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Journal articles on the topic 'Dioxin-like Polychlorinated Biphenyl'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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1

Bhavsar, Satyendra, Alan Hayton, Eric Reiner, and Don Jackson. "Estimating dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl toxic equivalents from total polychlorinated biphenyl measurements in fish." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry preprint, no. 2007 (2007): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/06-621.

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2

Bhavsar, Satyendra P., Alan Hayton, Eric J. Reiner, and Donald A. Jackson. "ESTIMATING DIOXIN-LIKE POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL TOXIC EQUIVALENTS FROM TOTAL POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL MEASUREMENTS IN FISH." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 26, no. 8 (2007): 1622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/06-621r.1.

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3

Mikołajczyk, Szczepan, Małgorzata Warenik-Bany, Sebastian Maszewski, and Marek Pajurek. "Farmed fish as a source of dioxins and PCBs for Polish consumers." Journal of Veterinary Research 64, no. 3 (August 28, 2020): 427–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2020-0054.

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AbstractIntroductionThis paper reports polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF), and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations in fish collected from Polish and Vietnamese farms and the related risk for consumers.Material and MethodsAltogether, 160 samples were analysed using an isotope dilution technique with high-resolution gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC-HRMS). To characterise the potential health risk associated with PCDD/F and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (DL-PCB) intake, doses ingested in two 100 g portions of fish by adults and children were calculated and expressed as the percentage of the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) newly established by the EFSA in November 2018 at 2 pg WHO-TEQ kg−1 b.w.ResultsGenerally, levels in fish muscles were low in relation to maximum limits (4), being in the range of 0.02–3.98 pg WHO-TEQ g−1 wet weight (w.w.) for PCDD/F/DL-PCBs and 0.05–24.94 ng g−1 w.w. for NDL-PCBs. The highest concentration was found in eel muscles. The least polluted were pangas and zanders and the levels were at the limits of quantification. Consumption of two portions of fish per week results in intakes of 9– 866% TWI by children and 4–286% TWI by adults.ConclusionFrequent consumption of some species (for example eel and bream) can pose a health risk to vulnerable consumers and especially children and pregnant women.

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4

Kawashima, Ayato, Misato Katayama, Noriko Matsumoto, and Katsuhisa Honda. "Physicochemical characteristics of carbonaceous adsorbent for dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl adsorption." Chemosphere 83, no. 6 (April 2011): 823–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.074.

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5

Demond, Avery, Timothy Towey, Peter Adriaens, Xiaobo Zhong, Kristine Knutson, Qixuan Chen, Biling Hong, et al. "Relationship between polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, polychlorinated dibenzofuran, and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations in vegetation and soil on residential properties." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 29, no. 12 (October 20, 2010): 2660–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.344.

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6

Reindl, Andrzej R., and Lucyna Falkowska. "Food source as a factor determining birds' exposure to hazardous organic pollutants and egg contamination." Marine and Freshwater Research 71, no. 4 (2020): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf19159.

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Alimentary exposure is the main factor determining halogenated organic compound pollution of wildlife, with birds’ eggs recognised as bioindicators of these contaminants and often used as a non-invasive monitoring tool. Comparisons of bird species from two aquatic environments, namely a marine coastal area (Gdansk Bay) and an inland reservoir (Włocławek Dam on the Vistula River), indicated significant differences in egg contamination. Herring gull eggs from Włocławek Dam had high concentrations of highly chlorinated dioxin (i.e. octachlorodibenzodioxin, which accounted for 37% of all polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzo furans, PCDD/Fs). In contrast, eggs from terns feeding along the coastal area of the Southern Baltic contained high concentrations of lowly chlorinated furans (i.e. pentachlorodibezofuran, which accounted for 46 and 45% of all PCDD/Fs in eggs from the sandwich tern and common tern respectively). The congener patterns in terns’ eggs were similar to those reported previously for Baltic fish. Polychlorinated biphenyl congener 180 had the highest concentrations among the mono-ortho chlorinated biphenyls, whereas concentrations of non-dioxin-like chlorinated biphenyls were 10-fold higher than those of the other congeners analysed, but the congener pattern in eggs from both species (sandwich and common tern) was similar to that reported in other studies. Among the hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) isomers, α-HBCD dominated in all eggs analysed (accounting for >97% of all HBCDs). The total HBCD concentration in gulls’ eggs from the inland reservoir was approximately half that in eggs from the common and sandwich terns (mean±s.d. 47.33±33.22v. 97.98±59.69 and 104.00±63.66ngg–1 lipid weight respectively).

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7

Kawashima, Ayato, Hideno Akihiro, Hidetaka Morita, Masayoshi Fukuoka, Katsuhisa Honda, and Masatoshi Morita. "Dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl adsorbent obtained from enzymatic saccharification residue of lignocellulose." Bioresource Technology 102, no. 7 (April 2011): 4682–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.01.033.

