Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Dioxyde de carbone équivalent'
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Davoust, Romain. "Trajectoires carbone en Europe à l'horizon 2050 sous une stabilisation mondiale à 450 ppmv CO2-équivalent : réductions, valeurs carbone et coûts d'abattement optimaux." Paris 9, 2011. http://basepub.dauphine.fr/xmlui/handle/123456789/7235.
Full textGlobal warming will be a major issue in the 21st century. Limiting temperature increase to +2⁰C above pre-industrial levels should help to preserve ecosystems. According to current estimates, this sustainable development objective requires a stabilisation of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) concentrations at 450 ppmv CO2-equivalent. Over the next decade, the world should reduce its GHG emissions by a factor 2 compared to 1990 levels. Europe has committed to reduce its Greenhouse Gases emissions by 20% in 2020 compared to 1990 and by 30% in case of a fair international agreement. In the long term, EU is targeting an abatement of at least 80% by 2050, which is a required level under the 450 ppmv CO2-equivalent constraint. The thesis models carbon effort in Europe to reach -80% GHG by 2050. Over the projection, the OCTET model (Optimal Carbon Trajectories for Emission Targets) projects a set of temporally optimal CO2 pathways. Efficient reduction strategies are built for the next decades (2020, 2030, 2040) depending on international uncertainty. The thesis calculates carbon price profiles in Europe under a factor 5 reduction as well as reduction costs. In a word, this thesis seeks to explore the implications of a low-carbon European society and to advise the European abatement policy over the 2050 horizon
Hardy, Antoine. "La science et son empreinte. Une sociologie des mobilisations scientifiques autour du CO2e." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0312.
Full textThe fieldwork of this dissertation is an attempt to “decarbonise” public research in France at the turn of the 2020s, in order to understand its implications for the construction and circulation of knowledge and the authority of science. Drawing on a processual and interactionist sociology, this dissertation explores the social world of carbon quantification in public laboratories: actors organising themselves to produce new data through a quantification process to analyse greenhouse gas emissions at laboratory scale, expressed in carbon dioxide equivalents, and to try to identify and implement measures to reduce them. Using qualitative data rooted in the sociology of science and situated at the intersection of the social studies of quantification and environmental sociology, this research aims to understand why and how these actors seek to restrict their professional activity. It identifies different ways of working, knowing, and engaging in research professions, the values that underpin these activities, and how scientific work, or what it should be, is normatively charged. The dissertation describes and analyses a reconfiguration of the moral background of science within this social world, leading its actors to question practices and representations that were previously unquestioned, or not questioned on this basis, and thereby to engage with the epistemic, material, and ethical boundaries of science
Favre, Nathalie. "Captage enzymatique du dioxyde de carbone." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00840947.
Full textJankhah, Sepideh. "Reformage de l'éthanol au dioxyde de carbone." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2007. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1386.
Full textAziz, Hermansyah. "Photochimie fine avec le dioxyde de carbone comme solvant." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990INPL056N.
Full textVivin, Philippe. "Effets de l'augmentation atmosphérique en CO2 et de contraintes hydriques sur l'allocation de carbone et d'azote et sur l'ajustement osmotique chez Quercus robur L." Nancy 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NAN10076.
Full textMourier, Pierre. "La Chromatographie en phase supercritique avec le dioxyde de carbone." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37599852p.
Full textGervais, Florence. "Réhabilitation de matrices contaminées par du cobalt à l'aide du CO2 supercritique : contribution à la compréhension des mécanismes de complexation et de transferts diphasiques." Lyon, INSA, 2001. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2001ISAL0047/these.pdf.
Full textSoils rehabilitation using supercritical CO2 seems an interesting alternative way to existing techniques. No effluents are generated during the supercritical fluid extraction, which is the main advantage of this process. In order to be extracted by this techniques, metals or radionuclides have to be complexed by suitable chelating agents. Beta-diketones and dithiocarbamates (fluorinated or not) have been chosen. The first part of this work deals with chemical equilibria mechanisms study in an aqueous phase. Experiments show a very weak cobalt complexation kinetics with acetylacetone. Moreover, this complex exhibit a hydrophilic behaviour. On the other hand, cobalt and dithiocarbamate instantaneously from a chelate which is very hydrophobic. Mass transfer between extracting and aqueous phases (hexane and SC CO2) are also investigated. Supercritical CO2 seems to have a greater affinity towards fluorinated beta-diketones than hexane. This tendency is confirmed by in situ commercial chelates (fluorinates or not) solubility measurements using X-ray absorption spectroscopy. However, cobalt-beta-diketonates are hydrophilic because of their partial hydration. This kind of chelating agents is not suitable to cobalt supercritical fluid extraction from an aqueous phase. Inversely, distribution coefficients of hydrophobic dithiocarbamates are higher than beta-diketonates, whatever the extracting solvent is. Metals extraction from an aqueous matrix seems possible with these chelating agents
Gervais, Florence Moszkowicz Pierre Tiruta-Barna Ligia. "Réhabilitation de matrices contaminées par du cobalt à l'aide du CO2 supercritique contribution à la compréhension des mécanismes de complexation et de transferts diphasiques /." Villeurbanne : Doc'INSA, 2003. http://csidoc.insa-lyon.fr/these/2001/gervais/index.html.
Full textMariotti, Véronique. "Le cycle du carbone en climat glaciaire : état moyen et variabilité." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VERS0071.
Full textAtmospheric CO2 variations, of around 100 ppm, between glacial and interglacial climates, and 14C variations, are not well understood. This is also the case for the 20 ppm variations of CO2 associated to abrupts events at glacial times. Combining both models and data, I have shown (1) that the sinking of brines mechanism - pockets of salt rejected by sea-ice formation - around Antarctica, likely able to explain glacial-interglacial CO2 variations according to previous studies, could also explain the 14C, (2) that an oscillation of this mechanism could also induce the 20 ppm variations of CO2, during abrupt events, (3) that marine productivity was correctly simulated on the glacial-interglacial time scale and during abrupts events and (4) that for both kinds of variations, it had a limited role on CO2
Almantariotis, Dimitrios. "Captage du dioxyde de carbone par des liquides ioniques partiellement fluorés." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00671346.
