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Silva, Vítor Manuel da Costa. "Competências de aconselhamento da carreira e dilemas vividos pelos psicólogos." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/15060.
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O presente estudo teve como objetivos identificar os principais dilemas vividos
pelos psicólogos/conselheiros na sua prática de aconselhamento da carreira e
perceber a relação que os sentimentos de autoeficácia nas tarefas de
aconselhamento, experienciados por estes profissionais, têm nesse processo.
Participaram neste estudo 102 psicólogos de ambos os sexos, que exercem práticas
do aconselhamento de carreira. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Questionário de
Dados Demográficos, o IDAC (Inventário de Dilemas em Aconselhamento de Carreira)
Cardoso (2008) e a Escala de Autoeficácia em Aconselhamento de Carreira (O’Brien,
Heppener, 1995).
Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que: os dilemas de neutralidade e
confidencialidade são os mais frequentes; com o avanço da idade e dos anos de
serviço, diminui a frequência de dilemas em psicólogos do aconselhamento de
carreira; e quanto maior for a confiança (autoeficácia) destes profissionais a
desempenhar este tipo de tarefas, menor é a vivência de experiências dilemáticas; ABSTRACT:The present study aimed to identify the major dilemmas faced by
psychologists/counselors in their practice of career counseling and understand the
relationship of self-efficacy in counseling tasks, experienced by these professionals in
this process. 102 psychologists of both sexes, engaged in career counseling practices,
participated in this study. The instruments used were the Demographic Data
Questionnaire, IDAC Inventory (Dilemmas in Career Counseling) Cardoso (2008) and
The Self-efficacy Scale in Career Counseling (O'Brien & Heppener, 1995).
The results showed that: the dilemmas of neutrality and confidentiality are the most
frequent; the advancing of age and years of service, reduces the frequency of
dilemmas in career counseling psychologists; and the greater the confidence (selfefficacy)
of these professionals to perform these tasks, the less they experience
dilemmas.
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Rossi, Anthony James, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "Knowledge, identities and dilemmas of the self in physical education teacher education." Deakin University. School of Social and Cultural Studies in Education, 1999. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20060727.140209.
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The purpose of this study was to understand how becoming a physical education teacher is shaped by personally and socially constructed knowledge and is affected by the rules and resources of the structural systems in which physical education teacher education (PETE) takes place. The study was influenced by the traditions of Personal Construct Theory (Kelly 1955), the theoretical tenets of social constructionism (Gergen 1991), and Giddenss work on structuration (1984) and self-identity (1991).
Ten PETE students participated in the study over almost three years. They undertook repertory grid sessions periodically through their study, followed by learning conversations, in which the grid itself was discussed, reworked and collaboratively analysed. All conversations were audio taped and were fully transcribed. The data were analysed in three ways, all of which were used to construct a story of the study. First, the grids were analysed for patterns, consistencies across students and for consistencies within students. These grids provided the first level story that related to constructions of knowledge. These constructions were then content analysed using analysis categories developed from Gergens notion of the saturated self and Giddens ideas of identity in late modernity. These analyses represented what Giddens calls a double hermeneutic since to all intents and purposes, the story of the study was constructed from the participants constructions of what it is to be a physical education teacher.
The data suggests that during the process of constructing professional knowledge the student experienced a series of dilemmas of professional self-identity. It seems that to become a PE teacher, the dilemmas must be worked through until a position of what Giddens calls ontologist security has been achieved. Some students in this study had not managed to reach such a point before they left university and entered the teaching profession. In spite of this, the methods of the study allowed the participants to begin to articulate their theories and visions of teaching physical education. The therapeutic qualities of Kellys theory encouraged a number of the students to see it differently (Rossi, 1997) and to begin to develop a rationale for physical education based on educational practice that considers the needs of individuals and the promotion of a socially just community. I have argued however that this critical approach to physical education pedagogy was considered risky and as such students who were prepared to engage in such risk strategies also had other strategic relational selves (Gergen, 1991) to minimise risk at key times during their teacher education.
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De, Cremer David. "Beyond self-interest in social dilemmas : a relational model of co-operation." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299416.
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Tait, Angela Julie. "The Urban Foundation and self-help housing in South Africa : difficulties, dilemmas and contradictions of development." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283701.
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Carmichael, Richard. "Becoming vegetarian and vegan : rhetoric, ambivalence and repression in self-narrative." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2002. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6904.
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This thesis takes a discursive-rhetorical approach to becoming vegetarian and vegan. Previous studies have pointed to complexity and variety in definitions, types and criteria of vegetarianism, making `objective' studies difficult. Meat is also one of the most highly prized but ambivalently valued foodstuffs. The cultural and social meanings of diet in terms of `identities' are well established but the rhetorical approach taken here explores identity as accomplished through social practices of accounting. Rather than seeing variation and disagreement as problematic, analytic focus is on the complex and varied construction of social categories/identities in accounts and the practices of justification and criticism. Cultural ambivalences are recast as dilemmas of identity and account-giving. Diary and serial interview `case-material' was collected from 23 new and aspiring vegetarians and vegans. Participants' accounts are shown to handle a number of dilemmatic aspects of vegetarian/vegan identity; notably, a dilemma of moral superiority and a dilemma of abstinence. These dilemmas are discussed in terms of stereotype-avoidance, commitment, and the co-construction of self and Other. Such identity-management is argued to fundamentally involve relationships. Seen as contexts, texts and resources for account-giving, relationships highlight both local and biographical elements in self-construction, the inter-dependence of selfnarratives/ identities and the need for managing them, especially when identities are changed. A number of other rhetorical resources and practices used in the management of identity are also drawn out, including the discourses of lapsing, desire and temptation and accounts of suppression and repression. The management of dilemmas of accounting through presenting the self as ambivalent, conflicted and divided is underlined. Following recent work by Billig (e. g., 1999a), ambivalence and repression are further considered as discursive activities as well as claims. This leads to a discussion of identity, contradiction and repression in terms of prohibition, desire and transgression. It is suggested that becoming vegetarian or vegan may be characterised as a matter of narrating autobiographical change and the continued negotiation of various dilemmas of identity. Social psychological theories of identity and identity change are criticised and the importance of argumentation, ambivalence and commitment are emphasised. The value of a more `populated' case-study perspective within discursive psychology is also stressed and the study of discursive avoidance and repression is illustrated and recommended.
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Potts, Sonja K. "Therapists' religion : dialogical processes in the self-narratives of Christian clinical and counselling psychologists." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/115823.
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The aim of this study was to explore the therapists' personal religious and spiritual belief systems and the impact of these on their work. The literature reviewed included material regarding the role of religion and spirituality in relation to psychology and therapy, identity, and especially, the person of the therapist. The present qualitative investigation applies the theory of the Dialogical Self to the narratives of five practising Christian clinical and counselling psychologists. It draws on a narrative to allow for process-oriented, context-sensitive interpretation.
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Phiri, Paul Velentino. "Trials of a comprehensive peace agreement : an investigation into the dilemmas faced by North and South Sudan." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/14584.
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The study focuses on the north and south Sudan conflict and seeks to investigate the continuing threats to a return to war between the two parties since the 2005 Sudan Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) and after the independence of South Sudan. The study critically analyses the CPA and investigates the dilemmas faced by the two Sudans and examines the conflict resolution/transformation process. This thesis relies on data generated from key informant interviews and archival data as primary sources; complemented by secondary sources of data obtained from books, journals, research documents and relevant literature on the area. The study analyses the background of the north-south Sudan conflict, analysis of the CPA, implications of the negotiation, mediation and the implementation processes of the CPA and the referendum, post-referendum, the post-independence issues and the conflict resolution efforts. These are discussed in order to find the reasons as to why the CPA emerged as it did and its effectiveness. The study uses the concept of the conflict resolution/transformation approaches and their methods (mediation, negotiation and peacebuilding), the Galtung ABC theory and the Liberal peace theory as tools to guide the study in order to measure the data collected from the field. The results of the analysis suggest that history, the mediation and the negotiation process viewed to have been narrow and non-inclusive, the content of the CPA itself, the problems of the previous processes before the referendum, the referendum of Southern Sudan and the Abyei referendum failure provided the basis of the origins of the post-referendum and the post-independence issues. These issues are responsible for the dilemmas faced by the two states and eventually the tensions and the threats to a return to war which exist up to the present. All these issues lie at the heart of the difficulties of the conflict resolution process and the relationship problem of North and South Sudan. However, the 2005 CPA had partial success in that it achieved partial negative peace which in turn led to the separation of north and south Sudan.
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Dakin, Emily K. "OLDER WOMEN'S PERCEPTIONS OF ETHICAL DILEMMAS IN ADULT PROTECTIVE SERVICES: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY." online version, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=case1081529078.
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Gradin, Franzén Anna. "Disciplining Freedom : Treatment Dilemmas and Subjectivity at a Detention Home for Young Men." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Psykologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-106936.