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8

Lee, Ching-Chang, Hsin-Tang Lin, Ya-Min Kao, Mei-Hua Chang, and Hsiu-Ling Chen. "Temporal trend of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/polychlorinated dibenzofuran and dioxin like-polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations in food from Taiwan markets during 2004–2012." Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 24, no. 3 (July 2016): 644–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2016.02.006.

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9

Brankovič, Jana, Gregor Fazarinc, Maja Antanasova, Peter Jevnikar, Janja Jan, Ines Anders, Katarina Pavšič Vrtač, Breda Jakovac Strajn, David Antolinc, and Milka Vrecl. "Lactational exposure to dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl 169 and nondioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl 155: Effects on rat femur growth, biomechanics and mineral composition." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 180 (September 2019): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.04.076.

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10

Holland, E. B., and I. N. Pessah. "Non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl neurotoxic equivalents found in environmental and human samples." Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 120 (March 2021): 104842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104842.

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11

Liu, Tie Bing, Hai Yun Tu, Li Ming Han, Qiu Ping Yuan, and Greg Duns. "Determination of PCB Residues in Vegetables by GC-MS." Advanced Materials Research 487 (March 2012): 724–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.487.724.

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This paper examines a method for the simultaneous detection of 12 different dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) residues in vegetables. A qualitative and quantitative determination of PCB residues in vegetables was undertaken by a combination of high-speed freezing centrifugation, solid phase extraction, purification, concentration, and GC- MS and GC-ECD. From this combination of methods, 12 different PCBs were detected in vegetables over a linear concentration range of 0.001 to 2 µ g/L (ppb), with detection limits ranging from 0.4ppb to 0.5 ppb, a linear correlation coefficient of 0.99, recoveries ranging from 96.25%-117.5%, and a relative standard deviation ≤ 21%(RSD) .

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12

St-Gelais, Adam T., Christoph Aeppli, Craig A. Burnell, and Barry A. Costa-Pierce. "Non-dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyl indicator congeners in Northwest Atlantic spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias)." Marine Pollution Bulletin 120, no. 1-2 (July 2017): 414–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.05.001.

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13

Shaikh, Nadim S., Sean Parkin, Gregor Luthe, and Hans-Joachim Lehmler. "The three-dimensional structure of 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl, a dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)." Chemosphere 70, no. 9 (February 2008): 1694–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.07.017.

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14

Paul, Raiza, Alejandro Romero, Julia Moltó, Nuria Ortuño, Jon Aizpurua, and María José Gómez-Torres. "Associations of paternal serum dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations with IVF success: A pilot study." Environmental Research 206 (April 2022): 112248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112248.

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15

Kim, Jong-Hui, Soobeen Hwang, and Su-Hyun Jo. "Non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl 19 has distinct effects on human Kv1.3 and Kv1.5 channels." Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 411 (January 2021): 115365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2020.115365.

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16

Pocar, Paola, Daniela Nestler, Michaela Risch, and Bernd Fischer. "Apoptosis in bovine cumulus–oocyte complexes after exposure to polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures during in vitro maturation." Reproduction 130, no. 6 (December 2005): 857–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00761.

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Aroclor-1254 (A-1254) is a commercial mixture of coplanar (dioxin-like) and non-coplanar (non dioxin-like) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) affecting bovine oocytein vitromaturation (IVM) and developmental competence. In the present study, the role of cumulus cell apoptosis in mediating the toxic effects of PCBs duringin vitromaturation has been investigated. Results indicate that exposure of cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) to A-1254 significantly induced apoptosis of cumulus cells. Furthermore, A-1254 significantly increased the expression of the pro-apoptotic gene, Bax, concomitantly reducing the level of the anti-apoptotic gene, Bcl-2, in the cumulus cell compartment. The effects of pure mixtures of coplanar (PCB 77, 126 and 169) or non-coplanar (PCB 52, 101 and 153) PCBs were examined. Exposure of COCs to coplanar PCBs affected maturation at doses as low as 100.6 pg/ml. Furthermore, a significant increase in apoptosis and in Bax mRNA expression was observed. No variations in maturation or apoptosis were observed in the non-coplanar PCB group. To further analyze the role of cumulus cells, COCs and denuded oocytes (DOs) have been exposed to A-1254 or coplanar PCBs during IVM. Exposure of COCs significantly reduced the percentage of matured oocytes after 24 h of culture in both treatments. In contrast, exposure of DOs significantly decreased the maturation rate only at the highest dose investigated (100-fold greater than that affecting COCs). Taken together, the results indicate a direct role of cumulus cell apoptosis in mediating PCB toxicity on bovine oocytes, and a direct relationship between congener planarity and toxicity in bovine oocytes is suggested.

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17

Bernard, A., and S. Fierens. "The Belgian PCB/Dioxin Incident: A Critical Review of Health Risks Evaluations." International Journal of Toxicology 21, no. 5 (September 2002): 333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10915810290096540.