Full textCastanon, Rodriguez Alba. "Application industrielle de polymères solubles dans le dioxyde de carbone supercritique." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1233/document.
Full textCarbon capture has become a major global process and our aim is to make positive use of the captured carbon dioxide (CO2) as an alternative green solvent. Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) presents many advantages over other conventional solvents employed in polymer synthesis. It is nonflammable, has a very low toxicity and allows an easy recovery of the polymer. Dispersion polymerisation is a technique that provides polymer particles with defined morphology and size and it is therefore industrially relevant. However, the main limitation for using scCO2 as a solvent in this technique is the availability of highly CO2-soluble, environmentally friendly and affordable stabilisers. In this thesis the synthesis of hydrocarbon based stabilisers for dispersion polymerisation is explored. Until very recently, only fluorocarbon and silicone based polymers showed any significant solubility in scCO2 but these are expensive and not environmentally friendly. Hydrocarbon stabilisers constitute a viable alternative, however they have only worked successfully for one monomer system, NVP.1A range of P(VAc-stat-VPi)-block-PNVP block copolymers with different molar masses and molar ratios were synthesised using controlled radical polymerisation techniques (RAFT/MADIX) and characterised by different techniques (NMR, SEC) showing narrow dispersities. The NVP block was incorporated to act as an anchor to the growing polymer particles during dispersion. Solubility of the stabilisers was tested using a variable volume view cell.Finally, block copolymers of different DP of PNVP were tested in dispersion polymerisation of MMA
Lorne, Jean-Luc. "Etude de l'extraction au dioxyde de carbone supercritique des composes volatils." Paris 7, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA077108.
Full textDucoulombier, Maxime. "Ébullition convective du Dioxyde de Carbone : étude expérimentale en micro-canal." Lyon, INSA, 2010. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2010ISAL0013/these.pdf.
Full textEnvironmental concerns regarding ozone depletion and global warming induced a renewed interest in the use of carbon dioxide as a refrigerant. The aim of the present study is to do a synthesis of the current knowledge on CO2 flow boiling. The purpose is also to extend the experimental investigation to new conditions. Heat transfer data from the open literature have been analysed depending on the channel diameter and the saturation temperature. A reflection is presented on the physical phenomena, including flow patterns, playing a part in the heat transfer and leading to specific behaviours. Regarding the available methods to predict the heat transfer coefficient and the pressure drop, their adequacy is also discussed for the case of CO2. Concerning the experimental work, a test section was set up so as to study the CO2 vaporisation in a single 0. 529 mm tube. Local heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop data were obtained mainly for three saturation temperatures, i. E. -10; -5 and 0 C, three heat fluxes, i. E. 10; 20 and 30 kW/m2, and for mass velocities ranging from 200 to 1200 kg/m2. S. Results from well know prediction methods are compared to our measurements, and new correlative approaches are also suggested. It seems that convective vaporisation (as opposed to nucleate boiling) represents an important contribution to the heat transfer. Moreover, an unexpected increase of the dryout inception quality when the mass flux rises is observed for a temperature of - 10 C
Gévaudan, Sylvie. "Influence du dioxyde de carbone sur la phase colloi͏̈dale du lait." Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20039.
Full textLorne, Jean-Luc. "Etude de l'extraction au dioxyde de carbone supercritique des composés volatils." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37615418z.
Full textGomes, Christophe. "Une approche diagonale pour la transformation catalytique du dioxyde de carbone." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00954408.
Full textPellerano, Mario. "Évaluation d'absorbants pour le captage et le transport de CO²." Nantes, 2010. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=f10f503c-d210-4296-89f9-32e6e8a2cc79.
Full textIn order to reduce greenhouse gases emissions, CO2 release due to human activities should be better controlled. CO2 capture by adsorption is considered as one ot the potential options. In this work, different commercialized activated carbons (AC) were evaluated as a potential adsorbent for CO2 capture by pressure modulation and were compared to commercialised zeolites. Adsorption isotherms, materials aging and gas separation were determined and evaluated. Relations between physical properties and adsorption capacities are founded. These relations were used in order to determine the adsorbent demonstrating the best adsorption regeneration capacities depending on the operating conditions applied. CO2 transportation from production places to storage locations is presently accomplished by liquid or supercritical phase, which generate large costs and emissions. This final part of this work considers the possibility to transport CO2 in adsorbed phase (with considered materials) and analyzes its cost as a function of transported quantities, transport conditions and transportation means. CO2 transport by ship in adsorbed phase on small distances was seen as being competive to ship transportation in liquid phase. The CO2 emissions generated by CO2 transport in adsorbed phase were evaluated in all cases (transportation means, distances, conditions) to be much smaller than the ones generated by liquid phase transport
Stoltmann, Tim. "Développement et applications d'un spectromètre laser dédié à la mesure des anomalies isotopiques du dioxyde de carbones du dioxyde de carbone." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAY103.
