined Infection Training Programme. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801740.003.0062.
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The vaccines included in the current UK Immunisation Schedule offer protection against the following pathogens: A. Viruses ● Measles ● Mumps ● Rubella ● Polio ● Human Papilloma Virus (certain serotypes) ● Rotavirus ● Influenza virus (flu A and B) ● Varicella zoster virus (shingles) ● Hepatitis B virus B. Bacteria ● Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Diphtheria) ● Clostridium tetani (Tetanus) ● Bordetella pertussis (Pertussis) ● Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) ● Neisseria meningitidis (Meningococcal disease—certain serotypes) ● Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcal disease—certain serotypes) The UK Immunisation Schedule has evolved over several decades and reflects changes in vaccine development and commercial availability, national and sometimes international disease epidemiology, and the latest expert opinion. It is designed to offer optimal protection against infectious diseases of childhood to infants and children at the most appropriate age. The most up-to-date information about the UK Immunisation Schedule is available on the online version of the Department of Health publication commonly known as the ‘Green Book’: Immunisation Against Infectious Disease Handbook (see Further reading. Various chapters of the online version are updated at regular intervals; thus, it is very important to refer to the online version of the Green Book on the website for current guidance. Changes to the UK Immunisation Schedule are made on the recommendation of the independent Joint Committee on Vaccines and Immunisation (JCVI). Several of the UK Immunisation Schedule vaccines are combined vaccines: ● Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR). ● Hexavalent diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, inactivated polio virus, Haemophilus influenza type b, hepatitis B (DTaP/IPV/Hib/HepB). ● Diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, inactivated polio, and Haemophilus influenzae (DTaP/IPV/Hib). ● Diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, inactivated polio (DTaP/IPV). ● Tetanus, diphtheria, and inactivated polio (Td/IPV). ● Inactivated influenza vaccine: influenza A H1N1, H3N2, influenza B. ● Live attenuated intranasal influenza vaccine: influenza A H1N1, H3N2, influenza B. In the UK, vaccines against single pathogens covered by the MMR vaccine are not recommended and not available in the National Health Service (NHS). There has been some limited demand for single-target vaccines, e.g. measles, due to misguided and unfounded concerns about the alleged risks of autism following MMR.
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Brazelton, Mary Augusta. "Vaccination in the Early PRC, 1949–58." In Mass Vaccination, 123–43. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501739989.003.0006.
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This chapter focuses on vaccination in the early years of the People's Republic of China. The 1949 establishment of the PRC formally ended the conflicts that had engulfed China for almost twenty years. However, the new nation was still in crisis. The People's Liberation Army continued to wage military campaigns in Tibet and Xinjiang, war loomed in Korea, and infectious diseases still threatened the country's population. In 1949, bubonic plague struck Tianjin and Beijing, and in the following year smallpox broke out in Shanghai. The establishment of national vaccination campaigns, first against smallpox in 1950 and then against tuberculosis, diphtheria, and other diseases in 1952, signaled a national commitment of the new regime to epidemic prevention. Such an achievement was possible, this chapter argues, because new systems of recordkeeping, surveillance, and accountability accompanied the implementation of public health policies. These programs built power over life by self-consciously protecting it from epidemic catastrophe.
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Mutsaerts, Eleonora A. M. L., and Shabir A. Madhi. "Immunization and vaccination." In Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health, edited by Roger Detels, Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Fran Baum, Liming Li, and Alastair H. Leyland, 583–96. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0096.
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This chapter describes the history of vaccination, challenges to immunization programmes, the public health benefits of vaccination programmes, and the notable successes in terms of elimination. The broader social and economic effects of vaccination are discussed. For example, healthcare workers have increased risk for acquisition of vaccine-preventable diseases. It is important that healthcare workers can maintain delivery of healthcare services during epidemics. They should also avoid spreading disease to vulnerable patient groups. Appropriate vaccination for BCG, hepatitis B, polio, diphtheria, measles, rubella, meningococcal, influenza, varicella, and pertussis is recommended, especially if at increased risk of exposure. The Expanded Programme on Immunization recommended vaccines is fully covered. Vaccination of special populations and the future of vaccines is also discussed.
