Journal articles: 'Digital beamforming array'

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Londhe, Gayatri D., and Vaibhav S. Hendre. "An Effective Kalman Based Hybrid Beamforming for Millimeter Wave Massive MIMO System by Using 2D Overlapped Partially Connected Sub-Array Structure." Traitement du Signal 39, no. 6 (December 31, 2022): 2141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ts.390627.

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In 5G mobile communication networks, millimeter-wave (mmWave) technology plays a key role. To deal with the problem of path loss that happens in the mmWave band, competent beamforming employing a large antenna array is required. Fully digital beamforming approaches currently require separate radio frequency chains (RF chains) for each antenna, which adds to the computational complexity and hardware expense. In a multi-user environment, fully digital beamforming suffers from a larger antenna array layout, whereas analog beamforming solutions are prone to numerous performance concerns. Hybrid beamforming, on the other hand, offers a promising solution for multi-user mmWave communication. This work proposes a two-dimensional overlapping partially connected (2D-OPC) sub-array structure to reduce the antenna structure's hardware complexity and cost. The suggested technique comprises several sub-arrays that are overlapped in 2D space in the form of a Uniform Planar Array (UPA). The suggested scheme's performance is assessed using Kalman-based hybrid beamforming, which exhibits a considerable increase in spectral efficiency when compared to existing hybrid beamforming techniques. The suggested technique, which uses Kalman based hybrid beamforming and 2D-OPC provides 3.14% and 4.96% improvement over the MMSE hybrid beamforming and ZF pre-coding technique respectively.

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Yoo, Junhyuk, Wonjin Sung, and In-Kyung Kim. "2D-OPC Subarray Structure for Efficient Hybrid Beamforming over Sparse mmWave Channels." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2021 (June 15, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6680566.

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Millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication is a key technology of 5G new radio (NR) mobile communication systems. Efficient beamforming using a large antenna array is important to cope with the significant path loss experienced in the mmWave spectrum. The existing fully digital beamforming scheme requires a separate radio frequency (RF) chain for each antenna, which results in an excessive hardware cost and consumption power. Under these circumstances, hybrid beamforming which approaches the performance of fully digital beamforming while reducing the complexity is a promising solution for the mmWave multiuser transmission. By extending the existing hybrid beamforming strategies, this paper proposes a novel architecture which effectively reduces the hardware cost and complexity for large antenna arrays. The proposed scheme includes multiple subarrays in the form of uniform planar array (UPA) which are allowed to be overlapped in the two-dimensional space. The corresponding antenna structure is referred to as the two-dimensional overlapped partially connected (2D-OPC) subarray structure. We evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme to suggest performance-complexity trade-offs in designing versatile antenna arrays for efficient beamforming over the mmWave channel.

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Yan, Shengli. "Research on 5G-Oriented Wireless Sensor Array of Millimeter Hybrid Beam Sensing Terminal." Journal of Sensors 2021 (September 18, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2716475.

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With the rapid development of information technology, facing the problems and new challenges brought by mobile Internet and Internet of things technology, as one of the key technologies of 5G, millimeter-wave mobile communication (28/38/60/70 GHz) which can realize gigabit (GB/s, or even higher) data transmission rate has also attracted extensive attention of wireless researchers all over the world, it has quickly become a research hotspot in the field of wireless communication. In the millimeter-wave massive MIMO downlink wireless sensor system, a block diagonal beamforming algorithm based on the approximate inverse of Neumann series is improved to obtain complete digital beamforming. Then, when designing hybrid beamforming, channel estimation and high-dimensional singular value decomposition are required for traditional analog and digital hybrid beamforming. A low complexity hybrid beamforming scheme is designed. An improved gradient projection algorithm is proposed in the design of analog beamforming, which can solve the problem of high computational complexity and less damage to guarantee and rate. Simulation results show that the hybrid beam terminal of the sensor reduces the number of RF links required for full digital beamforming and is as close to the spectral efficiency performance of full digital beamforming as possible. The results show that the performance of the designed hybrid beamforming scheme can still be close to that of the pure digital beamforming scheme without involving channel estimation and SVD decomposition.

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Di, Jiaying, Wen Hu, Mengxia Li, and Hongtao Li. "An optimized 2D-Robust Adaptive Beamforming algorithm based on Matrix Completion in sparse array." MATEC Web of Conferences 208 (2018): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820801003.

