Academic literature on the topic 'Dipersal'

Buah cempedak merupakan salah satu buah yang banyak mengandung serat makanan. Teknologi pemeraman buah cempedak diduga memiliki dampak terhadap kandungan serat kasar terutama ketika diolah menjadi selai. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis pemeraman yang tepat untuk menghasilkan selai cempedak yang mengandung serat kasar positif untuk mendapatkan mutu terbaik selai cempedak. Analisis data menggunakan uji One Way Anava dengan bantuan SPSS statistic 21. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang nyata dengan nilai signifikansi 0.55 pada kandungan serat kasar antara selai cempedak yang diperam secara tradisional dengan cempedak yang diperam dengan menggunakan karbit. Kandungan serat kasar selai cempedak yang diperam secara tradisional (nilai rata-rata: 0.75) lebih tinggi dibandingkan selai cempedak yang diperam dengan menggunakan karbit (nilai rata-rata: 0.49)

Pasar modal secara nyata telah menjadi penggerak finansial suatu Negara atau dunia. Pasar modal dijadikan sebagai suatu pilihan pengganti sumber pendanaan untuk suatu perusahaan, serta sarana berinvestasi bagi investor. Instrumen yang diperjual-belikan di pasar modal berupa efek yang dapat diperdagangkan kembali oleh pemiliknya dalam bentuk saham atau diwujudkan dalam bentuk obligasi. Pada prinsipnya, instrumen yang terdapat di pasar modal bentuknya beraneka ragam, karena semua efek atau surat berharga dapat diperjual-belikan. Untuk instrument di pasar modal syariah yang boleh diperjual-belikan hanya apabila memenuhi prinsip syariah. Instrumen dalam pasar modal syariah dapat berbentuk saham syariah, obligasi syariah, reksadana syariah dan efek beragun aset (EBA) syariah.
 Mekanisme transaksi penjualan dan pembelian saham yang dilakukan pada pasar modal syariah tidak boleh dilakukan secara langsung, hal ini untuk menghindari para spekulan untuk mempermainkan harga. Dalam proses perdagangan saham, aktivitas jual-beli tidak dilakukan secara langsung, melainkan pihak yang melakukan penawaran umum memberikan kekuasaan dan keleluasaan kepada agen di lantai bursa yang bertugas untuk mempertemukan perusahaan dengan calon investor. Saham tersebut kemudian diperjual-belikan karena tersedia dan berdasarkan pada prinsip first come-first served.


 
 
 
 Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Implementasi Kebijakan PP Nomor 11 Tahun 2017 tentang Manajemen PNS, khususnya terhadap Pejabat Fungsional Penyuluh Pertanian pada Diperpa Badung dan untuk mengetahui kendala-kendala yang dihadapi serta solusi dalam Implementasi Kebijakan PP Nomor 11 Tahun 2017 tentang Manajemen PNS, khususnya terhadap Pejabat Fungsional Penyuluh Pertanian pada Diperpa Badung. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Sampel diambil dengan menggunakan Teknik purposive sampling. Metode pengambilan data adalah dengan wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Data yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisis secara deskriptif. Adapaun hasil penelitian adalah Implementasi PP Nomor 11 Tahun 2017 tentang Manajemen PNS, khususnya terhadap Pejabat Fungsional Penyuluh Pertanian pada Diperpa Badung, tidak sepenuhnya berjalan dengan baik terdapat karena ditemukan beberapa kendala/permasalahan. 2) Kendala dalam Implementasi PP Nomor 11 Tahun 2017 tentang Manajemen PNS, khususnya terhadap Pejabat Fungsional Penyuluh Pertanian pada Diperpa Badung, antara lain : Jumlah pejabat fungsional penyuluh pertanian yang masih kurang; BUP Pejabat Fungsional banyak disalahtafsirkan; Kendala dalam proses kenaikan pangkat terkait nilai angka kredit; Kendala dalam proses alih jenjang; Mutasi PNS; Belum dibuat formasi JF Penyuluh Pertanian. 3) Solusi untuk mengatasi kendala dalam Implementasi PP Nomor 11 Tahun 2017 tentang Manajemen PNS, khususnya terhadap Pejabat Fungsional Penyuluh Pertanian pada Diperpa Badung, antara lain : mengangkat tenaga penyuluh pertanian kontrak; koordinasi antar para pihak terkait, sehingga akan timbul satu penafsiran saja, mempercepat usulan penilaian angka kredit dengan tetap menjaga kuantitas dan kualitas kredit yang diajukan sehingga nilai yang ditetapkan oleh Tim Penilai Angka Kredit cukup untuk proses kenaikan pangkat; menyediakan anggaran pendidikan dan pelatihan alih jenjang bagi penyuluh pertanian yang dianggarkan melalui APBD Kabupaten Badung; jika akan melaksanakan mutasi PNS, BKPSDM Kabupaten Badung harus melakukan koordinasi terlebih dahulu dengan Diperpa Badung; segera menyusun formasi pada Diperpa Badung untuk kebutuhan pejabat fungsional penyuluh pertanian pada jenjang tersebut dan juga sekaligus menyusun formasi pada Diperpa Badung untuk kebutuhan pejabat fungsional penyuluh pertanian secara lengkap.; (b) Kendala dari aaspek Sumber Daya Manusia (SDM); dan (c) Kendala dari aspek Disposisi.
 