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Brazelton, Mary Augusta. "Epilogue." In Mass Vaccination, 166–70. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501739989.003.0009.
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This epilogue discusses that by the end of the socialist period in 1978, a new generation of immunologists and bacteriologists was beginning to rise to prominence, although the Cultural Revolution had broadly impeded and delayed education in this field. Many founding figures in modern Chinese immunology were by this time retired or dead. Despite the erosion of many programs that had delivered vaccines and other health services to large rural populations, mass immunization has continued after the economic reforms of the 1980s as a mandatory, regular practice of childhood health in China. A baby born in the People's Republic of China, much like their counterparts in the United States and Europe, is given a battery of mandatory shots by the age of two that provides protection against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, measles, mumps, rubella, and other illnesses—and including the BCG and oral polio vaccines. These vaccinations are administered against a backdrop of growing environmental crisis and rising pharmaceutical safety concerns. By 2010, however, cancer, respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, and other chronic illnesses replaced infectious diseases as the primary causes of death. China's twentieth century thus saw a remarkable transformation in causes and scales of mortality. The establishment of a universal, mandatory immunization system in the mid-twentieth century helped make that transformation, and its surveillance, possible.
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Sharma, RK, and Dharshan R. "Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis (Tdap Vaccine) Vaccination in Adults." In Adult Immunization, 205. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/12329_28.
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Swanton, Claudia L., Barbara J. Timm, and Heidi K. Roeber Rice. "Immunization." In Mayo Clinic Preventive Medicine and Public Health Board Review, 93–109. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199743018.003.0007.
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The use of vaccines can be traced back to China and India before 200 BC. Vaccination, now considered one of the most effective public health interventions, became common practice in the 1940s with the introduction of vaccines for diphtheria and tetanus. Since that time, many infectious diseases have been well controlled through vaccination. This chapter focuses on live and attenuated bacterial and viral vaccines and those that are composed of toxoids. Hepatitis B, pneumococcal disease, and influenza are the most common vaccine-preventable diseases in adults. Rates of childhood vaccination remain suboptimal. Ideally, vaccination begins before infants are dismissed home after birth. Targeted awareness campaigns can be used to educate providers and the public about the importance of immunization.
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Hadjivassiliou, Giorgos, and Edgar T. Overton. "“What shots do I need?”." In HIV, 253–58. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190088316.003.0027.
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This chapter reviews the current recommendations for adult persons living with HIV (PLWH) in the United States regarding vaccine-preventable diseases. In clinical practice, PLWH should be offered annual influenza vaccine; a combination of tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis vaccine; depending on previous vaccination, pneumococcal vaccine, meningococcal conjugate vaccine, and hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccines. Human papilloma virus vaccine can be given in PLWH up until the age of 26. Live vaccines, including the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and varicella vaccine, can be given in those individuals who have CD4 cell counts of greater than 200 cells/mm3 and did not receive these vaccines during childhood. Some expert panels endorse recombinant zoster vaccination in PLWH at least 50 years old, although there is no current official recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. The chapter covers routine vaccinations for PLWH.
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Norshira Wan Mohd Ghazali, Wan, Shafizan Mohamed, Soadah Wok, and Mohd Helmi Yusoh. "Vaccine Communication and the Media Credibility in Addressing Vaccine Hesitancy: A Focus on Malaysia." In Journalism: The Ethical Dilemma [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108353.
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The resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases such as polio, diphtheria, measles and the like shows that the anti-vaccine movement is gaining popularity and effectiveness in bolstering its views. Multiple studies have shown worrying trends of distrust towards vaccines, medical professionals, vaccine scientists and the government agencies that promote vaccination. It is observed that the current anti-vaccine discourses and misinformation about vaccines on social media are fuelling fear of vaccination among the public. To minimise the spread of vaccine-preventable diseases, the media has considerable potential to influence the public’s understanding of how vaccines function. Therefore, this chapter proposed the adoption of a media guide to assist media practitioners in reporting vaccination stories. It will highlight an influential role that the media can play by enlisting the assistance of experts and health professionals to dispel erroneous beliefs about vaccinations and aggressively promote vaccination among influential persons and the general public. This chapter argued that responsible and ethical reporting will aid in raising awareness of the public health implications of the anti-vaccine sentiment, thereby combating the transmission of messages that drive vaccine fear and rejection. The chapter also addressed how insights provided by Ihlen on rhetorical communication can enhance the effectiveness of delivering vaccine-related messages.