Full textHigh-precision molecular absorption spectroscopy has become a widely used tool in physics and metrology. More recently, such techniques have gained some favor in the earth sciences and industrial monitoring, mostly for their compactness and robustness. The determination of isotopic ratios of different isotopic systems is nowadays possible with commercially available laser spectrometers. However, in particular for CO2, the full potential of such techniques for highest precision measurements has yet to be exploited. In this thesis, we present a new spectrometer based on optical feedback frequency locking of a fibered distributed feedback laser (DFB) to a highly stable V-shaped reference cell. In such way, we obtain a near infra-red source reaching sub-kHz frequency resolution with a drift of 30 Hz/s. This ultra-narrow, ultra-stable laser source was then combined with a high-stability, high-finesse ring-down cell, using a robust dither lock scheme. We demonstrated a single-spectrum sensitivity of 1.2 x 10-12 cm-1, obtained in 30 seconds, and reported, for a narrow scan, a record-setting minimum detection level 3.8 x 10-14 cm-1, after less than 10 hours of measurement. We applied this instrument to the measurement of isotopic ratios in CO2 and demonstrated the feasibility of direct measurements of Δ17O in CO2. Δ17O is a super-ratio which requires precise measurements three isotopologues, offering information over the hydrological environment of the past, if measured from carbonate rocks. The instrument yielded a precision of 10 ppm in a record-setting measurement time of 10 minutes, demonstrating that laser spectrometers now perform on the same level as state-of-the-art isotopic ratio mass spectrometers currently used in geoscientific studies. We also demonstrated the first laser based measurements of the ratio 16O13C18O/13C16O2 ("clumped isotopes"), demonstrating a precision of 20 ppm with a strong potential to go further. The instrument shows the potential to measure all geoscientifically relevant isotopologue ratios in CO2 in one single measurement. Furthermore, we applied the instrument to Doppler-free saturated absorption spectroscopy. We determined transition frequencies of the 30012<--00001 band of 16O13C16O in natural abundance with kHz accuracy by referencing the laser source to a GPS-referenced optical frequency comb. Using combination differences, we were able to re-determine the B, D and H constant of the upper and lower state, providing evidence for differences between our experimental data and literature. Moreover, we investigated the S(2) transition of D2. The zero-pressure transition frequency was determined with a record-setting precision of 32 kHz, meaning an accuracy of 0.17 ppb. The impact of line profile choices on the retrieval of line specific parameters has been investigated. The instrumentation which was built during this thesis fulfills two major tasks: First, we have proven the capability of measuring Δ17O in CO2 with outstanding precision in record time. Moreover, we demonstrated a successful proof of concept for clumped isotope measurements. While a thorough investigation of memory effects and external reproducibility has yet to be done, it shows the great potential of this technique for use in the geosciences. Secondly, the instrument is a valuable tool for spectroscopy, exhibiting extremely high sensitivity and thus allowing the very precise determination of line-shape parameters and the validation of the most advanced line profiles. Moreover, comb-referencing allows for precise and accurate determination of transition frequencies and pressure induced shifts
Portier, Sandrine. "Solubilité de co2 dans les saumures des bassins sédimentaires : Application au stockage de co2 (gaz à effet de serre)." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2005/PORTIER_Sandrine_2005.pdf.
Full textBéland, Nicolas. "Production économique d’un solvant vert à partir de dioxyde de carbone (CO2)." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/8890.
Full textBouchoul, Nassim. "Valorisation du dioxyde de carbone par couplage plasma non-thermique et catalyse." Thesis, Poitiers, 2019. http://theses.univ-poitiers.fr/62720/2019-Bouchoul-Nassim-These.
Full textThe two main greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are carbon dioxide and methane. Within the context of the current environmental crisis, it has become vital to find a method to valorise these gases. Therefore, this thesis has been conducted to be a part of this process: CO2 and CH4 valorisation. To this end, dry reforming of methane was carried out by coupling non-thermal plasma and catalysts. Metal-based catalysts, such as Ni/Al2O3, are usually used for plasma-catalyst. However, the results are often dissimilar, and even contradictory, as far as conversions and selectivities are concerned. In order to better understand the reasons behind this heterogeneity, the influence of the nature of the solid was studied. For this purpose, metal oxides, such as γ-Al2O3, α-Al2O3, MgO, CaO, La2O3, ZnO, CeO2, SiO2, BaO, TiO2, and a zeolite, were selected because of their respective physicochemical properties (permittivity, acidity, basicity, specific surface). These oxides were submitted to identical tests with identical operational conditions, e.g. a dielectric barrier discharge reactor (DBD), 8W power (800 Hz frequency, 13 and 16 kV tension), a total output of 40 mL.min-1 and a CH4/CO2=0,5 ratio.The study of the physical characteristics of catalysts highlighted the impact of the material’s permittivity or of the size of its grains on the discharge. A high dielectric constant hindered the reaction. When TiO2 (εr=2903) was found in the discharge, it led to a decline in CH4 and CO2 conversions, as they decreased from respectively 20 and 9% without catalyst, to 5 and 2% with TiO2. Furthermore, when grains were too large, there was less surface accessible to plasma, which led to a fall in the reagents’ conversions. Indeed, they dropped from respectively 30 and 15% for CH4 and CO2 for small-sized grains (250-355µm), to 24 and 11% for the largest grains (800-1000µm). In addition to this, the study of the catalysts’ chemical properties showed how basicity influenced the conversions of carbon dioxide. It seemed that when there was a great number of basic sites in a solid, CO2 adsorption was likely to be better. Furthermore, a more detailed study was carried out by coupling calcium oxide with non-thermal plasma. Indeed, the former does not only have a low permittivity, but also a high number of basic sites. Structural and textural modifications appeared after plasma. This was shown by examining the influence of the CH4/CO2 ratio and of the temperature on CaO. When there was a CH4/CO2 = 2 ratio, for a temperature of 300°C, the production of water (reverse water-gas shift reaction) tended to result in the formation of Ca(OH)2 and CaCO3.When water (0,1g.h-1) was added to the reaction mixture, CaO hydroxylation and Ca(OH)2 carbonatation were observed. Furthermore, hydrated calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2+ 18% H2O) carbonatation is more likely to occur under plasma. The analysis of gases at the outlet by a mass spectrometer revealed an oscillatory phenomenon associated with CO2 adsorption. A reaction pathway, during which CO2 and H2O adsorption and elimination occur successively, was therefore put forward. A low-energy plasma (4W) is likely to cause carbonatation, as the solid is originally composed of 0,9Ca(OH)2, 0,9 H2O, 0,1 CaCO3, and is made of 0,1Ca(OH)2, 0,9CaCO3 after plasma. Thus, applying a non-thermal plasma seems to encourage CO2 diffusion at the core of Ca(OH)2+ 18% H2O. Carbonatation is a method to store CO2 but it is a slow process, which is often hindered by CO2 diffusion. In this study, plasma was proved to be a highly interesting process, provided that its efficiency could be increased
GOUVERNET, FRANCOIS. "Transport facilite du dioxyde de carbone a travers une membrane sulfonique tubulaire." Paris 6, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA066575.