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This ethnographic study explores treatment practices and staff-resident interaction at a detention home for young men, drawing on video recorded conversations and interviews. It investigates ideological dilemmas inherent in the institutional setting and how these produce complex subject positions to uptake, negotiate or refuse. Study I explores a core treatment dilemma: coercion vs. freedom, involving the dual institutional goal of coercing residents into norm abiding behavior and of producing individuals who behave "properly" out of their own free will. It focuses on staff members’ talk about token economy, illuminating rhetorical resources deployed to avoid the troubled subject position of a disciplinarian. Study II investigates disciplinary humor, illuminating how humor is used both to impose and disrupt social order. It shows how staff members and youths skillfully deploy humor in negotiating local hierarchies related to authority, generation, and age. Humor was also found to be a useful way of navigating ideological dilemmas. Study III explores behavior modification practices, focusing on how selfassessment practices can be conceptualized as responsibilization that emphasizes self-regulation. It documents the participants’ engagement in strategic deployment of specific subject position relations, “young boy”-caregiver rather than delinquent-disciplinarian. In brief, the thesis shows that subject positions are essentially co-constructed, and how positions related to age are highly relevant in this institutional setting. Paradoxical aspects of subject positions provide discursive resources that can be deployed to navigate ideological dilemmas such as that of coercion vs. freedom, but also to handle issues of authenticity.Denna etnografiska studie undersöker behandlingspraktiker och interaktion mellan personal och ungdomar på ett särskilt ungdomshem för unga män. Materialet består framförallt av videoinspelad interaktion och intervjuer. I studien utforskas ideologiska dilemman samt hur dessa producerar komplexa subjektspositioner att uppta, förhandla om eller neka. Studie I undersöker ett huvuddilemma: tvång vs. frihet, vilket involverar de dubbla institutionella målen att tvinga ungdomarna till önskvärt beteende och att producera individer som beter sig ”korrekt” av egen fri vilja. Fokus ligger på personalens tal om teckenekonomi och studien synliggör retoriska resurser som används för att undvika positionen ”disciplinär personal”. Studie II utforskar disciplinerande humor och synliggör hur humor används både för att skapa och omskapa den sociala ordningen. Studien visar hur personal och ungdomar skickligt använder humor i förhandlingar om lokala hierarkier relaterade till auktoritet, generation och ålder. Humor var också ett sätt att navigera ideologiska dilemman. Studie III undersöker beteendemodifieringspraktiker, med fokus på hur självutvärdering kan förstås som responsibilisering med fokus på själv-reglering. Studien dokumenterar deltagarnas strategiska användning av specifika subjektspositionsrelationer, ”liten pojke”-vårdare snarare än ungdomsbrottsling-disciplinär personal. Sammantaget visar avhandlingen att subjektspositioner i grunden är samkonstruerade och att positioner rörande ålder är ytterst relevanta i denna kontext. Paradoxala aspekter av subjektspositioner bidrar med diskursiva resurser vilka kan användas för att hantera ideologiska dilemman och för att hantera frågor rörande autenticitet.
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Ng, Yuk-yee Jessie. "The influence of social labelings on the self-esteem of delinquent girls : a reflection on social work dilemmas with social deviants /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1985. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12322453.
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Ecer, Emelin, and Monika Haglund. "LVM-lagen : En kvalitativ studie om socialsekreterares svårigheter med tillämpningen av LVM-lagen." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-20153.
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Lagen (1988:870) om vård av missbrukare i vissa fall (LVM) är en tvångsvårdslag och är den enda lagen som avviker från frivillighetsprincipen i socialtjänstlagen, vilket ger socialsekreterarna möjligheten att gå emot individens fria vilja. Studien syftar till att belysa de faktorer som kan bidra till vilka svårigheter socialsekreterare kan ställas inför i relation till LVM-lagstiftningen, individens rättssäkerhet och självbestämmanderätt. Syftet är också att problematisera socialsekreterarnas tillvägagångssätt gällande tillämpningen av LVM-lagstiftningen och om mål och syfte uppfylls. De teoretiska utgångspunkter som används för att kunna analysera det empiriska materialet är teorier om socialsekreterarnas handlingsutrymme och etiska dilemman som kan uppstå i relation till klienten samt teorier om makt och motivation. För att samla in det empiriska materialet användes semistrukturerade intervjuer med olika socialsekreterare, därmed fångades socialsekreterarnas egna erfarenheter upp kring arbetet med LVM i praktiken. Resultatet av studien har visat att det förekommer motsättningar i LVM- lagen eftersom det är en tvångsvårdslag där socialsekreterarna har makten att ta ifrån klienten deras fria vilja, samtidigt som hänsyn skall tas till klientens självbestämmanderätt och integritet. Socialsekreterarna i sin tur är styrda av den högre ledningens makt genom ledningens riktlinjer och direktiv, vilket både påverkar socialsekreterarna och klienten på ett negativt sätt. Motivationsarbetet med klienten handlar om att få klienten motiverad till att gå med på behandling vare sig denne vill det eller inte och förekommer i form av dold makt och hot, där klientens fria vilja inte beaktas. Tillämpningen av mål och syfte i LVM- lagen har visat sig skilja markant åt inom olika kommuner i Stockholms län, beroende på att det förekommer ett brett handlingsutrymme och en tolkningsbarhet i lagen samt att ingen standardmodell finns att följa.The law (1988:870) concerning care of addicts in some cases (LVM) is a compulsory care law and is the only law that deviates from the voluntariness principle in the social care law, which gives social workers the ability to go against individual’s free will. This study aims to elucidate the factors that may contribute to the difficulties social workers may face in relation to LVM- law, individual's legal certainty and self- determination of the individual. The purpose is also to problematize the social worker's approach concerning application of the LVM- law and if its purpose and goal is fulfilled. The theoretical starting points that are used to analyze the empirical material are theories about the social worker's discretion and the ethical dilemmas that may arise in relation to the client, also included here are theories about power and motivation. The empirical material was gathered through semi-structured interviews with different social workers, thus the social workers own experiences was captured of the work with the LVM- law in practice. The result of the study has shown that there are certain contradictions in the LVM- law since it is a compulsory care law where social workers have the power to take away their free will of the client, while taking account the right of self-determination and integrity. In turn, the social workers are controlled by higher management’s power by management policies and directives, which have a negative effect on the social workers and clients. Motivation work with the client involves getting the client motivated to agree to treatment irrespective of whether he wants it or not and occurs in the form of hidden power and threats, where the client's free will, not will be considered. The application of goal and purpose of the LVM- law have shown to differ significantly in different municipalities in Stockholm county since there is a wide range of discretion, dependent on the existence of a wide discretion and interpretability of the law and that no standard model is to follow.
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Wallin, Håkansson Helena, and Fredrik Borg. "Biståndsbedömning för klienter med demenssjukdom : Biståndshandläggares erfarenheter och upplevelser." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för socialt arbete och kriminologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-32988.
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Title: Assistance Assessment for Clients with Dementia Disease - The Perceptions and Experiences of Care Managers Authors: Fredrik Borg and Helena Wallin Håkansson The study aimed to examine the experiences, difficulties and ethical positions of care managers in the assistance assessment of dementia clients. The study was based on the themes of self-determination and integrity, ethical approach, security and meaningful existence. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were used as data collection method. Empirical material was analysed based on empowerment and system theory. The result shows that care managers daily deal with ethical dilemmas regarding the client's self-determination and integrity, in relation to the right to security and meaningful existence. The informants conveyed that it’s mainly about being a fellow human with understanding and empathy, adapted to the current situation. Previous research shows ethical dilemmas regarding family caretakers and decision making for elderly with dementia, this was also evident in our study. For future research, we see the relevance in exploring the differences regarding the use of legal kinship privileges.Titel: Biståndsbedömning för klienter med demenssjukdom - Biståndshandläggares upplevelser och erfarenheter Författare: Fredrik Borg och Helena Wallin Håkansson Studiens syfte var att undersöka biståndshandläggares upplevelser, svårigheter och etiska ställningstaganden vid biståndsbedömning av klienter med demenssjukdom. Studien utgick från temana självbestämmande och integritet, trygghet och meningsfull tillvaro samt etiskt förhållningssätt. Kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer användes som datainsamlingsmetod. Empiriskt material bestående av transkriberade intervjuer, analyserades utifrån teorierna empowerment och systemteori. Som resultat konstateras att biståndshandläggare dagligen hanterar etiska dilemman kring klientens självbestämmande och integritet, i relation till rätten till trygghet och meningsfull tillvaro. Informanterna förmedlade att det i praktiken handlar om att vara medmänniska med förståelse och empati, anpassat till den aktuella situationen. Tidigare forskning visar på bland annat etiska dilemman kring anhörigvårdare och beslutsfattande för äldre människor med demens. Detta framkom även i vår studie. För framtida forskning tror vi det kan vara relevant att kartlägga varför det ser olika ut kring användning av anhörigbehörighet.
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Türkkan, Yeliz, and Caroline Kindberg. "”Det är en ständig balansgång” : En kvalitativ studie om hur biståndshandläggare förhåller sig till självbestämmande i mötet med äldre personer med demenssjukdom." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för socialt arbete (SA), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-69884.
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The aim of this study was to understand how care managers in elderly care relate to self-determination when encountering older people with dementia. The study was conducted through qualitative interviews with a hermeneutic approach. We interviewed eight care managers experienced in working with older people with dementia. While interviewing we used a semi-structured interview guide. The material from the interviews were then analyzed through a hermeneutic circle and then theoretically analyzed by the use of Kant’s duty ethics, Bentham’s consequence ethics (normative ethics) and Foucault’s definition of power. Our main conclusions were that older people's self-determination is important and a legal right that clarifies that the power shall lie with the older person. Self-determination is, despite being a legal right, difficult to interpret in practice when it comes to older people with dementia. Depending on which ethical duty care managers lean on and what consequences that might bring, the decisions may differ. Sometimes older people's self-determination is unconditional, but sometimes the municipality’s final responsibility for older people is more authorized than older person's right to self-determination. Power within the relationship between care managers and older people with dementia is dynamic and care managers sometimes have to use their power in order to prevent danger. Our conclusion is that care managers find it difficult motivating departures from self-determination, since there is no coercive in Swedish legislation towards older people with dementia. Self-determination is therefore difficult to handle and requires well-balanced assessments, sometimes on the verge of what is considered as coercive.