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The Belgian PCB/dioxin incident is a food contamination that occurred in Belgium in January 1999 when a tank of recycled fats used to produce animal feeds was accidentally contaminated by approximately 100 L of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) oil containing 50 kg PCBs expressed as the sum of the seven markers, 1 g (TEQ) dioxins (PCDD/Fs) and 2 g toxic equivalent (TEQ) dioxin-like PCBs. The incident was discovered when a poultry poisoning resembling the classic chick edema disease broke out in several farms that had received contaminated feeds. The delay in making public this incident resulted in a major political and food crisis and caused much concern in the population. We review here the health risk evaluations that were made after this incident and we assess the likelihood of the different scenarios by taking into account recent data on the real scale of the contamination and on the dioxin body burden of the general population in Belgium. These new data confirm that the incident was too limited in time and in scale to have increased the PCB/dioxin body burden of the general population at large, a conclusion supported by a survey of dioxin levels in blood conducted at the end of 1999. Only farmers in poultry farms affected by the incident (about 30 farms) and having regularly consumed their own products could have increased their PCB/dioxin body burden. It is unlikely, however, that these farmers could have increased their PCB/dioxin body burden above levels prevailing in the 1980s or now found in communities regularly consuming seafood.

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18

Witczak, Agata, Anna Pohoryło, Aleksandra Aftyka, Kamila Pokorska-Niewiada, and Grzegorz Witczak. "Changes in Polychlorinated Biphenyl Residues in Milk during Lactation: Levels of Contamination, Influencing Factors, and Infant Risk Assessment." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 21 (October 22, 2022): 12717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232112717.

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Given the importance of breastfeeding infants, the contamination of human milk is a significant public concern. The aim of this study was to assess the contamination of human milk with dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs) and non-dioxin-like PCBs (ndl-PCBs) in relation to the duration of lactation and other influencing factors, especially the frequency of the consumption of selected foods during pregnancy. Based on this, the health risk to infants was assessed and compared to the tolerable daily intake (TDI). PCB determinations were performed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The ∑ndl-PCB content ranged from 0.008 to 0.897 ng/g w.w., at an average of 0.552 ng/g wet weight, which was 55% of the maximum level according to the EU guidelines for foods for infants and young children. The toxic equivalent (TEQ) was in the range of 0.033–5.67 pg-TEQ/g w.w. The content of non-ortho, mono-ortho, and ndl-PCBs in human milk decreased the longer lactation continued. Moreover, when pregnant women smoked tobacco, this correlated significantly with increases in the concentrations of PCB congeners 156, 118, and 189 in human milk. The human milk contents of PCB congeners 77, 81, 186, 118, and 189 were strongly positively correlated with the amount of fish consumed. The content of stable congeners PCB 135 and PCB 153 increased with age.

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19

Klocke, Carolyn, and Pamela J. Lein. "Evidence Implicating Non-Dioxin-Like Congeners as the Key Mediators of Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Developmental Neurotoxicity." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 3 (February 4, 2020): 1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21031013.

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Despite being banned from production for decades, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) continue to pose a significant risk to human health. This is due to not only the continued release of legacy PCBs from PCB-containing equipment and materials manufactured prior to the ban on PCB production, but also the inadvertent production of PCBs as byproducts of contemporary pigment and dye production. Evidence from human and animal studies clearly identifies developmental neurotoxicity as a primary endpoint of concern associated with PCB exposures. However, the relative role(s) of specific PCB congeners in mediating the adverse effects of PCBs on the developing nervous system, and the mechanism(s) by which PCBs disrupt typical neurodevelopment remain outstanding questions. New questions are also emerging regarding the potential developmental neurotoxicity of lower chlorinated PCBs that were not present in the legacy commercial PCB mixtures, but constitute a significant proportion of contemporary human PCB exposures. Here, we review behavioral and mechanistic data obtained from experimental models as well as recent epidemiological studies that suggest the non-dioxin-like (NDL) PCBs are primarily responsible for the developmental neurotoxicity associated with PCBs. We also discuss emerging data demonstrating the potential for non-legacy, lower chlorinated PCBs to cause adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. Molecular targets, the relevance of PCB interactions with these targets to neurodevelopmental disorders, and critical data gaps are addressed as well.

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20

Helm, Paul A., and Terry F. Bidleman. "Current Combustion-Related Sources Contribute to Polychlorinated Naphthalene and Dioxin-Like Polychlorinated Biphenyl Levels and Profiles in Air in Toronto, Canada." Environmental Science & Technology 37, no. 6 (March 2003): 1075–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es020860a.

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21

Kim, Hye Young, and Young Hyun Yoo. "Recombinant FGF21 Attenuates Polychlorinated Biphenyl-Induced NAFLD/NASH by Modulating Hepatic Lipocalin-2 Expression." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 16 (August 10, 2022): 8899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23168899.