Full textMarty, Alain. "Mise en oeuvre de réactions enzymatiques dans du dioxyde de carbone supercritique." Toulouse, INSA, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ISAT0045.
Full textOcampo, Fabien. "Développement de catalyseurs pour la réaction de méthanation du dioxyde de carbone." Strasbourg, 2011. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2011/OCAMPO_Fabien_2011.pdf.
Full textNickel-based catalysts supported on ceria-zirconia mixed oxides were studied in the carbon dioxide methanation reaction. The effect of Ni loading, noble metals doping, the preparation method and Ce/Zr ratio on catalylic performances was examined. The structural and redox properties of the materials were also investigated owing to various characterization techniques. Among other factors, the insertion of Ni2+cations into the mixed oxide structure strongly benefits to catalytic performances. Indeed, it strengthens the metal-support interaction (increasing nickel dispersion) and modifies the support properties (improving its specific activity). Thus, a compromise between the proportion of Nio and Ni2+ species is required to optimize the catalytic results. The system 5Ni(60-40) turned out to be the mosl interesting in respect of economic and ecological criteria. Plus. Our catalysts are more competitive than the other materials given in the literature. The deactivation was ascribed to the sintering of metallic nickel particles and to the partial rejection of Ni2+ cations. Then, the system 5Ni(60-40) was evaluated in a discontinuous process operating under varying H2/CO2 flew, supplied by decarbonated energics and in a process supplied by the outlet flow of biomass vapogasification. The former seems conceivable, and the latter would require a previous decrease in the concentration of carbon monoxide which strongly poisons our catalysts. Lastly, a bifunctional reaction mecanism was proposed, according to the results obtained by infrared spectroscopy analysis. The Nio phase activates the hydrogen and the mixed oxide support activates the carbon dioxide on basic sites
Smith, Christopher. "Synthèse de polyuréthanes par organo-catalyse dans le dioxyde de carbone supercritique." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14743/document.
Full textThe organocatalysed synthesis of polyurethane particles in supercritical carbon dioxide has been studied. Model reactions were first carried out in supercritical CO2 and monitored by in situ infrared spectroscopy in order to indentify the most efficient catalysts for the urethanisation reaction. A series of CO2-philic silicone polymers, end-functionalised with the organocatalytic group (organocatasurfs), were then synthesised and tested in supercritical CO2 for the dispersion polymerisation of polyurethane
Gheno, Thomas. "Oxydation et carburation d'alliages modèles chromino-formeurs dans le dioxyde de carbone." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012INPT0060/document.
Full textMaterials to convey hot CO2-rich gases are needed in carbon capture technologies currently being developed. This work is aimed at investigating the factors controlling the oxidation of chromia-forming alloys in these atmospheres. To do so, model Fe–Cr and Fe–Cr–Ni alloys were exposed to Ar–CO2–H2O gas mixtures at 650 and 800 °C,and the reaction products examined using conventional metallography techniques. Carbide precipitation beneath oxide scales reflects a carbon supersaturation at the metal/oxide interface relative to the external atmosphere: as a gradient of oxygen potential is established across the growing scale, an elevated carbon activity results at the interface if the scale transmits carbon. On the basis of a local equilibrium model, measured carburisation rates and precipitate volume fractions were used to evaluate the influence of oxide composition and of the presence of H2O in the gas on carbon uptake/transport in the scales. Limited carburisation beneath Cr2O3 scales was shown by means of an analysis of subscale chromium depletion not to alter the oxide stability. The morphological evolution of Fe-rich oxide nodules formed as a result of localised Cr2O3 failure was studied in relation to the alloy ability to supply chromium to the metal/oxide interface. Application of nucleation-growth models to the kinetics of nodule development allowed the resistance of Cr2O3 scales to be evaluated in terms of nodule nucleation rates determined from experimental nodule surface coverages and specimen weight gains. The relative importance of nodule nucleation and growth in determining the overall alloy performance as a function of reaction temperature is discussed
Jankhah, Sepideh. "Reformage de l'éthanol au dioxyde de carbone Ethanol reforming with carbon dioxide /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2007.
Find full textVidal, Jean-Paul. "Extraction de plantes aromatiques et médicinales par le dioxyde de carbone dense." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376017983.
Full textLazrag, Mouna. "Optimisation du procédé de séchage d’organogels par le dioxyde de carbone supercritique." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0279/document.
Full textDrying of organogels, gels composed of an organogelator such as amin acids dissolved in a solvent, leads to the formation of aerogels, very light solids with high porosity. These aerogels are expected to be very good heat insulating materials. Preparation of aerogels includes several steps. This process consists of three steps: preparation of supercritical CO2, drying of the gel in an autoclave with a CO2 flow and CO2-solvent separation carried out in a cascade of three separators. In this study both the last steps were discussed in order to optimize the process parameters. The used solvents are tetralin and toluene. The drying kinetic in the autoclave was studied, three different approaches have been exploited. Tetralin transport in supercritical CO2 within the gel is governed only by the diffusion phenomenon in the first two approaches, although, it is governed by diffusion and convection phenomena in the third approach. The mass transfer equations were solved by two numerical software Matlab and ANSYS-Fluent. It seemed that the third approach gave the most consistent results with experimental results. The understanding of the malfunction reasons of cyclonic separators downstream from the autoclave for the case of toluene required two studies: A CFD hydrodynamic study was used to simulate the fluids transport within the first cyclone separator, using the ANSYS-Fluent software. This study showed that the liquid toluene was not carried over into the gas outlet of the cyclone, indicating that hydrodynamic promotes the separation. For this reason, a thermodynamic study of both solvents, toluene and tetralin was performed. Cyclonic separation was regarded as a simple theoretical stage and simulated with PRO / II software. This study has explained very well the experimental results for both solvents and allowed to optimize the process parameters
Huadsai, Wimonsiri. "Activation du dioxyde de carbone par des composés de Lewis hautement acidés." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TLSES053.
