Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Dioxyde de carbone – Réactivité (chimie)'
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Castro, Ludovic. "Étude théorique de la structure et de la réactivité de complexes de lanthanides et d'actinides : activation de petites molécules." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1706/.
Full textThis PhD thesis presents a theoretical study of the structure and the reactivity of organometallic complexes of lanthanides and actinides at the DFT level. After a general introduction of the methods of theoretical chemistry used for the modelling of organometallic reactivity, a study of the participation of 5f electrons in uranium(IV) reactivity is presented. The results show that the large core ECP can be used safely in order to treat the actinide and so that 5f electrons can be treated implicitly. Then, the reactivity of uranium(III) complexes with CO2 and other analogous molecules is studied via multiple examples from the literature. These studies show that the steric nature of the ligands is very important and controls the reactivity. This study is then extended to samarium(II) complex. Eventually, the reactivity of a hydride complex of cerium(III) with MeOSO2Me is investigated and theoretical results are compared with experimental observations
Guidal, Valentin. "Conception et réactivité de nouveaux complexes de lanthanides et de cobalt contenant des ligands rédox-actifs : application aux réductions multi-électroniques." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENV022/document.
Full textThe redox chemistry of lanthanide complexes is attracting increasing interest because of the potential of divalent lanthanide complexes to promote unusual redox chemistry. For example they are able to activate small molecules such as CO2 and N2 in mild conditions. Due to the unique coordination and bonding properties of the lanthanide ions, their compounds could provide an attractive alternative to transition metals for the catalytic transformation of small molecules. However, metal-based multi-electron processes remain uncommon in lanthanide chemistry especially in comparison with the d-block metals; the chemistry of low-valent lanthanides being dominated by single-electron transfers. In this context, the first aim of this project was to investigate the association of lanthanides with a redox-active ligand acting as an independent electron reservoir within the same molecule. Accordingly, we examined the use of highly π-delocalized Schiff base ligands to study the reductive chemistry of lanthanide ions. This led to the isolation of electron-rich complexes which are stabilized by storing two or four electrons on the ligands through the formation of C-C bonds. Interestingly, these C-C bonds can be cleaved by oxidizing agents and the electrons released can participate in multi-electron redox reactions. This process was observed within different tridentate and tetradentate Schiff-base ligand scaffolds, allowing a tuning of the properties of the compounds. The ability of these complexes to react with CO2 has been studied, which lead to the identification of some neodymium complexes capable of reducing CO2. The second part of this work was dedicated to the study of cobalt complexes bearing redox-active and highly π-delocalized Schiff base ligands able to store electrons through the formation of C-C bonds. Seminal studies on Schiff base complexes of cobalt had been carried out in the 1990's and they demonstrated the ability of these complexes to activate CO2. With the aim to identify the active species responsible for CO2 activation, we have revisited these systems and highlighted a redox-isomeric equilibrium between a Co(I) and a Co(II) complexes where the electron can be localized on the cobalt or on the ligand. We also investigated the parameters influencing this equilibrium. In particular we have investigated the effect of the ligand architecture on the redox reactivity of cobalt complexes. Such studies pave the way to the development of new complexes for the electrocatlytic reduction of CO2
Regnault, Olivier. "Etude de la réactivité de minéraux purs en présence de CO2 supercritique. Mesure de la cinétique carbonatation de la portlandite." Paris, ENMP, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004063.
Full textHe efficiency of geological CO2 storage will rely on trapping mechanisms and good sealing properties of the caprock and the eventual ac wells on the long term. A series of experiments has been devised to observe and quantify the reactivity of portlandite with supercritical CO2 The portlandite has been chosen as a key component of calcium-rich cement for its interest in borehole cement degradation. Initial carbona rates have been measured under different conditions: pressure 160 bar, temperatures 80, 120, and 200° C and with various amount of water SEM observations show that the reacting fluid state (absence or presence of liquid phase) controls strongly the carbonation behaviour an reaction path. A specific geochemical model has been developed in order to account for the particular conditions of our experiments. The results (portlandite carbonation rate and water-poor geochemical system modelling techniques) should be useful to simulate wellbor degradation
Dias, Hugo. "Catalyseurs bioinspirés pour la valorisation du co2 en carbonates cycliques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO10192.
Full textThe CO2 valorisation is a strategy that could solve current issues. By using as a reagent this abundant molecule which is considered as an anthropogenic waste product, the development of sustainable syntheses of high added value products is becoming a key challenge for the chemical industry. The synthesis of cyclic carbonates is a typical example of a green reaction that converts CO2 into useful products for polymer and lithium battery industries. However, the CO2 cycloaddition to epoxides requires the use of selective catalysts to avoid the formation of undesirable polymers. Within living organisms, carbonic anhydrase has been widely studied and recognised for its reversible ability to rapidly convert CO2 into HCO3-. Nevertheless, the application of this metalloenzyme is prohibited for an industrial use due to its instability outside physiological conditions and its expensive cost. Inspired from this macromolecule whose active site is a zinc complex surrounded by L-histidine ligands, the aim of this thesis was to develop a selective catalytic system for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates under mild conditions. Catalytic evaluations of zinc salts and L-histidine derivatives were carried out and led to syntheses and exhaustive characterisations of a series of zinc complexes. Their stability and activity coupled with their selectivity towards cyclic carbonates prompted further researches into the grafting of those complexes onto supports. Functionalised mesoporous silicas were prepared and their catalytic activity tested, enabling those selective bioinspired catalysts to be recycled
Réjasse, Florian. "Etude de la réactivité des dioxydes métalliques du groupe IVb en présence de carbone par une approche (micro)-structurale : Application à la modélisation des diagrammes de phases ternaires Me-C-O (où Me = Ti, Zr, Hf)." Thesis, Limoges, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIMO0099/document.