 
 

<p><em>Buah cempedak merupakan salah satu buah yang banyak mengandung serat makanan. Teknologi pemeraman buah cempedak diduga memiliki dampak terhadap kandungan serat kasar terutama ketika diolah menjadi selai. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis pemeraman yang tepat untuk menghasilkan selai cempedak yang mengandung serat kasar positif untuk mendapatkan mutu terbaik selai cempedak. Analisis data menggunakan uji One Way Anava dengan bantuan SPSS statistic 21. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang nyata dengan nilai signifikansi 0.55 pada kandungan serat kasar antara selai cempedak yang diperam secara tradisional dengan cempedak yang diperam dengan menggunakan karbit. Kandungan serat kasar selai cempedak yang diperam secara tradisional (nilai rata-rata: 0.75) lebih tinggi dibandingkan selai cempedak yang diperam dengan menggunakan karbit (nilai rata-rata: 0.49)<br />Kata kunci : Serat Kasar, Serat Kasar Selai, Selai Cempedak, Pemeraman Buah</em></p>

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi formalin pada ikan asin yang diperjual belikan di Pasar Daya Makassar. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian obsevasional, yakni pengamatan terhadap ada-tidaknya formalin pada ikan asin yang diperjualbelikan di Pasar Daya Makassar. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Agustus 2017 yang dilaksanakan di laboratorium Jurusan Analis Kesehatan Poltekkes Kemenkes Makassar. Sampelnya adalah 8 jenis ikan asin yang diperjual belikan di Pasar Daya Makassar. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa 2 dari 8 sampel ikan asin yang diperjualbelikan di Pasar Daya mengandung formalin

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, 1985.<br>Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science.<br>Includes bibliographies.<br>by Stephanie Louise Pfirman.<br>Ph.D.

The Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae), a major pest of horticulture in eastern Australia, is a relatively poor coloniser of new habitat. This thesis examines behavioural properties that might limit the ability of B. tryoni to establish new populations. As the potential for B. tryoni to establish an outbreak population may be most directly limited by mechanisms associated with dispersal and mating behaviour, these two factors were the focus of this research project. The relevance of dispersal and mating behaviour for control of outbreak populations was assessed. Dispersal (i) Dispersal patterns of males and females are not different. Dispersal of post-teneral male B. tryoni from a point within an orchard near Richmond, New South Wales, was monitored following temporally replicated releases. Application of sterile insect technique (SIT) requires knowledge of dispersal from a release point so that effective release rates can be determined. In addition, dispersal following introduction to new habitat can lead to low or negative population growth and an Allee effect. In Spring and Autumn, 2001 – 2003, three different strains of B. tryoni were released: (1) wild flies reared from infested fruit collected in the Sydney Basin; (2) a laboratory-reared strain with a colour mutation (white marks); and (3) sterile flies obtained by gamma-irradiation of a mass-reared strain. Dispersal was monitored using a grid of traps baited with the male attractant, cuelure. During the majority of releases, flies were massmarked using a self-marking technique and fluorescent pigment powder to enable identification of recaptured flies. A preliminary study found that fluorescent pigment marks had no effect on adult survival and marks did not fade significantly in the laboratory over a period of five weeks after eclosion. As cuelure repels inseminated sexually mature female B. tryoni, unbaited, coloured flat sticky traps, and black and yellow sticky sphere traps baited with a food lure (protein autolysate solution) were used to supplement traps baited with cuelure. The effectiveness of these two sticky trap types was assessed, and recaptures used to compare patterns of dispersal from a release point by male and female B. tryoni. Fluorescent yellow (chartreuse), green, and clear unbaited flat sticky traps were relatively ineffective for monitoring dispersal of sterile male and female B. tryoni, recapturing only 0.1% of released sterile flies. Monitoring dispersal with sticky ball traps baited with protein autolysate solution was more successful, with yellow spheres and black spheres recapturing 1.7% and 1.5%, respectively. Trap colour had no effect on recaptures on flat sticky traps or sticky spheres. Equal recapture rates on yellow and black sticky sphere traps suggests that the odour of yeast autolysate solution was more important than colour for attraction of post-teneral flies to traps. Using the results of recaptures on odoriferous black and yellow sticky sphere traps within one week of release, regression equations of male and female recaptures per trap were found to be similar (Figure 4-3). This is the first study to clearly indicate that post-teneral dispersal patterns of male and female B. tryoni released from a point do not differ, enabling the use of existing models to predict density of both sexes of B. tryoni following post-teneral dispersal. (ii) Males disperse further in Spring than in Autumn, but this is not temperature-related. Analysis of replicated recaptures in traps baited with cuelure revealed that dispersal of male B. tryoni in an orchard near Richmond, New South Wales, was higher in Spring than in Autumn (Figure 5-6). As the maximum daily temperature was significantly higher in Spring than in Autumn this result was unexpected, since earlier studies have found that B. tryoni disperse at the onset of cool weather in search of sheltered over-wintering sites. Dispersal of post-teneral B. tryoni may have been affected by habitat suitability; it was found that seasonal trends in dispersal could have been influenced by local habitat variables. Low mean dispersal distances in Autumn may be explained by the presence of fruiting hosts in the orchard, or the availability of resources required by over-wintering flies. There was no significant correlation between temperature and mean dispersal distance, suggesting that higher rates of dispersal cannot be explained by temperature-related increases in activity. Recapture rate per trap was significantly negatively correlated with increasing daily maximum and average temperature. This may have consequences for detection of B. tryoni outbreaks in quarantine areas due to reduced cuelure trap efficiency. (iii) Maturity and source variation affect dispersal and response to cuelure. This research indicated that most male and female B. tryoni do not disperse far from a release point, suggesting that an invading propagule would not spread far in the first generation. However, there is considerable variation in flight capability among individuals. Comparison of wild, laboratory-reared white marks, and gamma-irradiated sterile male B. tryoni indicated that mean dispersal distance and redistribution patterns were not significantly affected by fly origin. Despite no difference in dispersal distance from the release point, recaptures of wild and sterile males per Lynfield trap baited with cuelure were highest within one week after release, whereas recaptures of white marks males per trap increased in the second week. This result may offer evidence to support the hypothesis that sterile male B. tryoni respond to cuelure at an earlier age. Rearing conditions used to produce large quantities of males for sterilisation by gamma-irradiation may select for earlier sexual maturity. Mating Behaviour (i) Density and sex ratio do not affect mating, except at low densities. Demographic stochasticity in the form of sex ratio fluctuations at low population density can lead to an observed Allee effect. The effect of local group density and sex ratio on mating behaviour and male mating success of a laboratory-adapted strain of B. tryoni was examined in laboratory cages. In the laboratory-adapted strain of B. tryoni used in this study, a group of one female and one male was sufficient for a good chance of mating success. The proportion of females mated and male mating success was not significantly affected by density or sex ratio, although variability in male mating success was higher at low density. This could indicate that mating success of B. tryoni can be reduced when local group density is low owing to decreased frequency in encounters between males and females. (ii) Mass-reared males exhibit aberrant mating behaviour, but this does not reduce mating success. Strong artificial selection in mass-rearing facilities may lead to decreased competitiveness of sterile males released in SIT programs as a result of alteration or loss of ecological and behavioural traits required in the field. The effects of domestication and irradiation on the mating behaviour of males of B. tryoni were investigated by caging wild, mass-reared and sterile (mass-reared and gammairradiated) males with wild females. Mating behaviour of mass-reared males was different from that of wild males, but behaviour of wild and sterile males was similar. Mass-reared males were found to engage in mounting of other males much more frequently than wild and sterile males, and began calling significantly earlier before darkness. Male calling did not appear to be associated with female choice of mating partners, although this does not exclude the possibility that calling is a cue used by females to discriminate between mating partners. Conditions used to domesticate and rear large quantities of B. tryoni for SIT may select for an alternative male mating strategy, with mass-reared males calling earlier and exercising less discrimination between potential mating partners. Despite differences in behaviour of wild, mass-reared and sterile males, frequency of successful copulations and mating success were similar. (iii) Pheromone-calling by males was increased in larger aggregations but this did not result in significantly more female visits. Finally, large laboratory cages with artificial leks were used to investigate the importance in B. tryoni of male group size for female visitation at lek sites and initiation of male pheromone-calling. Calling propensity of male B. tryoni was increased by the presence of conspecific males. Females visited the largest lek more frequently than single males, but there was no correlation between lek size and female visitation. Female B. tryoni had a limited capacity to perceive a difference between the number of calling males; female visitation at leks was only weakly associated with male calling, suggesting that lek size and the number of pheromone-calling males may not be the only factor important in locating mates in B. tryoni. The weak, but positive correlation between male calling and female visitation may indicate that passive attraction maintains lek-mating in B. tryoni. Further studies are essential on mating behaviour of B. tryoni, including identification of male mating aggregations in the field, measurement of habitat variables associated with male aggregations, the influence of density on wild B. tryoni mating success, and the role of pheromone-calling, in order to optimise use of SIT for control of this pest.

The Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae), a major pest of horticulture in eastern Australia, is a relatively poor coloniser of new habitat. This thesis examines behavioural properties that might limit the ability of B. tryoni to establish new populations. As the potential for B. tryoni to establish an outbreak population may be most directly limited by mechanisms associated with dispersal and mating behaviour, these two factors were the focus of this research project. The relevance of dispersal and mating behaviour for control of outbreak populations was assessed. Dispersal (i) Dispersal patterns of males and females are not different. Dispersal of post-teneral male B. tryoni from a point within an orchard near Richmond, New South Wales, was monitored following temporally replicated releases. Application of sterile insect technique (SIT) requires knowledge of dispersal from a release point so that effective release rates can be determined. In addition, dispersal following introduction to new habitat can lead to low or negative population growth and an Allee effect. In Spring and Autumn, 2001 � 2003, three different strains of B. tryoni were released: (1) wild flies reared from infested fruit collected in the Sydney Basin; (2) a laboratory-reared strain with a colour mutation (white marks); and (3) sterile flies obtained by gamma-irradiation of a mass-reared strain. Dispersal was monitored using a grid of traps baited with the male attractant, cuelure. During the majority of releases, flies were massmarked using a self-marking technique and fluorescent pigment powder to enable identification of recaptured flies. A preliminary study found that fluorescent pigment marks had no effect on adult survival and marks did not fade significantly in the laboratory over a period of five weeks after eclosion. As cuelure repels inseminated sexually mature female B. tryoni, unbaited, coloured flat sticky traps, and black and yellow sticky sphere traps baited with a food lure (protein autolysate solution) were used to supplement traps baited with cuelure. The effectiveness of these two sticky trap types was assessed, and recaptures used to compare patterns of dispersal from a release point by male and female B. tryoni. Fluorescent yellow (chartreuse), green, and clear unbaited flat sticky traps were relatively ineffective for monitoring dispersal of sterile male and female B. tryoni, recapturing only 0.1% of released sterile flies. Monitoring dispersal with sticky ball traps baited with protein autolysate solution was more successful, with yellow spheres and black spheres recapturing 1.7% and 1.5%, respectively. Trap colour had no effect on recaptures on flat sticky traps or sticky spheres. Equal recapture rates on yellow and black sticky sphere traps suggests that the odour of yeast autolysate solution was more important than colour for attraction of post-teneral flies to traps. Using the results of recaptures on odoriferous black and yellow sticky sphere traps within one week of release, regression equations of male and female recaptures per trap were found to be similar (Figure 4-3). This is the first study to clearly indicate that post-teneral dispersal patterns of male and female B. tryoni released from a point do not differ, enabling the use of existing models to predict density of both sexes of B. tryoni following post-teneral dispersal. (ii) Males disperse further in Spring than in Autumn, but this is not temperature-related. Analysis of replicated recaptures in traps baited with cuelure revealed that dispersal of male B. tryoni in an orchard near Richmond, New South Wales, was higher in Spring than in Autumn (Figure 5-6). As the maximum daily temperature was significantly higher in Spring than in Autumn this result was unexpected, since earlier studies have found that B. tryoni disperse at the onset of cool weather in search of sheltered over-wintering sites. Dispersal of post-teneral B. tryoni may have been affected by habitat suitability; it was found that seasonal trends in dispersal could have been influenced by local habitat variables. Low mean dispersal distances in Autumn may be explained by the presence of fruiting hosts in the orchard, or the availability of resources required by over-wintering flies. There was no significant correlation between temperature and mean dispersal distance, suggesting that higher rates of dispersal cannot be explained by temperature-related increases in activity. Recapture rate per trap was significantly negatively correlated with increasing daily maximum and average temperature. This may have consequences for detection of B. tryoni outbreaks in quarantine areas due to reduced cuelure trap efficiency. (iii) Maturity and source variation affect dispersal and response to cuelure. This research indicated that most male and female B. tryoni do not disperse far from a release point, suggesting that an invading propagule would not spread far in the first generation. However, there is considerable variation in flight capability among individuals. Comparison of wild, laboratory-reared white marks, and gamma-irradiated sterile male B. tryoni indicated that mean dispersal distance and redistribution patterns were not significantly affected by fly origin. Despite no difference in dispersal distance from the release point, recaptures of wild and sterile males per Lynfield trap baited with cuelure were highest within one week after release, whereas recaptures of white marks males per trap increased in the second week. This result may offer evidence to support the hypothesis that sterile male B. tryoni respond to cuelure at an earlier age. Rearing conditions used to produce large quantities of males for sterilisation by gamma-irradiation may select for earlier sexual maturity. Mating Behaviour (i) Density and sex ratio do not affect mating, except at low densities. Demographic stochasticity in the form of sex ratio fluctuations at low population density can lead to an observed Allee effect. The effect of local group density and sex ratio on mating behaviour and male mating success of a laboratory-adapted strain of B. tryoni was examined in laboratory cages. In the laboratory-adapted strain of B. tryoni used in this study, a group of one female and one male was sufficient for a good chance of mating success. The proportion of females mated and male mating success was not significantly affected by density or sex ratio, although variability in male mating success was higher at low density. This could indicate that mating success of B. tryoni can be reduced when local group density is low owing to decreased frequency in encounters between males and females. (ii) Mass-reared males exhibit aberrant mating behaviour, but this does not reduce mating success. Strong artificial selection in mass-rearing facilities may lead to decreased competitiveness of sterile males released in SIT programs as a result of alteration or loss of ecological and behavioural traits required in the field. The effects of domestication and irradiation on the mating behaviour of males of B. tryoni were investigated by caging wild, mass-reared and sterile (mass-reared and gammairradiated) males with wild females. Mating behaviour of mass-reared males was different from that of wild males, but behaviour of wild and sterile males was similar. Mass-reared males were found to engage in mounting of other males much more frequently than wild and sterile males, and began calling significantly earlier before darkness. Male calling did not appear to be associated with female choice of mating partners, although this does not exclude the possibility that calling is a cue used by females to discriminate between mating partners. Conditions used to domesticate and rear large quantities of B. tryoni for SIT may select for an alternative male mating strategy, with mass-reared males calling earlier and exercising less discrimination between potential mating partners. Despite differences in behaviour of wild, mass-reared and sterile males, frequency of successful copulations and mating success were similar. (iii) Pheromone-calling by males was increased in larger aggregations but this did not result in significantly more female visits. Finally, large laboratory cages with artificial leks were used to investigate the importance in B. tryoni of male group size for female visitation at lek sites and initiation of male pheromone-calling. Calling propensity of male B. tryoni was increased by the presence of conspecific males. Females visited the largest lek more frequently than single males, but there was no correlation between lek size and female visitation. Female B. tryoni had a limited capacity to perceive a difference between the number of calling males; female visitation at leks was only weakly associated with male calling, suggesting that lek size and the number of pheromone-calling males may not be the only factor important in locating mates in B. tryoni. The weak, but positive correlation between male calling and female visitation may indicate that passive attraction maintains lek-mating in B. tryoni. Further studies are essential on mating behaviour of B. tryoni, including identification of male mating aggregations in the field, measurement of habitat variables associated with male aggregations, the influence of density on wild B. tryoni mating success, and the role of pheromone-calling, in order to optimise use of SIT for control of this pest.