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Hoosain, Naeema Yusuf. "Developing predictive models for depression and risktaking behavior among people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA): A focus on the construction of the Self and Implicative Dilemmas." University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5871.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD (Psychology)Due to the chronicity of the HIV infection, substantial changes may occur in the life of people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHAs), emerging new needs must be understood and dealt with, enhancing the already existing ones. Understanding the self-concept of PLWHAS is essential and was situated within Kellys Personal Construct Theory. Increased self-concept makes the individual living with HIV perceive him/herself in a positive way; on the other hand, those with affected self-concept and implicative dilemmas may see themselves as more limited and discouraged, with great implications for mental health. Given the circumstances, the present study aims were to evaluate the sociodemographic, disease, psychosocial factors, as well as cognitive factors such as self-concept and implicative dilemmas and to relate it to depression and risk-taking behaviours in PLWHAs. This quantitative study administered a battery of questionnaires namely, the 1.) Personal and Demographic Questionnaire, 2.) Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI-II), 3.) Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the Repertory Grid to 142 adults living with HIV and AIDS who were attending a public health clinic in a resource-constrained area in the Cape Metropole Region.
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Larsson, Hanna. "“I’d got to decide, forever, betwixt two things, and I knowed it” : Moral Dilemmas in Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn In the Light of R. W. Emerson’s “Self-Reliance”." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Humanities, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-740.
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Colvin, Rebecca Marie. "The dilemmas and challenges of teenage motherhood exploring the barriers in the discovery of the self : a project based upon an independent investigation located in Berkshire Children and Families, Child Care of the Berkshires, The Helen Berube Teen Parent Program /." Click here for text online. Smith College School for Social Work website, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10090/979.
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Thesis (M.S.W.)--Smith College School for Social Work, Northampton, Mass., 2007Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of Master of Social Work. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 58-62).
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Holmgren, Rod. "The dilemma of self-love theory in biblical counselling." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1997. http://www.tren.com.
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Lindelöf, Gabriel Trim Olof. "Moraliska bedömningar av autonoma systems beslut." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-166543.
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Samhällsutvecklingen går i en riktning där människor arbetar i allt närmare samarbete med artificiella agenter. För att detta samarbete ska vara på användarens villkor är det viktigt att förstå hur människor uppfattar och förhåller sig till dessa system. Hur dessa agenter bedöms moraliskt är en komponent i denna förståelse. Malle m.fl. (2015) utförde en av de första studierna kring hur normer och skuld appliceras på människa respektive robot. I samma artikel efterfrågades mer forskning kring vilka faktorer hos agenter som påverkar de moraliska bedömningarna. Föreliggande studie tog avstamp i denna frågeställning och avsåg att undersöka hur moralisk godtagbarhet och skuldbeläggning skiljde sig beroende på om agenten var en person, en humanoid robot eller ett autonomt intelligent system utan kropp (AIS). Ett mellangrupps-experiment (N = 119) användes för att undersöka hur agenterna bedömdes för sina beslut i tre olika moraliska dilemman. Deltagares rättfärdigaden bakom bedömningar samt medveten hållning utforskades som förklaringsmodell av skillnader. Medveten hållning avser Dennetts (1971) teori kring huruvida en agent förstås utifrån mentala egenskaper. Resultaten visade att person och robot erhöll liknande godtagbarhet för sina beslut medan AIS fick signifikant lägre snitt. Graden skuld som tillskrevs skiljde sig inte signifikant mellan agenterna. Analysen av deltagares rättfärdiganden gav indikationer på att skuldbedömningarna av de artificiella agenterna inte grundade sig i sådan information som antagits ligga till grund för denna typ av bedömningar. Flera rättfärdiganden påpekade också att det var någon annan än de artificiella agenterna som bar skulden för besluten. Vidare analyser indikerade på att deltagare höll medveten hållning mot person i störst utsträckning följt av robot och sedan AIS. Studien väcker frågor kring huruvida skuld som fenomen går att applicera på artificiella agenter och i vilken utsträckning distribuerad skuld är en faktor när artificiella agenter bedöms.
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Peterson, Rex H. "Self-paced instruction in the U.S. Army : a boon or a dilemma." Virtual Press, 1992. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/833007.
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The study reviews how self-paced training programs were developed by the U.S. Army for Initial Entry Training (IET), and conducted at the various service schools. In early 1975, after a long validation effort, the Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) published guidance to the service schools and training centers to begin self-paced training. Most service schools sought to follow this guidance in one form or another which demanded a job analysis, systematic development, and tryouts on typical soldiers. Through the years 1975-78, the service schools worked diligently to develop, evaluate and implement self-paced instruction in most of the job specialties of the U.S Army. Around 1978, complaints from field units began to find their way to the Department of the Army and TRADOC. The units complained that they were receiving too many unqualified soldiers from the advanced individual training courses. In response to these complaints, an in depth study was conducted at many of the schools and training centers. As a result of this study, in June 1983, the TRADOC Commander of TRADOC directed the service schools to move from their self-pace efforts toward group-pace.Contributing factors that caused the U.S Army to move away from self-paced instruction were: inherent lack of reenforcement training for the students in skills they had learned in basic training (soldierization skills); students entering the U.S. Army had poor reading skills, lack of motivation, and little formal education; there were problems in scheduling students through the school's "pipeline" and on to their first unit of assignment; and a shortage of properly trained developers and instructors.The U.S. Army's decision to introduce self-paced instruction, although not successful, was not wasted time and resources. It laid out a course that has led to group-paced instruction. The victory, called "Desert Storm", has proven the United States has been very successful with its training stratagem and has a well trained military force.This study was prepared as a historiography, and as such, recorded events as they occurred along a time continuum, and analyzed, correlated, and drew conclusions from those events.3Department of Educational Leadership
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Broderick, Patricia McCarthy. "To thy own self be true a phenomenological investigation into the role of self in a moral dilemma /." Lynchburg, Va. : Liberty University, 2009. http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu.
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Baxter, Daniel. "The Relationships between Motivation, Goals, and Sanctions in Determining Levels of Cooperation over Diminishing Resources." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/36204.
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Environmental degradation and biodiversity loss are worldwide problems caused by human activities, which can often be classified as a resource dilemma. This thesis examines one of the more studied interventions in social dilemmas for increasing cooperative behaviour, namely sanctioning systems, in conjunction with one of the least studied factors in this area, i.e., intraindividual motivation and goals. Across three studies, and using Self-Determination Theory (SDT) as a framework, this thesis examines the relationships between motivation, goals, sanctioning systems and proenvironmental behaviour (PEB) in a resource dilemma (RD). The resource dilemma used in this thesis was a virtual, iterated, 2-person partnered design where each participant was required to make decisions about recreational fishing harvests in a small, private lake with an inferred partner. The ‘partner’ was not real, but was simulated by the program in order to maximize experimental control. Study 1 used mediational analysis to demonstrate that quality of motivation will affect goal content, and goal content will predict proenvironmental behaviour in an RD. Study 2 introduced a centralized sanctioning system to the RD, and found that this type of sanctioning system increased PEB in the RD when added, and decreased PEB when removed, concomitantly affecting the quality of participant motivation. Study 3 introduced a decentralized sanction system to the RD concomitant with pre-written communication for/against the inferred partner. Results demonstrated that self-determined motivation positively predicted the use of positive feedback messages, and negatively predicted the use of monetary sanctions. The results of this thesis expand upon SDT, and point to the potential importance of thorough examinations into the relationship between motivation and cooperation in RDs, and the importance of intraindividual factors in RD research. Moreover, it highlights the potential benefits and drawbacks of relying on sanctioning systems to increase PEBs in RDs.
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Palomaa, Madeleine. "Barn som söker negativ uppmärksamhet : En intervjustudie om ett av förskollärarens pedagogiska dilemman." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Lärarutbildningen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-21463.
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The purpose of this qualitative interview study was to examine which approach experienced pre-school teachers have on children that seek negative attention. The study contains five informants in a city in the middle of Sweden and they all have at least 10 years of experience after their diploma from a pre-school teachers’ program. The questions I aimed to answer were the following: How did the pre-school teachers define the expression ”negative attention”? What approach did they have on children that seek negative attention? What effects do the childrens’ seeking of negative attention generate on their self-esteem and sense of security? How possible do the pre-school teachers feel it is to achieve the goals of the pre-schools’ curricula that every child should get their needs respected and met, when they work with children that seek negative attention? The results showed that the teachers think of them as resources in the group and that they need to think of the environment around these children both at home and at the pre-school to better meet their needs. The results also showed that there are limits to achieve the goals of the pre-school curricula, since the capacity of their working situations are limited.
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Martin, Samuel James Louis. "The 'Lad Lit' dilemma : institutional influences on creative writing practice." Queensland University of Technology, 2008. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/17032/.
