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Journal articles on the topic 'Dilemmas of self'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Danielson, Peter. "Learning to cooperate: Reciprocity and self-control." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25, no. 2 (April 2002): 256–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x0228005x.

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Using a simple learning agent, we show that learning self-control in the primrose path experiment does parallel learning cooperation in the prisoner's dilemma. But Rachlin's claim that “there is no essential difference between self-control and altruism” is too strong. Only iterated prisoner's dilemmas played against reciprocators are reduced to self-control problems. There is more to cooperation than self-control and even altruism in a strong sense.

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2

Tucker, Charles W., and John P. Hewitt. "Dilemmas of the American Self." Social Forces 69, no. 3 (March 1991): 973. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2579521.

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Powell, Joel O. ":Dilemmas of the American Self." Symbolic Interaction 14, no. 3 (August 1991): 367–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/si.1991.14.3.367.

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4

Bobek, Donna D., and Robin R. Radtke. "An Experiential Investigation of Tax Professionals' Ethical Environments." Journal of the American Taxation Association 29, no. 2 (September 1, 2007): 63–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jata.2007.29.2.63.

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This paper investigates the ethical environment in which tax professionals operate by eliciting practicing tax professionals' personal experiences with ethical dilemmas in tax engagements. Since organizational culture can play a role in creating an environment where ethical decision making is encouraged (Arnold et al. 1999, 2000; Booth and Schulz 2004), we expected that tax professionals' self-identified ethical dilemmas would be related to their assessments of the ethical environments of their firms. Based on 146 responses from practicing tax professionals, most participants rated their ethical environment as very strong. Additionally, the 84 participants who did not describe a self-identified ethical dilemma rated the ethical environment of their firms significantly stronger than the 62 who reported a dilemma. Implications of this study include an emphasis on in-house ethics training and explicitly including rewards and sanctions regarding ethical behavior in performance evaluation systems.

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Holm, Anne Lise, and Elisabeth Severinsson. "Reflections on the ethical dilemmas involved in promoting self-management." Nursing Ethics 21, no. 4 (October 7, 2013): 402–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733013500806.

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Due to their understanding of self-management, healthcare team members responsible for depressed older persons can experience an ethical dilemma. Each team member contributes important knowledge and experience pertaining to the management of depression, which should be reflected in the management plan. The aim of this study was to explore healthcare team members’ reflections on the ethical dilemmas involved in promoting self-management among depressed older persons. A qualitative design was used and data were collected by means of focus group interviews. The results revealed one main theme: ‘Lack of trust in the community health care system’s commitment to bringing about effectiveness and change, based on three themes; ‘Struggling to ensure the reliable transfer of information about depressed older persons to professionals and family members’, ‘Balancing autonomy, care and dignity’ and ‘Differences in the understanding of responsibility’. Lack of engagement on the part of and trust between the various professional categories who work in the community are extremely counterproductive and have serious implications for patient dignity as well as safety. In conclusion, ethical dilemmas occur when staff members are unable to act in accordance with their professional ethical stance and deliver an appropriate standard of care.

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6

Chesney, Margaret. "Dilemmas of Self in the Method." Qualitative Health Research 11, no. 1 (January 2001): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104973201129118876.

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Karlsson, Kristina, and Claes Nilholm. "Democracy and dilemmas of self‐determination." Disability & Society 21, no. 2 (March 2006): 193–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09687590500498267.

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8

Foster, Craig A., Christopher D’Lauro, and Brian R. Johnson. "A social dilemma model of information self-disclosure, applied to the concussion domain." Journal of Concussion 3 (January 2019): 205970021988287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2059700219882876.