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Although recent studies have demonstrated that polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) exposure leads to toxicant-associated steatohepatitis, the underlying mechanism of this condition remains unsolved. Male C57Bl/6 mice fed a standard diet (SD) or 60% high fat diet (HFD) were exposed to the nondioxin-like PCB mixture Aroclor1260 or dioxin-like PCB congener PCB126 by intraperitoneal injection for a total of four times for six weeks. We observed hepatic injury, steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in not only the Aroclor1260-treated mice fed a HFD but the PCB126-treated mice fed either a SD or a HFD. We also observed that both types of PCB exposure induced hepatic iron overload (HIO). Noticeably, the expression of hepatic lipocalin-2 (LCN2) was significantly increased in the PCB-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) models. The knockdown of LCN2 resulted in improvement of PCB-induced lipid and iron accumulation in vitro, suggesting that LCN2 plays a pivotal role in PCB-induced NAFLD/NASH. We observed that recombinant FGF21 improved hepatic steatosis and HIO in the PCB-induced NAFLD/NASH models. Importantly, recombinant FGF21 reduced the PCB-induced overexpression of hepatic LCN2 in vivo and in vitro. Our findings indicate that recombinant FGF21 attenuates PCB-induced NAFLD/NASH by modulating hepatic lipocalin-2 expression. Our data suggest that hepatic LCN2 might represent a suitable therapeutic target for improving PCB-induced NAFLD/NASH accompanying HIO.

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22

Tundo, Pietro, Stefano Raccanelli, Laila A. Reda, and Mohamed Tawic Ahmed. "Distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediment of Temsah lake, Suez Canal, Egypt." Chemistry and Ecology 20, no. 4 (August 2004): 257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02757540410001689768.

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23

SERPE, F. P., R. RUSSO, L. AMBROSIO, M. ESPOSITO, and L. SEVERINO. "Accreditation of a Screening Method for Non–Dioxin-like Polychlorinated Biphenyl Detection in Fishery Products according to European Legislation." Journal of Food Protection 76, no. 6 (June 1, 2013): 1017–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-484.

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European Commission Regulation 882/2004/EC requires that official control laboratories for foodstuffs in the member states are certified according to UNI EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005 (general requirement for the competence of calibration and testing laboratories). This mandatory requirement has resulted in a continuous adaptation and development of analytical procedures. The aim of this study was to develop a method for semiquantitative screening of polychlorinated biphenyls in fish for human consumption. According to the Commission Decision 657/2002/CE, the detection capability, the precision, the selectivity-specificity, and applicability-ruggedness-stability were determined to validate the method. Moreover, trueness was verified. This procedure resulted in rapid execution, which allowed immediate and effective intervention by the local health authorities to protect the health of consumers. Finally, the procedure has been recognized by the Italian accrediting body, ACCREDIA.

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24

Lopshire, R. F., J. T. Watson, and C. G. Enke. "Composition-Selective Detection of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) By Oxygen-Chlorine Exchange Reaction in a Tandem Mass Spectrometer (Ms/Ms)." Toxicology and Industrial Health 12, no. 3-4 (May 1996): 375–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823379601200310.

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The exchange reaction of chlorine by oxygen with polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) anions was explored as a method for composition-selective detection of PCB congeners in a gas chromatograph/tandem mass spectrometer (GC/MS/MS) experiment. The odd-electron molecular anions of PCBs react with molecular oxygen introduced into the collision cell of a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer to form a product ion that has 19 mass units less (35Cl-16 O) than the precursor. The even-electron anions which also form in the source do not react when allowed to pass through the precursor analyzer. Multiple reaction monitoring allows the generation of separate chromatograms for each different composition from tetrachloro through nonochloro PCB. Most coelutants are resolved in this way. Response factors for the 12 coplanar congeners that exhibit dioxin-like toxicity relative to octachloronaphthalene vary from 1.6 to 580. Results of the analysis of an Aroclor 1242 sample for the coplanar congeners compare well with previously determined values.

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25

Ishii, Yuji, and Kazuta Oguri. "Liver Proteins that are Sensitive to a Dioxin-Like Toxic Compound, Coplanar Polychlorinated Biphenyl, 3,3′,4,4′,5-Pentachlorobiphenyl." JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE 48, no. 2 (2002): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/jhs.48.97.

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26

Hu, Jicheng, Jing Wu, Chenyang Xu, Xiaoshuo Zha, Ying Hua, Liwen Yang, and Jun Jin. "Preliminary investigation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran, polychlorinated naphthalene, and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations in ambient air in an industrial park at the northeastern edge of the Tibet–Qinghai Plateau, China." Science of The Total Environment 648 (January 2019): 935–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.241.

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27

Zhang, Yaran, Ruina Cui, Guohui Shi, Yi Dai, Jiuhong Dong, Qi Wu, Hongxia Zhang, and Jiayin Dai. "Dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl 126 (PCB126) disrupts gut microbiota-host metabolic dysfunction in mice via aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 236 (May 2022): 113448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113448.

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28

KAWASHIMA, Ayato, Noriko MATSUMOTO, and Katsuhisa HONDA. "Effects of Manufacturing Conditions on the Adsorption Capacity of Dioxin-like Polychlorinated Biphenyl by Bamboo Charcoal and Activated Carbon." Journal of Environmental Chemistry 22, no. 1 (2012): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5985/jec.22.9.

