Journal articles: 'Digital state controller'

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Anisimov, A. A., and S. V. Tararykin. "Synthesizing robust control systems for mechatronic objects with digital state controllers and observers." Vestnik IGEU, no. 6 (December 28, 2020): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17588/2072-2672.2020.6.039-047.

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Currently, digital controllers with state observers are widely applied in automatic control systems for mechatronic objects, which great potential abilities are caused by structural flexibility and developed methods of synthesis. However, during design and practical implementation of the systems there is problem of robustness, associated with parametrical uncertainty of typical mechatronic objects. Most methods for synthesis of robust control systems are based on application of continuous mathematical models and do not take into account specific of digital realization of controllers with state observers. Methods of state space, modal control, digital system design, numerical optimization algorithms and simulation in MatLab environment were used. We propose a method of synthesizing robust digital modal control systems with state observers based on generating dynamic system characteristics within the areas of parametric robustness. Further, low sensitivity of the system to changes in controlled object parameters is ensured by the minimal phase character of the complex controller transfer function, while low sensitivity to changing parameters of the controller itself is ensured by excluding positive feedback in both control and adjustment circuits. Developed recommendations of choosing dynamic characteristics of state controller with observer loops within robustness areas and of forming rational state observer structure allow us to synthesize digital automatic control system with low sensitivity for variation of both control object parameters and inherent controller parameters.

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Khaimuldin, A., T. Mukatayev, N. Assanova, and N. Khaimuldin. "DESIGNING DIGITAL CONTROLLERS FOR A CONTROLLED PLANT." Scientific Journal of Astana IT University, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37943/aitu.2020.56.15.003.

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This paper report contains an explanation of how to design a digital controller using the Laplace Transform to z-Transform conversion method. The objectives are that the controlled system should track step input with a reasonably small steady-state error and a settling time faster than the open-loop settling time. Furthermore, it should do so with the minimum overshoot that is reasonably possible. The main contribution is to establish the feasibility and ease of the systematic design procedure and future work will focus in more detail on applying the Sampling Theorem and deadbeat controller. There are several objectives that the controlled system should reach: 1. Track step input with a reasonably small steady-state error and a settling time which should be faster than the open-loop settling time. 2. Gain a small overshoot that is sufficiently possible. 3. Have a systematic design procedure. A method for finding the parameters of the deadbeat controller in the MatLab environment is presented. Based on the results obtained the simulation reveals that even when the control grows by one-step, the settling time of the system response could be less than that of the deadbeat controller. The work shows that deadbeat could be a powerful analysis tool since it is possible to grab the entire dynamic easily using several samples.

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Comer, David J. "Digital System Design: State Machine Versus Microprocessor Controller." IEEE Transactions on Education E-30, no. 2 (May 1987): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/te.1987.5570530.

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Wadhonakar, Kunal Anant. "Evaluation and Comparative Analysis of Speed Performance of Brushless DC Motor using Digital Controllers." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 10 (October 31, 2021): 144–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38396.

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Abstract: This paper presents modeling, performance evaluation, and comparative analysis of speed performance of brushless DC motor (BLDCM) by using digital controllers. Speed performance analysis is carried out by using time response specifications which are useful for determining the effectiveness of the digital controllers. The wide spread of BLDCM in many areas due to the advantages of BLDCM over the conventional widely used motors such as induction motor and brushed DC motor. Advantages of BLDCM include higher efficiency, lower maintenance, longer life, reduced losses, single excitation, etc. Controllers are used to improve the transient and steady state speed response of the BLDCM. In many applications conventional PID controller is widely used to control the speed of the BLDCM but the main issue with the conventional PID controller is that it requires manual tuning of the parameters such as proportional, integral, and derivative gain constant. Even though the autotuning methods are available with the PID controller it is not adaptive itself to handle the conditions such as variations in parameters, disturbances in load, etc. In this Paper the Fuzzy-PID controller is used to control the speed of the BLDCM and Transient and steady state speed performance analysis is carried out using conventional PID controller and Fuzzy-PID to showcase the comparative analysis between two controllers. MATLAB/SIMULINK environment is used for modeling of the BLDCM and its drive/control system. Keywords: Brushless DC Motor (BLDCM), Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC), Modeling of BLDC drive/control system, of PID controller, Transient and steady state analysis

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Mitchell, Elton E., and Robert Demoyer. "A Versatile Digital Controller Algorithm Incorporating a State Observer and State Feedback." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics IE-32, no. 1 (February 1985): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.1985.350145.

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Dorovskoy, Vladimir Alekseevich, Anton Aleksandrovich Zinchenko, Elena Gennad'evna Zinchenko, Pavel Andreevich Erofeev, and Dmitriy Aleksandrovich Mazin. "Optimizing digital controller of continuous object automatic control system." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Marine engineering and technologies 2022, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-1574-2022-1-67-78.

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The article gives the analysis of optimizing the digital controller of the automatic control system (ACS) of a continuous object. The procedure for replacing a continuous controller with a discrete controller has been analyzed. The original continuous optimized ACS has been illustrated. It has been stated that the continuous ACS and its elements (all or particular) can be modeled by discrete models described by the difference equations, and not the differential ones, as is done in the case of continuous models. The specification of the sampling period of the PI controller model equal to 0.001 s has been given, the coefficients of the Z-transfer function of the digital PI controller, which is equivalent to a continuous controller, are considered. Of practical importance in the control theory is the representation of a discrete model of a controller, which helps obtain a digital transformation algorithm carried out by a controller over a control error, organize a discrete-digital control of a continuous object using a digital processor. The model with a continuous and discrete controller is illustrated. A formula for calculating the values of the lattice function of the output signal of a discrete controller is obtained. It has been found that sampling and quantization of the error signal, as well as restoring the control signal, should be carried out with the proper accuracy, which should provide the required control accuracy. There are considered the models of discrete-digital control with the correct selection of the parameters of discrete PI controllers, a model with a finite time of the transient process and a structure of its contour, given a fifth-order discrete function with a five-step transition to the steady state. It has been inferred that reducing the sampling period and quantization step significantly increases the processor speed requirements.