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This thesis consists of a novel, eighteenth, and an exegesis, The ‘Lad Lit’ Dilemma: Institutional influences on creative writing practice. It will address my research question; how did institutional factors surrounding the publishing category of Lad Lit influence my creative practice in drafting and re-drafting the novel eighteenth?
eighteenth is the story of Will Swift, a seventeen year-old Brisbane university student. Will is part of a close group of friends from high school. When he falls for Kate, family friend of his mate Simon, his first semester of study becomes more complicated than he might have expected. Will’s movement through these issues and character development is represented symbolically through four eighteenth birthday parties. The project’s exegesis then analyses the changing nature of the publishing industry in the last twenty years, and the implications of these changes for creative writers.
Together, the two elements of this practice-led research will articulate the shift in the balance between the cultural and commercial imperatives of publishers, explain the impact of this shift for the publishing category of Lad Lit, and explore the ramifications of this for creative writing practitioners.
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Charlton, Shawn R. "The relationship between behavioral measures of self-control temporal discounting and the single-player iterated prisoner's dilemma /." Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3233748.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2006.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed December 6, 2006). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 137-148).
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Racine, Timothy Philip. "Effects of counterattitudinal advocacy, reflection, and trait self-deception on attitude towards actors in Kohlberg's Heinz dilemma (Lawrence Kohlberg)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ61483.pdf.
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Lima, Tamiris Daiane Delgado de. "Como duas espécies de Chamaecrista lidam com o dilema do pólen? diferença no tamanho floral e estratégia reprodutiva mediada pelas abelhas." Botucatu, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/181824.
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Orientador: Anselmo NogueiraResumo: A variação no tamanho floral entre espécies vegetais interfere diretamente no grau de heteranteria e grau hercogamia dentro da flor, e pode favorecer a divisão de trabalho entre as anteras, diminuindo o conflito por pólen entre planta e polinizador. Neste trabalho, nosso objetivo principal é investigar como o tamanho floral modifica o processo de polinização e estratégia reprodutiva em duas espécies com tamanhos florais contrastantes: Chamaecrista desvauxii var. latistipula e Chamaecrista nictitans. Nossa hipótese é de que a morfologia das flores maiores de C. desvauxii var. latistipula com androceu evidentemente heteromórfico favoreça a divisão de trabalho, e a segurança reprodutiva nessas flores ocorra via anteras de polinização; enquanto que a morfologia das flores menores de Chamaecrista nictitans não favorece a divisão de trabalho entre as anteras e que a segurança reprodutiva e o conflito por pólen sejam superados pelo predomínio da autopolinização. Nossos resultados indicam que não ocorre divisão de trabalho entre os conjuntos das anteras em ambas as espécies, embora o heteranteria seja visível em C. desvauxii. Independente do tamanho das flores os diferentes conjuntos de anteras não diferem em atração visual para as abelhas. Já em flores menores de C. nictitans nossos resultados indicam a quebra da heteranteria e da hercogamia em um sistema mais generalista quando comparado a flores maiores de C. desvauxii var. latistipula. As flores pequenas de C. nictitans dependem ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The variation in floral size between plant species directly interferes with the degree of heteranthery and degree of hercogamy within the flower and may favor the division of labor between the anthers, reducing the conflict between plant pollen and pollinator. In this work, our primary objective is to investigate how the floral size modifies the pollination process and reproductive strategy in two species with contrasting floral sizes: Chamaecrista desvauxii var. latistipula and Chamaecrista nictitans. We hypothesize that the morphology of the larger flowers of C. desvauxii with evident anther dimorphism favors the division of labor, and reproductive security in these flowers occurs via pollination anthers. Alternatively, the morphology of the smaller flowers of C. nictitans does not favor the division of labor between the anthers and that reproductive security and pollen conflict are overcome by the predominance of self-pollination. Our results indicate that there is no division of labor between the anther sets in both species, although heteranthery is visible in C. desvauxii. Regardless of the size of the flowers, the different anther sets do not differ in visual attraction for the bees. In smaller flowers of C. nictitans, our results indicate the breakage of heteranthery and hercogamy into a more general system when compared to larger flowers of C. desvauxii. The small flowers of C. nictitans depend on auto pollen to achieve reproductive success, the same does not occur wi... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Shields, Christopher Andrew. "The Dilemma of Proxy-Agency in Exercise: a Social-Cognitive Examination of the Balance between Reliance and Self-Regulatory Ability." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/715.
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Social Cognitive Theory (SCT: Bandura, 1997) has been used successfully in understanding exercise adherence. To date, the majority of the exercise research has focused on situations of personal agency (i. e. , self as agent: e. g. , McAuley & Blissmer, 2000). However, there are a number of exercise situations in which people look to others to help them manage their exercise participation by enlisting a proxy-agent (Bandura, 1997). While using assistance from a proxy can promote the development of self-regulatory skills, Bandura (1997) cautions that reliance on a proxy actually reduces mastery experiences which can result in an inability to self-regulate one?s behaviour. Although research examined proxy-agency in exercise (e. g. , Bray et al. , 2001), the issue of reliance on the proxy at the expense of the participant?s ability to adjust to exercise without that agent has not been investigated. This potential dilemma of proxy-agency in exercise was at the core of this dissertation and was investigated in a series of three studies. Study 1 investigated whether those who differed in preferred level of proxy-contact also differed in their social-cognitions both within and outside a proxy-led exercise context. In addition, the relationships between proxy-efficacy, reliance and self-efficacy were examined. Results indicated that participants who preferred regular contact with an exercise proxy had lower self-regulatory efficacy, lower task efficacy, and weaker intentions in a proxy-led exercise context. Further, high-contact participants were shown to be less efficacious in dealing with the behavioural challenge of sudden class elimination. It was also demonstrated that higher reliance on the instructor was associated with lower self-efficacy and higher proxy-efficacy. Study 2 served to extend the findings of Study 1 through the examination of behavioural differences characteristic of differential levels of preferred proxy contact and the reasons for use of proxy-agency. It was found that exercise class participants preferring high contact with a proxy found exercising independently more difficult than did their low contact counterparts. It was also found that when faced with class elimination, those preferring high contact chose a self-managed activity alternative less frequently than did those preferring low contact. High contact participants also reported feeling less confident, less satisfied and perceived their alternative activity as more difficult than did those preferring low contact. In examining the reasons for preferring high proxy-contact, results indicated that a preference for high contact was associated with having had less experience exercising independently and allotting more responsibility for in-class participation to the class instructor as compared to preferring low proxy-contact. Study 3 used Lent and Lopez?s (2002) tripartite model of efficacy beliefs to examine the associations between relational efficacies (i. e. , other-efficacy and relation inferred self-efficacy (RISE) beliefs, proxy-efficacy) and various social cognitions relevant to proxy-agency. Results revealed that relational efficacies were distinct yet related constructs which additively predicted self-regulatory efficacy, satisfaction, intended intensity and reliance. Relational efficacies were also shown to make unique contributions to the predictions of the relevant social-cognitions. It was also demonstrated that RISE beliefs were associated with the attributions participants made. Specifically, higher RISE beliefs was associated with making more internal, personally controllable and stable attributions. These results represent the initial examination of relational efficacy beliefs in the exercise literature and provide additional evidence of the proxy-agency dilemma in exercise. Taken together, the present series of studies both support theorizing by Bandura on the dilemma of proxy-agency and represent an extension of the existing literature of proxy-agency in exercise. Results suggest that seemingly healthy, regularly exercising adults who choose to employ proxy-agency may be at risk for nonadherence in situations of behavioural challenge. The current findings have important implications for exercise leaders and interventionists as they must be aware of the balance between helping and hindering.
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Gustafsson, Helene, and Jani Karvonen. "Självbestämmande eller förmynderi? : Dilemman i hemtjänstens arbete med äldre som har en problematisk alkoholkonsumtion." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för socialt arbete och psykologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-24160.
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Syftet med vårt arbete är att undersöka hur hemtjänstpersonal ser på problematisk alkoholkonsumtion i förhållande till självbestämmande bland äldre samt om det kan ha betydelse för deras omsorg av den äldre. Kvalitativa halvstrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med hemtjänstpersonal (n=4) som analyserades hermeneutiskt utifrån teorier om makt och handlingsutrymme. Av resultaten framgår att självbestämmanderätten som Socialstyrelsen beskrivit den, är villkorad i hemtjänstpersonalens tolkning och att det saknas tydliga riktlinjer och rutiner i hemtjänstens arbete med äldre som har en problematisk alkoholkonsumtion. Resultaten visar att hemtjänstpersonalen gör individuella bedömningar i arbetet med äldre som har en problematisk alkoholkonsumtion. Det framgår att hemtjänstpersonalens arbete är förenat med svåra etiska ställningstaganden, där även maktförhållanden synliggörs och där hemtjänstpersonalen har tolkningsföreträde i förhållande till den äldre och förmynderi är en potentiell riskfaktor. En slutsats är att tydligare riktlinjer angående inköp av alkohol till äldre med en problematisk alkoholkonsumtion kan tänkas bidra till att hemtjänstpersonalen arbetar på ett mer likformigt sätt vilket i sin tur ökar rättssäkerheten för den äldre.The aim of our study was to examine how integrity and self-determination is conceived by care assistants regarding older care takers with a problematic alcohol consumption, and if it affects their care provided. Qualitative semi-structured interviews, carried out with home care assistants (n=4) and analyzed hermeneutically with theories of power and discretion, showed that self-determination, as described by The Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare, is fulfilled only under certain conditions in the home care assistant’s interpretation. We also found a lack of guidelines and routines concerning problematic alcohol consumption among older care takers. Our results showed that home care assistants made individual assessments in their work with older care takers with problematic alcohol consumption actualizing a difficult ethical dilemma between neglect and paternalism. These ethical issues visualize power relationships where home care assistants have the prerogative to decide in relation to the care takers, where paternalism is a potential risk factor. Clear guidelines regarding the purchase of alcohol to older care takers with problematic alcohol consumption may contribute to home care assistants working more uniformly which leads to a higher state of legal security for the care takers.