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29

Romero, Ashly N., Maria Herlin, Mikko Finnilä, Merja Korkalainen, Helen Håkansson, Matti Viluksela, and Sabrina B. Sholts. "Skeletal and dental effects on rats following in utero/lactational exposure to the non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl PCB 180." PLOS ONE 12, no. 9 (September 28, 2017): e0185241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185241.

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30

Berntssen, Marc H. G., Tor Andre Giskegjerde, Grethe Rosenlund, Bente E. Torstensen, and Anne-Katrine Lundebye. "PREDICTING WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION TOXIC EQUIVALENCY FACTOR DIOXIN AND DIOXIN-LIKE POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL LEVELS IN FARMED ATLANTIC SALMON (SALMO SALAR) BASED ON KNOWN LEVELS IN FEED." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 26, no. 1 (2007): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/06-122r.1.

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31

Williams, Ashlee E., James Watt, Larry W. Robertson, Gopi Gadupudi, Michele L. Osborn, Michael J. Soares, Khursheed Iqbal, et al. "Skeletal Toxicity of Coplanar Polychlorinated Biphenyl Congener 126 in the Rat Is Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Dependent." Toxicological Sciences 175, no. 1 (April 6, 2020): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfaa030.

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Abstract Epidemiological evidence links polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to skeletal toxicity, however mechanisms whereby PCBs affect bone are poorly studied. In this study, coplanar PCB 126 (5 μmol/kg) or corn oil vehicle was administered to N = 5 and 6 male and female, wild type (WT) or AhR −/− rats via intraperitoneal injection. Animals were sacrificed after 4 weeks. Bone length was measured; bone morphology was assessed by microcomputed tomography and dynamic histomorphometry. Reduced bone length was the only genotype-specific effect and only observed in males (p < .05). WT rats exposed to PCB 126 had reduced serum calcium, and smaller bones with reduced tibial length, cortical area, and medullary area relative to vehicle controls (p < .05). Reduced bone formation rate observed in dynamic histomorphometry was consistent with inhibition of endosteal and periosteal bone growth. The effects of PCB 126 were abolished in AhR −/− rats. Gene expression in bone marrow and shaft were assessed by RNA sequencing. Approximately 75% of the PCB-regulated genes appeared AhR dependent with 89 genes significantly (p < .05) regulated by both PCB 126 and knockout of the AhR gene. Novel targets significantly induced by PCB 126 included Indian hedgehog (Ihh) and connective tissue growth factor (Ctgf/Ccn2), which regulate chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation in the bone growth plate and cell-matrix interactions. These data suggest the toxic effects of PCB 126 on bone are mediated by AhR, which has direct effects on the growth plate and indirect actions related to endocrine disruption. These studies clarify important mechanisms underlying skeletal toxicity of dioxin-like PCBs and highlight potential therapeutic targets.

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32

Herlin, Maria, Mattias Öberg, Joakim Ringblom, Bertrand Joseph, Merja Korkalainen, Matti Viluksela, Rachel A. Heimeier, and Helen Håkansson. "Inhibitory effects on osteoblast differentiation in vitro by the polychlorinated biphenyl mixture Aroclor 1254 are mainly associated with the dioxin-like constituents." Toxicology in Vitro 29, no. 5 (August 2015): 876–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2015.03.006.

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33

Hamers, Timo, Jorke H. Kamstra, Peter H. Cenijn, Katerina Pencikova, Lenka Palkova, Pavlina Simeckova, Jan Vondracek, Patrik L. Andersson, Mia Stenberg, and Miroslav Machala. "In Vitro Toxicity Profiling of Ultrapure Non–Dioxin-like Polychlorinated Biphenyl Congeners and Their Relative Toxic Contribution to PCB Mixtures in Humans." Toxicological Sciences 121, no. 1 (February 25, 2011): 88–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfr043.

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34

Naito, Wataru, and Mariko Murata. "Evaluation of population-level ecological risks of dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl exposure to fish-eating birds in Tokyo Bay and its vicinity." Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 3, no. 1 (January 2007): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ieam.5630030106.

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35

Mrema, EJ, FM Rubino, S. Mandic-Rajcevic, E. Sturchio, R. Turci, A. Osculati, G. Brambilla, C. Minoia, and C. Colosio. "Exposure to priority organochlorine contaminants in the Italian general population. Part 2." Human & Experimental Toxicology 33, no. 2 (July 15, 2013): 170–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327113485256.