Full textThis research aimed to investigate the potential applications of Mg and Ca hydride complexes supported by ß-diketiminate and amidinate ligands for the reduction of CO2 molecules. The catalytic abilities of these complexes were explored in the context of hydroboration and hydrosilylation of CO2. In the first part of the study, we examined the reactivity of ß-diketiminato Mg and Ca hydrides with CO2. It was observed that the Mg hydride complex rapidly incorporated CO2, leading to the formation of various intermediates with different nuclearities. This involved the insertion of Mg—H bond into CO2, resulting in the generation of formate moieties. Under heat, hexameric formate complexes were formed through a "ligand flip" mechanism, releasing steric hindrances around the metal centers. For Ca hydride and CO2 reactions, in situ NMR analysis was mainly conducted. Additionally, a novel Mg amidinate dihydride complex was successfully synthesized and reacted with CO2 to yield a unique single product of dimeric formate Mg complex, in contrast to the ß-diketiminate scaffold, where several formate species were detected. The second part of the research focused on the catalytic hydroboration of CO2 using alkaline-earth hydride complexes. In particular, the Ca-based system demonstrated high efficiency in the production of the four-electron reduction of CO2 or BBA product. This was the first example of using Mg and Ca hydride compounds to catalyze the hydroboration of CO2, selectively producing the BBA product. The in situ generated BBA was further used as a methylene transfer reagent in condensation reactions with thiols, resulting in the formation of novel stable hemithioacetal [RS—CH2—OBR2] compounds under mild and neutral conditions. Activation of the hemithioacetal compounds was achieved under acidic conditions, leading to the formation of dithioacetals and hemithioaminals. The condensation of the second OBR2 fragment with secondary amines, which act as stronger nucleophiles, resulted in the generation of aryl methyl sulfides [RS—CH2—NR2]. In the final section, we investigated the tandem hydrosilylation of CO2 using various hydrosilanes in combination with [Ae]-based hydride complexes and Lewis acid B(C6F5)3 as catalysts. This research expanded on previous studies of Mg-mediated hydrosilylation of CO2 and introduced the first example of Ca-catalyzed CO2 hydrosilylation with hydrosilanes. The effectiveness of reducing CO2 to CH4 or bis(silyl)acetal [H2C(Ph3SiO)2] or BSA depended on the nature of the silanes and the steric hindrances around the substrate Si—H bond. The choice of [Ae] catalyst also significantly influenced the overall reaction rate. Furthermore, Eyring and Arrhenius analyses provided insight into the activation parameters for reducing CO2 by certain catalysts, revealing that this reaction is primarily governed by an entropic contribution. In summary, this research has demonstrated the reactivity of Mg and Ca hydride complexes for CO2 reduction and explored their applications in hydroboration and hydrosilylation reactions. Future investigations may explore mechanistic possibilities, kinetic differences, and the reactivity of group 2 metal hydride complexes with carbon monoxide for CO homologation
Lourantou, Anna. "Contraindre l'augmentation en dioxyde de carbone (CO2) lors des déglaciations basés sur son rapport isotopique stable du carbone (δ13CO2)." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008GRE10286.
Full textThe present work is based on the measurement of carbon dioxide (CO2) and its stable isotopic ratio δ13CO2 in air bubbles trapped in polar ice (EPICA core, Dome C, in Antartica, EDC). We focus on rapid transitions from glacial to interglacial periods. δ13CO2 allows the partitioning of the origin of CO2 between oceanic and terrestrial sources. This study documents with high temporal resolution the evolution of CO2 and δ13CO2 during the two last deglaciations. The last deglaciation is characterized by an increase of 80 ppmv CO2, coeval with a decrease of 0. 6 ‰ in δ13CO2. Larger amplitudes were observed during the penultimate deglaciation (+110 ppmv CO2 with a 0. 9 ‰ decrease in δ13CO2). The measurements, interpreted with two carbon cycle models (BOXKIT and BICYCLE) are consistent with the following scenario. First, a Southern Hemisphere warming triggers an increase in atmospheric CO2. This provokes a biological and physical reorganization of the Southern Ocean which reduces δ13CO2. Last, this reorganization propagates to the north with a delayed impact of terrestrial biosphere during the Bølling/Allerød (B/A). These results obtained for the first time from the EDC core allowed to propose a scenario on the causes of deglaciations. A series of tests, based on ice of different properties, provided a validation of our extraction method
Lourantou, Anna. "Contraindre l'augmentation en dioxyde de carbone (CO2) lors des déglaciations basés sur son rapport isotopique stable du carbone (δ13CO2)." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00370658.
Full textCette étude documente à haute résolution temporelle l'évolution du CO2 et du δ13CO2 pendant les deux dernières déglaciations. La dernière déglaciation est caractérisée par une augmentation en CO2 de 80 ppmv, accompagnée par une diminution en δ13CO2 de 0.6 ‰. Des amplitudes plus importantes sont observées durant la pénultième déglaciation (+110 ppmv CO2, accompagnés pas une diminution en δ13CO2 de 0.9 ‰).
Les mesures, interprétées avec deux modèles du cycle du carbone (BOXKIT et BICYCLE) sont cohérentes avec le scénario suivant. Dans un premier temps, un réchauffement de l'hémisphère sud initie une augmentation du CO2 atmosphérique. Ceci entraîne une réorganisation biologique et physique de l'océan austral qui diminue le δ13CO2. Enfin, cette réorganisation se propage vers le nord avec un impact retardé de la biosphère continentale, pendant le Bølling/Allerød (B/A).