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Baxter, Roger, Joan Bartlett, Bruce Fireman, Edwin Lewis, and Nicola P. Klein. "Effectiveness of Vaccination During Pregnancy to Prevent Infant Pertussis." In Immunization Strategies and Practices, 37–44. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781610022774-effectiveness.
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BACKGROUND Vaccination against pertussis during pregnancy is recommended to protect newborns, yet there is limited information about the effectiveness of maternal tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine before the first infant dose of diphtheria, tetanus and acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine and during the first year of life in infants who have received DTaP. METHODS In a retrospective cohort study of infants born at Kaiser Permanente Northern California from 2010 to 2015, we estimated the effectiveness of maternal pertussis vaccination for protecting newborns against pertussis in the first 2 months of life and in the first year of life accounting for each infant DTaP dose. RESULTS Among 148 981 newborns, the vaccine effectiveness of maternal Tdap was 91.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 19.5 to 99.1) during the first 2 months of life and 69.0% (95% CI, 43.6 to 82.9) during the entire first year of life. The vaccine effectiveness was 87.9% (95% CI, 41.4 to 97.5) before infants had any DTaP vaccine doses, 81.4% (95% CI, 42.5 to 94.0) between doses 1 and 2, 6.4% (95% CI, −165.1 to 66.9) between doses 2 and 3, and 65.9% (95% CI, 4.5 to 87.8) after infants had 3 DTaP doses. CONCLUSIONS Maternal Tdap vaccination was highly protective against infant pertussis, especially in the first 2 months of life. Even after infant DTaP dosing, there was evidence of additional protection from maternal Tdap vaccination for the first year of life. This study strongly supports the United States’ current recommendation to administer Tdap during each pregnancy.
Conference papers on the topic "Diphtheria – Vaccination"
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Badamshina, G. G., E. P. Sizova, and L. M. Fatkhutdinova. "STUDY OF HUMORAL IMMUNITY TO INFECTIONS IN MEDICAL WORKERS." In The 16th «OCCUPATION and HEALTH» Russian National Congress with International Participation (OHRNC-2021). FSBSI “IRIOH”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/978-5-6042929-2-1-2021-1-44-47.
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Abstract: Introduction. In the course of their work, medical workers are exposed to a biological factor, including bacterial, viral nature. Medical personnel come into contact with patients with measles, rubella, diphtheria, tuberculosis, hepatitis, coronavirus infection and other infectious diseases. The aim of the study is to assess the humoral immunity by the presence antibodies to the measles, rubella, hepatitis B viruses, to the causative agent COVID-19, tuberculosis and diphtheria bacteria in health care workers. Methods. Antibodies to measles, rubella, hepatitis B viruses, diphtheria and tetanus pathogens were measured in blood serum samples of 1221 MW; total antibodies to mycobacterium tuberculosis - in 120 MW; antibodies to the nucleocapsid protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus – in 301 MW. The study was carried out by the method of enzyme immunoassay using commercial test systems; antibodies to diphtheria toxoid were detected in the passive hemagglutination reaction. The control group consisted of persons of engineering and technical personnel, comparable in age, gender and work experience. Results. Medical personnel were found to have significantly more frequent detection of seronegative reactions to the presence of antibodies to the hepatitis B virus (40.9% and 13.5%, p<0.001) of measles (28.8% and 3.9%, p<0.05); significantly high prevalence in the presence of total antibodies to mycobacterium tuberculosis (7.5% of cases in medical, 0% of cases of workers in the control group, p<0.05). In comparison with doctors, nurses had a significantly higher prevalence of antibodies to the nucleocapsid of the SARS-CoV-2 virus (38.9% and 23.7%, p<0.05). Conclusions. The study of post-vaccination immunity in medical workers showed the presence of a high proportion of seronegative individuals among vaccinated (viral hepatitis B, measles) medical workers and, accordingly, significant biological risks. A higher seroprevalence in total antibodies to Mycobacterium tuberculosis may also indicate insufficient immune protection among MW. The biological significance of seroprevalence to SARS-CoV-2 virus proteins (for nurses) requires further study.