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Nhi Ho. T, To, Giao N. Pham, Quang Hung Nguyen, Binh A.Nguyen, Ngoc T. Le, and Hoanh Su Le. "Digital System Design for Traffic Light Controller System: A Systematic Approach." International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering 11, no. 11 (November 13, 2021): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.46338/ijetae1121_19.

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In this paper, we are going to present the finite state machine, how to implement it via hardware description language (HDL), and how to use it in a real application. At first, the specification and requirements of traffic light controller are stated. Then, the system architecture based on finite state machine (FSM) are conducted. Finally, the way of using HDL as well as the test-bench simulation are given in detail. Keywords : Digital system design, System on chip, Finite State Machine, Digital Design Education, Smart Classroom.

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Veerendra, A. S., A. A. Shah, M. SubbaRao, and M. R. Mohamed. "Digital Fuzzy Current Controlled Light-Emitting Diode Driver with Power Factor Correction." International Journal of Photoenergy 2021 (March 15, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6618284.

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This paper presents the design and development of a fuzzy peak current controlled (FPCC) single-stage single-phase nonisolated AC/DC high-power factor LED drive. The proposed controller includes a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) in the loop voltage and a peak current controller in the loop current for an integrated nonisolated LED driver to attain a high-power factor (PF). The proposed control avoids complexities related to nonlinearities of the converter. The control action is initially derived from a group of rules written in accordance with experience and intuitive reasoning. The proposed technique is realized using a DSP processor (TI-TMS320F2812), which is capable of executing a high number of instructions in one cycle. A 70 W, 350 mA LED driver operating with an input of 90 V-230 V, 50 Hz was designed and implemented using MATLAB/Simulink. The results of the driver are in accordance with international regulations. The steady-state and transient responses are validated experimentally.

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Abate, Alessandro, Iury Bessa, Lucas Cordeiro, Cristina David, Pascal Kesseli, Daniel Kroening, and Elizabeth Polgreen. "Automated formal synthesis of provably safe digital controllers for continuous plants." Acta Informatica 57, no. 1-2 (December 6, 2019): 223–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00236-019-00359-1.

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Abstract We present a sound and automated approach to synthesizing safe, digital controllers for physical plants represented as time-invariant models. Models are linear differential equations with inputs, evolving over a continuous state space. The synthesis precisely accounts for the effects of finite-precision arithmetic introduced by the controller. The approach uses counterexample-guided inductive synthesis: an inductive generalization phase produces a controller that is known to stabilize the model but that may not be safe for all initial conditions of the model. Safety is then verified via bounded model checking: if the verification step fails, a counterexample is provided to the inductive generalization, and the process further iterates until a safe controller is obtained. We demonstrate the practical value of this approach by automatically synthesizing safe controllers for physical plant models from the digital control literature.

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Abbas, Ghulam, Muhammad Qumar Nazeer, Valentina E. Balas, Tsung-Chih Lin, Marius M. Balas, Muhammad Usman Asad, Ali Raza, Muhammad Naeem Shehzad, Umar Farooq, and Jason Gu. "Derivative-Free Direct Search Optimization Method for Enhancing Performance of Analytical Design Approach-Based Digital Controller for Switching Regulator." Energies 12, no. 11 (June 7, 2019): 2183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12112183.

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Although an analytical design approach-based digital controller—which is essentially a deadbeat controller—shows zero steady-state error and no intersampling oscillations, it takes a finite number of sampling periods to settle down to a steady-state value. This paper describes the application of a derivative-free Nelder–Mead (N–M) simplex method to the digital controller for retuning of its coefficients intelligently to ensure improved settling and rise times without disturbing the deadbeat controller characteristics (i.e., no ripples between the sampling periods and no steady-state error). A switching-mode buck regulator working at 1 MHz in continuous conduction mode (CCM) is considered as a plant. Numerical simulation results depict that the N–M algorithm-based optimized digital controller not only shows improved steady-state and transient performance but also guarantees rigorous robustness against model uncertainty and disturbance as compared to its traditional counterpart, as well as the other optimized digital controller fine-tuned through other derivative-free metaheuristic optimization techniques, such as the genetic algorithm (GA). A system generator-based hardware software co-simulation is also performed to validate the simulation results.

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Ren, Ning Ning, and Jian Min Zhang. "VHDL Finite State Machine Based Elevator Controller." Advanced Materials Research 468-471 (February 2012): 2863–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.468-471.2863.

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This paper analyzes the versatility of VHDL FSM coding and its presentation of various outputs. The analysis is based on the elevator controller project. The elevator controller was chosen because it serves as a typical digital controller system which boasts of numerous outputs like motor, lights, floor numbers, fire alarm, overweight ,beep ,direction arrows and others .Although not all outputs mentioned here are shown in the project codes but the few shown can illustrate how versatile is the VHDL FSM output representation. Other outputs can easily be added according to requirements.

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Soman, Sarun, and Sangeetha T.S. "Development of Digital Controller for DC-DC Buck Converter." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 6, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 788. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v6.i4.pp788-796.

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This paper presents a design & implementation of 3P3Z (3-pole 3-zero) digital controller based on DSC (Digital Signal Controller) for low voltage synchronous Buck Converter. The proposed control involves one voltage control loop. Analog Type-3 controller is designed for Buck Converter using standard frequency response techniques.Type-3 analog controller transforms to 3P3Z controller in discrete domain.Matlab/Simulink model of the Buck Converter with digital controller is developed. Simualtion results for steady state response and load transient response is tested using the model.

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Touati, Zeineb, Manuel Pereira, Rui Esteves Araújo, and Adel Khedher. "Improvement of Steady State Performance of Voltage Control in Switched Reluctance Generator: Experimental Validation." Machines 10, no. 2 (January 28, 2022): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10020103.