Ces résultats obtenus pour la première fois dans la carotte EDC, ont permis de proposer un scénario sur les causes des déglaciations. Une série de tests, basée sur des glaces de différentes propriétés a fourni une validation de notre méthode d'extraction.
MASSEBIEAU, MARIE-CLAUDE. "Association du procede a anode soluble et de systemes catalytiques dans des reactions impliquant le dioxyde de carbone. Applications en electrosynthese : electroreduction du dioxyde de carbone electrocarboxylation de derives halogenes." Paris 6, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA066231.
Full textGauthron, Isabelle. "Comportement électrochimique de complexes du palladium contenant le ligand bis(diphénylphosphino) méthane (DPPM). Application à l'électroanalyse et à l'activation de la molécule de dioxyde de carbone." Dijon, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997DIJOS035.
Full textBekkali, Abdel Kadouss. "Chaos dans les lasers CO2 : effets galvaniques et effets d'un absorbant saturable." Lille 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LIL10041.
Full textLepers, Catherine. "Dynamique non linéaire dans les lasers CO2 monomode et faiblement multimode : Bifurcation, bruit et dynamique spatio-temporelle." Lille 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LIL10026.
Full textRamonet, Michel. "Variabilité du CO2 atmosphérique en régions australes : comparaison modèle / mesures." Paris 7, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA077184.
Full textPiernot, Olivier. "Etude d'un procédé de dévolatisation de traces d'anhydride maléique au sein d'une matrice polypropylène à l'aide d'une extrudeuse bi-vis." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INPL077N.
Full textThe devolatilization of maleic anhydride from polypropylene has been studed in the aim of contributing to the industrial developpement of the on-line purification of polyolefin containing unreacted monomers. This work was more especially dedicated to find out process parameters allowing to obtain, at constant productivity rate, a polymer with the lowest maleic anhydride amount at the exit of the extruder. An original way for the quantification of maleic anhydride traces -till 20 ppm- has been developed and approved. The higher the temperature, vacuum level and rotational screw speed, the lower the maleic anhydride amount. The proper choice in the screw profile allows to maximize the polymervapor area by volume unit and the position of degassing pipes controls the value of the thermodynamic force along the vacuum zones. The polymer viscosity is important only for the highest vacuum level and the weak influence of initial maleic anhydride content contributes to the industrial process stability. Development of physical equations based model has given the ability to determine different unknown parameters, like the mass transfer coefficient or the Flory Huggins parameter, thanks to experimental data. Such a model has been used for simulation and optimization steps. Then, the use of C02 has been evaluated as a stripping aid agent for devolatilization. The increase in the value of polymer-vapor area by volume unit, by means of hubble growth is an effective way to reduce the maleic anhydride content
Ettlili, Nabil Grevillot Georges Vallières Cécile. "Procédé d'adsorption avec régénération électrothermique pour la capture du dioxyde de carbone en post-combustion." S. l. : INPL, 2008. http://www.scd.inpl-nancy.fr/theses/2008_ETTLILI_N.pdf.
Full textPerevalov, Boris. "Le spectre d'absorption du dioxyde de carbone dans le proche infrarouge (1. 4-1. 7 micro) : Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy, modélisation globale et bases de données." Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10028.
Full textThe CW-CRDS spectra of naturaI and 13C-enriched carbon dioxide in the 5851-7045 cm-I region were analyzed inc1uding the previously investigated 6130-6750 cm-l region which was re-examined in order to reduce the fraction ofunassigned lines. About 8000 line positions belonging to 8 CO2 isotopologues e2C1602, 13CI602' l6012CI80, l6012C170, l6013CI80, l6013C170, 13CI802, l7013CI80) were newly measured with estimated accuracy of 1 X 10-3 cm-l. Only about 5% of lines remained unassigned. The rovibrational parameters were retrieved for a total of 238 bands belonging to eight CO2 isotopologues. A number of resonance intersections were observed and identified. The newly observed line positions were added to the input datasets in order to refme the effective Hamiltonian parameters for six CO2 isotopologues. The fitted sets of effective Hamiltonian parameters reproduce the line positions close to their experimental uncertainties. The line strengths of 2039 and 952 transitions were measured for 13C1602 and l2Cl602 isotopologues in the 1. 6 J. 1m region. Ln the case of l2Cl602 isotopologue the most part of the measured intensities belong to weak perpendicular and "forbidden" bands. The present results were gathered with the selected intensity data reported in the literature in order to refme the effective dipole moment parameters. The fitted sets of effective dipole moment parameters reproduce the experimentalline within their uncertainties. Four occurrences of interpolyad resonance interaction were evidenced for the first time in the case of carbon dioxide. The present work makes an important contribution in the development of the CDSD and HITRAN databases for CO2
Sirat, Abdelkader. "Etude de l'électrohydrogénation du dioxyde de carbone entre 400°C et 600°C." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20184.
Full textThe electrical energy storage is one of the main challenges of the century. The conversion of electrical energy into chemical energy is one of the several possibilities to store electrical energy. As CO2 is the most important gas responsible of greenhouse effect, the compilation of electrical energy storage and CO2 utilization in a process could be of particular interest. In the so-called electrohydrogenation process of CO2, a PCEC (Proton conductor electrolysis Cells) functioning at medium temperature (400°C and 600°C) is used to convert CO2 into organic compounds, like CH4 or CH3OH, to assess electrical energy transformation into chemical energy. The electrolyzer is a conversion tool which creates hydrogen protons that will react with CO2 at the cathode of the electrolyte/electrodes assembly.In this process, experimental parameters like the temperature, the pressure, the CO2 flow, and the power (U and I) applied at the assembly influence the nature and ratio of the different chemical products formed. Mainly, a low CO2 flow will promote the synthesis of products with a low melting point (alcools) even if these compounds are minor relative to CO formation.A co-electrolysis side reaction, caused by the oxygen vacancies in the perovkite (electrolyte), has been identified
Karlovets, Ekaterina. "Spectroscopie d'absorption à très haute sensitivité de différents isotopologues du dioxyde de carbone." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENY027/document.