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The sparse arrays can reduce the cost of beamforming, it greatly reduces the number of actual array elements. However, it also brings about the problem of information loss. A 2D-robust adaptive beamforming algorithm in sparse array based on Singular Value Thresholding algorithm is proposed. At first, a signal model of planar array is established based on Matrix Completion, which can be proved to meet Null Space Property. Then the Genetic Algorithm is used to optimize the sparse array, which is determined to reduce the Spectral Norm Error of Matrix Completion and make the array recovered closer to the full array. In the case of sparse array, the missing information is restored by using the theory of Singular Value Thresholding, and then the restored signal is used to design the digital beamformer weights. This algorithm significantly reduces the Spectral Norm Error and forms robust adaptive beam.

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Liu, Mingxin, Lin Zou, and Xuegang Wang. "PRACTICAL BEAMFORMING TECHNOLOGIES FOR WIDEBAND DIGITAL ARRAY RADAR." Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters 86 (2019): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pierl19072303.

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Binan Yang. "Digital beamforming of a linear FM pulse array." IEE Proceedings F Communications, Radar and Signal Processing 134, no. 7 (1987): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-f-1.1987.0120.

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郭, 涛涛. "A Wideband Digital Array Beamforming Method of Conformal Array Antenna Based on Digital Filters." Hans Journal of Wireless Communications 08, no. 02 (2018): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/hjwc.2018.82009.

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VOTIS, CONSTANTINOS I., PANOS KOSTARAKIS, and LEONIDAS P. IVRISSIMTZIS. "DESIGN AND MEASUREMENTS OF A MULTIPLE-OUTPUT TRANSMITTER FOR MIMO APPLICATIONS." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 20, no. 03 (May 2011): 515–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126611007426.

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The design of a multiple-output transmitter for digital beamforming (DBF), Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) and channel sounder applications, based on Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) system is presented and investigated in terms of antenna array performance. DDS generates independently modulated signals on specific carrier frequencies and is employed as the first stage in the proposed implementation, furnishing output signal of configurable amplitude, phase and frequency. The resulting phase progression, amplitude and beamforming accuracy of a beam steering array are further investigated, showing that the proposed architecture can provide a steering beam with high accuracy. Experimental results of system performance indicate that this architecture can drive efficiently and accurately an antenna array with independent modulated RF signals, with programmable frequency, initial phase, and magnitude.

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Goshi, D. S., Y. Wang, and T. Itoh. "A Compact Digital Beamforming SMILE Array for Mobile Communications." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 52, no. 12 (December 2004): 2732–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2004.837317.

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Shinho Kim and Wang. "A series-fed microstrip receiving array for digital beamforming." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 3 (2004): 332–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2004.839460.

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Rabinkin, Daniel V. "Digital hardware and control for a beamforming microphone array." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 96, no. 4 (October 1994): 2595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.410070.

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CHO, KILSEOK, ALAN D. GEORGE, RAJ SUBRAMANIYAN, and KEONWOOK KIM. "PARALLEL ALGORITHMS FOR ADAPTIVE MATCHED-FIELD PROCESSING ON DISTRIBUTED ARRAY SYSTEMS." Journal of Computational Acoustics 12, no. 02 (June 2004): 149–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218396x04002274.

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Matched-field processing (MFP) localizes sources more accurately than plane-wave beamforming by employing full-wave acoustic propagation models for the cluttered ocean environment. The minimum variance distortionless response MFP (MVDR–MFP) algorithm incorporates the MVDR technique into the MFP algorithm to enhance beamforming performance. Such an adaptive MFP algorithm involves intensive computational and memory requirements due to its complex acoustic model and environmental adaptation. The real-time implementation of adaptive MFP algorithms for large surveillance areas presents a serious computational challenge where high-performance embedded computing and parallel processing may be required to meet real-time constraints. In this paper, three parallel algorithms based on domain decomposition techniques are presented for the MVDR–MFP algorithm on distributed array systems. The parallel performance factors in terms of execution times, communication times, parallel efficiencies, and memory capacities are examined on three potential distributed systems including two types of digital signal processor arrays and a cluster of personal computers. The performance results demonstrate that these parallel algorithms provide a feasible solution for real-time, scalable, and cost-effective adaptive beamforming on embedded, distributed array systems.

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Wu, Yue-Ming, Hao-Chung Chou, Cheng-Yung Ke, Chien-Cheng Wang, Chien-Te Li, Li-Han Chang, Borching Su, Ta-Shun Chu, and Yu-Jiu Wang. "An X-Band CMOS Digital Phased Array Radar from Hardware to Software." Sensors 21, no. 21 (November 6, 2021): 7382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21217382.