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Massey, Elizabeth. "The doctor's dilemma, the capacity of Ontario's self-governing health professions to regulate conflict of interest ; a study of the College of Physicians and Surgeons." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0005/MQ46033.pdf.
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Balliet, Daniel P. "A matter of time : does the impact of social value orientation and self-efficacy on contributions to public goods depend on the temporal framing of the dilemma?" Online access for everyone, 2007. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2007/d_balliet_042507.pdf.
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Ongito, Ongoro J. "Transformative Learning within the Online Learning Environment: The Impact of Learners' Gender, Epistemological and Self-Efficacy Beliefs on Generation of Knowledge in Online Discussion Forums." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1339044363.
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Angus, Simon Douglas Economics Australian School of Business UNSW. "Economic networks: communication, cooperation & complexity." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Economics, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/27005.
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This thesis is concerned with the analysis of economic network formation. There are three novel sections to this thesis (Chapters 5, 6 and 8). In the first, the non-cooperative communication network formation model of Bala and Goyal (2000) (BG) is re-assessed under conditions of no inertia. It is found that the Strict Nash circle (or wheel) structure is still the equilibrium outcome for n = 3 under no inertia. However, a counter-example for n = 4 shows that with no inertia infinite cycles are possible, and hence the system does not converge. In fact, cycles are found to quickly dominate outcomes for n > 4 and further numerical simulations of conditions approximating no inertia (probability of updating > 0.8 to 1) indicate that cycles account for a dramatic slowing of convergence times. These results, together with the experimental evidence of Falk and Kosfeld (2003) (FK) motivate the second contribution of this thesis. A novel artificial agent model is constructed that allows for a vast strategy space (including the Best Response) and permits agents to learn from each other as was indicated by the FK results. After calibration, this model replicates many of the FK experimental results and finds that an externality exploiting ratio of benefits and costs (rather than the difference) combined with a simple altruism score is a good proxy for the human objective function. Furthermore, the inequity aversion results of FK are found to arise as an emergent property of the system. The third novel section of this thesis turns to the nature of network formation in a trust-based context. A modified Iterated Prisoners' Dilemma (IPD) model is developed which enables agents to play an additional and costly network forming action. Initially, canonical analytical results are obtained despite this modification under uniform (non-local) interactions. However, as agent network decisions are 'turned on' persistent cooperation is observed. Furthermore, in contrast to the vast majority of non-local, or static network models in the literature, it is found that a-periodic, complex dynamics result for the system in the long-run. Subsequent analysis of this regime indicates that the network dynamics have fingerprints of self-organized criticality (SOC). Whilst evidence for SOC is found in many physical systems, such dynamics have been seldom, if ever, reported in the strategic interaction literature.
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"Self-Conscious Cooperation: Implications of a Functional Approach to Emotions for Behavior in Social Dilemmas." Doctoral diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.15171.
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abstract: As the world's resources face increasing pressure from a growing population, it is critical that psychologists understand the motivational processes that lead to cooperation or defection in the context of social dilemmas. Research has uncovered several key strategies for encouraging maintenance of these resources, however, one area that remains understudied is the effect various emotions may have on cooperation. Furthermore, it is important to consider the specific type of desired behavior: reduction of consumption of a shared resource, or increased contribution to a shared resource. The current study takes a step in this direction, examining the effects of two self-conscious emotions, guilt and pride, on behavior in two different kinds of social dilemmas. Guilt, a prosocial emotion that has been described as a "behavioral interrupt mechanism," is predicted to increase cooperation in both a social trap game and a public goods dilemma game. However, its effects should be strongest in the social trap game, in which the desired behavior is reduced consumption. Pride, an emotion that is conceptually related to the constructs of status and power, is predicted to motivate action in both domains, by increasing both consumption in the social trap game and contribution in the public goods dilemma game. Results partially support these predictions: Whereas guilt and pride both had the predicted effects on consumption in the social trap game, neither had a significant effect on contribution in the public goods dilemma game. Individual differences are examined, as are the results of a Game Feedback Sheet, which yielded insight as to how participants understood the rules of the games, and why they chose the strategies they did. Results support the idea that emotions represent a potentially fruitful avenue of research in social dilemma cooperation, and possible future directions for this research are discussed.Dissertation/Thesis
Ph.D. Psychology 2012
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CHEN, WANG-TING, and 陳婉庭. "Family Dilemmas and Self Identification in Homosexual Literature:With Reference to the 90's Taiwanese Novels." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/46z85s.
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碩士中國文化大學
中國文學系
106
No matter how the society change after such a long time, it is always very hard for the homosexual to come out to their family. Parents who might be open-minded usually turn out to be overreacted when it comes to this sensitive issue; on the other hand, being afraid of misunderstanding might cause the homosexual choose to keep their silence. It is a plight need to weigh why the homosexual should or should not make it public if there might be a potential family storm waiting for them. And if, finally, the answer is certain, then comes to the second page: “when” and “how” to say out loud? Literature of homosexuality was all the rage in the 90s, and a lot of plots surrounding with family social space reveal a strong influence of the other family members on the homosexual and the care of the homosexual to their family. The article focus on the 90s’ novel to find out the struggle of the homosexual have, discuss the changing image of family social space in different age and compare the situation in family before and after their coming out. Finally, the article concludes with the change in the 90s writing direction and the new development of homosexuality in literature. Key Words: Homosexual, Family, Coming Out
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Wiggum, Candice Diehl. "Moral dilemmas of bulimics and non-bulimics : a study of voice and self in eating disorders." Thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/36340.
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The central question of this study was to examine the moral orientation
and the role of self in subject generated moral dilemmas for information on
the developmental and cultural forces contributing to the etiology and
maintenance of eating disorders in college women. The research was based
on the theories of Carol Gilligan (1982, 1988, 1990).
Twelve women identified as bulimic by therapists and twelve women
with no eating disorder were administered the BULIT-R and the moral
conflict and choice interview. A Guide to Reading Narratives of Moral Conflict
and Choice for Self and Moral Voice provided the framework for analyzing
the the interviews.
Using Chi squares to analyze the data, no significant differences were
found between the two groups on presence, predominance, and alignment
of the moral voices of care and justice or on relationship framework, although
a trend toward the bulimic sample aligning both with the justice and care
orientations was noted. The bulimic sample expressed one or more of the
vulnerabilities of care and both care and justice significantly more often than
the comparison sample. No difference was found for expression of self care,
though the quality of self care expressed was different. Subjects from the
bulimic sample mentioned self care in conjunction with self-preservation,
while subjects in the comparison group mentioned self-care as an ordinary
consideration in conflicts. A significant difference was found between the two
groups on mention of a problematic relationship with father, with bulimics
describing an emotionally distant relationship with father more often. Finally,
the quality of the conflicts described by bulimics tended to be more critical to
self than those described by the comparison sample.
Results were related to what Gilligan (1990) calls the biggest
challenge of the adolescent female: how to integrate inclusion of self with
inclusion of others. Disturbances in relationships within the family resulted in
the women from the bulimic sample having difficulty with this task. Two
coping styles were identified: role reversal and hostile avoidant (Salzman,
1990). The relevance of these coping styles to bulimia was discussed.
Implications for therapy were reviewed and recommendations were
made for future research.Graduation date: 1992
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Liu, An-Ni, and 劉安妮. "Effects of group identity on political warfare officers’ self-interested decision-making behaviors under military social dilemmas." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77927126218107441383.
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碩士國防大學政治作戰學院
心理碩士班
100
In order to understand the decision-making behavioral tendencies of political warfare officers under the military social dilemmas, and based on Weber et al’ s（2004）proposition that the group identity could increase the cooperative decision-making behavior of social dilemmas, this study was designed to arouse the soldier group to improve their original self-interested decision-making behaviors. The researcher conveniently sampled 418 political warfare officers, and used "Military Group Identity Questionnaire" and "Political Warfare Military Social Dilemma Questionnaire" to collect data. Results showed: 1. under the military social dilemmas, the political warfare officers’ decision-making behaviors tended to be self-interested; 2. under the military social dilemmas, group identity indeed had moderating effects on political warfare officers’ self-interested decision-making behaviors; 3. there were no significant differences between modern disaster relief tasks and conventional warfare missions in the degree of group identity. According to the results of this research, the political warfare officers’ self-interested decision-making behaviors were not based on personal self-interested habits. More powerful reasons were behind, such as blind obedience, which was shaped by military socialization.
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Sütfeld, Leon René. "Advances in Vehicle Automation: Ethics and Technology." Doctoral thesis, 2021. https://repositorium.ub.uni-osnabrueck.de/handle/urn:nbn:de:gbv:700-202109145339.