La presente etude tente d'apporter quelques elements nouveaux a la connaissance de l'electrozingage en milieu alcalin sur electrodes dispersees, methode de protection de l'acier largement employee dans l'industrie de la boulonnerie-visserie. Les pieces de visserie sont generalement fabriquees par frappe a froid a partir d'un fil machine d'acier faiblement allie. Elles subissent de ce fait, plusieurs traitements mecaniques thermiques, chimiques et/ou electrochimiques avant electrodeposition proprement dite et sont exposees a des sources d'hydrogene pouvant entrainer des risques de fragilisation du substrat. Il est generalement admis que la fragilisation par l'hydrogene depend de la composition chimique et de la microstructure du metal et les conditions de chargement electrolytique. Par consequent, nous avons oriente la recherche vers la relation liant la penetration de l'hydrogene dans le substrat acier et la gamme d'electrozingage. Ce travail comprend trois parties: le decapage acide, l'electrozingage et la penetration de l'hydrogene dans le metal. Dans un premier temps, nous montrons la relation entre l'efficacite de la sequence preparation, l'etat metallurgique et la composition des aciers et la reactivite de l'interface metal/solution. Puis, le role de brillanteurs industriels utilises pour les electrolytes cyanures ou non-cyanures sur la modification de la morphologie des revetements et sur le rendement faradique est decrit. Enfin, nous determinons par une methode electrochimique sensible et specifique la vitesse de penetration de l'hydrogene a travers une membrane d'acier. Les resultats montrent que le modele diffusionnel generalement propose dans la litterature ne s'applique pas dans le cadre de nos echantillons. Un autre modele est discute en termes d'approche physique. Ce travail met en evidence l'importance des proprietes metallurgiques du substrat sur la diffusion de l'hydrogene dans les aciers et sur la reactivite de l'interface