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Concentrations of 36 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners were measured in serum of 372 Italian residents of general population living in Novafeltria, Pavia, and Milan. Total PCB level differed significantly between these sites ( p < 0.0001) with median concentrations of 836.50, 1354.57, and 2062.08 pmol/g lipid, respectively. However, there is no evidence for the difference in distribution of total PCB levels by genders. Total dioxin-like PCBs differed significantly ( p < 0.0001) between the sites (median 109.78, 50.88, and 166.99 pmol/g lipid, respectively) and genders of Novafeltria and Pavia ( p = 0.011 and 0.009, respectively). PCB 138, 153, 170, and 180 differed significantly between the places of residence ( p < 0.0001) with higher values in Milan population. In the overall population, total PCB and PCB 138, 153, 156, 170, and 180 correlated positively with age (correlations range between 0.320 and 0.569, p < 0.0001). In Novafeltria, the correlations ranged between 0.545 and 0.670, and in Pavia, the correlations ranged between 0.516 and 0.666. In Milan, correlations with age range between 0.327 and 0.417 for total PCB and congeners 138, 153, and 180. With an exception of PCB 170, there was no evidence of significant difference in the distribution of most abundant PCB congeners and total PCB across the body mass index categories.

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Choi, Geun-Hyoung, Dal-Soon Choi, Su-Myeong Hong, Oh-Kyoung Kwon, Hee Soo Eun, Jung Han Kim, and Jin Hyo Kim. "Investigation on Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins, Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans and Dioxin-like Polychlorinated Biphenyls of Grains and Estimation of Dietary Intake for Korean." Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry 55, no. 4 (December 31, 2012): 253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3839/jabc.2012.040.

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Roark, Shaun A., Mary A. Kelble, Diane Nacci, Denise Champlin, Laura Coiro, and Sheldon I. Guttman. "POPULATION GENETIC STRUCTURE AND TOLERANCE TO DIOXIN-LIKE COMPOUNDS OF A MIGRATORY MARINE FISH (MENIDIA MENIDIA) AT POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL–CONTAMINATED AND REFERENCE SITES." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24, no. 3 (2005): 726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/03-688.1.

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38

Ergül, Halim Aytekin, Türkan Erdem, Ezgi Gizem Pelin, Arda M. Tonay, Serdar Aksan, and Bayram Öztürk. "Assessment of Pesticide, Dioxin-like Polychlorinated Biphenyl, and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Existence around Galindez Island, and Comparison with the Organic Pollution Bibliography of the Antarctic Peninsula." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (March 28, 2022): 3994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14073994.

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Sediment, notothenioid fish, and moss samples were collected from the vicinity of Galindez Island, Antarctic Peninsula during the austral autumn of 2016 and 2017. Pesticide, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH), and dioxin-like Polychlorinated Biphenyl (dl-PCB) concentrations were measured using High-Resolution Gas and Liquid Chromatography. Pollutant concentrations were below detection limits in sediment and moss samples. However, pesticides, PAH, and dl-PCB congeners were detected in the muscle tissue of fishes. Pesticide concentrations varied between 0.46 and 12.2 ng/g-dw, and Mecarbam was the dominant compound. Kresoxim-methyl, Mecarbam, Procymidone, Pyridaben, and Quinoxyfen were reported in the muscle tissue of the fishes, for the first time from the Antarctic. PCB-118, PCB-105, and PCB-156 were dominant dl-PCBs. The ∑12-dl-PCB concentration was 160,929 pg/g-dw, and WHO-TEQ-total dl-PCB was 8.30 pg/g-dw in Trematomus bernachii, over the consumable limit in fishes according to the European Commission. The PCB-126 concentration was 36 pg/g-dw in the muscle tissue of fish, the first reported from the Antarctic. Phenanthrene was the dominant PAH congener. The ∑16-PAH concentration was 22.5 ng/g-dw. PAH sources were local and petrogenic in the fishes, likely after long-term bioaccumulation. The flow rate is rather low around Galindez Island; accordingly, contaminant removal takes time and may demonstrate long-lasting effects including bioaccumulation in the marine food web.

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Ishii, Yuji, Harutoshi Kato, Megumu Hatsumura, Takumi Ishida, Noritaka Ariyoshi, Hideyuki Yamada, and Kazuta Oguri. "Role of the Dioxin-like Toxic Compound Coplanar Polychlorinated Biphenyl, 3,3',4,4',5-Pentachlorobiphenyl in Reducing Hepatic Alcohol Dehydrogenase Levels in Rats in Vivo." JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE 47, no. 6 (2001): 575–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/jhs.47.575.

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40

Lin, Mu, Yulong Ma, Haodong Yuan, Xinghua Luo, Qinghua Wang, Anming Liu, Ying Wang, and Jun Jin. "Temporal trends in dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations in serum from the general population of Shandong Province, China: A longitudinal study from 2011 to 2017." Environmental Pollution 243 (December 2018): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.021.

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41

Martínez, K., J. Rivera-Austrui, M. A. Adrados, M. Abalos, J. J. Llerena, B. van Bavel, J. Rivera, and E. Abad. "Uncertainty assessment of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofuran and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl analysis in stationary source sample emissions in accordance with the impending European standard EN-1948 using fly ashes." Journal of Chromatography A 1216, no. 31 (July 2009): 5888–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2009.06.024.