Full textDuring this work, the reactivity of group IVb dioxides (TiO2, ZrO2, HfO2) in contact with turbostractic carbon has been investigated in order to understand the reactional mechanisms of the carbothermal reduction. This way of synthesis has also allowed us to obtain oxycarbides phases in powder form to study the different stability domains of solids solutions with respect to the temperature of heat treatment. The addition of oxygen within the crystalline structure modifies the sintering behaviour of these materials and also their macroscopic properties. Consequently, the determination of solid solution boundaries requires an accurate methodology. A broad panoply of characterization techniques are coupled (Elemental analysis, XRD, Quantification of phases, TEM) to determine the compositions of oxycarbide phases. In order to complete this study, the reactivity of titanium carbide monoliths in contact with titanium dioxide has been studied during heat treatments of annealing under pressure in confined atmosphere. The identification of phases in equilibrium constitutes diagrammatic data which are necessary for the preliminary attempts of thermodynamic modeling of ternary phases diagrams Me-C-O (where Me = Ti, Zr, Hf) using the semi-empirical CALPHAD method
Fontugne, Christophe. "Carbonisation de brais en milieu géométriquement limité : application aux composites carbone-carbone granulaires." Orléans, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ORLE2025.
Full textTilland, Airy. "Étude de l’évolution de la réactivité des matériaux porteurs d’oxygène dans un procédé de combustion en boucle chimique." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0218/document.
Full textThe Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC) process produces energy by combustion of methane while capturing the carbon dioxide (CO2). An oxygen carrier (NiO/NiAl2O4) is used to deliver oxygen during the combustion of methane. It is then regenerated by air. The oxygen carrier material degrades over time, which increases the costs of the process and reduces its performance. The present study aims at determining the impacts of thermal and chemical phenomena on the oxygen carrier degradations. The reaction mechanisms corresponding to the reduction and oxidation of the oxygen carrier are determined and validated through experimental studies and the modeling of a continuously auto-stirred tank reactor (CASTR) and a plug flow reactor. The importance of controlling the quantity of deposited carbon in the process is illustrated. Then, the kinetic parameters of the reactions representing the reduction of nickel oxide are determined with an original model of the CASTR and validated in the plug flow reactor. The interest of using the CASTR for the determination of kinetic constants of the reactions involved in CLC process is presented. The obtained parameters give a good description of all reactions even if additional work is required to obtain a better precision of the results. Finally, a degradation mechanism of the oxygen carrier has been proposed. This mechanism describes the large production of fine particles separated from the grains and their role in the observed agglomeration phenomena. The support material, supposed to be inert, provides some of its oxygen. The methodology developed in this work could be adapted for the analysis and the characterization of other oxygen-carriers
Mourier, Pierre. "La Chromatographie en phase supercritique avec le dioxyde de carbone." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37599852p.
Full textTazi, Meryem. "Physico-chimie du brasage du carbone vitreux : mouillage et réactivé interfaciale." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAI085.
Full textIn this work we performed an experimental study of the reactive wetting of vitreous carbon by reactive alloys in order to deepen the understanding of the wetting and interfacial reactivity phenomena for brazing applications. The systems chosen for this study are composed of a vitreous carbon substrate and two types of liquid alloys: low melting point alloys and medium melting point alloys. These alloys are composed of a non-reactive matrix (essentially Sn for low-melting point alloys and Ag-Cu-In for medium-melting point alloys) and a reactive solute forming a wettable carbide (Ti or Cr). The kinetics of the spreading of these alloys on the vitreous carbon is studied according to different parameters; temperature, surface finish of the substrate and reactive element content. The reaction products formed are characterized by SEM, TEM/ASTAR and XRD and the formation mechanisms of these products are proposed. Experiments on the optimization of homogeneous carbon brazing by medium melting point alloys are presented and other preliminary experiments for homogeneous and heterogeneous brazing by low melting point alloys are proposed, opening on the prospects of this thesis work
Piquemal, Fabrice. "Réactivité du méthanol et du dioxyde de carbone avec des oxydes et des complexes de l'étain (IV)." Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30074.
Full textGomes, Christophe. "Une approche diagonale pour la transformation catalytique du dioxyde de carbone." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00954408.
Full textJribi, Samar. "Réactivité électrochimique et fonctionnalisation de surface de films minces de nitrure de carbone amorphe : vers l'élaboration de sondes mixtes AFM-électrochimiques." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066219.
Full textA-CNx thin films were deposited with or without radiofrequency (RF) on doped or intrinsic silicon substrates by the magnetron cathodic sputtering technique and various partial pressures of nitrogen in the plasma. A detailed study of the electrochemical reactivity of a-CNx thin films deposited without RF towards the redox couple [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- showed that this latter is improved as the atomic nitrogen content determined by XPS decreases. It acquires a considerable improvement thanks to the cathodic electrochemical pretreatment (PEC) and more especially thanks to the use of the RF applied to the substrate during the deposition step. In the second part, we have developed a new strategy of surface fonctionnalization of a-CNx thin films based on the covalent grafting of a redox probe. It allowed us to quantify the amine groups formed spontaneously on the electrode surface using cyclic voltammetry. It revealed that the amine groups are generally few and less and less numerous when the content of nitrogen increases in the film. Finally, the elaboration of hybrid AFM-electrochemical probes from commercial AFM probes has been explored by the deposition of an a-CNx thin film on a tapping-AFM probe. These probes present the advantage of having a stiff cantilever that resists to the compressive intrinsic stress applied by the a-CNx film contrary to the contact-AFM probe cantilever that bends significantly under the influence of this stress. The passivation by a P-oPD film and the use of these Si/a-CNx probes for the acquisition of local I/V characteristics (spectroscopy of the CS-AFM mode) confirmed the interest of this approach that will need however to be more deeply explored
Bousquet, Laura. "Synthèse et réactivité d'espèces divalentes du carbone : bis-ylures et yldiures." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30342/document.