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This paper presents a voltage control approach to a Switched Reluctance Generator (SRG) using a Proportional Integral (PI) controller. The principle of operation is described and the considerations in the design of controller are discussed. A current loop transfer function of an SRG with power converter has been systematically derived in order to obtain a small-signal model for the generator. The generated voltage is controlled by manipulation of the setpoint of the current control of the generator. The entire voltage loop controller and current control have been simulated and tested with a 250 W SRG prototype. The control law of the control system was implemented on a digital signal processor (TMS320F28379D). To verify the feasibility of the proposed voltage control, the performances are evaluated by numerical simulations and experimental tests with an 8/6 SRG for different rotational speeds and resistive loads. Experimental results demonstrate that the DC output voltage from SRG can be controlled well using a simple linear controller.

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Rashmi, Ruchi, and Shweta Jagtap. "A comparative study of phase margin based digital and analog controlled synchronous buck with optimum LC filter." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 38, no. 6 (October 24, 2019): 2020–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-12-2018-0508.

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Purpose Traditionally, industrial power supplies have been exclusively controlled through analog control to sustain high reliability with low cost. However, with the perpetual decrement in cost of digital controllers, the feasibility of a digitally controlled switch mode power supply has elevated significantly. This paper aims to outline the challenges related to the design of digital proportional-integral (PI) controlled synchronous rectifier (SR) buck converter by comparing controller performance in continuous and discrete time. The trapezoidal approximation-based digital PI control is designed for low voltage and high-frequency SR buck converter operating under continuous conduction mode. Design/methodology/approach The analog and digital controller are designed using a SISO tool of MATLAB. Here, zero-order hold transform is used to convert the transfer function from continuous to discrete time. Frequency and time domain analysis of continuous plant, discrete plant and close loop system is performed. The designed digital PI control is simulated in MATLAB Simulink. The simulated results is also verified on hardware designed around digital signal processing control. Findings The continuous and discrete control loops are validated with multiple tests in the time and frequency domain. The detailed steady state theoretical analysis and performance of the SR buck converter is presented and verified by simulation. It is found that the delay in digital control loop results in a low phase margin. This phase margin decreases with higher bandwidth. The hardware experiments with the digital control loop are carried out on a 10 W prototype. The chosen parameters for the SR buck converter are found to be optimum for steady and transient state response. Originality/value This paper compares the digital and analog control approach of compensator design. It focuses on the implications created at the time of transforming the control design from continuous to discrete time. Further, it also focuses on the selection of parameters such as phase margin, bandwidth and low pass filter.

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PÉREZ ARCILA, MAURICIO, and MARTIN ALONSO TAMAYO VELEZ. "IMPLEMENTATION OF LEBESGUE SAMPLING METHOD AND DIGITAL SENSORS FOR CONTROLLING THE LEVEL VARIABLE IN A CONTINUOUS SYSTEM." DYNA NEW TECHNOLOGIES 8, no. 1 (November 11, 2021): [14 P.]. http://dx.doi.org/10.6036/nt10248.

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This study aims to show that the continuous control from a level system can be efficiently measured and controlled using capacitive digital binary sensors, which in this case, replace the measurement signal from an analog differential pressure transmitter in a level control system. The binary sensors low cost and the digital output they process allow the reproduction of a correct signal and the estimation of a variable for controlling the water level inside the process tank through a proportional pneumatic level control valve, which receives the control signal from the Lebesgue sampling estimation algorithm applied herein for processing digital measurements. In this particular case, the Lebesgue algorithm is applied to reproduce the estimation of values obtained from the continuous signal in the real level process for the measurement and control. Also, are compared both, simulated and real outputs obtained using the Lebesgue algorithm and digital sensors, which were applied to a state observer controller that relates digital signals for controlling the real level system output. The application of the Lebesgue algorithm in the real level process concludes that the analog level signal can be efficiently reproduced using this method. In addition, the controller enables the system to smoothly conduct digital output processing using digital sensors to control the system output correctly, validating that not only analog sensors should be applied for controlling the output of proportional actuators, because it is shown that digital binary signals can be used for controlling and emulating continuous signals, which were processed and applied to the pneumatic valve. Keywords: Lebesgue sampling, estimation, binary sensor, observer controller, finite state machine, continuous system, control, LTI systems, identification, state variable, estimated output, proportional actuator

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Ibrahim, Oladimeji, Nor Zaihar Yahaya, and Nordin Saad. "State-space Modelling and Digital Controller Design for DC-DC Converter." TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control) 14, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/telkomnika.v14i2.3042.

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Gao, Fei, Rongfei Xia, Yifei Chen, and Yongjian Feng. "Digital Noninterleaved High-Power Totem Pole PFC Based on Internal Model Design." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (April 15, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4368324.

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When the control signal u(t) of totem pole PFC with GaN HEMTs is a function of measurable state variables, the state feedback gain matrix can be determined by applying state variable feedback control with Ackerman formula, so that the poles of closed-loop system can be allocated to the desired position. This correction method is especially beneficial to optimal system control according to performance requirements. By introducing the internal model of reference input, a state space function including the first-order and second-order differential of error is constructed; this novel controller makes controlled system track the reference input signal progressively with zero steady-state error. A 4 kW PFC prototype is designed to verify this design method.

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Taylor, C. J., A. Chotai, and P. C. Young. "Proportional-integral-plus (PIP) control of time delay systems." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 212, no. 1 (February 1, 1998): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0959651981539271.

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The paper shows that the digital proportional-integral-plus (PIP) controller formulated within the context of non-minimum state space (NMSS) control system design methodology is directly equivalent, under certain non-restrictive pole assignment conditions, to the equivalent digital Smith predictor (SP) control system for time delay systems. This allows SP controllers to be considered within the context of NMSS state variable feedback control, so that optimal design methods can be exploited to enhance the performance of the SP controller. Alternatively, since the PIP design strategy provides a more flexible approach, which subsumes the SP controller as one option, it provides a superior basis for general control system design. The paper also discusses the robustness and disturbance response characteristics of the two PIP control structures that emerge from the analysis and demonstrates the efficacy of the design methods through simulation examples and the design of a climate control system for a large horticultural glasshouse system.