La thèse est composée de deux parties.Dans la première partie, nous allons étudier le flot quasi-invariant défini par une équation différentielle stochastique de Stratanovich avec le dérive ayant seulement la BV-régularitésur un espace euclidien, en généralisant des résultats de L. Ambrosio sur l'existence,unicité et stabilité des flots lagrangiens associés aux équations différentielles ordinaires[Invent. Math. 158 (2004), 227{260]. Comme une application d'un résultat de stabilité,nous allons construire une solution explicite à l'equation de transport stochastique enterme de flot stochastique. La différentiabilité approximative du flot sera aussi investie,lorsque le dérive possµede une régularité de Sobolev.Dans la deuxième partie, nous allons généraliser la théorie de DiPerna-Lions aux cas desvariétés riemanniennes complètes. Nous allons utiliser le semi-groupe de la chaleur pourrégulariser des fonctions et des champs de vecteur. L'estimation sur le commutateur seraobtenue par la méthode probabiliste. Une application de cette estimation est de prouverl'unicité des solutions à l'équation de transport à l'aide du concept des solutions renormal-isables. L'équation différentielle ordinaire associée à un champ de vecteur de régularité deSobolev sera enfin résolue en adoptant une méhode due à L. Ambrosio. La fin de cett par-tie consacre à la construction des processus de diffusion, par la méthode de la variation deconstante, sur une variété riemannienne complète, ayant comme générateur, un opérateurelliptique contenant le dérive non-régulier. Pour cela, nous allons donner des conditionssur la courbure pour que le flot horizontal canonique soit un flot de difféomorphismes<br>The thesis mainly consists of two parts.In the first part, we study the quasi-invariant flow generated by the Stratonovich stochas-tic differential equation with BV drift coefficients in the Euclidean space. We generalizethe results of Ambrosio [Invent. Math. 158 (2004), 227{260] on the existence, uniquenessand stability of regular Lagrangian flows of ordinary differential equations to Stratonovichstochastic differential equations with BV drift coefficients. As an application of the sta-bility result, we construct an explicit solution to the corresponding stochastic transportequation in terms of the stochastic flow. The approximate differentiability of the flow isalso studied when the drift coefficient has some Sobolev regularity.In the second part, we generalize the DiPerna-Lions theory in the Euclidean space to thecomplete Riemannian manifold. We define the commutator on the complete Riemannianmanifold which is a probabilistic version of the one in the DiPerna-Lions theory, andestablish the commutator estimate by the probabilistic method. As a direct applicationof the commutator estimate, we investigate the uniqueness of solutions to the transportequation by the method of the renormalized solution. Following Ambrosio's method, weconstruct the DiPerna-Lions flow on the Riemannian manifold. In order to construct thediffusion process associated to an elliptic operator with irregular drift on the completeRiemannian manifold, we give some conditions which guarantee the strong completenessof the horizontal flow. Finally, we construct the diffusion process with the drift coefficienthaving only Sobolev regularity.Besides, we present a brief introduction of the classical theory on the ordinary differentialequation in the smooth case and the quasi-invariant flow of homeomorphisms under theOsgood condition before the first part; and we recall some basic tools and results whichare widely used throughout the whole thesis after the second part