Full textBis-ylides can be viewed as carbon (0) complexes, also known as " Carbone ". The goal of this thesis is to develop new models of bis-ylides featuring original reactivities. The first chapter presents the state of the art of carbon(0) complexes. A study of their electronic and structural properties is described, as well as, their applications as ligands in organometallic chemistry and their uses as potential carbon atom sources. The second chapter records the different attempts to synthesize a new cyclic P,S bis-ylide. These efforts lead to the unexpected synthesis of new P-chlorinated mixed bis-ylide precursors. Some preliminary results allow us to class them in the family C(0) complexes. The third chapter consists in the synthesis of a new family of bis-ylides, stabilized by sulfoxonium group. These species were fully characterized theoretically, spectroscopically and by X-Ray diffraction. The reactivity studies demonstrate a high potential as ligand for transition metal, several organometallic complexes were prepared and characterized. The last chapter presents the study of anionic bis-ylides, also known as yldiide. The synthesis of a new model is described, as well as its reactivity towards carbonyls. Finally, original irradiation reactions of this yldiide allowed us to access new C(0) complexes
Peignieux, Audrey. "Influence de résidus organométalliques et de substituants positivement chargés sur la réactivité intrinsèque d'acides carbonés." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999VERS0004.
Full textGréau, Claire. "Apport des gaz rares au suivi hydrogéochimique d'un stockage de CO2 : application à un analogue naturel de fuites." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GLOB0005.
Full textStorage of anthropogenic CO2 in some geological formations is an accepted way to be developed in the purpose of reducing the anthropogenic emissions. To certify the efficiency and the stability of a storage site it is essential to be able to detect a CO2 leakage. Due to their inertness, noble gases can be used as tracers of the injected CO2. The first stage of this work was to plan how to increase the efficiency of the dissolved noble gases analytic line. Then, the noble gases monitoring was applied to make the base level on two pilot storage sites. Those two sampling missions have shown the importance of a contrast between the monitoring aquifer noble gases signal and the one of the injected gas and also the need for a monitoring aquifer disconnected enough from atmosphere. The noble gas measurements have been applied to an analogue of a leaked geological storage too: the active caldera of Furnas (Azores) where gas discharges with high CO2 content are naturally observed. There are various kinds of water springs across the caldera with a large range of temperature and pH. For each sampled spring, we measured CO2 contents (DIC and δ13C), noble gas isotopic compositions (He and Ne) and major ions chemistry. CO2 composition measured in the springs can be explained as the result of a three-component mixing between the hydrothermal waters coming from the shallow depth aquifer, the meteoric waters equilibrated with caldera soil, and the deep gas emanation, from a magmatic intrusion. The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of each using noble gases and major ions data. An application to a CO2 storage system would be easier: all the source terms would be well constrained by the initial isotopic characterization of the natural compartments and the injected gas
Net-David-Buytaert, Sopheak. "Etude de la réactivité hétérogène des composés organiques issus de la combustion de la biomasse." Aix-Marseille 1, 2010. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2010AIX11034.pdf.
Full textBiomass combustion is one of the major sources of fine organic materials (<2. 5μm), which contribution has been estimated at more than 70% of the total organic fraction of aerosols and more than 50% of the mass PM2. 5 in urban areas. The transformation of this ultrafine particulate matter and its impact on climate, environment and health, yet remains an intriguing question. Moreover, the heterogeneous interactions between the gas-phase oxidants and aerosol particles in the atmosphere are not completely resolved. One of the primary goals of this thesis was to develop new knowledge towards chemical and photochemical heterogeneous chemistry of the organic compounds produced from wood combustion processes. To this end, the heterogeneous reactions between gaseous ozone and 12 of the most representative wood combustion products adsorbed on the silica particles were carried out at various experimental conditions of atmospheric relevance. The results obtained in this work show the importance of heterogeneous reactivities at the interface gas/particles. This type of reactions gives secondary products with a range of physico-chemical properties, i. E. Variable volatiliy, polarity and molecular masses (sometimes even oligomers). Such secondary products may interact with the gas, aqueous and solid phase in the atmosphere. In this thesis, the kinetic constants of chemical and photochemical reactions were determined as well. The reaction products were identified and the major products were confirmed and quantified by their corresponding standards
Nguyen, Ngoc Hoa. "Etude de la réactivité d'électrodes de carbone modifiées par des unités catéchols introduites par réduction de sels de diazonium." Le Mans, 2010. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2010/2010LEMA1028.pdf.
Full textThis work concerns the introduction of catechol functionality on carbon surface by reduction of diazonium salts. First, a bibliographic study of diazonium salt synthesis methods is presented, followed by a brief topic of their potentialities in organic chemistry. The synthesis of diazonium salts used in this study is described in detail. In chapter 2, the modification of carbon surfaces by electrochemical reduction of diazonium salts is reported. An original procedure for preparing in situ a diazonium salt from a nitro compound is presented and compared to the conventional procedure of preparation starting from an amine. The third chapter presents a detailed study on the reactivity of immobilized catechol groups in the presence of nucleophile models in solution. The effect of saturated or unsaturated carbon side chain is discussed. Chapter 4 presents the potentialities of this work in the area of the organic structuring of surfaces
Pellerano, Mario. "Évaluation d'absorbants pour le captage et le transport de CO²." Nantes, 2010. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=f10f503c-d210-4296-89f9-32e6e8a2cc79.