Full textThis thesis is devoted to the investigation of the high resolution near infrared spectra of carbon dioxide and includes experimental measurements and theoretical modeling of line positions and intensities and refinement and extension of the set of effective operator parameters. The obtained results can be divided by three parts:In the first part, we present the equations for the q0 J, qJ, q2J and q3J-types parameters of the matrix elements of the effective dipole-moment operator in terms of the dipole-moment derivatives and force field constants derived by means of contact transformation method for the following carbon dioxide isotopologues: 16O12C18O, 16O12C17O, 16O13C18O, 16O13C17O, 17O12C18O and 17O13C18O. Using these equations and the obtained isotopic relations for the molecular constants, we derived the effective dipole-moment parameters for the ∆P= 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 series of transitions of the six above asymmetric carbon dioxide isotopologues (P=2V1+V2+3V3 is the polyad number where V1,V2 and V3 are the vibrational quantum numbers). The comparison of the parameters reported in the literature and obtained in this work is performed and discussed.The second part is devoted to the analysis of the room temperature absorption spectrum of highly 18O enriched carbon dioxide recorded by very high sensitivity CW-Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy between 5851 and 6990 cm-1 (1.71-1.43 µm ). Overall, 19526 transitions belonging to eleven isotopologues (12C16O2, 13C16O2, 16O12C18O, 16O12C17O, 16O13C18O, 16O13C17O, 12C18O2, 17O12C18O, 12C17O2, 13C18O2 and 17O13C18O) were assigned on the basis of the predictions of the effective Hamiltonian model. Line intensities of the weakest transitions are on the order of 2×10-29 cm/molecule. The line positions were determined with accuracy better than 1×10-3 cm-1 while the absolute line intensities are reported with an uncertainty better than 10%. All the identified bands correspond to the ∆P= 8, 9 and 10 series of transitions. The accurate spectroscopic parameters for a total of 211 bands belonging to nine isotopologues were derived. Nine resonance perturbations of the upper state rotational structure were identified for 16O12C18O, 12C18O2, 13C18O2, 16O13C18O, 16O12C17O and 17O12C18O isotopologues. New sets of Hamiltonian parameters have been obtained by the global modeling of the line positions within the effective Hamiltonian approach. Using a similar approach, the global fits of the obtained intensity values of the ∆P= 8, 9 and 10 series of transitions were used to derive the corresponding set of effective dipole moment parameters.In the third part, we report the analysis of the absorption spectrum of natural carbon dioxide by high sensitivity CW-Cavity Ring Down spectroscopy between 7909 and 8370 cm-1 (1.26-1.19 µm). Overall, 3425 transitions belonging to 61 bands of 12C16O2, 13C16O2, 16O12C18O, 16O12C17O, 16O13C18O and 16O13C17O were assigned. In the studied spectral region, all bands correspond to ∆P= 11 series of transitions. The accurate spectroscopic parameters of the upper states of 57 bands were derived from a fit of the measured line positions (typical rms deviations of about 0.6×10-3 cm-1). The global fits of the obtained intensity values of the ∆P= 11 series of transitions were used to determine the corresponding set of effective dipole moment parameters of the six studied isotopologues.The large set of new observations obtained in this thesis has an important impact on the global modeling of high resolution spectra of carbon dioxide. It has allowed refining and extending the sets of effective dipole moment and effective Hamiltonian parameters. The obtained results have allowed improving importantly the quality of the line positions and intensities in the most currently used spectroscopic databases of carbon dioxide (HITRAN, GEISA, CDSD)
Alves, Favaro Marcelo. "Synthèse de nouveaux "Covalent Triazine Frameworks" pour la photoréduction du dioxyde de carbone." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE1077.
Full textUsing sunlight as a renewable source of energy to promote carbon dioxide (CO2) conversion is an interesting approach to address sustainable chemicals and fuels production as well as mitigation of climate change. However, in most photocatalytic systems, the utilization of a homogeneous photosensitizer represents a key limitation for long-term reactions due to its low stability. Therefore, novel, more efficient and stable photocatalyst materials and photocatalytic processes are required. Here, the strategy of structuration at the molecular-level of CTF photocatalysts is presented, seeking to enhance their long-term stability. The integration of photo-active centers into a molecularly defined support improve their photocatalytic stability. Moreover, the incorporation of chelating moieties, such as bipyridine, offers a unique possibility for heterogenization of organometallic complex, profiting at the same time from enhanced selectivity and activity from the molecular catalyst and easy handling and separation from its heterogeneous nature. Macroligands, a solid acting like the ligand in the corresponding molecular complex, is a pivotal strategy to bridge the gap between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis.In this thesis, the synthesis of simple CTFs through condensation was done in order to optimize the parameters and highlight the main advantages and drawbacks of this method. Additionally, the approach was extended to the synthesis of functionalized materials, based on bipyridine ligands. Using the strategy of modular design, the content of a ligand within the framework was precisely controlled for the first time. Additionally, by judiciously chosen the proper tailored precursor and its content, it is possible to carefully control properties like light absorption and porosity, pushing the boundaries of molecular control on the synthesis of CTFs. In this regard, CTFs based on bipyridine were precisely designed in order to contain both, a photoactive moiety and a chelating site for the heterogenization of molecular catalysts within the structure. In our all-in-one concept, a (Cp*)-Rhodium complex was heterogenized within CTFs macroligands containing different amounts of bipyridine. Those materials catalyze the carbon dioxide photoreduction to formate, driven by visible light at TOFs around 4 h-1
Camel, Valérie. "Extraction par le dioxyde de carbone supercritique de polluants contenus dans des solides." Paris 6, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA066335.