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Under-reporting of concussions is a well-known public health problem. Unfortunately, concussion researchers and practitioners do not have an explicit theoretical foundation for understanding the psychology of concussion non-disclosure. We used interdependence theory, a theory based on the structure of social relationships, to develop a social dilemma model of personal information non-disclosure and apply it to the concussion domain. Self-disclosure becomes problematic when individuals perceive a need to report their concussions but also perceive that disclosure could be detrimental in some way. Individuals who experience these disclosure dilemmas can evaluate the value of concussion self-disclosure using direct outcomes (e.g. losing scholarships, improved recovery), self-concept outcomes (e.g. viewing disclosure as “weak” or “sensible”), and social status outcomes (e.g. being perceived poorly or favorably by teammates). These immediate, personal outcomes are integrated with relationship-specific motives and ethical considerations ultimately leading to disclosure or non-disclosure. Providing an explicit theoretical basis for self-disclosure dilemmas is critical for understanding concussion non-disclosure and mitigating its corresponding harm. Our social dilemma model highlights (a) the foundational psychological basis for concussion non-disclosure, (b) possible reasons that initiatives designed to increase concussion disclosure have been ineffective, and (c) the need to consider the decision-making autonomy of concussed individuals. Although we explain our social dilemma model using concussion self-reporting, we believe that this model is applicable to any domain where individuals are reluctant to disclose personal information to others who need it.

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9

Liu, Chang‐Jiang, and Shu Li. "Contextualized self: When the self runs into social dilemmas." International Journal of Psychology 44, no. 6 (December 2009): 451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207590902757377.

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10

Druen, Perri B., and Stephanie J. Zawadzki. "Escaping the Climate Trap: Participation in a Climate-Specific Social Dilemma Simulation Boosts Climate-Protective Motivation and Actions." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 23, 2021): 9438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169438.

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One way in which educators can help to address increasingly pressing environmental problems, including climate change, is to encourage individuals to change their behavior and to press for structural changes in society. The promotion of climate-protective behavior is challenging because the payoffs for various actions and inactions are structured such that they create social dilemmas. The conflict between short-term personal benefit and long-term collective gain in such dilemmas often leads to self-serving motives that can ultimately be self-defeating. We created a social dilemma simulation specific to climate change, called Climate Trap: Social Dilemma Simulation, to help students observe how they and others respond to these conflicts, and predicted that doing so would lead to climate-protective motivations and behaviors after the simulation. The simulation participants (N = 344) reported greater confidence in their knowledge and understanding of the social dilemma context of climate change, higher environmental concern and more self-determined motivation to act, and they engaged in more climate-protective behaviors compared to the students who did not complete the simulation. Moreover, the simulation participants reported greater pro-environmental engagement on all of the measures after the simulation compared to before they participated in the simulation. The results suggest that a climate-specific social dilemma simulation can create uniquely motivating experiences, and can have utility as a teaching tool, research instrument and intervention.

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11

Körner, Anita, Roland Deutsch, and Bertram Gawronski. "Using the CNI Model to Investigate Individual Differences in Moral Dilemma Judgments." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 46, no. 9 (February 28, 2020): 1392–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167220907203.

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Typical moral dilemmas pitting the consequences of a given action against the action’s consistency with moral norms confound several determinants of moral judgments. Dissociating these determinants, the CNI model allows researchers to quantify sensitivity to consequences, sensitivity to norms, and general preference for inaction over action regardless of consequences and norms. However, with the currently available set of dilemmas for research using the CNI model, the model is not suitable for studies with individual-difference designs. To overcome this limitation, the current research investigated the suitability of an extended dilemma battery to make the CNI model amenable for individual-difference research, examining relations of its parameters with psychopathy, empathic concern, need for cognition, self-reported utilitarianism, behavioral activation/inhibition, moral identity, and religiosity. The results support the suitability of the CNI model for individual-difference research with the extended dilemma battery, providing more nuanced insights into the underpinnings of individual differences in moral dilemma judgments.

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Martinsson, Peter, Kristian Ove R. Myrseth, and Conny Wollbrant. "Social dilemmas: When self-control benefits cooperation." Journal of Economic Psychology 45 (December 2014): 213–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2014.09.004.

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13

Neuberger, Benyamin. "National Self-Determination: Dilemmas of a Concept." Nations and Nationalism 1, no. 3 (November 1995): 297–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1354-5078.1995.00297.x.

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14

No authorship indicated. "Review of Dilemmas of the American Self." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 35, no. 12 (December 1990): 1177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/029262.

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15

Leach, Linda. "Optional self-assessment: some tensions and dilemmas." Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education 37, no. 2 (March 2012): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2010.515013.

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Gallice, Andrea, and Ignacio Monzón. "Co-operation in Social Dilemmas Through Position Uncertainty." Economic Journal 129, no. 621 (January 8, 2019): 2137–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12636.