Full textIn order to reduce greenhouse gases emissions, CO2 release due to human activities should be better controlled. CO2 capture by adsorption is considered as one ot the potential options. In this work, different commercialized activated carbons (AC) were evaluated as a potential adsorbent for CO2 capture by pressure modulation and were compared to commercialised zeolites. Adsorption isotherms, materials aging and gas separation were determined and evaluated. Relations between physical properties and adsorption capacities are founded. These relations were used in order to determine the adsorbent demonstrating the best adsorption regeneration capacities depending on the operating conditions applied. CO2 transportation from production places to storage locations is presently accomplished by liquid or supercritical phase, which generate large costs and emissions. This final part of this work considers the possibility to transport CO2 in adsorbed phase (with considered materials) and analyzes its cost as a function of transported quantities, transport conditions and transportation means. CO2 transport by ship in adsorbed phase on small distances was seen as being competive to ship transportation in liquid phase. The CO2 emissions generated by CO2 transport in adsorbed phase were evaluated in all cases (transportation means, distances, conditions) to be much smaller than the ones generated by liquid phase transport
Dessapt, Rémi. "Vers de nouveaux complexes thiométalliques : réactivité de tétraoxothiométallates [MO4-nSn]x- (n=1-4) (M=Mo, V, Re) vis à vis du disulfure de carbone et d'alcynes substituése." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001VERS0018.
Full textViéville, Corinne. "Etude de la réactivité de l'acide oléique avec les monoalcools en présence de catalyseurs acides sulfoniques homogène et hétérogène en milieu hexane et en milieu dioxyde de carbone supercritique." Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT067G.
Full textChanfreau, Sébastien Condoret Jean-Stéphane. "Mise au point d'un procédé de carboxylation par électrosynthèse en milieu CO2 sous pression et application en chimie fine." Toulouse : INP Toulouse, 2005. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000203.
Full textChanfreau, Sébastien. "Mise au point d'un procédé de carboxylation par électrosynthèse en milieu co2 sous pression et application en chimie fine." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2005. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7395/1/chanfreau.pdf.
Full textChanfreau, Sébastien. "Mise au point d'un procédé de carboxylation par électrosynthèse en milieu CO2 sous pression et application en chimie fine." Toulouse, INPT, 2005. https://hal.science/tel-04582802.
Full textWe propose here to use pressurized co2 as a reagent and a solvent to perform electrochemical carboxylation of benzyl chloride. A co-solvent, dimethylformamide (DMF), has to be used to solubilize the ionic salt allowing electrical conductivity of the mixture. Thermodynamics of the mixture co2-DMF were modelled using Huron-Vidal model. With tetrabutylammonium perchlorate as the salt, the medium was characterized using a microelectrode to obtain diffusion coefficient of a model compound, the ferrocene. Carboxylation of benzyl chloride was studied with the sacrificial magnesium anode process. Replacement of DMF by benzyl chloride and use of an hydrophobic salt, tetrakis(decyl)ammonium tetraphenylborate, was also considered to set up the process under supercritical co2-solvent mixture conditions
Ocampo, Fabien. "Développement de catalyseurs pour la réaction de méthanation du dioxyde de carbone." Strasbourg, 2011. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2011/OCAMPO_Fabien_2011.pdf.
Full textNickel-based catalysts supported on ceria-zirconia mixed oxides were studied in the carbon dioxide methanation reaction. The effect of Ni loading, noble metals doping, the preparation method and Ce/Zr ratio on catalylic performances was examined. The structural and redox properties of the materials were also investigated owing to various characterization techniques. Among other factors, the insertion of Ni2+cations into the mixed oxide structure strongly benefits to catalytic performances. Indeed, it strengthens the metal-support interaction (increasing nickel dispersion) and modifies the support properties (improving its specific activity). Thus, a compromise between the proportion of Nio and Ni2+ species is required to optimize the catalytic results. The system 5Ni(60-40) turned out to be the mosl interesting in respect of economic and ecological criteria. Plus. Our catalysts are more competitive than the other materials given in the literature. The deactivation was ascribed to the sintering of metallic nickel particles and to the partial rejection of Ni2+ cations. Then, the system 5Ni(60-40) was evaluated in a discontinuous process operating under varying H2/CO2 flew, supplied by decarbonated energics and in a process supplied by the outlet flow of biomass vapogasification. The former seems conceivable, and the latter would require a previous decrease in the concentration of carbon monoxide which strongly poisons our catalysts. Lastly, a bifunctional reaction mecanism was proposed, according to the results obtained by infrared spectroscopy analysis. The Nio phase activates the hydrogen and the mixed oxide support activates the carbon dioxide on basic sites
Arcis, Hugues. "Etude thermodynamique de la dissolution du dioxyde de carbone dans des solutions aqueuses d'alcanolamines." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00731443.
Full textGuérin, William. "Mécanismes de réticulation d’élastomères polysulfure par le dioxyde de manganèse : étude infrarouge et suivi rhéologique." Caen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CAEN2044.