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Phased array technology features rapid and directional scanning and has become a promising approach for remote sensing and wireless communication. In addition, element-level digitization has increased the feasibility of complicated signal processing and simultaneous multi-beamforming processes. However, the high cost and bulky characteristics of beam-steering systems have prevented their extensive application. In this paper, an X-band element-level digital phased array radar utilizing fully integrated complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) transceivers is proposed for achieving a low-cost and compact-size digital beamforming system. An 8–10 GHz transceiver system-on-chip (SoC) fabricated in 65 nm CMOS technology offers baseband filtering, frequency translation, and global clock synchronization through the proposed periodic pulse injection technique. A 16-element subarray module with an SoC integration, antenna-in-package, and tile array configuration achieves digital beamforming, back-end computing, and dc–dc conversion with a size of 317 × 149 × 74.6 mm3. A radar demonstrator with scalable subarray modules simultaneously realizes range sensing and azimuth recognition for pulsed radar configurations. Captured by the suggested software-defined pulsed radar, a complete range–azimuth figure with a 1 km maximum observation range can be displayed within 150 ms under the current implementation.

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Lu, Jian, Jian Yang, Bo Hou, Fengchao Zhu, Zhiyong Yu, and Guangbin Liu. "Virtual Reconstruction-Based Robust Adaptive Beamforming for Distributed Digital Subarray Antennas." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2021 (January 31, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6649439.

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For the distributed digital subarray antennas (DDSA), the conventional beamforming may give rise to grating lobes, high sidelobes, and other problems. In this paper, the gaps between the subarrays are filled with virtual array elements, and then the DDSA can form a virtual contiguous array. More concretely, based on the direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation of the signal sources, the interference components of the virtual elements and the interference-plus-noise covariance matrix (INCM) of the virtual contiguous array can be reconstructed. At low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the DOA estimation of the desired signal is implemented by subarray adaptive beamforming. Finally, with the steering vector of the desired signal and reconstructed INCM, the weight vector of the proposed beamformer can be obtained, which must be applied to the rearranged data matrix received by the actual and virtual elements. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

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Salam, Abdul. "Subsurface MIMO: A Beamforming Design in Internet of Underground Things for Digital Agriculture Applications." Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 8, no. 3 (August 10, 2019): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jsan8030041.

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In underground (UG) multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO), transmit beamforming is used to focus energy in the desired direction. There are three different paths in the underground soil medium through which the waves propagate to reach the receiver. When the UG receiver receives a desired data stream only from the desired path, then the UG MIMO channel becomes a three-path (lateral, direct, and reflected) interference channel. Accordingly, the capacity region of the UG MIMO three-path interference channel, and the degrees of freedom (multiplexing gain of this MIMO channel) requires careful modeling. Therefore, expressions are required for the degrees of freedom of the UG MIMO interference channel. The underground receiver needs to perfectly cancel the interference from the three different components of the EM waves propagating in the soil medium. This concept is based upon reducing the interference of the undesired components to a minimum level at the UG receiver using the receive beamforming. In this paper, underground environment-aware MIMO using transmit and receive beamforming has been developed. The optimal transmit and receive beamforming, combining vectors under minimal intercomponent interference constraints, are derived. It is shown that UG MIMO performs best when all three components of the wireless UG channel are leveraged for beamforming. The environment-aware UG MIMO technique leads to three-fold performance improvements and paves the way for design and development of next-generation sensor-guided irrigation systems in the field of digital agriculture. Based on the analysis of underground radio-wave propagation in subsurface radio channels, a phased-array antenna design is presented that uses water content information and beam-steering mechanisms to improve efficiency and communication range of wireless underground communications. It is shown that the subsurface beamforming using phased-array antennas improves wireless underground communications by using the array element optimization and soil–air interface refraction adjustment schemes. This design is useful for subsurface communication system where sophisticated sensors and software systems are used as data collection tools that measure, record, and manage spatial and temporal data in the field of digital agriculture.

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Піскунов, С. М., Д. С. Роменський, and В. Ю. Бабич. "Optimization of searching for moving targets of a multifunctional radar station." Збірник наукових праць Харківського національного університету Повітряних Сил, no. 1(67), (January 21, 2021): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30748/zhups.2021.67.11.

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A method for optimizing the process of searching for an unknown number of moving targets in conditions of stochastic uncertainty is proposed, which allows to significantly reduce the average time of their finding by a multifunctional radar device equipped with an antenna array. More effective is the optimal managed search, in which the order of viewing different directions is determined in the search process depending on the results of already performed views. One of the important areas of further improvement of radar technology is the transition to antenna arrays with digital beamforming based on adaptive signal processing directly in the elements of the digital antenna array (DAA).