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Abstract We present a natural environment that sustains full co-operation in one-shot social dilemmas among a finite number of self-interested agents. Players sequentially decide whether to contribute to a public good. They do not know their position in the sequence, but observe the actions of some predecessors. Since agents realise that their own action may be observed, they have an incentive to contribute in order to induce potential successors to also do so. Full contribution can then emerge in equilibrium. The same environment leads to full co-operation in the prisoners’ dilemma.

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17

Vine, Ian. "Selfishness, sociobiology, and self-identities: Dilemmas and Confusions." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12, no. 4 (December 1989): 725–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00025589.

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18

HINE, DONALD W., and ROBERT GIFFORD. "Attributions about self and others in commons dilemmas." European Journal of Social Psychology 26, no. 3 (May 1996): 429–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0992(199605)26:3<429::aid-ejsp767>3.0.co;2-p.

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19

Sachdeva, Sonya, Rumen Iliev, Hamed Ekhtiari, and Morteza Dehghani. "The Role of Self-Sacrifice in Moral Dilemmas." PLOS ONE 10, no. 6 (June 15, 2015): e0127409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127409.

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20

Tullis, Anson. "Duality Unresolved and Darwinian Dilemmas." Stance: an international undergraduate philosophy journal 8, no. 1 (April 18, 2015): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/s.8.1.55-64.

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By using Sharon Street’s Darwinian Dilemma, Katarzyna de Lazari-Radek and Peter Singer attempt to show that Sidgwick’s duality of practical reason, whereby an agent has equal reason to act in their own interests or act impartially for the benefit of all, is not actually a duality; rather, reasons for action are solely impartial due to the unreliability of intuitions favoring self-interested behavior. I argue that Lazari Radek and Singer fail to accomplish their goal. I argue that Singer has previously provided an account of impartiality that makes it just as unreliable on the same grounds as self-interested tendencies. Sidgwick’s duality remains unresolved.

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21

Chadwick, Ruth, and Jill Russell. "Hospital Discharge of Frail Elderly People: Social and Ethical Considerations in the Discharge Decision-making Process." Ageing and Society 9, no. 3 (September 1989): 277–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x00013775.

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ABSTRACTUsing contributions from moral philosophy and sociology, this paper explores the decisions confronting care professionals when discharging frail elderly people from hospital. It is based on research into hospital discharge in South Glamorgan that has illuminated the nature of professional decision-making in multi-disciplinary ward meetings. Two key dilemmas are identified and examined in detail: first, the dilemma of discharging elderly people who, while thought by professionals to be incapable of looking after themselves and therefore ‘at risk’, nevertheless want to go home, and secondly, the dilemma of finding residential care for elderly people who are defined as being ‘partly sick and partly well’. Whilst the principle of autonomy may be used to support individual choice, it may also be interpreted as encouraging self-reliance, and as a way of denying a collective responsibility to elderly people's care needs. The dilemma of institutional care for the ‘partly sick and partly well’ is found to be a persisting problem, fraught with conceptual ambiguities and resource-boundary negotiations between ‘medical’ and ‘social’ care. An examination of both dilemmas serves to highlight the role of political ideology in discharge decisionmaking.

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22

Hoang, Lan Anh. "Moral Dilemmas of Transnational Migration." Gender & Society 30, no. 6 (September 23, 2016): 890–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891243216670602.

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Given that care duties are central to the definition of motherhood across contexts, an extended separation from the woman’s family due to migration presents a major threat to her social identity as a mother and wife. Drawing on West and Zimmerman’s notion of “doing gender” and ethnographic research on Vietnamese low-waged contract workers in Taiwan, I provide vital insights into the discursive processes and everyday practices that underlie migrant women’s negotiations of motherhood and femininity. Specifically, I examine the various ways migrant women perform and negotiate meanings of hy sinh (self-sacrifice) and chịu đựng (endurance) that are core values of Vietnamese womanhood. Combating the stigma of bad motherhood and failed femininity, I emphasize, is not just about reasserting one’s sense of gendered self but also about reassuring her access to the future support and care of the family. The study emphasizes intentionality and pragmatism in women’s social doings of gender and highlights moral dilemmas in gender politics.