Full textPolysulfide elastomeric materials are widely used in many fields (insulated glass, construction, automotive or aircraft industry) thanks to their outstanding properties, such as a remarkable chemical inertness. These polymers are obtained from liquid polysulfides, which are highly reactive oligomers. Exposed to an oxidizing agent, such as manganese dioxide (MnO2), the crosslinking of liquid polysulfides occurs through a redox reaction. However, the crosslinking reaction mechanism is still in debate. In this work, crosslinking of liquid polysulfide has been monitored in real time by infrared spectroscopy and rheology. Infrared spectroscopy has enabled a better understanding of the mechanism through the evolution of characteristic infrared bands of the reactive blends. Rheology links the chemical monitoring to the evolution of the viscoelastic properties of these materials. We demonstrate that the chemical equation usually admitted in the literature to describe the crosslinking of liquid polysulfides is an over-simplification. New species have been observed, whose formation was never described previously in polysulfide elastomeric materials. Moreover, an identification of the properties of the manganese dioxide which influence its reactivity has been done, improving the control of the crosslinking of these elastomers
Escudié, Yannick. "Synthèse et réactivité d'espèces divalentes neutres du carbone : bis-ylures P,S cycliques et carbènes capto-datifs cycliques." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2674/.
Full textThe present work concerns the development of new carbon(0) complexes. In particular, we aim at a synthetic route towards the first example of a mixed cyclic P,S bis-ylide. These ylides are expected to undergo unique reactivity thanks to the small cyclic structure. In the first chapter is described a bibliographic overview on carbon(0) chemistry. The focus on the electronic structure, applications as ligands in organometallic chemistry, and use as potential carbon atom sources. The second chapter, a synthetic route to access the dicationic precursor is described. This precursor yields after double deprotonation the desired P,S bis-ylide. The third chapter deals with the analysis of the crystallographic and theoretical data of the cyclic P,S bis-ylide and also the study of its reactivity. Reactions with carbonyl species demonstrate an increased reactivity as compared to its linear analogue and present new opportunities for the atomic carbon functionalization. Furthermore, a coordination study of the bis-ylide with various transition metals was performed in order to compare its properties with other C(0) complexes. The last chapter describes the synthesis of new azavinylidenesphosphoranes. There, we study the influence of the substituents on the carbene center with regard to reactivity and stability. These rare examples of cyclic push-pull carbenes possess a small singlet/triplet gap and transient carbenes reactivity. Moreover, their cyclic structure allow them to behave as ligand for transition metals. The corresponding complexes are robust and feature promising reactivity
MORIN, PHILIPPE. "Couplage chromatographie en phase dioxyde de carbone supercritique-spectrometrie infrarouge a transformee de fourier." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066684.
Full textHafid, Abderrafia. "Trois aspects de la chimie de l'uranium : réactivité de la liaison métal-carbone, composés hétérobimétalliques, complexes pauvres en électrons." Dijon, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993DIJOS023.
Full textLecomte, Jean-Jérôme. "Etude cinétique et mécanismes de réactions CO+NO et CO+O2 sur catalyseurs Pt et Pt-Rh supportés." Lille 1, 1996. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1996/50376-1996-155a.pdf.
Full textRivollet, Fabien. "Etude des proprietes volumétriques (PVT) d’hydrocarbures legers (c1-c4), du dioxyde de carbone et du sulfure d’hydrogène : mesures par densimétrie à tube vibrant et modélisation." Paris, ENMP, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENMP1318.
Full textVarious pollutant contents (ie carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide or other sulphur products) are found in produced oils. These latter must undergo a number of transformations and purifications. The design and dimensioning of the corresponding units can well be optimized only if one has reliable and accurate data about phase equilibria and volumetric properties and of course reliable and accurate modeling. This work was devoted partly to measurements of volumetric properties on three binary mixtures (ethane - hydrogen sulphide, ethane - propane and carbon dioxide - hydrogen sulphide). These measurements were carried out using equipment, comprising a vibrating tube densimeter (Paar, model DMA 512 P), which was especially designed and built for this work. The study undertaken about the modeling of volumetric properties made it possible to highlight the inadequacy of the traditional use of cubic equations of state to represent simultaneously volumetric properties and phase equilibria. Among the equations of state investigated, a close attention however was paid to cubic equations of state because of their very great use in the oil field. A new tool was found to adapt cubic equations of state to the simultaneous and satisfactory representation of volumetric properties and phase equilibria. It concerns the coupling of the cubic Redlich-Kwong-Soave equation of state with volume correction through a neural network
Rueff, Henri. "Optimizing dryland afforestation : prospects and limitations : minimum carbon payment for non-annex I dryland countries on an aridity gradient with stochastic weather and prices." Aix-Marseille 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX32045.
Full textRecent findings demonstrate that dryland trees are efficient carbon sinks. The price of carbon at which a farmer would be indifferent between his customary activity and the plantation of trees for the trade of carbon credits remains however unknown. Carbon yields were simulated by means of the CO2FIX v3. 1 model for Pinus halepensis. Wheat yields and pasture yields were predicted on somewhat similar nitrogen-based quadratic models, using 30 years of weather data for the simulation of moisture stress. Both models were developed for dryland conditions, while calibration and validation were done with data collected in Israel on 8 stations (from 200mm to 900mm of annual precipitation). No-till wheat and pasture yield values were then fitted to a gamma probability distribution function, to enable iterative stochastic production simulation. Input and output prices were, however, fitted to a normal distribution. Stochastic production, input and output prices were afterwards simulated on a Monte Carlo matrix with 10,000 iterations on a 30 years cash flow. Results show that, despite the high levels of carbon uptake by dryland trees, carbon trading by afforesting is unprofitable anywhere along the aridity gradient. Indeed, the price of carbon will have to raise unrealistically high, and the certification costs will have to drop significantly, to make afforestation under the clean development mechanism a worthwhile activity for non annex I dryland countries
Stanbury, Matthew. "Réduction photo et électro-assistée sélective du dioxyde de carbone sur des catalyseurs moléculaires." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAV094/document.