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Xie, Mingcong, Xizhang Wei, Yanqun Tang, and Dujuan Hu. "A Robust Design for Aperture-Level Simultaneous Transmit and Receive with Digital Phased Array." Sensors 22, no. 1 (December 24, 2021): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22010109.

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Aperture-level simultaneous transmit and receive (ALSTAR) attempts to utilize adaptive digital transmit and receive beamforming and digital self-interference cancellation methods to establish isolation between the transmit and receive apertures of the single-phase array. However, the existing methods only discuss the isolation of ALSTAR and ignore the radiation efficiency of the transmitter and the sensitivity of the receiver. The ALSTAR array design lacks perfect theoretical support and simplified engineering implementation. This paper proposes an adaptive random group quantum brainstorming optimization (ARGQBSO) algorithm to simplify the array design and improve the overall performance. ARGQBSO is derived from BSO and has been ameliorated in four aspects of the ALSTAR array, including random grouping, initial value presets, dynamic probability functions, and quantum computing. The transmit and receive beamforming carried out by ARGQBSO is robust to all elevation angles, which reduces complexity and is conducive to engineering applications. The simulated results indicate that the ARGQBSO algorithm has an excellent performance, and achieves 166.8 dB of peak EII, 47.1 dBW of peak EIRP, and −94.6 dBm of peak EIS with 1000 W of transmit power in the scenario of an 8-element array.

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Li, Haipeng, Qingdong Yuan, Yingyuan Wu, and Xuebin Wang. "Ray-tracing-based time-domain wideband fractional delay beamforming for underwater acoustic positioning." MATEC Web of Conferences 283 (2019): 05001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928305001.

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Underwater acoustic positioning systems are essential for underwater vehicles positioning and navigation. In this paper, a time-domain wideband fractional delay beamforming (WFDB) technique is proposed to improve underwater localization capability of planar arrays. In our method, digital delay lines are combined with adaptive-finite-impulse-response filters to achieve high accuracy beamforming results and reduce the design burden of the WFDB systems. Further, the beamforming results are used in the ray-tracing method to eliminate curvature effect of sound rays caused by the inhomogeneity of water, and therefore improving the computation accuracy of target position. We further develop a hexagonal planar array of 30 elements to verify the WFDB method in an indoor experimental pool. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method could successfully mitigate the ray bending problem and accurately estimate the position of targets in low SNR condition.

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Huber, Sigurd, Su Yee Aye, Koenraad Mouthaan, and Gerhard Krieger. "Coupling effects in array‐fed reflector antennas with digital beamforming." IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation 15, no. 12 (June 26, 2021): 1594–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/mia2.12174.

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Babur, Galina, Gleb O. Manokhin, Andrey A. Geltser, and Alexander A. Shibelgut. "Low-Cost Digital Beamforming on Receive in Phased Array Radar." IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 53, no. 3 (June 2017): 1355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/taes.2017.2671078.

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Bai, Zhidong, Wen Yuan, Ali Azam, and Jeffrey S. Walling. "Multiphase Interpolating Digital Power Amplifiers for TX Beamforming." Chips 1, no. 1 (May 26, 2022): 30–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chips1010004.

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This paper presents a four-channel beamforming TX implemented in 65 nm CMOS. Each beamforming TX is comprised of a C-2C split-array multiphase switched-capacitor power amplifier (SAMP-SCPA). This is the first use of multiphase interpolation (MPI) for beam steering. This technique is ideal for low-frequency beamforming and MIMO, as it does not require passive or LO-based phase shifters. The SCPA is ideal for use as the core element since it can perform frequency translation and data conversion, and drive an output at high power and efficiency in a compact die area. A prototype four-element beamforming TX, occupying 2mm×2.5mm, can achieve a peak output power of 24.4 dBm with a peak system efficiency (SE) of 24%, while achieving <1∘ phase resolution and <1 dB gain error. When transmitting a 15 MHz, 64-QAM long-term evolution (LTE) signal it outputs 18.4 dBm at 14% SE with a measured adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) of <−30 dBc and an error vector magnitude (EVM) of 3.27% RMS at 1.75 GHz. A synthesized beam pattern based on measured results from a single die achieves <0.32∘ RMS beam angle error and <0.1 dB RMS beam amplitude error.

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Tsujii, Toshiaki, Kenta Yonebayashi, Takeshi Fujiwara, and Sohshi Ohsawa. "GNSS Array Antenna for Mitigating Multipath Errors in Urban Environment." E3S Web of Conferences 94 (2019): 03009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199403009.