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23

Thummes, Kerstin, and Jens Seiffert-Brockmann. "Smart, friendly, biased liars? Exploring motivated reasoning and ethical decision-making in public relations." Journal of Communication Management 23, no. 4 (November 4, 2019): 412–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcom-01-2019-0010.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present research on motivated bias and self-deception in ethical decision-making in public relations. Self-deception might explain how professionals evade mental stress in conflicting situations and manage to be persuasive even when they have to act contrary to their own morals or to public interests. Since self-deception impedes moral reasoning, the research purpose is to gain insights on its origins so that effective counter-measures can be developed. Design/methodology/approach First, the state of research on moral dilemmas in public relations and on self-deception in psychology is outlined. Second, four professionals are interviewed to explore typical conflicts of interest and to develop a realistic scenario that gives rise to a moral dilemma. Third, a small sample of professionals (n=9) is confronted with the developed scenario in a qualitative online questionnaire to analyze their reasoning. Findings Results indicate that self-deception in response to moral dilemmas exists in public relations practice. Typical conflicts of interest, boundary conditions for motivated bias and counter-measures are identified. Experienced professionals in leading positions seem to have the confidence to reject mandates they perceive as immoral. Counter-measures against self-deception should therefore address young professionals and practitioners with low advisory influence. Originality/value While public relations research mostly presumes professionals as rational actors, this study sheds light on irrational practices. In contrast to common practice of expert interviews, an indirect and implicit methodological approach is applied to capture unconscious processes of motivated reasoning.

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Goto, Takayuki, and Takashi Kusumi. "Anticipated Regret in Self-Control Dilemmas and Autonomous Motivation." Japanese Journal of Personality 23, no. 2 (2014): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2132/personality.23.109.

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Idemoto, Bette K., Barbara J. Daly, Debra L. Eger, Barbara A. Lombardo, Terrie Matthews, Michelle Morris, and Stuart J. Youngner. "Dilemmas in Practice: Implementing the Patient Self-Determination Act." American Journal of Nursing 93, no. 1 (January 1993): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3427075.

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Karlsson, Kristina. "Handling dilemmas of self-determination in ‘user-centred’ rehabilitation." Disability and Rehabilitation 29, no. 3 (January 2007): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09638280600756414.

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27

Smith, J., and L. A. Wallis. "Self Assessment Exercises - Legal And Ethical Dilemmas In Medicine." Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 150, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 134–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jramc-150-02-11.

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Curtis, Rebecca C. "The Saturated Self: Dilemmas of Identity in Contemporary Life." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 180, no. 4 (April 1992): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199204000-00017.

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29

Holstein, Tobias. "The Misconception of Ethical Dilemmas in Self-Driving Cars." Proceedings 1, no. 3 (June 9, 2017): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/is4si-2017-04026.

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30

Haney, Michelle R. "Ethical Dilemmas Associated with Self-Disclosure in Student Writing." Teaching of Psychology 31, no. 3 (July 2004): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top3103_2.

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31

Perera-Delcourt, Ramesh, Robert A. Nash, and Susan J. Thorpe. "Priming Moral Self-Ambivalence Heightens Deliberative Behaviour in Self-Ambivalent Individuals." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 42, no. 6 (September 27, 2013): 682–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465813000507.

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Background: Recent work on cognitive-behavioural models of obsessive-compulsive disorder has focused on the roles played by various aspects of self-perception. In particular, moral self-ambivalence has been found to be associated with obsessive-compulsive phenomena. Aims: In this study we used an experimental task to investigate whether artificially priming moral self-ambivalence would increase participants’ deliberation on ethical problems, an index that might be analogous to obsessive-compulsive behaviour. Method: Non-clinical participants completed two online tasks designed to prime either moral self-ambivalence, general uncertainty, or neither. All participants then completed a task requiring them to consider solutions to moral dilemmas. We recorded the time participants took to respond to the dilemmas and the length of their responses; we then combined these variables to create a measure of deliberation. Results: Priming moral self-ambivalence led to increases in deliberation, but this was only significant among those participants who scored highly on a baseline measure of moral self-ambivalence. Priming general uncertainty had no significant effect upon deliberation. Conclusions: The results suggest that moral self-ambivalence may play a role in the maintenance of obsessive-compulsive behaviour. We propose that individuals who are morally self-ambivalent might respond to situations in which this ambivalence is made salient by exhibiting behaviour with obsessive-compulsive characteristics. These findings have implications for the incorporation of ideas about self-concept into theories of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

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Viktor J. Vanberg. "Social Dilemmas and Self-Organization in Pre-Defined and in Self-Selected Groups." Good Society 20, no. 1 (2011): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/goodsociety.20.1.0067.