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Precup, Radu Emil, Marius L. Tomescu, and Emil M. Petriu. "A Unified Anti-Windup Technique for Fuzzy and Sliding Mode Controllers." International Journal of Computers Communications & Control 10, no. 6 (October 3, 2015): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15837/ijccc.2015.6.2075.

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This paper proposes the unified treatment of an anti-windup technique for fuzzy and sliding mode controllers. A back-calculation and tracking anti-windup scheme is proposed in order to prevent the zero error integrator wind-up in the structures of state feedback fuzzy controllers and sliding mode controllers. The state feedback sliding mode controllers are based on the state feedback-based computation of the switching variable. An example that copes with the position control of an electro-hydraulic servo-system is presented. The conclusions are pointed out on the basis of digital simulation results for the state feedback fuzzy controller.

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Anisimov, A. A., S. V. Tararykin, and G. N. Roschin. "Development and practical implementation of automatic tuning methods for mechatronic system digital controllers." Vestnik IGEU, no. 4 (August 31, 2020): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17588/2072-2672.2020.4.034-043.

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Currently, the great potential abilities of digital state controllers widely applied in mechatronic systems may be fully realized only with the presence of automatic tuning instruments. The importance of automatic tuning in this case is related to high number of variable parameters for state controllers as well as to parametric indeterminacy of the majority mechatronic controlled objects. The application of optimization methods for automatic tuning of such controllers in real time mode is complicated by a large number of experiments, a significant influence of initial conditions on the result, and the local extremes of the fitness function due to the nonlinearity of real objects.Methods of state space, modal control, digital system design, numerical optimization algorithms and simulation in MatLab environment were used.The development, implementation and experimental research of automatic tuning methods for digital polynomial controllers are performed during the studying. The proposed approach based on application of reference model, obtained by optimizing the system according to a complex quality criterion, as well as using a priori information about a mechatronic object. The tuning method includes variation of the object unknown parameters in accordance with the accepted optimization algorithm and calculation of the controller parameters values by modal control method at each iteration.As a result of computer simulation and field experiments, the efficiency of the proposed methods for automatic tuning of digital polynomial controllers of mechatronic systems was confirmed. Using the reference model of the system and a priori information about the control object allows us to solve tuning problems with a minimum number of experiments in real time.

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Truhanov, K. A. "Digital PID controller for pneumatic and hydraulic systems." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 12, no. 3 (September 15, 2018): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-66853.

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In the development of technological systems with pneumatic or hydraulic drive, the use of automated means for their control is required. At present, automated control tools built with the help of logic controllers are widely used. The logical controller allows to solve a wide variety of tasks with minimal costs, both in terms of cost and time spent for developing the system. So the logic controller ensures the speed of systems with pneumatic or hydraulic drive up to 1 ms or less. With the use of digital automated controls, questions related to the synthesis of PID regulators and the stability of systems with pneumatic / hydraulic drive in the time domain arise. The purpose of this work was the creation and practical implementation of a digital PID controller for controlling the pneumatic / hydraulic system to provide practical recommendations for its use in engineering. The article presents a block diagram of analog and digital control systems with a proportional pneumatic distributor. The implementation of analog and digital PID-controller and optimization of its parameters by an integral criterion is presented. Comparison of analog and digital systems with the PID controller introduced into their composition is made. The quality of these systems is suggested to be estimated in the time domain by the time of the transient process and the maximum dynamic error. Practical recommendations for determining the sampling time of digital systems with a PID controller are given. An example of the developed digital automatic control system for tracking pneumatic drive is shown, its structural diagram, the general view of the control device with the logic controller and the graphic operator interface, which makes it easy to configure the automated control tool and monitor its state. The scientific novelty of the results presented in the article was that the task of investigating the dynamics of a pneumatic / hydraulic distributor with an electric control in the time domain was solved using a mathematical model that included a digital PID controller and a comparison of the results of modeling a digital system with analogue was made, and practical recommendations for determining the sampling time were given.

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DORAISWAMI, R., and A. SHARAF. "Digital controller design for enhancing steady-state stability of interconnected power systems." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 7, no. 4 (October 1985): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0142-0615(85)90022-5.

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Zhang, Jie, and Hong Wei Ma. "Technique of Digital SPWM Inverter Based on PRE Control." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 2351–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.2351.

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A PRE control scheme in single-phase inverter is adopted, namely connecting the proportional component with repetitive controller in parallel. This control scheme not only retains the characteristics of fast dynamic response from proportion link ,but also absorbs the advantages of no steady-state error in repetitive control .When the system is in stable operation condition, repetitive controller is used to resist periodic disturbance and thus improve the steady-state performance. Contrarily, the proportional component can feel mutation of input error and produce accommodation immediately to ensure the systems fast speed of response .The comprehensive theoretical analysis of this control strategy is given, and the system is designed in Matlab based on this theory, besides, the control scheme is achieved in the DSP platform by using digital control algorithm. Simulation and experimental results prove that the proposed scheme can achieve good dynamic and steady-state performance.

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Noorsal, Emilia, Asyraf Rongi, Intan Rahayu Ibrahim, Rosheila Darus, Daniel Kho, and Samsul Setumin. "Design of FPGA-Based SHE and SPWM Digital Switching Controllers for 21-Level Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter Model." Micromachines 13, no. 2 (January 25, 2022): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13020179.