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GNSS signal vulnerability has been a major concern especially for safety-of-life applications such as aircraft operations. Therefore, a GNSS array antenna technology was investigated focusing on beamforming to mitigate multipath errors in urban environment including airport surfaces. A commercial three-element GNSS antenna and RF-Front end were used to obtain digital IF data. The recorded In-phase/Quadrature IF data for three antennas were combined with proper weight to form beams towards satellites after so-called hardware biases were calibrated. Test results in multipath-rich environment demonstrated that 50-70% reduction of pseudorange errors due to multipath were possible if the beamforming algorithms were applied.

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Joo, Taehwan, Chanho Hwang, Juman Park, Kichul Kim, and Jaesoo Jung. "Design of a Tile-Type Rx Multi-Beam Digital Active Phased Array Antenna System." Journal of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 22, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26866/jees.2022.1.r.55.

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This paper details the design, manufacture, and performance test results of a highly integrated Rx multi-beam active phased array antenna for aerial communications. The proposed Rx phased array antenna comprises three tile-phased array antennas consisting of array antennas, radio frequency, and beamforming units. A performance test of the Rx antenna system revealed the system achieved gain-to-noise temperature of -6 dB/K and beam pointing accuracy of below 0.4° with four independently operable multi-beams. It is designed with compact size and less weight for various platforms.

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Wilson, M. J., and R. McHugh. "Harmonic array design: technique for efficient non-periodic array optimisation in digital sonar beamforming." IEE Proceedings - Radar, Sonar and Navigation 153, no. 1 (2006): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-rsn:20045131.

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Pei, Xin, Na Wang, Dan Werthimer, Xue-Feng Duan, Jian Li, Toktonur Ergesh, Qi Liu, and Ming-Hui Cai. "Design of RFSoC-based Digital Phased Array Feed (PAF) and Hybrid Architecture Beamforming System." Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 22, no. 4 (March 31, 2022): 045016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-4527/ac56cb.

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Abstract As the number of array elements and bandwidth increase, the design challenges of the Phased Array Feed (PAF) front-end and its signal processing system increase. Aiming at the ng-PAF of the 110 m radio telescope, this article introduces the concept of fully digital receivers and attempts to use Radio Frequency System-on-Chip (RFSoC) technology to digitize close to the feed array, reduce the complexity and analog components of the front-end, and improve the fidelity of the signals. The article discusses the digital beamforming topology and designs a PAF signal processing experimental system based on RFSoC+GPU hybrid architecture. The system adopts a ZCU111 board to design RF-direct digitization and preprocessing front-end, which can sample eight signals up to 2.048 GSPS, 12 bit, channelize the signals into 1024 chunks, then reorder into four data streams and select one of the 256 MHz frequency bands to output through four 10 Gb links. A GPU server is equipped with four RTX 3090 GPUs running four HRBF_HASHPIPE instances, each receiving a 64 MHz bandwidth signal for high-throughput real-time beamforming. The experimental system uses a signal generator to emulate Sa-like signals and propagates through rod antennas, which verifies the effectiveness of the beamforming algorithm. Performance tests show that after algorithm optimization, the average processing time for a given 4 ms data is less than 3 ms in the four-GPU parallel processing mode. The RFSoC integrated design shows significant advantages in power consumption and electromagnetic radiation compared with discrete circuits according to the measurement results.

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Isom, Bradley, Robert Palmer, Redmond Kelley, John Meier, David Bodine, Mark Yeary, Boon-Leng Cheong, Yan Zhang, Tian-You Yu, and Michael I. Biggerstaff. "The Atmospheric Imaging Radar: Simultaneous Volumetric Observations Using a Phased Array Weather Radar." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, no. 4 (April 1, 2013): 655–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-12-00063.1.

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Abstract Mobile weather radars often utilize rapid-scan strategies when collecting observations of severe weather. Various techniques have been used to improve volume update times, including the use of agile and multibeam radars. Imaging radars, similar in some respects to phased arrays, steer the radar beam in software, thus requiring no physical motion. In contrast to phased arrays, imaging radars gather data for an entire volume simultaneously within the field of view (FOV) of the radar, which is defined by a broad transmit beam. As a result, imaging radars provide update rates significantly exceeding those of existing mobile radars, including phased arrays. The Advanced Radar Research Center (ARRC) at the University of Oklahoma (OU) is engaged in the design, construction, and testing of a mobile imaging weather radar system called the atmospheric imaging radar (AIR). Initial tests performed with the AIR demonstrate the benefits and versatility of utilizing beamforming techniques to achieve high spatial and temporal resolution. Specifically, point target analysis was performed using several digital beamforming techniques. Adaptive algorithms allow for improved resolution and clutter rejection when compared to traditional techniques. Additional experiments were conducted during two severe weather events in Oklahoma. Several digital beamforming methods were tested and analyzed, producing unique, simultaneous multibeam measurements using the AIR.