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With the arrival of automated vehicles (AVs) on our streets virtually around the corner, this thesis explores advances in automated driving technology with a focus on ethical decision making in dilemmatic traf- fic situations. In a total of five publications, we take a multi-facetted approach to analyse and address the core challenges related to auto- mated ethical decision making in AVs. In publications one through three, we conduct a series of immersive virtual reality studies to analyze human behavior in traffic dilemmas, explore mathematical approaches to model the decision making process, investigate how the assessment methodology can affect moral judgment, and discuss the implications of these studies for algorithmic decision making in the real-world. In publication number four, we provide a comprehensive summary of the status quo of AV technology and legislation with regard to automated ethical decision making. Here, we discuss when and why ethical deci- sion making systems become necessary in AVs, review existing guide- lines for the behavior of AVs in dilemma situations, and compile a set of 10 demands and open questions that need to be addressed in the pursuit of a framework for ethical decision making in AVs. Finally, the basis for automated ethical decision making in AVs will be provided by accurate assessments of the immediate environment of the car. The pri- mary technology used to provide the required information processing of camera and LiDAR images in AVs is machine learning, and in particular deep learning. In publication five, we propose a form of adaptive acti- vation functions, addressing a central element of deep neural networks, which could, for instance, lead to increased detection rates of relevant objects, and thus help to provide a more accurate assessment of the AVs environment. Overall, this thesis provides a structured and compre- hensive overview of the state of the art in ethical decision making for AVs. It includes important implications for the design of decision mak- ing algorithms in practice, and concisely outlines the central remaining challenges on the road to a safe, fair and successful introduction of fully automated vehicles into the market.
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SHIAU, CHING-SHIANG, and 蕭晴湘. "Dilemma——a Self-Exploration Through Art." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/uwuktv.
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碩士國立高雄師範大學
跨領域藝術研究所
106
This thesis is about my long term and long distance relationship with my boyfriend. As the distance between us getting closer, our relationship seems to become more intense. It's not what we expected when living in the same city. The anxious feeling rises when we get closer to each other. This sense of insecurity aroused suspicions between us, and this situation shouldn't happen in our relationship. Even though I knew where the problem came from, it still couldn't be solved. Eventually, I started doubting happiness and I was trapped in trying to pursuit a happy ending by negatively using compulsive violence to our relationship. I was stuck in those two conflicting behaviors and this direct response of violence was passed down from my original family. This made me begin the whole healing process. Could art help the healing process? I doubtfully started to explore it and tried to use body language instead of speaking out. I put on a performance art by performing daily life as behavioral art. It's an unnoticed acting. The status became a paradoxical phenomenon. After the performance, I went through everything by writing it down. And it recalled my forgotten childhood memories. I discovered that the trauma of my father’s life was subconsciously affecting me. His unwilling broken emotions in the past have caused my life's trauma again. This made me no longer believe in happiness when it comes to intimacy. This thesis uses dilemma as a symbol of life difficulties. After I experienced this whole process of performing, writing and seeing. I'm looking forward to a new page of my life by searching for the possibilities of rewriting and re-binding the unwilling broken emotions.
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Ward, Morgan Kraft. "The dilemma of the gift registry : how social closeness intensifies it." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-05-958.
Full textAbstract:
When choosing a gift, the gift-giver has three distinct but interdependent goals: the item must 1) satisfy the recipient 2) be self-reflective for the gift-giver, and 3) indicate the nature of the relationship between the giver and the recipient. However, these goals are often mutually exclusive, making it infeasible for the giver to meet both his/her own and the recipient’s needs with his/her gift choices. In both essays we look at how the important moderator of social closeness between the giver and recipient influences givers’ prioritization of these goals.
In Essay 1, we constrain givers to choose from a gift registry and posit that purchasing an identity-incongruent product can threaten an individual’s identity, particularly when purchasing for a close (vs. distant) friend who is an integral part of the self. Five experiments in the context of gift registry show that givers choosing identity-incongruent gifts for a close (vs. distant) friend experience an identity threat and seek to re-establish their shaken identities by endorsing the threatened identity and choosing identity-expressive products in subsequent decisions.
In Essay 2 we loosen the constraints of the gift choice and allow givers to choose or reject the gift registry. Our main hypothesis is that when choosing for a close (vs. distant) friend, the giver will discount the recipient’s explicit preferences in favor of a gift that signals the giver’s identity or the relationship between them. However, prior research indicates that close friends choose inaccurately for one another as they conflate their own preferences with those of the recipients’. Thus we suggest that since givers are more likely to make a free choice (vs. registry choice) for a close (vs. distant) friend, they face an increased likelihood of choosing a less desirable gift for their close friends.text
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Makena, Paul Tshwarelo. "The journey to be a therapist : personal experiences of ethics in training and therapy." Diss., 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/17301.
Full textAbstract:
The tone of this dissertation is in the first person as allowed by the lens of constructivism used in it.
Being constantly self-reflective, the author takes the reader through his personal journey to be a therapist,
and the ethical dimensions encountered in the process, to indicate that one cannot do therapy \\'ithout
considering ethics in the fusion of the professional and personal selves of the therapist.-
What is lost in the delineated field of observation is hoped to be gained, in the richness of its personal
material. Not aiming at drawing any generalisable arguments, the purpose of the dissertation is to provoke
a dialogue about our ethical conduct with clients, indicating that our therapeutic conduct is enriched by
constantly involving ourselves in the ethical dilemmas that emerge in the therapeutic process.Psychology
M.A. (Clinical Psychology)
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Wu, Wen-Yi, and 吳文逸. "The Dilemma of the Dreams and Reality A Self-Narrative of a Basketball Teacher." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/49arqw.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺中教育大學
體育學系碩士班
102
Abstract What is your dream? Have you ever asked yourself about this? Or, have you been chasing all the time what is in fact other people's dream? Actually, not many people have ever thought seriously about what they truly aspire in life. The researcher of the present study used to enjoy the simple joy brought by basketball, dreaming of becoming a professional player at the same time. However, with the change of living circumstances and life experiences, the joy resulting from playing basketball gradually dissipated, while being replaced by disappointment and frustration. Although the idea of giving up came to mind every now and then, the desire to continue playing basketball still remains and is strengthened whenever he steps into the court and catches a pass from his teammates. With a self-narration approach, the present study explicates the story of a physical education teacher's twenty-year sports career, who specializes in basketball. Based on real life experience, the story illustrates the mental process of how the researcher came to realize what the basketball truly meant to him. The story is divided into two parts. The first part consists of three "selves" during the process of pursuing his dream, including the vigorous young "self" in elementary school, the insistent and determined "self" in middle school, and the "self" working towards his dream in high school. This part of story centers on the training process imposed upon the author and the path of his mental growth. The second part consists of five "selves" coping with challenges in life, including the "self" with confidence yet trying to escape from reality at college, the "self" switching to another career during practical training, the "self" that crossed a high barrier in the army, the "self" insecure of the future as a substitute teacher, and the carefree "self" as a full-time teacher. This part of story mainly focuses on the author's twists of life during his basketball career and his developing state of mind reacting to those life changes. With an attempt to look closely at the past, the researcher has managed to find the meaning of basketball corresponding to each stage, and has further clarified what dream really meant to him. The study concludes that the researcher has been pursuing a superficial "self" the whole time, paying attention to minor aspects such as techniques, game results, and other peoples' opinions. That is, he has failed to look more deeply at his inner self, which goes beyond the level of basketball techniques. Keywords: Basketball,Sports Experience,Self-Narrative
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Yi-Sheng, Wang, and 王弈升. "Seeking Hope from the Dilemma : A study of phenomenology and self-narration of Meaning of Home." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22125687910810287351.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立彰化師範大學
輔導與諮商學系所
99
Based on hermeneutic phenomenological approach, this study use self-narrative as a way to inquire the researcher’s growing-up experience of home/family-meaning-making process.The main concerns in this research listed as follows: (1) we tried to exploring the meaning of home of “only the father/ mother absent” by the researcher’s self-narration from childhood to college, that form up the researcher’s viewpoint of home; (2) For response to previous study on the self-narrative " displacement " and " Text Analysis Methodology " of the criticism, the researcher try to develop the method in self-narrative study. After attending to Liu’s integrated narrative and phenomenological analysis training program, the researcher develop the analysis method of the study—Imagery Analysis. Acording to the method of imagry analysis to analysis the narrative text, the researcher found: For the narrator who growing up in the“ only the father /mother absence ” situation, while the narrator trapped in the "home of the past experience of dilemma "(such as alcohol abuse / domestic violence / father as the hero is no longer) and can not return to the" home of the past, good experience "(such as full / family were in the / father as a hero), and other experience and exposure to the situation “in present” are broken, so the narrative were caught" no home, " and form the story of this dilemma. In reflect of “the narrator how to grouping up in the dilemma of home(in family)”, the researcher found “ the Third” being of significant meaning. “ The Third” has been a main role in helping the narrator who is in the predicament（困境）of “feel no home ”, It is to be given by the experience of “ feel in home ” to help the narrator run out from the "no home" dilemma in the guidelines on the story of hope. Whether “ The Third” can be as “ the concrete imagery of others”( like elegant / teachers / peers, etc.) or as “ the abstract imagery of others”( like warmth / support / care, etc.), If the narrator could “ feel in home” in being support by the experiences of “ The Third” , the narrator can living up hope form the predicament situation. In addition, the researcher combined the results of the text discusses to the significance of dialogue with the previous house, he found discusses of " people oriented " and " environment-based, " "family/transitional family," " hope theory " and other discussion, through the interpretation of the above discussed phenomenological reflection form a "dilemma - want" discourse（困局—希望）, and the researcher used the discourse as the frames course of the study , he reflect on the comprehension of narrative text to form “ the researcher who comprehensive of the meaning of home ”, found four understanding of” home ” the conversion period, as follows: (1) loop one: by self / professional "repair / rescue" - the original home of: a happy and fun; (2) Cycle II: "hopes" - can not fix on their own home, I do not know which way to go, but to leave; (3) Cycle three: "Family "I do not know what the acceptance of the family" love "the guidelines" hope "away; (4) together: family" hope "is in fact towards the" root cause "of the desire away, there is no specific image. Integrated the above discussion, the study found that "home" could not be identify in “ specific and concrete imagery ” to understanding, but have to understand it in “ non-fixed image understanding” as a reflexive desire to see on the home is really the "root causes" as the call to towards it; which means,we must let go of the known to outline the imagery of home, and re-see the dunamic and call of home as a matter of fact there is no specific image, which was able to return to live out their hopes. The basis of the foregoing discussion, the researchers a new understanding of home construction of meaning, the following conclusions: the experience difficulties living in the troubled family who must leave home by the dilemma, pass through the experience to be home, to " go home " and toward " home, in the root of " away. Finally, inquire of the limitations and the possible future, reflect on two points, including: (1) on the "who" spoke of the reflection; (2) on the "break" reflection of the experience for the interested reader is referred to the future .