W pracy omawiamy kilka tematów związanych ze skompensowaną zwartością i miarami DiPerny-Majdy. Praca podzielona jest na rozdziały, z których większość oparta jest na artykułach napisanych wyłącznie przez autora lub pod współautorem. Pierwszy rozdział zawiera krótkie omówienie podjętych tematów. Omawiamy główne motywacje podjęcia wybranych problemów, a także szkicujemy historię związanych z nimi badań. Rozdział 2 powstał na podstawie pracy napisanej wspólnie z Agnieszką Kałamajską. Badamy warunki geometryczne dla jądra całkowego f, pozwalające osiągnąć dolną półciągłość funkcjonału I (u), gdzie u spełnia pewne prawo zachowania. Rozdział 3 jest oparty na artykułach własnych autora. Główny nacisk położono na skonstruowanie pewnej kompaktyfikacji i zastosowanie jej do teorii miar DiPerna-Majda. Rozdział 4 jest oparty na dwóch wspólnych pracach z Elvirą Zappale. W pierwszej części rozdziału zajmiemy się problemami redukcji wymiarów 3D - 2D i udowodnimy pewien lemat dekompozycyjny. Druga część to zastosowanie powyższych wyników do problemu optymalnego projektu.<br>In the thesis we discuss several topics connected to the compensated compactness and DiPerna-Majda measures. The thesis is divided into chapters, most of which are based on the articles written by the author exclusively or under co-authorship. The first chapter briefly provides an overview of the undertaken topics. We discuss the main motivations for taking on the chosen problems, as well as sketch the history of related research. Chapter 2 is based on the joint paper written with Agnieszka Kałamajska. We study geometric conditions for integrand f to define a lower semicontinuous integral functional I(u), where u satisfies a certain conservation law. Chapter 3 is based on the author’s own papers. The main focus is laid on constructing a certain compactification and applying it to DiPerna-Majda measures theory. Chapter 4 is based on two joint works with Elvira Zappale. In the first part of the chapter, we get in the realm of 3D - 2D dimensional reduction problems and prove a certain Decomposition Lemma. The second part is an application of the aforementioned results to the optimal design problem.