Full textThe general context of this thesis is on CO2 valorisation, and recounts fundamental research aimed at finding new molecular catalysts in order to achieve CO2 conversion. The results obtained provide additional knowledge in view of developing an efficient and selective catalytic CO2 reduction process. The first chapter begins with the general picture of CO2 utilisation and contains a bibliographical overview on the use of molecular catalysts for CO2 photo- and electroreduction. This short review demonstrates the wide variety of transition metal complexes used as catalysts, in particularly those based on rhenium. An analysis on the current state of CO2 reduction research using molecular catalyst complexes of the manganese carbonyl type is then reported. In Chapter II, the discussion begins with a brief overview of the research developed during this thesis relating to new complexes of the general formula: [Mn(L)(CO)3(X)] (X = Br, n = 0 ou CH3CN, n = 1; L = terpyridine derivatives). The interest in these complexes is twofold, as their physico-chemical properties give them potential catalytic CO2 reduction applications, as well as applications in the field relating to controlled CO release molecules. Developing new complexes based on ligands derived from terpy is one of the main routes that were chosen for catalyst performance optimisation and improvement. In this context, Mn complexes were synthesised, their photo- and electrochemical properties were studied in detail, before testing their activity with respect to catalytic CO2 reduction. The most remarkable result comes from the unique ability of these species to release one of their carbonyl ligands in a controlled fashion, which led to the discovery of novel Mn dicarbonyl complexes which are selective catalysts for CO2 reduction, and also to new molecules which are applicable in the release of small quantities of CO for therapeutic purposes.Chapter III covers the study of the complex [Mn(phen-dione)(CO)3(X)]n+ (X = Br, n = 0 ou CH3CN, n = 1). This complex was synthesised with the aim in mind of obtaining complexes soluble in aqueous media. While this objective was ambitious, it was soon found that these species showed no catalytic activity for CO2 reduction in the target aqueous medium. Nevertheless, electrocatalytic activity was demonstrated in hydro-organic media and photocatalytic applications in organic media proved promising. This work allowed us to gain a better understanding of the physicochemical properties and catalytic mechanisms of a Mn complex containing a redox-active ligand.The results presented in Chapter IV are based on the study of another new Mn carbonyl complex family. The study concentrated mainly on the complex [Mn(pyperNH)(CO)3(CH3CN)]+. The pyperNH ligand, with its aromatic system and NH functional group, plays a major role and is redox-active. After a section dedicated to its synthesis and characterisation, this chapter devotes a large part to the role that different experimental parameters can play on the efficiency of the catalytic CO2 reduction reaction. The Mn complexes described in this chapter have remarkable redox properties. A preliminary study of the catalytic activity of these complexes for CO2 reduction has allowed us to have an initial idea about the potential role of the N-H functional group of the ligand on the catalytic mechanism and reaction selectivity. This research was extended beyond the pyperNH ligand into a complex class of similar ligand structures, and the preliminary results obtained are original and promising, and open the way towards new perspectives
Lauvaux, Thomas. "Inversion à méso échelle des sources et puits de carbone." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008VERS0007.
Full textLes méthodes d'inversion à grande échelle ont permis d'estimer la variabilité spatiale des sources et puits de carbone continentaux mais les incertitudes associées restent importantes. En e_et, les concentrations atmosphériques intègrent la variabilité des _ux de surface, mais les modèles de transport à basse résolution utilisés dans les inversions ne peuvent reproduire correctement la complexité da la dynamique atmosphérique locale des sites de mesure. Cependant, ces estimations sont plus représentatives de la grande hétérogénéité spatiale des écosystèmes que les mesures directes des _ux. Les méthodes inverses et directes qui visent toutes les deux à estimer le bilan des échanges de carbone entre la surface et l'atmosphère s'appliquent donc à des échelles di_érentes et sont ainsi di_cilement comparables. Au cours de cette thèse, un système d'inversion à méso échelle a été développé pour corrigerles _ux de carbone à une résolution de 8km. Le modèle de transport à haute résolution (MésoNH) a permis de simuler la variabilité des concentrations atmosphériques avec une meilleure précision, ce qui a permis de limiter les incertitudes sur les _ux inversés. L'intégralité des données est issue de la campagne régionale intensive CERES de mai et juin 2005, lors de laquelle plusieurs tours instrumentées ont mesurées les concentrations et les _ux de CO2 dans le Sud Ouest de la France. Des mesures aéroportées ont permis également d'observer les concentrations en altitude ainsi que les _ux de CO2 aggrégées sur de larges bandes à la surface. Dans un premier temps, la capacité du système à corriger les _ux de CO2 a été estimé par l'intermédiaire de pseudo-données. La majeure partie de la variabilité des concentrations a été attribuée aux _ux régionaux dans une zone qui s'étend, selon les conditions météorologiques, jusqu'à 300km autour des sites de mesure. Dans un second temps, un ensemble de simulations a permis de dé_nir les structures spatiale et temporelle des erreurs de transport. Dans un dernier temps, les _ux corrigés par l'inversion à 8km de résolution ont été comparés à des mesures directes de _ux. Le système d'inversion a été ainsi validé dans le temps et l'espace et a montré une amélioration de l'estimation des _ux de CO2 issues d'un modèle de végétation en diminuant signi_cativement les erreurs initiales par rapport aux observations indépendantes de _ux de CO2
Maître, Alexandre. "Réactivité des mélanges oxydes-carbone dans la synthèse des carbures de titane et de zirconium : aspects cinétiques et technologiques." Limoges, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LIMO0037.