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Multilevel inverters are a type of power electronic circuit that converts direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC) for use in high-voltage and high-power applications. Many recent studies on multilevel inverters have used field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) as a switching controller device to overcome the limitations of microcontrollers or DSPs, such as limited sampling rate, low execution speed, and a limited number of IO pins. However, the design techniques of most existing FPGA-based switching controllers require large amounts of memory (RAM) for storage of sampled data points as well as complex controller architectures to generate the output gating pulses. Therefore, in this paper, we propose two types of FPGA-based digital switching controllers, namely selective harmonic elimination (SHE) and sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM), for a 21-level multilevel inverter. Both switching controllers were designed with minimal hardware complexity and logic utilisation. The designed SHE switching controller mainly consists of a four-bit finite state machine (FSM) and a 13-bit counter, while the SPWM switching controller employs a simple iterative CORDIC algorithm with a small amount of data storage requirement, a six-bit up-down counter, and a few adders. Initially, both digital switching controllers (SHE and SPWM) were designed using the hardware description language (HDL) in Verilog codes and functionally verified using the developed testbenches. The designed digital switching controllers were then synthesised and downloaded to the Intel FPGA (DE2-115) board for real-time verification purposes. For system-level verification, both switching controllers were tested on five cascaded H-Bridge circuits for a 21-level multilevel inverter model using the HDL co-simulation method in MATLAB Simulink. From the synthesised logic gates, it was found that the designed SHE and SPWM switching controllers require only 186 and 369 logic elements (LEs), respectively, which is less than 1% of the total LEs in an FPGA (Cyclone IV E) chip. The execution speed of the SHE switching controller implemented in the FPGA (Cyclone IV E) chip was found to be a maximum of 99.97% faster when compared with the microcontroller (PIC16F877A). The THD percentage of the 21-level SHE digital switching controller (3.91%) was found to be 37% less than that of the SPWM digital switching controller (6.17%). In conclusion, the proposed simplified design architectures of SHE and SPWM digital switching controllers have been proven to not only require minimal logic resources, achieve high processing speeds, and function correctly when tested on a real-time FPGA board, but also generate the desired 21-level stepped sine-wave output voltage (±360 VPP) at a frequency of 50 Hz with low THD percentages when tested on a 21-level cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter model.

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Sousa De Sá, Denis Fabricio, and João Viana Fonseca Neto. "Artificial Neural Networks Models Based on ARX and State Space Forms and Adaptive Control PID/LQR of Systems Based on Peltier Cells." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 9, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 455–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol9.iss11.3540.

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To improve the performance of a thermal plant based on Peltier cell actuators, an online parametric estimation via artificial neural networks and adaptive controller is presented. The control actions are based on adaptive digital controller and an adaptive quadratic linear regulator approaches. The Artificial neural networks topology is based on ARX and NARX models, and its training algorithms, such as accelerated backpropagation and recursive least square. The Control strategies are design-oriented to adaptive digital PID controller and quadratic linear regulator framework. The proposal is evaluated on temperature control of an object that is inside of a chamber.

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Rincón, Alejandro, Fabiola Angulo, and Fredy Hoyos. "Controlling a DC Motor through Lypaunov-like Functions and SAB Technique." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, no. 4 (August 1, 2018): 2180. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i4.pp2180-2198.

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In this paper, state adaptive backstepping and Lyapunov-like function methods are used to design a robust adaptive controller for a DC motor. The output to be controlled is the motor speed. It is assumed that the load torque and inertia moment exhibit unknown but bounded time-varying behavior, and that the measurement of the motor speed and motor current are corrupted by noise. The controller is implemented in a Rapid Control Prototyping system based on Digital Signal Processing for dSPACE platform and experimental results agree with theory.

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Oprzędkiewicz, Krzysztof. "Optimal digital control of an uncertain parameter 2nd order plant." Science, Technology and Innovation 2, no. 1 (June 28, 2018): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.0889.

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In the paper a construction of a control system for 2nd order, uncertain-parameter plant is discussed. The considered model of the plant is described by state space equation or by equivalent transfer function and it describes a huge class of real control plants, for example – electric drives or oriented PV systems. As a controller the digital proportional (P) controller was employed. The control system is going to be implemented at the microcontroller platform. Results are by the example depicted.

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Shieh, Leang-San, Wei-Min Wang, and Jason S. H. Tsai. "Digital redesign of H8 controller via bilinear approximation method for state-delayed systems." International Journal of Control 70, no. 5 (January 1998): 665–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/002071798222073.

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Qiao, Xin Yong, Jian Min Liu, Xiao Ming Zhang, Jun Liu, and Zhong Qing Liu. "Approach to Design Digital Meter for Monitoring Armored Vehicle Engine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 599-601 (August 2014): 835–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.599-601.835.

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Studied on the approach to design digital meter for monitoring technical state of armored vehicle engine through digital measurement of engine speed, oil temperature and cooling water temperature, etc. Used a chip microcomputer to collect, calculate, store and manage all the data automatically, used CAN bus to realize data communication between the chip microcomputer and a main controller and used a two-stage anti-jamming measure to improve electromagnetic compatibility. Developed a digital termination to display and monitor these engine parameters. Such a digital monitoring system gives a technical support for automatic measurement and monitoring as well as information development of armored equipment.

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30

Pak, Chan-Gi, Peretz P. Friedmann, and Eli Livne. "Digital Adaptive Flutter Suppression and Simulation Using Approximate Transonic Aerodynamics." Journal of Vibration and Control 1, no. 4 (October 1995): 363–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107754639500100401.

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A digital adaptive controller, using a trailing edge control surface, is introduced for the active flutter suppression of wings undergoing time varying flight conditions. The aeroservoelastic system is modeled in the time domain by a deterministic Auto Regressive Moving Average (ARMA) model together with a parameter estimator. Linear quadratic controller gains at each time step are obtained using an iterative Riccati solver. Aeroservoelastic transient response is obtained using Roger's approximation, state transition matrices, and an iterative time marching algorithm. Simulations of system performance for flights into the transonic speed regime are used to demonstrate suppression of flutter and divergence instabilities.

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Thabet, Assem. "Adaptive-state feedback control for Lipschitz nonlinear systems in reciprocal-state space: Design and experimental results." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 233, no. 2 (August 10, 2018): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959651818786374.