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Vanberg, Viktor J. "Social Dilemmas and Self-Organization in Pre-Defined and in Self-Selected Groups." Good Society 20, no. 1 (2011): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/gso.2011.0008.

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Obeid, Samira, and Michal Man. "Strengthening Perceptions of Ethical Competence Among Nursing Students and Graduates." SAGE Open Nursing 6 (January 2020): 237796082092417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2377960820924170.

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Introduction Ethical competence is part of all health-care professionals’ general competence. It relates to moral issues and is based on the professionals’ knowledge, skills, and attitudes for coping with ethical dilemmas. Ethics education aims to increase nursing students’ and nursing graduates’ ethical self-confidence. Previous research has found many gaps in ethical education content and poor understanding of how these gaps affect graduates. Objectives This study aims to evaluate an advanced education workshop held in the nursing department in Max Stern Yezreel Valley College aimed at strengthening the self-perceptions of ethical competence, to address the above gap, by raising students’ self-efficacy when coping with ethical dilemmas. Methods The effectiveness of the workshop for nursing students was evaluated using the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale and at three points in time: before the workshop, after the workshop, and after graduation. Results Statistically significant differences were found in overall self-efficacy: before the workshop (mean of 2.42), after the workshop (mean of 2.13), and for graduates (mean of 1.58) with p < .000 on a scale ranging from 1 to 5 (1 indicating high self-efficacy). Mean scores for students’ evaluation after the workshop and for graduates were 7.8 and 7.25, respectively, on a scale ranging from 1 to 10, where 10 indicates high self-efficacy. Graduates presented a high mean score regarding their ability to cope with ethical dilemmas when compared with other nurses working with them (mean of 7.4, on a scale ranging from 1 to 10). Conclusion Levels of self-efficacy with regard to coping with ethical dilemmas increased over time, suggesting that the workshop strengthened the self-perception of ethical competence for nursing students and graduates.

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Han, The Anh, Luís Moniz Pereira, and Francisco C. Santos. "Corpus-Based Intention Recognition in Cooperation Dilemmas." Artificial Life 18, no. 4 (October 2012): 365–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00072.

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Intention recognition is ubiquitous in most social interactions among humans and other primates. Despite this, the role of intention recognition in the emergence of cooperative actions remains elusive. Resorting to the tools of evolutionary game theory, herein we describe a computational model showing how intention recognition coevolves with cooperation in populations of self-regarding individuals. By equipping some individuals with the capacity of assessing the intentions of others in the course of a prototypical dilemma of cooperation—the repeated prisoner's dilemma—we show how intention recognition is favored by natural selection, opening a window of opportunity for cooperation to thrive. We introduce a new strategy (IR) that is able to assign an intention to the actions of opponents, on the basis of an acquired corpus consisting of possible plans achieving that intention, as well as to then make decisions on the basis of such recognized intentions. The success of IR is grounded on the free exploitation of unconditional cooperators while remaining robust against unconditional defectors. In addition, we show how intention recognizers do indeed prevail against the best-known successful strategies of iterated dilemmas of cooperation, even in the presence of errors and reduction of fitness associated with a small cognitive cost for performing intention recognition.

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Satha-Anand, Suwanna. "Moral Dilemma in the Bodhisattva Ideal: A Re-Reading of Vessantara Jataka Tale." MANUSYA 7, no. 2 (2004): 83–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-00702006.

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This article offers an analysis of various situations of moral dilemma generated by the Bodhisattva ideal of extreme self-sacrifice, with special reference to the career of Vessantara. The analysis focuses on the dilemmas resulting from his marvelous giving of gifts (dana), as a prince of a kingdom, as a royal son to his parents, as a husband and as a father. Emphasis will be directed to the various lines of reasoning, both supportive and oppositional to the gift giving, voiced by the people around him who were directly effected by his generosity. Finally, some possibilities for reconciliation will be explored.

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Lee, Robert, and P. D. Jose. "Self-interest, self-restraint and corporate responsibility for nanotechnologies: Emerging dilemmas for modern managers." Technology Analysis & Strategic Management 20, no. 1 (January 2008): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09537320701726775.