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42

Kato, Yoshihisa, Koichi Haraguchi, Makiko Kubota, Yoshiki Seto, Takashi Okura, Shin-ichi Ikushiro, Nobuyuki Koga, Shizuo Yamada, and Masakuni Degawa. "A Possible Mechanism for the Decrease in Serum Thyroxine Level by a 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-Like Polychlorinated Biphenyl Congener, 3,3′,4,4′,5-Pentachlorobiphenyl in Mice." Drug Metabolism and Disposition 38, no. 1 (September 28, 2009): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/dmd.109.029348.

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43

Ferrante, M. C., G. Mattace Raso, E. Esposito, G. Bianco, A. Iacono, M. T. Clausi, P. Amero, et al. "Effects of non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (PCB 101, PCB 153 and PCB 180) alone or mixed on J774A.1 macrophage cell line: modification of apoptotic pathway." Toxicology Letters 202, no. 1 (April 2011): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.01.023.

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44

Mitoma, Yoshiharu, Maki Takase, Yoshiko Yoshino, Taizo Masuda, Hideki Tashiro, Naoyoshi Egashira, and Takashi Oki. "Novel Mild Hydrodechlorination of PCDDs, PCDFs, and co-PCBs inside Fly Ash Using a Calcium-Promoted Rhodium Carbon Catalyst in Methanol." Environmental Chemistry 3, no. 3 (2006): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en06002.

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Environmental Context. The generic term ‘dioxins’, the family of which includes polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like compounds such as coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (co-PCBs), is used to describe highly toxic and mutagenic compounds. Many methods that involve high-temperature or high-pressure dry hydrogen conditions to ensure adequate decomposition for persistent chlorinated aromatic pollutants present disadvantages for repeated synthesis or recovery of vaporized dioxins and co-PCBs. We discovered that highly efficient degradation of dioxins in fly ash is accomplished in 24 h using metallic calcium and Rh/C in alcohol in a sealed tube at 25°C at 0.15 MPa. Abstract. Effective hydrodechlorination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like compounds such as coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls in fly ash was achieved in 24 h using a simple stirring operation in a sealed tube with metallic calcium and Rh/C catalyst in an alcohol solution at room temperature with 0.15 MPa of increasing internal pressure. The initial 7806 pg dioxin toxic equivalent (TEQ) (g of ash)–1 of dioxins in fly ash, which had adsorbed inside the solid phase, was finally degraded to 23.6 pg of TEQ (g of ash)–1, according to estimation using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis.

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Özkök, Aslı, Gül Çelik Çakıroğulları, Kadriye Sorkun, Hatice Gür Yağlı, İbrahim Alsan, Berkay Bektaş, and Devrim Kılıç. "Dioxin Analysis of Bee Pollen Pellets Collected by Apis mellifera L. in Rural Area of Turkey." Journal of Apicultural Science 62, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jas-2018-0011.

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Abstract Bee pollen, an important bee product, is harvested as a food supplement for humans, so it must be safe in terms of toxic components for consumption. The aim of this study is to determine the amounts of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) and non dioxin-like PCBs (ndl-PCBs) in the bee pollen pellets of Apis mellifera L. collected from Çankırı, located in the central Anatolia region of Turkey, between June and July 2014. Six types of pollen belonging to four families: Centaurea triumfettii L. - Asteraceae family; Brassica spp. L. - Brassicaceae family; Cistus spp. L. - Cistaceae family; Onobrychis spp. L., Hedysarum spp. L. and Trifolium spp. L. - Fabaceae family, were determined through microscopic analysis. Dioxin and PCB congeners were determined in a pooled bee pollen sample and all the results were found lower than the European Union regulatory limits for other foods. To the best of our knowledge, this is among the first studies on dioxin analysis in bee pollen worldwide.

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46

Aoudeh, E., E. Oz, M. R. Khan, and F. Oz. "Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds in meat and meat products." Theory and practice of meat processing 7, no. 1 (April 12, 2022): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21323/2414-438x-2022-7-1-4-15.

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Dioxin and dioxin-like compounds are persistent organic pollutants that received considerable attention in recent years due to their high potential toxicity, wide distribution and extreme stability. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) mainly occur in the environment as a result of several human activities including combustion, incineration and many other industrial activities, whereas polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) congeners were intentionally manufactured and widely used in various fields. Since dioxin and dioxin-like compounds are found in various environmental compartments (air, water, soil, sludge, sediment, food, feed, blood, animal and human tissues), humans could be exposed to them via inhalation, dermal contact or food ingestion. However, 90% of human exposure to dioxin is through food ingestion particularly foods from animals and foods that are rich in fat. In contrast, only low levels have been found in food items of plant origin. Exposure to dioxin compounds is associated with various adverse health problems. However, their toxicity varies dramatically according to the type of dioxin, species of exposed organism, as well as exposure frequency and duration. Dioxins are mainly determined by instrumental chromatographic methods such as GC-HRMS and GC–MS/MS. Many efforts have been made to remove, reduce and prevent these hazardous substances from the environment. However, the best method for reducing human exposure to dioxins and dioxin-like compounds is controlling and minimizing their production. In this article, structures, sources, exposure, toxicity and analysis methods of dioxin and dioxin-like compounds in meat and other foods were reviewed.