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This article proposes a design of an adaptive control for nonlinear systems which satisfy the Lipschitz condition. The objective is the use of the new reformulation of reciprocal-state space form in adaptive control designs. The presented controller is composed of a state-derivative feedback approach with adaptive gains based on the Lyapunov stability theorem. The first control approach deals with the case of system stabilization. The second is an extension to the tracking problem. High performances are shown through real-time implementation with digital signal processing device (ARDUINO UNO R3 and MEGA 2560).

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Zhou, H. Q., L. S. Shieh, C. R. Liu, and Q. G. Wang. "Digital design of combined PI and state feedback controller for non-linear stochastic systems." IMA Journal of Mathematical Control and Information 25, no. 3 (May 15, 2007): 305–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/imamci/dnm030.

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Zhou, Han-Qin, Leang-San Shieh, Ce Richard Liu, and Qing-Guo Wang. "State-Space Digital PI Controller Design for Linear Stochastic Multivariable Systems with Input Delay." Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 84, no. 2 (May 19, 2008): 230–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.5450840210.

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Madsen, Jennifer M., Leang-San Shieh, and Shu-Mei Guo. "STATE-SPACE DIGITAL PID CONTROLLER DESIGN FOR MULTIVARIABLE ANALOG SYSTEMS WITH MULTIPLE TIME DELAYS." Asian Journal of Control 8, no. 2 (October 22, 2008): 161–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1934-6093.2006.tb00266.x.

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35

Li, Hong Xing, and Yong Xin Zhang. "The Robust Control Research for Non-Linear Inverted Pendulum System in Mechanical Industry." Advanced Materials Research 675 (March 2013): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.675.31.

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Inverted pendulum system is a non-linear，natural instability and uncertain system. As a controlled objects of control system in mechanical industry, it can be analysis and verification by different control theory and methods. The paper analysis the non-linear inverted pendulum system, then deduces sufficiency conditions of the existence of controller with state feedback. It utilizes standard digital software to get the answer. The feasibility and robustness is demonstrated by numerical examples.

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Jahanshahi Zeitouni, Meisam, Ahmad Parvaresh, Saber Abrazeh, Saeid-Reza Mohseni, Meysam Gheisarnejad, and Mohammad-Hassan Khooban. "Digital Twins-Assisted Design of Next-Generation Advanced Controllers for Power Systems and Electronics: Wind Turbine as a Case Study." Inventions 5, no. 2 (May 8, 2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions5020019.

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This paper proposes a novel adaptive controller based on digital twin (DT) by integrating software-in-loop (SIL) and hardware-in-loop (HIL). This work aims to reduce the difference between the SIL controller and its physical controller counterpart using the DT concept. To highlight the applicability of the suggested methodology, the regulation control of a horizontal variable speed wind turbine (WT) is considered for the design and assessment purposes. In the presented digital twin framework, the active disturbance rejection controller (ADRC) is implemented for the pitch angle control of the WT plant in both SIL and HIL environments. The design of the ADRC controllers in the DT framework is accomplished by adopting deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) in two stages: ( i ) by employing a fitness evaluation of wind speed error, the internal coefficients of HIL controller are adjusted based on DDPG for the regulation of WT plant, and ( ii ) the difference between the rotor speed waveforms in HIL and SIL are reduced by DDPG to obtain a similar output behavior of the system in these environments. Some examinations based on DT are conducted to validate the effectiveness, high dynamic performance, robustness and adaptability of the suggested method in comparison to the prevalent state-of-the-art techniques. The suggested controller is seen to be significantly more efficient especially in the compensation of high aerodynamic variations, unknown uncertainties and also mechanical stresses on the plant drive train.

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Ibrahim, Oladimeji, N. Z. Yahaya, N. Saad, and K. Y. Ahmed. "Design and Analysis of a Digital Controller for Boost Converter with Renewable Energy Sources for Domestic DC Load." Applied Mechanics and Materials 785 (August 2015): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.785.141.

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Renewable energy sources like solar PV produces DC voltage which is converted to AC before connecting to domestic grid network. The conversion process from DC to AC and back to DC at load end introduce additional losses in the system. With increasing availability of modern DC loads and growing use of renewable energy, the use of DC network for domestic load supply is on increase in order to reduce energy conversion losses. Presented in this paper is a fast transient digital controller for DC-DC boost converter with energy source from solar PV for domestic DC loads like lightings. The boost converter was model as both steady and dynamic state. Digital controllers were designed using both digital redesign approach and direct digital redesign approach. The system demonstrated fast transient response that is essential for tightly regulated output voltage from constantly varying renewable energy generations.

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Janiszowski, Krzysztof. "Control Error Dynamic Modification as an Efficient Tool for Reduction of Effects Introduced by Actuator Constraints." International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science 19, no. 2 (June 1, 2009): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10006-009-0023-5.

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Control Error Dynamic Modification as an Efficient Tool for Reduction of Effects Introduced by Actuator ConstraintsA modification of digital controller algorithms, based on the introduction of a virtual reference value, which never exceeds active constraints in the actuator output is presented and investigated for some algorithms used in single-loop control systems. This idea, derived from virtual modification of a control error, can be used in digital control systems subjected to both magnitude and rate constraints. The modification is introduced in the form of on-line adaptation to the control task. Hence the design of optimal (in a specified sense) digital controller parameters can be separated from actuator constraints. The adaptation of the control algorithm (to actuator constraints) is performed by the transformation of the control error and is equivalent to the introduction of a new, virtual reference value for the control system. An application of this approach is presented through examples of three digital control algorithms: the PID algorithm, the dead-beat controller and the state space controller. In all cases, clear advantages of transients are observed, which yields some general conclusions to the problem of processing actuator constraints in control.

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Xavier, S. Arockia Edwin, P. Venkatesh, and M. Saravanan. "A Perfomance study of Ann and Anfis Controller for Statcom in dSpace Environment." Journal of Electrical Engineering 64, no. 3 (May 1, 2013): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2013-0023.