Full textDetallante, Virginie. "Influence de l'humidité sur les propriétés de transport de gaz d'une membrane de polyimide sulfone naphthalénique." Rouen, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ROUES016.
Full textDinh, Thi Thanh Xuan. "Etude expérimentale et numérique de l'approche physico-chimique pour le matériau cimentaire soumis au dioxyde de carbone (CO2)." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EVRY0019/document.
Full textToday, the durability of structures in cementitious materials is an important factor in the areas of civil engineering and industrial engineering. It is influenced not only by mechanical loads but also by the environment (pollution, rain ...). These influences become more important when one has to guarantee a service life of materials for a great period. The mechanism of chemical degradation of the cementitious material is a progressive decalcification over time in contact with aggressive environments (e.g. attack by chlorides, by sulfates, freeze-thaw cycles, alkali reaction). This degradation causes the variation in the porosity of the concrete that modifies the physico-chemical and mechanical properties. On the one hand, the change in porosity accelerates the transport of substances and causes an acceleration of the dissolution of hydrates (notably portlandite). Moreover, this induces a change in mechanical properties, especially shrinkage of carbonation. In addition, the mechanical stress creating microcracks that may be factors accelerating the process of chemical degradation. This work is carried out to study the physicochemical phenomenon of carbonation on cement-based materials such as mortars and cement pastes based on CEM I and CEM III. The main purpose of this study is to characterize experimentally and numerically the effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) on the mechanical properties and durability of cementitious material. In the experimental part, we take into account some important parameters such as shrinkage, variation of porosity and variation of mass in terms of different concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2): 5%, 10%, 13%, 15%, 17%, 20%. The numerical model based on the physico-chemical approach by Bary and Sellier (2004) allows us to validate the parameters that influence the carbonation in cementitious material as rate of water saturation, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO2), calcium ion concentration and porosity. This confirms that the transfer of carbon dioxide (CO2) in gas phase couple with transfers of liquid water and calcium ions Ca2 + in aqueous solution during carbonation
Galan, Florence. "Etude par spectroscopies vibrationnelle et électronique de la réactivité des atomes de nickel avec l'éthylène et le dioxyde de carbone en matrices d'argon ou d'azote." Bordeaux 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR10541.
Full textSmari, Imen. "Synthèse et réactivité en catalyse de nouveaux hétéroaromatiques." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1S012/document.
Full textThis thesis work dealing with the activation / functionalization of CH bonds for the formation of derivatives of heteroaryl. We sum so interested in the reactivity of derivatives of 4-formylpyrazole for pallado-catalyzed via CH bond activation couplings. The formyl C4 is used to control the regioselectivity of the arylation. Subsequently, we investigated the reactivity of 2-bromofluorènes in these coupling reactions. The third part focuses on the synthesis of aminothiophenes and pyrrolyl-thiophene. The originality of our approach is the use of these compounds as a precursor in pallado-catalyzed reactions. Finally, the last part is devoted to the reactivity of 3-bromobenzothiophene in pallado-catalysed reactions without cleavage of the C-Br bond C3 benzothiophene
SOLASTIOUK, GALIVEL FRANCINE. "Equilibres liquide-vapeur des systemes propane-methanol et propane-methanol-dioxyde de carbone : mesures et representations." Paris, ENMP, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ENMP0103.
Full textBaudouin, David. "Design, préparation et caractérisation de catalyseurs pour le reformage du méthane par le dioxyde de carbone à basse température." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10234.
Full textLow temperature dry reforming (LT-DR), < 600 °C, coupled with membrane technology to overcome thermodynamically low conversion, has drawn attention as an alternative approach to industrial 850-950°C operating conditions. The aim of this work has then been to design and develop nickel-based catalysts that are active and stable under LT-DR. In that context, we developed methods to prepare well-dispersed Ni nanoparticles on silica and to modify silica support, addressing detailed characterization at each step with various techniques (H2 & CO2 chemisorption, TPX, TEM, XRD, EXAFS, IR and NMR spectroscopy). We studied the effect of particle size, preparation methods (organometallic, colloidal… approaches), metal dopants and poisons for the support and the nanoparticles on the activity, selectivity and stability of the catalyst in LT-DR. Overall, we showed that supported Ni particles are indeed good candidate in LT-DR by comparison with noble metals, which are the reference catalysts for the corresponding High-Temperature DR. In particular, small Ni particles supported on lanthanum doped silica surface provided the best performances, while the use of pure lanthanide oxide or mixed oxide supports led to limited activity in Low-temperature DR. Finally, using a colloidal approach to synthesize Ni nanoparticles has proven to be very efficient and versatile, allowing one to deposit nickel particles with remarkable properties on any supports
Nobel, Dominique. "Coordinats fonctionnels en chimie des metaux de transition : synthese et reactivite, application a la telomerisation catalytique du butadiene et du dioxyde de carbone." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987STR13109.
Full textNobel, Dominique. "Coordinats fonctionnels en chimie des métaux de transition synthèse et réactivité : application à la télomérisation catalytique du butadiène et du dioxyde de carbone /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376085011.
Full textDelehouzé, Arnaud. "Ablation des matériaux carbonés : lien entre la nanotexturation et la réactivité." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14634/document.