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Chen, Angel. "The Implicit Link of Luxury and Self-Interest: The Influence of Luxury Objects on Social Motivation and Cooperative Behaviour." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/6770.
Full textAbstract:
Despite growing concerns for environmental crisis and the recent economic downturns, worldwide appetite for luxury goods has remained stable and has even grown dramatically in some countries. Luxury goods implicitly convey certain meanings and norms. What are psychological and behavioural consequences of exposure to luxuries? In this proposal, I argue that exposure to luxury goods increases cognitive accessibility of constructs relate to self-interest and subsequently affects social judgments and behaviour. I aim to establish a theoretical conjunction between (a) anthropology’s study of material culture, which focuses on material evidence in attributing human cultures, and (b) psychology’s priming technique, which examines the effects of activated cognitive representations on psychological responding. Accordingly, three studies were conducted to investigate the implicit link of luxury and self-interest. The results showed that exposure to luxury primes automatically activated mental associations relate to self-interest and subsequently increased one’s propensity to allocate more resources to oneself relative to another person (study 1), caused some harvesters to defect in a multi-stage N-person commons dilemma (study 2), but did not necessarily induce unethical behaviour aimed to harm others (study 3). Research about the psychological effects of luxury goods are important because luxuries are implicitly embedded in institutional settings and organizational environments in which negotiations are typically conducted and resource allocation decisions are made.Graduate
0621
0623
0451
angelch@uvic.ca
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Pan, Jia-Hong, and 潘家宏. "The Scholar’s Dilemma of Life and Self-Settled during Sung-Jin Transition―Sung Ambassador and Jin Officials as a Case Study." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36181540089421629699.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立暨南國際大學
中國語文學系
101
This dissertation mainly focuses on analysing the Chinese literati writings of early-Jin Dynasty , to show Chinese literati’s self-value transition among different conditions. The Jin Dynasty had a strategy of borrowing talents from the Sung and Liao government, and most of Jin government officials who came from the Sung and Liao government was usually considered to be the traitors. So the greatest effort of this dissertation was trying to change the prejudices about the Chinese literati who became an officer in the Jin Dynasty, such as their political leanings, and how they participate in the establishment of the early-Jin Dynasty（1115-1161）. There were some of these Jin government officer betrayed Jin government and helped Sung government again finally , but there were a few Chinese literati officer still loyal to the Jin government . When the author read poetry and prose about these people, the author could discover some different thoughts between them. These literary writings provide us an opportunity to glimpse the different variations of self-value for each one of them, and also help us to see how these self-value changed when they were torn between Sung and Jin Dynasty. The Author conducted close reading of Chinese literati's literary writings, especially those works which were wrote down after the Jingkang Event. These literary writings showed these Chinese literati's self-identity and their double cultural perspective. Through their writing, the author would research Chinese literati who southwardly refuged along with Sung government, and Chinese literati who defect to Jin government voluntarily. These Chinese literati's writings are quite precious that could make us understand these Chinese literati's self-value transition on Jin and Sung state.
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Chi, I.-chih, and 紀懿芷. "The Stranded 'Body' in School Teaching: Self-Fashioning, Structural Dilemma, and Innovative Practice of Drama Teachers in Taiwanese Junior High Schools." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/96q53p.
Full textAbstract:
碩士東海大學
社會學系
104
The setting up of the course of performing arts in Taiwanese public school teaching represents one of the revolutionary consequences of a series of national educational reforms in 1990s. This national policy gave birth to a new professional category in the educational history: drama teachers. The timing of the emergence of such new category of teacher symbolizes a turning point not only in the national educational history but also in the personal life cycle of these young teachers, who have experienced the process of adaption from artistic field to educational field. These drama teachers fighting for their own agency in the professional field go through three typical periods of self-fashioning: provisional selves, reflexive selves, and composite selves, and gradually achieve dynamic equilibrium between artistic self-construal and educational self-construal. The reason why the drama teachers need to negotiate between these two selves and try to integrate them during the professional practice is that the cognitive contradictions and conflicts of value are inevitable in the intertexture of two different fields: art and education. Besides, professional obstacles of drama teachers result largely from such dilemma. After relating the life experiences of drama teachers to their self-fashioning process, we try to explore the structural and social foundations which offer conditions to form the real situations of drama teacher. In this research, we take the Taiwanese body education as a starting point to analyze, for it represents the structure of power in educational field which disciplines the setting of school teaching and students’ bodies simultaneously. In fact, the emergence of performing arts in school teaching means an attempt to break the existed structure of power, by means of revoking and releasing awareness of our body which have been repressed during a long period. The innovative practice of the performing arts teaching carried out by dram teachers signifies the realization of “awakened body” through educational system.
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Nerenberg, Lesly. "Interindividuelle Unterschiede der Impulsivität und Impulskontrolle." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0015-8F65-B.
Full textAbstract:
In der vorliegenden Studie wurde mittels der Bildgebung des funktionellen MRT die Dynamik der neuronalen Hirnmechanismen untersucht, die es dem Menschen erlauben, durch kurzfristigen Verzicht auf Belohnungen seinen Verhaltenserfolg langfristig zu optimieren. Durch den Vergleich zweier Extremgruppen gesunder Probanden (hoch- versus niedrig- impulsive Probanden) sollte ein möglicher Zusammenhang zwischen der Impulsivität und dem funktionellen Zusammenspiel frontostriataler Regelkreise während des aktiven Prozesses der Entscheidungsfindung dargestellt werden. Die vorliegende Studie hat gezeigt, dass gesunde, nicht- klinische Individuen, die sich selbst mittels der Barratt- Impulsivitätsskala als hoch- impulsiv charakterisiert haben, ihr Verlangen nach einer direkten Belohnung erfolgreich durch Aktivierung zweier komplementärer Hirnmechanismen kontrollieren können. Als erster Mechanismus ist festzuhalten, dass selbstkontrollierte Entscheidungen zu einer Abschwächung der belohnungsabhängigen Aktivierung im Nucleus accumbens führten, welche von einer ansteigenden inversen Verbindung mit dem anteroventralen präfrontalen Kortex begleitet wurde. Der zweite Mechanismus ist, dass HI- Probanden ihren Wunsch nach einer höherwertigen, aber suboptimalen Belohnung in Abhängigkeit von der Wertigkeit der unmittelbaren Belohnung durch Downregulation im ventromedialen präfrontalen Kortex kontrollierten. Diesem Mechanismus folgte eine ansteigende inverse Kopplung mit dem ventralen Striatum. Von entscheidender Bedeutung ist dabei, dass sich diese neuronalen Mechanismen qualitativ von denen der extrem- kontrollierten Probanden unterschieden. Insgesamt lässt sich sagen, dass diese Ergebnisse darauf hindeuten, dass es persönlichkeitsspezifische neuronale Mechanismen gibt, die es hoch-impulsiven Probanden ermöglichen, ihren Wunsch nach einer unmittelbaren Belohnung zu kontrollieren.
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Krämer, Bernd. "Fronto-striatal brain circuits involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and affective disorders: FMRI studies of the effects of urbanicity and fearful faces on neural mechanisms of reward processing and self-control." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-002B-7D01-A.
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Chapleau, Marie-Andrée. "Psychopathie chez les individus non incarcérés et coopération dans un dilemme du prisonnier itératif." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11422.