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Pal, Soma, and Azazul Haque. "A review: algorithm used for beam forming systems." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 1.2 (December 28, 2017): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i1.2.8991.

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Wireless communication uses a smart antenna to provide better coverage and capacity for the communication system. Main functions performed by the smart antenna are Direction of Arrival estimation (DOA) and beamforming (DBF). The beam forming is signal processing techniques which combine antenna array technology with high-performance up/down-conversion, analog to digital conversion and digital signal processing to provide receivers with very high spatial selectivity. This paper evaluates non-blind algorithm such as LMS, to compute the weight calculation for phased array antenna using Matlab Simulink.

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Komeylian, Somayeh, and Christopher Paolini. "Implementation of the Digital QS-SVM-Based Beamformer on an FPGA Platform." Sensors 23, no. 3 (February 3, 2023): 1742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031742.

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To address practical challenges in establishing and maintaining robust wireless connectivity such as multi-path effects, low latency, size reduction, and high data rate, we have deployed the digital beamformer, as a spatial filter, by using the hybrid antenna array at an operating frequency of 10 GHz. The proposed digital beamformer utilizes a combination of the two well-established beamforming techniques of minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) and linearly constrained minimum variance (LCMV). In this case, the MVDR beamforming method updates weight vectors on the FPGA board, while the LCMV beamforming technique performs nullsteering in directions of interference signals in the real environment. The most well-established machine learning technique of support vector machine (SVM) for the Direction of Arrival (DoA) estimation is limited to problems with linearly-separable datasets. To overcome the aforementioned constraint, the quadratic surface support vector machine (QS-SVM) classifier with a small regularizer has been used in the proposed beamformer for the DoA estimation in addition to the two beamforming techniques of LCMV and MVDR. In this work, we have assumed that five hybrid array antennas and three sources are available, at which one of the sources transmits the signal of interest. The QS-SVM-based beamformer has been deployed on the FPGA board for spatially filtering two signals from undesired directions and passing only one of the signals from the desired direction. The simulation results have verified the strong performance of the QS-SVM-based beamformer in suppressing interference signals, which are accompanied by placing deep nulls with powers less than −10 dB in directions of interference signals, and transferring the desired signal. Furthermore, we have verified that the performance of the QS-SVM-based beamformer yields other advantages including average latency time in the order of milliseconds, performance efficiency of more than 90%, and throughput of nearly 100%.

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Minggan Ye, Minggan Ye, Wei Hu Minggan Ye, Yifeng Zhao Wei Hu, Lianfen Huang Yifeng Zhao, and Zhiyuan Shi Lianfen Huang. "Beamforming Design for OFDM Joint Sensing and Communication System." 網際網路技術學刊 23, no. 7 (December 2022): 1449–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/160792642022122307001.

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<p>In this paper, we discussed the beamforming schemes for OFDM-based joint sensing and communication (OFDM-JSC) system, which enable JSC system to use directional beams to detect directions of interest, while communicating with one or more downlink users, thus further enhancing the practicability of JSC system. Specifically, we equip OFDM-JSC transmitter with hybrid beamforming structure and digital beamforming structure in SU-MIMO and MU-MISO scenarios, respectively. For SU-MIMO JSC, we separately considered the hybrid beamforming design with partially connected structure and fully connected structure. For MU-MISO JSC, we separately consider the beamforming design with total antenna array transmit power constraint, and per antenna transmit power constraint. For the four non-convex problems in above two scenarios, we have designed corresponding low-complexity JSC beamforming algorithms and we verified the effectiveness of proposed schemes through numerical simulation.</p> <p> </p>

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Yang, Eunjung, Youn Hui Jang, Woosung Kim, and Dongjin Yeom. "Beam Domain Localized Adaptive Beamforming for Fully Digital Active Array Radar." Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 32, no. 5 (May 2021): 494–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2021.32.5.494.

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Johansson, G., J. Borg, J. Johansson, M. Lundberg Nordenvaad, and G. Wannberg. "Simulation of post-ADC digital beamforming for large aperture array radars." Radio Science 45, no. 3 (May 5, 2010): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008rs004124.