Full textThe problem stated by the use of composites C / C dense implies knowledge and control of degradation processes to which they are subjected. The use of in-situ characterization of these means of degradation pathways then is a considerable asset for their advance. Thus, the use of ESEM in temperature associated with a crystallographic characterization by TEM and ex situ confrontation by thermogravimetric analysis resulted in obtaining kinetic laws characterizing the propagation of oxidation in all directions. Following this experimental stage, a numerical approach based on the use of algorithms Kinetic Monte-Carlo, was then introduced to model these observations both at the atomic level with the modeling of the oxidation kinetics law linear, as meso-and macro-simulation by the kinetic law of mass loss in the case of HOPG
Pagliarini, Olivio. "Chimie moléculaire du niobium et du tantale dans les degrés d'oxydation IV à II : synthèse et réactivité d'alcoxydes du tantale et du bis(cyclopentadienyl)niobium (II)." Nice, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NICE4131.
Full textPerraud, Véronique. "Mise au point d’un préleveur automatique pour la mesure en continu des composés carbonylés atmosphériques." Aix-Marseille 1, 2007. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2007AIX11058.pdf.
Full textBecause of their implication in photochemical processes leadind to the formation of tropospheric ozone and their negative effect on human health, carbonyl compounds are part of the volatile organic compounds which demand a continuous measurement of their atmospheric concentration (fast fluctuation of their atmospheric concentration). The present research meets this requirement and two sampling strategies were studied to have an automatic instrument for the continuous measurement of atmospheric carbonyl compounds. First, sampling by using a tranfer of gaseous phase in a liquid phase associated with a simultaneous chemical derivatization of the trapped compounds was studied because of its high specificity towards carbonyl compounds. However, no couple “sampling device-reagent” allows a quantitative sampling of carbonyl compounds, nor a continuous measurement in the field. Another strategy was therefore studied: cryogenic adsorption onto solid adsorbent followed by thermodesorption and analysis by GC/MS. Collection efficiency using different solid adsorbents was greater than 95% for carbonyl compounds consisting of 1 (formaldehyde, Pvap (-30°C) = 34400Pa) to 7 carbons (benzaldehyde, Pvap (-30°C) = 0,75 Pa). This sampling strategy is a successful first step towards the realization of the automatic sampling device for a continuous measurement of atmospheric carbonyls compounds
Grigorová, Eva. "Spectroscopic methods for concentration measurements and calibration of reactive gases." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10152/document.
Full textDescription of the work is divided into four thematic parts describing four independently performed experiments. The analyses of the asymmetrical vibration ν4 band and the symmetrical ν2 band of the FCO2 radical, that belong to significant intermediate products of degradation processes of halogen hydrocarbons, were performed for the first time within this work. The detailed analysis led to the determination of the rotational constants, centrifugal distortion constants and fine structure constants for both bands. For the first time we performed the unambiguous identification of the radical ion CS+ by high resolution millimetrewave spectroscopy in the frequency range 414 - 622 GHz. The complex analysis allowed us to accurately determine the values of the rotational constant as well as the fine structure constant. Experiments were also perform to measure spectra of cyan BrCN and CH3CN using time resolved Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. These molecules as well as their disintegration products in the low temperature plasma environment were carefully studied. Finally, I have studied the ecological impact of ammonia (NH3) on the environment and the influence of trees on the amount of ammonia in the air. For this purpose, an optoacoustic cell was designed and assembled to measure trace amounts of ammonia and other gaseous substances
Credoz, Anthony. "Réactivité des couvertures argileuses en présence de CO2 en conditions de stockage géologique profond : approche intégrée expérimentation-modélisation." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1747/.
Full textThis study offers a multi-scale vision of complex clayey caprocks reactivity and evolution. These formations are identified for the CO2 containment and sealing into the deep underground reservoir. From the experimental scale on purified clay minerals to integrative modeling at large space and time scales, the strategy developped allowed to identify the main geochemical processes, to check the good agreement between experiment and modeling, and to stress the operational impacts on long-term caprocks integrity. Carbonated cement alteration is likely to open caprock porosity and to create preferential reactive pathway for reactive fluid flow. Clay minerals alteration, including the illitization process, reduces the clay fraction volume but considerably limits the porosity increase. The illitization process in acidic conditions determined experimentally and by modeling at small and large scale, is coupled with silica precipitation. On the fundamental side, new kinetic parameters were determined for clay minerals and highlights new structural transformations. On the operational side, this study contributes to the acquisition of qualitative data (long-term reactive pathways of clayey caprocks, coupled carbonates/clays reactivity) and quantitative data (CO2 penetration distance into the caprock) to improve the performance and safety assessment of CO2 capture and geological storage
Ponsard, Louise. "Conversion catalytique du CO pour la synthèse de monomères oxygénés." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASF002.
Full textThe production and exploitation of fossil-based chemicals leads to increased emissions of greenhouse gases, responsible for unprecedented climate change. Small molecules (CO and CO₂), currently seen as waste products, could be considered as appealing carbon sources for the transition of our linear economy to a circular economy. Carbon monoxide (CO) is a small molecule released by the chemical industry as gaseous waste, and is accessible through the electroreduction of CO₂. In this manuscript, the utilization of CO from both industrial and electrochemical sources is disclosed, constituting here a carbon source for the synthesis of oxygenated monomers. During this PhD thesis, new catalytic systems were developed for the synthesis of new monomers through the carbonylation of oxygenated heterocycles. The utilisation of CO produced by CO₂-electroreduction in a carbonylation reaction for the synthesis of beta-lactone from epoxides was also shown feasible. The formation of acrylic acid by β-propiolactone isomerisation is reported herein, in mild conditions. The mechanism of this reaction was elucidated by DFT calculations. Finally, the study of the reaction of carbonylation of acrylic acid was proved to be an efficient strategy for the synthesis of oxygenated monomers
Schwoob, Cathie. "Les développements récents de la chimie de complexation de l'azote." Strasbourg 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985STR10536.
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