Full textAbstract:
Au niveau interpersonnel, la psychopathie implique un manque de considération d’autrui pouvant se manifester par la tromperie, la manipulation et l’exploitation. La présente thèse a investigué la relation entre les caractéristiques psychopathiques d'individus non incarcérés et la tendance à coopérer dans un jeu du dilemme du prisonnier itératif. Un total de 85 hommes ont été recrutés via une annonce qui ciblait des traits de personnalité correspondant à des caractéristiques psychopathiques exprimées de façon non péjorative. Plusieurs méthodes ont été employées pour rejoindre les participants : 46 ont participés en personne après avoir répondu à une invitation affichée dans un journal local ainsi que sur des babillards à proximité d'une université; 39 ont complété l'étude sur Internet après avoir été recrutés via un site web de petites annonces. Chaque participant a répondu à un questionnaire incluant l’Échelle Auto-rapportée de Psychopathie (Levenson, Kiehl, & Fitzpatrick, 1995) et l’Échelle Auto-rapportée des Indicateurs de Psychopathie de l’Enfance et de l’Adolescence (Seto, Khattar, Lalumière, & Quinsey, 1997). Ils ont également complété une simulation informatique du dilemme du prisonnier itératif comprenant 90 essais. La simulation informatique utilisée pour évaluer les participants en personne ainsi que la version accessible par Internet ont été conçues et programmées spécifiquement pour la présente thèse. La simulation informatique incluait trois stratégies souvent associées au dilemme du prisonnier itératif : donnant-donnant, donnant-donnant-généreux et gagne/reste-perd/change. Les analyses préliminaires ont montré que les participants vus en personne et ceux rejoints par Internet ne différaient pas en termes de variables sociodémographiques, des caractéristiques psychopathiques, de la désirabilité sociale et des réponses au dilemme du prisonnier. Une régression multiple standard a indiqué que les mesures psychopathiques ne pouvaient pas prédire le nombre total de choix coopératifs dans le jeu. Par contre, une corrélation négative a été trouvée entre les caractéristiques interpersonnelles et affectives de la psychopathie et la coopération dans le premier tiers du jeu. De plus, les participants qui présentaient davantage de caractéristiques psychopathiques interpersonnelles et affectives avaient plus souvent réussi à exploiter l'ordinateur en dénonçant alors que la simulation informatique coopérait. Des analyses multi-niveaux ont exploré la contribution de variables au niveau de la décision et au niveau de l'individu dans la prédiction du choix de coopérer ou de dénoncer lors de chaque essai du jeu; les interactions entre ces variables ont aussi été considérées. Les résultats ont montré que les variables au niveau de la décision influençaient généralement plus fortement les chances de coopérer que les variables au niveau de l'individu. Parmi les mesures de la psychopathie, seulement les caractéristiques interpersonnelles et affectives ont montré une association significative avec les chances de coopérer; les interactions avec le premier choix effectué dans le jeu et le premier tiers du jeu étaient significatives. Ainsi, si un participant avait coopéré au premier essai, la présence de caractéristiques psychopathiques interpersonnelles et affectives était associée à une diminution de ses chances de coopérer par la suite. Aussi, durant les 30 premiers essais du jeu, la présence de caractéristiques psychopathiques interpersonnelles et affectives était associée à une diminution des chances de coopérer. La stratégie adoptée par la simulation informatique n'avait pas d'influence sur le lien entre les caractéristiques psychopathiques et la probabilité de coopérer. Toutefois, le fait de jouer contre donnant-donnant était associé à de plus fortes chances de coopérer d'un essai à l'autre pour l'ensemble des participants. Globalement, les résultats suggèrent que les hommes non incarcérés présentant des caractéristiques psychopathiques ne seraient pas nécessairement portés à choisir systématiquement la non-coopération. En fait, les caractéristiques interpersonnelles et affectives de la psychopathie ont semblé se traduire par une tendance à faire bonne impression au départ, tenter rapidement d'exploiter autrui en dénonçant, puis finir par coopérer. Cette tendance comportementale est discutée, ainsi que la pertinence d'utiliser le dilemme du prisonnier itératif et les analyses multi-niveaux pour étudier le comportement interpersonnel des psychopathes.Interpersonally, psychopathy involves a lack of consideration for others that can translate into deception, manipulation, and exploitation. The current thesis investigated the relationship between the psychopathic characteristics of non incarcerated men and the tendency to cooperate while playing an iterative version of the prisoner's dilemma game. A total of 85 men were recruited through advertisements that targeted personality traits corresponding to psychopathic characteristics formulated in a way that was not pejorative. A variety of methods was used to reach participants; 46 were tested in person after they replied to an invitation that appeared in a local journal as well as on bulletin boards close to a university; 39 participated via the Internet after they were recruited through a classified advertising website. Each participant completed a questionnaire including the Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale (Levenson, Kiehl, & Fitzpatrick, 1995) and the Childhood and Adolescent Taxon Scale - Self-Report (Seto, Khattar, Lalumière, & Quinsey, 1997). They also played in a computer simulation of the iterative prisoner's dilemma lasting 90 trials. Both the computer simulation used to test participants in person and the Internet version were designed and programmed specifically for the present thesis. The computer simulation included three strategies often associated with the iterative prisoner's dilemma: tit-for-tat, generous-tit-for-tat, and win/stay-lose/shift. Preliminary analyses showed that participants tested in person and via the Internet did not differ in terms of sociodemographic variables, psychopathic characteristics, social desirability, or responses to the prisoner's dilemma. A standard multiple regression indicated that psychopathic measures could not predict the total number of cooperative choices in the prisoner's dilemma game. However, there was a negative correlation between interpersonal and affective characteristics of psychopathy and cooperation in the first third of the prisoner's dilemma game. Furthermore, participants showing more interpersonal and affective psychopathic characteristics tended to exploit the computer more often by defecting while the computer simulation cooperated. Multilevel analyses were used to explore the contribution of decision-level and individual-level variables to predict the choice to cooperate or to defect on each trial of the game; interactions between these variables were also considered. The results showed that variables at the decision level were generally associated with stronger odds of cooperating than individual-level variables. Among psychopathic measures, only the interpersonal and affective characteristics showed a significant association with the odds of cooperating; interactions with the first choice in the game and the first third of the game were significant. That is, if participants cooperated in the first trial, higher interpersonal and affective psychopathic characteristics were associated with decreased odds of cooperating. Also, during the first 30 trials of the game, participants with higher interpersonal and affective psychopathic characteristics were significantly more likely to defect. The type of strategy used by the computer simulation did not have an influence on the relationship between psychopathic characteristics and a participant's probability to cooperate. However, playing against tit-for-tat was associated with increased odds of cooperating from one trial to the next for all participants. Overall, the results suggest that non incarcerated men with psychopathic characteristics might not systematically choose to defect. Instead, the interpersonal and affective psychopathic characteristics appeared as a tendency to cooperate initially, then rapidly attempt to exploit by defecting, and finally cooperate. This behavioral pattern is discussed as well as the relevance of using the iterative prisoner's dilemma game and multilevel analyses to study interpersonal behavior in psychopaths.
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Cheng, Yei-Guwi, and 鄭月桂. "The study of Affair Negotiation between Strait Exchange Fundation （SEF）and Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits（ARATS）--The application of Prisoner''s Dilemma Model." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/11903737893336250189.
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Champagne-Ruel, Alexandre. "De la théorie des jeux à l’exobiologie : l’émergence de la coopération comme phénomène critique." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25125.
Full textAbstract:
L’émergence de la complexité, et de la vie en particulier, demeure l’une des énigmes les plus complexes pour la science moderne. Des travaux récents ont souligné la pertinence d’un apport de la physique statistique et de la théorie des phénomènes critiques — et en particulier de la théorie des phénomènes à criticalité auto-régulée — relativement à ces champs d’intérêt, tout autant que du rôle des phénomènes de coopération biochimique dans les premiers instants du vivant. La description des mécanismes par lesquels la vie a pu apparaître est par ailleurs d’un intérêt pratique pour l’astrophysique, puisque notre compréhension de ceux-ci module la manière dont l’analyse de biosignatures s’effectue dans le cadre de la recherche de la vie ailleurs dans l’Univers. L’analyse proposée ici porte sur un modèle en théorie des jeux permettant d’étudier les phénomènes de coopération implémenté dans un contexte spatial servant à émuler la dynamique d’un système ayant pu voir apparaître la vie. Une analyse de l’espace des paramètres du modèle révèle que celui-ci affiche des phénomènes de transition de phase et d’auto-organisation de structures spatiales, ces éléments se révélant des adjuvants à l’émergence de la coopération entre joueurs a priori égoïstes, dans un contexte qui à prime abord n’est pas d’emblée favorable à l’apparition de comportements coopératifs. Les résultats obtenus ici semblent supporter que la coopération biochimique puisse apparaître via un phénomène de transition de phase et que le modèle sous-jacent de dilemme du prisonnier itéré sur réseau présenté ici agit comme un système à criticalité autorégulée.The emergence of complexity, and of life more specifically, is still one of the most intractable conundrums for modern science. Recent work emphasized the relevance of statistical physics and critical phenomena theory’s contribution to those questions — especially of self-organized criticality theory — just as much as the role of biochemical cooperation in life’s first moments. Moreover, the description of the mechanisms by which life could have appeared is of particular interest for astrophysics, because our comprehension of those mechanisms influences how biosignatures are analyzed in the context of the search for life elsewhere in the Universe. The analysis presented here concerns a model in game theory that allows to study cooperation phenomena — implemented in spatial context as to emulate the dynamics of a system in which life could have appeared. An analysis of the model’s parameter space reveals that it displays phase transition and self-organization of spatial structures phenomenon, those elements being adjuvants to the emergence of cooperation between a priori egoist players, in a context that is initially not favorable to the emergence of cooperative behavior. The results obtained here thus seem to support the idea that both biochemical cooperation can emerge through phase transition phenomena, and that the underlying lattice iterated prisoner’s dilemma model used here behaves like a self-organized critical system.