Full textJuma, Sarah. "Oxycombustion diluée au dioxyde de carbone : étude de la stratégie d'injection du CO2." Rouen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ROUES022.
Full textThe set-up of oxy-fuel combustion with flue gas recirculation raises questions about the design of adapted burners. The separation of the oxidant (O2) and inert gas (flue gas) allows either their injection with premixing of both flows, in burners with similar design than those used in classic air combustion, or separated injection, with the possibility to modify independently the injection parameters for each flow. Both injection strategies are studied and compared in the frame of a simplified academic study, led on CH4-fed multi-coaxial 25 kW burners, with O2 and CO2 (replacing the recirculation gases). These burners are composed of three to four coaxial injections, depending on the strategy: respectively CH4/ O2/(CO2+O2) for premixed strategy, and CH4/O2/CO2/O2 for separated injection strategy. A small primary oxy-fuel flame is maintained, and stabilizes behind the methane lip: four main flame types are observed thanks to chemiluminescence. The flame is continuous and homogeneous in terms of intensity (A type) for premixed burners. For separated injection burners, it may exhibit a localized decrease of intensity between the primary and the secondary flame (A’ or C type), or the secondary flame is lifted far above the primary oxy-fuel flame (B type). Mixing mechanisms leading to these structures are analyzed with PIV, and show that flame stability is favored by recirculation zones, by a small CO2 flow or co-flow (CO2+O2) velocity, associated to a large velocity ratio UO2/UCO2. The large velocity gradients favor the mixing and provide a stable flame, with controlled and acceptable thermal fluxes and temperatures distributions, and exhaust gases composition
Baliteau, Sébastien. "Etude et réalisation d'un capteur potentiométrique à dioxyde de carbone en configuration ouverte." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005GRE10113.
Full textSensors based on NASICON functions out of differential between an electrode sensitive to O2 and another sensitive to CO2 and O2. The response does not depend any more of the oxygen partial pressure. Each element of the sensor (reference electrode, solid electrolyte and sensing electrode) was separately studied with physical and electrical characterizations to select best materials. Screen-printing method was retained among several electrode deposit to test the influence on the response of the sensors. For the sensing electrode (Na2CO3/BaCO3), the compositions having a barium carbonate rate of 25% or 0% ended in satisfactory results on sensitivity. The influence of the reference electrode composition was studied for differents values of the Na2Ti3O7/Na2Ti6O13 ratio. Only the composition 55%-45% in mass gave place to a sensor with thermodynamic behavior, with experimental slopes and standard potentials close to the theoretical values until partial pressures of about 100 Pa. The oxygen has an influence on the response only for the low temperatures. An interference of the water vapor was observed on the standard potential value whatever the temperature, without modification of the sensitivity. The nitric oxyde did not change the response of the sensor. A model of response time limited by the gas diffusion in electrode material was proposed. The planar technology led to thermodynamic sensors only for partial pressure above 10-3 bar
Ortiz, Guillaume. "Synthèse de polymères de coordination poreux pour l'adsorption sélective du dioxyde de carbone." Thesis, Dijon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011DIJOS018.
Full textThe design of material able for CO2 capture is a major issue to achieve post-combustion capture process for many industries. Our work aims to develop new coordination polymer MOF (“Metal-Organic Framework”) prepared by self-assembling polycarboxylic linkers and transition metals. These microporous hybrids materials show important CO2 adsorption properties and are promising in the field of gas separation. The main topic of our work is to synthesise MOFs with high adsorption capacity and selectivity for CO2 over other gases (CO, CH4, N2 and O2). The gas-solid interactions are due to physical phenomena involving the high quadrupolar moment of CO2 and the electrostatic potential lying in the pore of the material. In this manuscript, the synthesis of various organic linkers incorporating N-functionalised polyamines and polyazamacrocycles with benzocarboxylate functions is described. Homo- and hetero- bimetallic materials with original tridimensional structure were obtained from a N-functionalised triazamacrocyclic linker and different metal cations (Zn2+, Co2+, Cd2+ and Ni2+). Studies of porous coordination polymers have shown high CO2 adsorption capacity with a remarkable selectivity in the ambient temperature and pressure conditions
Thomas, Patrick. "Activité du système catalytique Zéolithe A-cuivre dans l'hydrogénation du dioxyde de carbone." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376103890.
Full textSahin, Nihat Ege. "Réduction électrochimique du dioxyde de carbone sur des électrocatalyseurs à base de cuivre." Thesis, Poitiers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016POIT2313/document.
Full textThe anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) are the major cause of global warming. The selective CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) of has been proposed as a promising, convenient and efficient method for sustainable energy conversion systems. The reduction of CO2 to energetically valuable products requires the use of an appropriate electrode material. This study focuses on the preparation of Cu-based electrocatalysts supported on different types of carbon materials such as Vulcan XC-72R, mesoporous carbon CMK-3, mesoporous carbon FDU-15 and tannin based mesoporous carbon IS2M for the CO2RR under mild conditions. Besides, Vulcan XC-72R carbon supported bimetallic copper/palladium alloy materials were prepared for increasing the Faradaic yield. These copper-based catalysts were electrochemically characterized and preparative electrolyses set at constant potential were carried out in order to investigate the reduction products distribution and Faradaic yields as a function of the applied potential and catalyst loading. Chemicals such as HCOOH, CO and H2 issued from the CO2RR, were determined with in-situ and ex-situ complementary (electro)analytical and spectroscopic techniques. The significant difference in the product distribution is probably due to the ensemble (geometry and ligand) effects in the bimetallic CuPd materials, and textural structure of the supporting substrates. Selective CO2 to-HCOOH conversion has been successfully undertaken on Cu50Pd50/C with 62 % Faradaic efficiency