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Tang, Yue, and Yilong Lu. "Multi-Resolution Composite Array for Digital Beamforming With High Angular-Resolution." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 62, no. 8 (August 2014): 4377–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2014.2323427.

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Singh, Kuldip, and A. Kumar. "Digital Beamforming Array Response under Conditions of Limiting in Element Channels." IETE Technical Review 16, no. 2 (March 1999): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02564602.1999.11416822.

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Chujo, Wataru, and Kanshiro Kashiki. "Spherical array antenna using digital beamforming techniques for mobile satellite communications." Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part I: Communications) 75, no. 6 (1992): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecja.4410750607.

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Narytnik, Teodor, Volodymyr Prysiazhnyi, Segii Kapshtyk, Maksym Denysenko, and Oleksandra Narushkevych. "IMPROVEMENT OF THE GPS SIGNAL RECEIVING RESISTANCE AGAINST ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE, JAMMING, AND SPOOFING IS BASED ON THE USE OF THE ANTENNA ARRAY SYSTEM WITH DIGITAL BEAMFORMING AND NORAD TLE INFORMATION." Information and Telecommunication Sciences, no. 2 (December 19, 2022): 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2411-2976.22022.4-14.

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Background. Currently, in radio navigation systems of the various purposes, the urgent issue is stability increase of the GPS signal reception under such a jamming and spoofing types of the interference influence. In this article, the authors propose a new solution to the stability increase problem of the GPS signal reception against the jamming and spoofing interference based on the spatial selectivity of the receiver antenna. Spatial selectivity is provided through the integrated application of phased array digital beamforming technology and the use of the TLE NORAD information. Objective. The research goal is to develop a methodology for the integrated identification of interference sources to the radio navigation system and to increase the noise immunity for receiving radio navigation signals via spatial selection through the digital beamforming technologies utilization. Methods. For the research process, theoretical methods for the digital beamforming of receiving phased antenna system were used as well as the description of a two-line NORAD information element content, and calculation algorithms for the spacecraft current position. Results. As a result of the research, the GPS signal reception model was formed using spatial selection of GPS signal sources and interference sources, the technique to increase the stability of GPS signal reception under the jamming and spoofing types of interference influence was developed, the block diagram was suggested for the receiving device that implements the developed technique through the integrated application of the digital beamforming technology of the phased array antenna and the TLE NORAD information utilization. Conclusion. A conceptual idea of the method and a technical solution for the proposed method implementation were submitted. The method implementation will improve the stability of GPS signal reception under the influence of jamming and spoofing types of interference.

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Herman, Krzysztof, Tadeusz Gudra, and Joanna Furmankiewicz. "Digital Signal Processing Approach in Air Coupled Ultrasound Time Domain Beamforming." Archives of Acoustics 39, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoa-2014-0005.

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Abstract The work presents the results of experimental study on the possibilities of determining the source of an ultrasonic signal in two-dimensional space (distance, horizontal angle). During the research the team used a self-constructed linear array of MEMS microphones. Knowledge in the field of sonar systems was utilized to analyse and design a location system based on a microphone array. Using the above mentioned transducers and broadband ultrasound sources allows a quantitative comparison of estimation of the location of an ultrasonic wave source with the use of broadband modulated signals (modelled on bats' echolocation signals) to be performed. During the laboratory research the team used various signal processing algorithms, which made it possible to select an optimal processing strategy, where the sending signal is known.

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Nechaev, Yu B., I. W. Peshkov, N. A. Fortunova, I. N. Zaitseva, and V. A. Zhigulin. "Research and Modeling of Digital Antenna Arrays with Directional Elements on Azimuth-Elevation in VHF Terrain and Vegetation Multipath Propagation Situations." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2091, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2091/1/012037.

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Abstract In the paper the problem of using digital antenna arrays equipped with dipole and directive elements simultaneously in the azimuthal and elevation planes is discussed. In particular, they are investigated for communication channels of the VHF range below 1 GHz. This range is characterized by the fact that it has found wide distribution. However, its application is fraught with many difficulties, such as attenuation, reflection from rough surfaces, etc. One of the solutions to these problems can be azimuth-elevation digital beamforming. The paper presents the simulation results for the propagation of signals in the VHF range in free space, two-ray ground-reflection and foliage models. It is assumed that a symmetrical dipole is used on the transmitting side, and a directional Yagi antenna on the receiving digital antenna array (DAA) also equipped with a dipole. The circular (CAA) and hemi-dodecahedron shapes of the arrangement of elements of the receiving digital antenna array are simulated. The bit error rates (BER) depending on the distance between the transmitter and the receiver are estimated for the three above mentioned cases.