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Reactive power compensation is an important issue in the control of electric power system. Reactive power from the source increases the transmission losses and reduces the power transmission capability of the transmission lines. Moreover, reactive power should not be transmitted through the transmission line to a longer distance. Hence Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices such as static compensator (STATCOM) unified power flow controller (UPFC) and static volt-ampere compensator (SVC) are used to alleviate these problems. In this paper, a voltage source converter (VSC) based STATCOM is developed with Artificial Neural Network Controller (ANNC) and Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System(ANFIS) controllers. The conventional PI controller has more tuning difficulties while the system parameter changes, whereas a trained neural network and ANFIS controllers requires less computation time. They have the ability to generalize and can interpolate in between the training data. The ANNC and ANFIS controllers designed were tested on a 75 V, 100 VA STATCOM in real time environment via state-of-the-art of digital signal processor advanced control engineering (dSPACE) DS1104 board and it was found that ANFIS controller was producing better results than the ANNC.

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40

Wahsh, Said, Y. Ahmed, and Abo Elzahab. "Implementation of Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Controller in PMSM Drives Using DSP." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 1098. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v9.i3.pp1098-1105.

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This paper presents interval type-2 fuzzy logic (IT2FL) controller applied on a direct torque controlled (DTC) permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), using digital signal processing (DSP). The simulation of PMSM with space vector pulse widths modulation (SVPWM) inverter presented under several operating condition. To verify the simulation results a hard ware setup is prepared and tested at several operating conditions using dspace 1102 DSP model. The experimental and simulation results are in agreement and the torque dynamic response is very rapid and the system achieves the steady state in a very short time.

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Zhou, Duo, Jin Yi Zhang, and Bo Ye. "An Implementation of Wide-Range Digital Delay Locked Loop." Advanced Materials Research 945-949 (June 2014): 2226–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.945-949.2226.

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This paper presents an all digital delay-locked loop (DLL) to achieve wide range operation, fast lock and process immunity. To keep track of any potential phase problem caused by environmental variations, a delay compensation mechanism is employed. Utilizing the delay compensation controller (DCC), the proposed DLL can overcome the false-lock problem in conventional designs. It is fast locking because the DLL’s initial state can be detected by the delay compensation controller and the initial large phase difference can be eliminated. The proposed DLL is implemented in a 0.13μm CMOS process. The experimental result shows that the chip could work in a wide frequency range from 10 MHz to 1 GHz, with less than 20 cycles lock-in time, 10-ps delay resolution, and 6.4 mW at 1 GHz power dissipation.

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Parvaresh, Ahmad, Saber Abrazeh, Saeid-Reza Mohseni, Meisam Jahanshahi Zeitouni, Meysam Gheisarnejad, and Mohammad-Hassan Khooban. "A Novel Deep Learning Backstepping Controller-Based Digital Twins Technology for Pitch Angle Control of Variable Speed Wind Turbine." Designs 4, no. 2 (June 22, 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/designs4020015.

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This paper proposes a deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) based nonlinear integral backstepping (NIB) in combination with model free control (MFC) for pitch angle control of variable speed wind turbine. In particular, the controller has been presented as a digital twin (DT) concept, which is an increasingly growing method in a variety of applications. In DDPG-NIB-MFC, the pitch angle is considered as the control input that depends on the optimal rotor speed, which is usually derived from effective wind speed. The system stability according to the Lyapunov theory can be achieved by the recursive nature of the backstepping theory and the integral action has been used to compensate for the steady-state error. Moreover, due to the nonlinear characteristics of wind turbines, the MFC aims to handle the un-modeled system dynamics and disturbances. The DDPG algorithm with actor-critic structure has been added in the proposed control structure to efficiently and adaptively tune the controller parameters embedded in the NIB controller. Under this effort, a digital twin of a presented controller is defined as a real-time and probabilistic model which is implemented on the digital signal processor (DSP) computing device. To ensure the performance of the proposed approach and output behavior of the system, software-in-loop (SIL) and hardware-in-loop (HIL) testing procedures have been considered. From the simulation and implementation outcomes, it can be concluded that the proposed backstepping controller based DDPG is more effective, robust, and adaptive than the backstepping and proportional-integral (PI) controllers optimized by particle swarm optimization (PSO) in the presence of uncertainties and disturbances.

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43

Shou, Ho-Nien. "INTEGRATION FAULT DETECTION AND TOLERANT CONTROL IN MICRO-SATELLITE ATTITUDE PROPULSION MODE APPLICATION." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 39, no. 3 (September 2015): 679–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2015-0054.

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The paper refers to a tolerant control method which is reconfigurable to micro-satellites when they are out of order. The integrated approach to the design of thruster control reconfigurable fault-tolerant control system is proposed. The scheme includes a control effectiveness factor and a reconfigurable fault-tolerant controller. The fault detection, diagnosis and controller reconfiguration are carried out using the control effectiveness factor based on the information from a two-stage Kalman filter. By using the two-stage Kalman filter and digital controller, the nonlinear plant will be discretized. We present sufficient conditions under which a discrete-time controller that input-to-state stabilizes an approximate discrete-time model of a nonlinear plant with disturbances. The result shows the method enables us to solve the system faults and meet the requirement when there is a fault in the micro-satellites attitude control system.

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Srinivas, P. "Implementation of PWM Control of DC Split Converter Fed Switched Reluctance Motor Drive." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 2 (April 1, 2017): 604. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i2.pp604-609.

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The phase winding of Switched Reluctance Motor is excited during the positive increasing region of the phase inductance to get the motoring action. This is performed through a converter. This paper presents the speed control of DC Split converter fed 4 phase 8/6 Switched Reluctance Motor drive using PWM controller. The speed of the motor is controlled by varying the duty ratio of the PWM controller. Simulation results are verified with hardware implementation of the controller. The Hall sensors provided in the motor provide signals corresponding to the position of the rotor. The pulses to the IGBT switches are generated by TMS320F2407A DSP controller. The waveforms of the PWM signals and Hall sensor signals are captured by means of Digital Storage Oscilloscope. Motor phase currents, phase voltages and associated numerical values are captured and analyzed by Power Analyzer. Steady state analysis of the drive has been carried out.