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Nelson, Robert G., and Richard O. Beil. "When Self-interest is Self-Defeating: The Public Goods Experiment as a Teaching Tool." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 26, no. 2 (December 1994): 580–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800026481.

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AbstractThis simple classroom experiment demonstrates many of the behavioral phenomena associated with the voluntary provision of a public good. The mechanics of the game are explained in detail and complete instructions are provided, as well as suggestions for follow-up lectures. Influences such as anonymous voting, persuasion, returns to free-riding, and duration of association can be explored in connection with concepts of incentives, individual rationality and group welfare. A number of variations and extensions can be used to incorporate prisoners' dilemmas, incentive compatible mechanisms, negative externalities, and Coasian bargaining.

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Hedlund, Erik, and Joseph Soeters. "Reflections on Swedish Peacekeepers' Self-image and Dilemmas of Peacekeeping." International Peacekeeping 17, no. 3 (June 2010): 408–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2010.500153.

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Krizan, Zlatan, and Robert S. Baron. "Group polarization and choice-dilemmas: how important is self-categorization?" European Journal of Social Psychology 37, no. 1 (January 2007): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.345.

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Sun, Qingzhou, Haozhi Guo, Xiaofen Yu, Jing Zhang, Xue Liu, Chengming Jiang, and Yongfang Liu. "More cooperation compensates for lower self-esteem in social dilemmas." Personality and Individual Differences 179 (September 2021): 110878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110878.

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42

Sober, Elliott. "Stable Cooperation in Iterated Prisoners' Dilemmas." Economics and Philosophy 8, no. 1 (April 1992): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267100000511.

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When does self-interest counsel cooperation? This question pertains both to the labile behaviors produced by rational deliberation and to the more instinctive and fixed behaviors produced by natural selection. In both cases, a standard starting point for the investigation is the one-shot prisoners' dilemma. In this game, each player has the option of producing one or the other of two behaviors (labeled “cooperate” and “defect”). The pay-offs to the row player are as follows:

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von Post, Iréne. "Exploring Ethical Dilemmas in Perioperative Nursing Practice Through Critical Incidents." Nursing Ethics 3, no. 3 (September 1996): 236–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096973309600300306.

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This article describes the nature of ethical dilemmas in perioperative nursing practice. Using the Critical Incident Technique, common ethical dilemmas experienced by periop erative nurses are explored. The aim of the study was to elicit the ethical dilemmas that arise in perioperative nurses' practice. The study has a descriptive design and the data are critical incidents described by 48 anaesthetic nurses and 76 operating theatre nurses. An analysis of the critical incidents gave four domains of ethical dilemmas: those arising as value conflicts in the intraoperative phase of surgery; those emanating from the patient's right of self- determination ; those arising in caring for patients; and those resulting from the alloca tion of scarce resources and the demands of increased effectiveness.

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Ciczkowska-Giedziun, Małgorzata. "Around ethical dilemmas in the work of a family assistant." Problemy Opiekuńczo-Wychowawcze 597, no. 2 (February 28, 2021): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.7825.

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The purpose of the article is to describe selected ethical dilemmas in the work of a family assistant, based on the typology of ethical dilemmas of Frederic Reamer. In accordance with the typology adopted in the article, in the area of cooperation with families, ethical dilemmas regarding direct work with families, implementation of social assistance programs and relationship between representatives of the profession arise. The information presented in the text is based on publications, studies and reports on family assistantship. The first group of ethical dilemmas is revealed when constructing supportive and helping relationship between assistants and families. It refers to such areas as: voluntary cooperation, limits of cooperation, the right to self-determination or limits of responsibility. The second group of ethical dilemmas is related to the planning and implementation of various solutions in the field of social policy and also support and assistance programs offered to the family. The last group of ethical dilemmas results from a different understanding of family assistantship in the structures of the social assistance system. They are also revealed in the construction of relationships with social workers. The text also includes solutions how to cope with these dilemmas.

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Ofurum, Ugonna Augustina, and Justin Mgbechi Odinioha Gabriel. "Multidimensional Ethical Dilemmas of Contemporary Organizations: A Literature Review." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 5, no. 3 (2019): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.53.2001.