碩士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>化學工程研究所<br>105<br>The experiments are preparation of carbohydrate polymers dipersed graphite and graphene composites for electrochemical sensors and biosensor. First, fabrication of biosensor to detect the catechol(CC) using laccase immobilized on graphene-cellulose microfibers composite modified screen printed carbon electrode. It was linear over the concertation of CC ranging from 0.2 to 209.7 µM. The sensitivity and the detection limit of the biosensor is 0.932 µMµA-1 cm-2 and 0.085 µM, respectively. And a simple and robust dopamine sensor was developed using cellulose microfibers exfoliated graphite composite modified screen-printed carbon electrode. And the obtained response was linear in the ranging from 0.06 to 134.5 µM. Detection limit is 10 nM. On the other hand, a nitrobenzene(NB) sensor has been developed based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with the composite of chitin hydrogel stabilized graphite. Graphite-Chitin(GR-CHI) composite modified electrode is used to study the electrochemical reduction behavior of NB by cyclic voltammetry. It was found that GR-CHI composite modified electrode can detect the NB in the linear response range from 0.1 to 594.6 µM with the lower detection limit of 37 nM.

Pasar modal Indonesia menjadi alternatif investasi yang menarik di tengah peningkatan akses informasi dan teknologi seperti saat ini. Berbagai instrumen investasi hadir ditengah masyarakat, salah satunyanya adalah instrumen saham. Saham merupakan salah satu instrumen investasi populer yang diperjual belikan di pasar modal. Kepopuleran saham terjadi seiring dengan masifnya gerakan literasi keuangan untuk membeli saham terutama di kalangan anak muda dan generasi millennial. Namun, masifnya gerakan ini harus diimbangi dengan pengetahuan serta keahlian dalam mengelola instrumen saham. Salah satu caranya dengan membentuk portofolio saham optimal yang mengoptimalkan keuntungan yang didapat namun meminimalkan risiko yang akan dihadapi melalui diversifikasi dan mengkombinasikan berbagai instrumen investasi kedalam portofolio.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui sahamsaham mana sajakah yang dapat membentuk suatu portofolio optimal terutama di era pandemi Covid 19 dan untuk mengetahui proporsi yang optimal dari portofolio setiap saham yang layak untuk memperoleh portofolio optimal pada saham Indeks LQ 45. Sampel penelitian ini menggunakan saham-saham yang terdaftar dalam Indeks LQ 45 dan pemilihan saham adalah saham yang memiliki rata-rata return positif. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah didapatkan portofolio optimal yang terdiri dari saham KLBF (52,22%), ERAA (11,69%), ANTM (11,29%), JSMR (8,98%), INCO (5,19%), BBCA (6,58%), EXCL (2,55%), MNCN(1,27%), BRPT(0,23%).