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Sahu, Gokulananda, Rajesh Kumar Patjoshi, and Rakhee Panigrahi. "An FPGA Based Novel Digital Controller for DSTATCOM to Enhance Power Quality in Distribution System." ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 18, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 118–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.2020182.240340.

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This paper proposes an FPGA based all-on-chip novel digital controller for DSTATCOM to compensate harmonics and reactive power existing in power distribution system. The proposed technique extracts reference current by considering instantaneous symmetrical component active power (ISCAP) theory based phase delay compensation (PDC) control technique. The proposed controller comprises positive sequence detector, PI-controller, low-pass filters (LPF) and hysteresis current controller. All these segments are configured on high speed, low cost field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) hardware resources intended to mitigate harmonics and compensate reactive power in power distribution network. Very high speed hardware description language (VHDL) implementation for each module are produced through system generator and implemented on SPARTAN-3 XC3S5000 FPGA chip through RT-XSG toolbox in Opal-RT platform. The performance of proposed controller is demonstrated through VHDL test bench, simulation and real-time experimental results with consideration of total harmonic distortion (THD) and power factor correction in steady state condition.

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Abdul Kader, Shah Newaz Mohammad, Mohd Marzuki Mustafa, and Aini Hussain. "Robust Controller for a Vision Feedback Based Telepointer." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): 2870. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i6.11686.

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Telepointer is a very useful tool for teleconsultation and teleproctoring, whereby a telepointer via teleconferencing is a perfect example of computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) and digital telepresence. To this end, many telepointers are introduced for digital telepresence. However, there are still concerns regarding the speed of response and robustness of the system. It is rather difficult to model the actual system in order to design the controller. This paper described the development of a telepointer and its controller for a real time communication using vision feedback. The main focus of this study was to control the Laser Pointer (LP) with a discrete time PID (proportional–integral–derivative) controller which was tuned using Ziegler-Nichols (ZN) method. The results indicated that the tuned controller bring about fast response with no overshoot and steady state errors at the output response. The controller was shown to be robust against changes in sampling time and external disturbance.

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Abdul Kader, Shah Newaz Mohammad, Mohd Marzuki Mustafa, and Aini Hussain. "Robust Controller for a Vision Feedback Based Telepointer." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): 2870. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i6.pp2870-2877.

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Telepointer is a very useful tool for teleconsultation and teleproctoring, whereby a telepointer via teleconferencing is a perfect example of computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) and digital telepresence. To this end, many telepointers are introduced for digital telepresence. However, there are still concerns regarding the speed of response and robustness of the system. It is rather difficult to model the actual system in order to design the controller. This paper described the development of a telepointer and its controller for a real time communication using vision feedback. The main focus of this study was to control the Laser Pointer (LP) with a discrete time PID (proportional–integral–derivative) controller which was tuned using Ziegler-Nichols (ZN) method. The results indicated that the tuned controller bring about fast response with no overshoot and steady state errors at the output response. The controller was shown to be robust against changes in sampling time and external disturbance.

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Moon, Hyunji, Euihyun Jin, Hyeon Kwon, Sangeun Lee, and Gibum Kim. "Digital Forensic Methodology for Detection of Abnormal Flight of Drones." Journal of Information Security and Cybercrimes Research 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26735/idjd2809.

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When a drone accident has occurred, it is difficult to decide whether it is due to a crime, malfunction, mistake, or external force. Although the cause of the accident is elucidated through analysis of artifacts or flight data, there are many limitations. In this study, we present a method for detecting an abnormal flight using the motor current values and controller direction values of a drone. The experimental result revealed that, in the case of a normal flight, the current values of four motors were similar in hovering state and the current value of rear motors were increased when the drone was flying forwards. In the case of an abnormal flight, when the drone moved rightwards due to external force in hovering state, the current values of the two motors on the right side were increased greatly. After a period of time following the movement to the right side, the current values of all the motors converged to 0. In the future, motor current values and controller direction values may be used to determine whether an abnormal flight in a drone accident has occurred because of external force by wind, birds, persons, or the like.

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Almawlawe, Muhanad, and Darko Mitic. "AN APPROACH TO DESIGN OF DC-DC BOOST CONVERTER WITH DIGITAL CONTROL." Facta Universitatis, Series: Automatic Control and Robotics 16, no. 3 (January 24, 2018): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.22190/fuacr1703197a.

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This paper deals with the design of digital controller for DC-DC boost converter. This controller is a combination of a generalized minimum variance control and one-step-delayed disturbance estimator. The generalized minimum variance control algorithm design is based on the input/output converter model. It should provide the output voltage stability, whereas the disturbance estimator increases the robustness and the steady-state accuracy of converter in the presence of input voltage and load resistance variations. With these control techniques, the converter can achieve better power efficiency. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed design procedure is verified by a digital simulation, showing satisfactory DC-DC boost converter performances.

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Kolluru, Venkata Ratnam, Kamalakanta Mahapatra, and Bidyadhar Subudhi. "Real-Time Digital Simulation and Analysis of Sliding Mode and P&O MPPT Algorithms for a PV System." International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 16, no. 4 (August 1, 2015): 313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2015-0010.

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Abstract This paper presents an integral Sliding Mode Controller (SMC) of a DC-DC boost converter integrated with a photovoltaic (PV) system for maximum power extraction. In view of improving the steady-state performance of the maximum power point tracking (MPPT), an integral of the error term is included in the sliding surface. The output of PV panels is connected to a DC-DC boost converter to regulate and enhance the voltage up to a desired level. By using SMC with integral term, the steady-state condition is obtained at less than 0.1 sec. With the proposed ISMC MPPT the maximum power extracted is more than 10% than the traditional Perturb & Observe (P&O) MPPT at standard test conditions (STC). The results obtained using the SMC are compared with that of the fixed step size P&O MPPT controller. The performances of the proposed sliding mode controller and the P&O controller are validated through experimentations using a Real-Time Digital Simulator (RTDS)-Opal RT.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Digital state controller'

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