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This paper reviewed the literature on ethics, ethical theories, ethical principles; as well as the implications of unethical practices in organizations. The study revealed that unethical business practices have devastating consequences on organizations; since they result in poor corporate image, financial losses; market failures and sometimes complete corporate collapse. It was further observed that corruption, bad leadership, poor corporate governance, conflict of interest, lack of accountability, inadequate CSR, abusive and intimating behaviors among others are common in most organizations. The paper concludes that it is beneficial and in the enlightened self -interest of organizations to adopt good ethical practices. The paper also recommends that managers’ should ensure that ethical standards are crafted in their business philosophy and strategic intents in order to build and maintain a good corporate image.

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BRIGG, MORGAN, and ROLAND BLEIKER. "Autoethnographic International Relations: exploring the self as a source of knowledge." Review of International Studies 36, no. 3 (July 2010): 779–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210510000689.

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AbstractResearch is all about a person's engagement with an issue. But most approaches to International Relations actively discourage personal involvement by the researcher. We question the adequacy of this norm and the related scholarly conventions. Instead, we explore how the personal experience of the researcher can be used as a legitimate and potentially important source of insight into politics. But we also note that simply telling the story of the researcher is inadequate. We engage the ensuing dilemmas by discussing how to both appreciate and evaluate autoethnographic insights. Rather than relying on pre-determined criteria, we argue that methodological uses of the self should be judged within knowledge communities and according to their ability to open up new perspectives on political dilemmas. We then advance two related suggestions: one advocates conceptualising research around puzzles; the other explores the methodological implications of recognising that producing knowledge is an inherently relational activity.

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Avery, Jocelyn D. "Ethical Dilemmas and Moral Conundrums." Anthropology in Action 26, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/aia.2019.260301.

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Many anthropologists will be required to gain ethics approval in order to begin their research. Prior to commencing, though, it is not always possible to predict what will happen in the field, or how you as the researcher will react, much less to incorporate all possible safeguards in an ethics application. My research was conducted at a special education needs college with the aim of discovering the sense of self of students with intellectual disabilities. I underwent a lengthy and complicated ethics approval process and gained associated external approvals. As my research evolved in the field, I became interested in strands of enquiry that without care could have potentially breached my ethics guidelines. New questions could suggest to staff that I was doing something other than stipulated in their consent documents. The ethics approval process can help refine the research methodology and analysis; however, it cannot prepare us for the moral conundrums that arise in the field.

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Cherepanov, Elena. "Ethical dilemmas in global mental health." BJPsych International 16, no. 04 (April 10, 2019): 81–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bji.2019.10.

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Global mental health (GMH) work reminds us about our professional ideals and mission. GMH specialists conduct research and provide psychosocial and mental health support to populations affected by humanitarian crises around the world. This work exposes these specialists to situations with a high degree of moral ambiguity and no good solutions, where humanitarian accountability takes priority over conflicting values. Self-awareness helps to address the countertransference that confounds complex decision-making and can compromise the health and safety of all involved. The evolving role of GMH as a humanitarian actor underscores the importance of professional competencies in assuring the integrity and standards of practice.

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Korovai, K. O. "SELF-DRIVING CAR DILEMMAS. WHAT ETHICAL PROBLEMS CAN YOU FIND IN SELF-DRIVING CAR PROSPECTS?" UKRAINIAN CULTURAL STUDIES, no. 2 (7) (2020): 88–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/ucs.2020.2(7).17.

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Fisher, Leslee A., and Brenda J. L. Bredemeier. "Caring about Injustice: The Moral Self-Perceptions of Professional Female Bodybuilders." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 22, no. 4 (December 2000): 327–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.22.4.327.

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The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the moral orientations of professional female bodybuilders and (b) to explore the relationship between professional female bodybuilders’ moral orientations when reasoning about self-identified and standardized hypothetical (steroid) moral dilemmas. Ten professional female bodybuilders ranging in age from 26 to 40 years participated in the study. Results revealed that female bodybuilders used both justice and care reasoning in their considerations of moral dilemmas encountered in the bodybuilding context; however, one moral orientation predominated over the other for each participant. Although Gilligan and colleagues (Brown et al., 1988) claim that women tend to use predominantly care reasoning, the present study found that half the participants used a justice perspective. Results are discussed in light of Rest’s (Rest, Narvaez, Bebeau, & Thoma, 1999) supposition that care and justice are ideals appropriate to different kinds of social situations and are complementary rather than rival moralities.

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