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47

Matsumoto, Reiko, Nguyen Phuc Cam Tu, Shinsuke Haruta, Masahide Kawano, and Ichiro Takeuchi. "Analysis of all 209 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners (with special reference to dioxin-like PCB congeners) in Japanese seabass and related species by high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS)." Regional Studies in Marine Science 3 (January 2016): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2015.06.004.

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48

Chmil, V. D., O. V. Golokhova, D. Yu Vydrin, and V. I. Kruk. "Relevance of the problem of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) determination in baby food products." One Health and Nutrition Problems of Ukraine 52, no. 1 (June 24, 2020): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33273/2663-9726-2020-52-1-32-39.

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The Aim of the Article. Analysis of the current state of the problem of the dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) determination in baby food products and the development of sample preparation methods for determining these xenobiotics in food products for infants and young children. Dioxins form a group of structurally and chemically related chlorinated tricyclic oxygen-containing aromatic compounds (congeners), which includes 75 polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins (PCDDs) and 135 polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). The most toxic congeners of dioxins, in which chlorine atoms along with other positions are necessarily in 2,3,7,8 positions of benzene rings. Their total number is 17:7 PCDD congeners and 10 PCDF congeners. A group of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) – chlorinated bicyclic aromatic compounds, which consists of 209 different congeners, 12 of which have a spatial and electronic structure and exhibit toxicological properties similar to dioxins, therefore, they are called dioxin-like PCBs (DL-PCBs). In addition, when monitoring food products as a marker, a group of 6 PCBs was selected that did not exhibit dioxin-like toxicity and therefore did not belong to dioxin-like PCBs (NDL-PCBs). Thus, of the total number of 419 PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs, only 35 are toxicologically significant, therefore, these compounds are subject to control in baby food products. To control the content of the amount of dioxins, the amount of dioxins and DL-PCBs and the amount of NDL-PCBs in foods for infants and children from one to three years in Ukraine, the maximum levels of these compounds on the basis of the order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine No. 368 of 05/13/2013 were harmonized with the maximum allowable levels in foods for infants and young children in accordance with Commission Regulation (EU) No. 1259/2011. Methods for the analysis of dioxins and PCBs. Two instrumental analysis methods are used to determine dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in foods for baby food: 1) a combination of high-resolution (capillary) gas chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC/MS); 2) a combination of GCHR with tandem mass spectroscopy (GC/MS/MS). High-resolution (capillary) gas chromatography is used to determine non-dioxin-like (marker) PCBs. The stage of sample preparation, including the stages of extraction and purification, is key in determining dioxins and PCBs. Conclusions. The stage of sample preparation using automatic devices (liquid extraction under pressure, an automated extract purification system) and chromatographic columns was developed to further determine the mass concentration of dioxins and PCBs in baby food products. The developed procedures using devices for the automatic extraction and purification of the obtained extracts from baby food samples will make it possible in the future to determine PCDDs/PCDFs, ortho-unsubstituted, mono-ortho-substituted and marker PCBs in one sample. Key Words: dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls, baby food.

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VISCIANO, PIERINA, GIAMPIERO SCORTICHINI, GIOVANNA SUZZI, GIANFRANCO DILETTI, MARIA SCHIRONE, and GIUSEPPE MARTINO. "Concentrations of Contaminants with Regulatory Limits in Samples of Clam (Chamelea gallina) Collected along the Abruzzi Region Coast in Central Italy." Journal of Food Protection 78, no. 9 (September 1, 2015): 1719–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-082.

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Concentrations of pollutants with regulatory limits were determined in specimens of Chamelea gallina, a species of clam collected along the Abruzzi coastal region of the central Adriatic Sea. Nine sampling sites were selected to evaluate the distribution of contaminants in the environment and the health risk for consumers. The concentrations of all the examined compounds were lower than the maximums set by European legislation. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and total mercury were below the detection limit (0.18 μg/kg for benzo[a]anthracene, 0.30 μg/kg for chrysene, 0.12 μg/kg for benzo[b]fluoranthene, 0.08 μg/kg for benzo[a]pyrene, and 0.0050 mg/kg for total mercury) in all the analyzed samples. Mean concentrations of lead and cadmium were 0.104 and 0.110 mg/kg, respectively. Of the non–dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls, PCB-153, PCB-180, and PCB-138 were the most abundant at all sampling sites (1a to 9a) at 0.25 mi (ca. 0.4 km) and at some sampling sites (1b, 2b, 3b, 5b and 7b) at 0.35 mi (ca. 0.56 km). Principal component analysis revealed that the concentrations of dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls were similar at the majority of sampling sites, and O8CDD and 2,3,7,8-T4CDF were the predominant dioxin congeners.

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Dong, Shujun, Jiajia Wu, Guorui Liu, Bing Zhang, and Minghui Zheng. "Unintentionally produced dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls during cooking." Food Control 22, no. 11 (November 2011): 1797–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.04.022.

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