Reports on the topic "Diphtheria – Vaccination"
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Lewin, Simon, Sebastián García Martí, Agustín Ciapponi, Shaun Treweek, and Andy Oxman. What are the effects of interventions to improve childhood vaccination coverage? SUPPORT, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/16081605.
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Routine vaccination during childhood is considered to be the single most effective way of controlling many infectious diseases, including measles, polio, diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus, and reducing child mortality and morbidity. However, not all children receive their recommended vaccinations. Different approaches that aim to increase childhood vaccination coverage include health education, monetary incentives for clients, provider oriented interventions, system interventions such as integration, home visits and reminders for parents.
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Gidengil, Courtney, Matthew Bidwell Goetz, Margaret Maglione, Sydne J. Newberry, Peggy Chen, Kelsey O’Hollaren, Nabeel Qureshi, et al. Safety of Vaccines Used for Routine Immunization in the United States: An Update. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer244.
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Objective. To conduct a systematic review of the literature on the safety of vaccines recommended for routine immunization in the United States, updating the 2014 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) report on the topic. Data sources. We searched MEDLINE®, Embase®, CINAHL®, Cochrane CENTRAL, Web of Science, and Scopus through November 9, 2020, building on the prior 2014 report; reviewed existing reviews, trial registries, and supplemental material submitted to AHRQ; and consulted with experts. Review methods. This report addressed three Key Questions (KQs) on the safety of vaccines currently in use in the United States and included in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) recommended immunization schedules for adults (KQ1), children and adolescents (KQ2), and pregnant women (KQ3). The systematic review was supported by a Technical Expert Panel that identified key adverse events of particular concern. Two reviewers independently screened publications; data were extracted by an experienced subject matter expert. Studies of vaccines that used a comparator and reported the presence or absence of adverse events were eligible. We documented observed rates and assessed the relative risks for key adverse events. We assessed the strength of evidence (SoE) across the existing findings from the prior 2014 report and the new evidence from this update. The systematic review is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020180089). Results. A large body of evidence is available to evaluate adverse events following vaccination. Of 56,608 reviewed citations, 189 studies met inclusion criteria for this update, adding to data in the prior 2014 report, for a total of 338 included studies reported in 518 publications. Regarding vaccines recommended for adults (KQ1), we found either no new evidence of increased risk for key adverse events with varied SoE or insufficient evidence in this update, including for newer vaccines such as recombinant influenza vaccine, adjuvanted inactivated influenza vaccine, and recombinant adjuvanted zoster vaccine. The prior 2014 report noted a signal for anaphylaxis for hepatitis B vaccines in adults with yeast allergy and for tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccines. Regarding vaccines recommended for children and adolescents (KQ2), we found either no new evidence of increased risk for key adverse events with varied SoE or insufficient evidence, including for newer vaccines such as 9-valent human papillomavirus vaccine and meningococcal B vaccine. The prior 2014 report noted signals for rare adverse events—such as anaphylaxis, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and febrile seizures—with some childhood vaccines. Regarding vaccines recommended for pregnant women (KQ3), we found no evidence of increased risk for key adverse events with varied SoE among either pregnant women or their infants following administration of tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccines during pregnancy. Conclusion. Across this large body of research, we found no new evidence of increased risk since the prior 2014 report for key adverse events following administration of vaccines that are routinely recommended. Signals from the prior report remain unchanged for rare adverse events, which include anaphylaxis in adults and children, and febrile seizures and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children. There is no evidence of increased risk of adverse events for vaccines currently recommended in pregnant women. There remains insufficient evidence to draw conclusions about some rare potential adverse events.