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D. Bregman, Jaap. "Towards a Concept Design for a LOFAR." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 199 (2002): 484–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900169608.

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The LOw Frequency ARray is a Digital Software Radio Telescope under study by the NFRA and the NRL. A scaleable architecture is proposed for the antenna stations of an aperture synthesis array operating in the 10 — 160 MHz frequency band. The use of advanced phased array technology with digital beamforming results in a multi-beam capability of up to 64 beams, which cover together about a steradian on the sky, and can be placed such that all relevant science objects are covered simultaneously. Based on the fast expansion of high performance processing technology, it is just after 2003 that signal and data processing will no longer dominate the cost of LOFAR in producing a confusion limited sky survey at the mJy level.

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Dmitriev, D. D., A. V. Sokolovskii, I. N. Kartsan, V. N. Tyapkin, and S. V. Efremova. "Methods beamforming adaptive digital array and their study using a computer model." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 450 (November 30, 2018): 052012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/450/5/052012.

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Gao, Bindong, Fangzheng Zhang, Ermao Zhao, Daocheng Zhang, and Shilong Pan. "High-resolution phased array radar imaging by photonics-based broadband digital beamforming." Optics Express 27, no. 9 (April 25, 2019): 13194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.27.013194.

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Gross, Frank B., and Carl M. Elam. "A new digital beamforming approach for SDMA using spreading sequence array weights." Signal Processing 88, no. 10 (October 2008): 2425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2008.04.002.

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Kikuchi, Hiroshi, Eiichi Yoshikawa, Tomoo Ushio, Fumihiko Mizutani, and Masakazu Wada. "Application of Adaptive Digital Beamforming to Osaka University Phased Array Weather Radar." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 55, no. 7 (July 2017): 3875–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2017.2682886.

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Shinho Kim and Y. E. Wang. "Two-Dimensional Planar Array for Digital Beamforming and Direction-of-Arrival Estimations." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 58, no. 7 (September 2009): 3137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2009.2014386.

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Hu, Dujuan, Xizhang Wei, Mingcong Xie, and Yanqun Tang. "A Sparse Design for Aperture-Level Simultaneous Transmit and Receive Arrays." Electronics 11, no. 20 (October 19, 2022): 3381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11203381.

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The aperture-level simultaneous transmit and receive (ALSTAR) system uses full digital architecture with an observation channel to achieve remarkably effective isotropic isolation (EII). However, the number of observation channels must be the same as the number of transmit channels, which increases the system’s complexity. To balance the system cost and performance of the ALSTAR, this paper proposes a joint design of sparse arrays and beamforming, which are achieved by a genetic algorithm and an alternating optimization algorithm, respectively. In the sparse design, we introduce beamforming technology to guarantee the EII while decreasing the corresponding elements of observation channel that contribute slightly to the EII. The simulation results are presented for a 32-element array that achieves 185.87 dB of the EII with 1000 W of transmit power. In the cases of sparsity rates at 0.875 and 0.75 (≥0.6), i.e., the number of observation channels decreases by 12.5% (2/16) and 25% (4/16), the reductions in EII do not exceed 1 dB and 3 dB, respectively. However, the EII decreases rapidly with a sparsity rate less than 0.25. Results demonstrate that our proposed joint design of sparse arrays and beamforming can reduce the system cost with little performance loss of EII.

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Yi, Hongbin, Xizhang Wei, Tairan Lin, Yanqun Tang, Mingcong Xie, and Dujuan Hu. "Aperture-Level Simultaneous Transmit and Receive Simplified Structure Based on Hybrid Beamforming of Switching Network." Electronics 12, no. 3 (January 25, 2023): 602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12030602.

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With the increasing competition for spectrum resources, the technology of simultaneous transmit and receive (STAR) is attracting more and more attention. However, full digital aperture-level simultaneous transmit and receive (FD-ALSTAR) is difficult to implement in a large-scale array with high frequency and bandwidth due to its high hardware cost and high power consumption. Therefore, this paper combines FD-ALSTAR with hybrid beamforming technology and proposes two categories and four types of aperture-level simultaneous transmit and receive simplified structures based on hybrid beamforming to reduce the number of RF links (NRF), hardware cost, and operation power consumption. In view of the complexity of the hardware of the fully connected hybrid beamforming structure and the low amplitude and phase control accuracy of the partially connected hybrid beamforming structure, an aperture-level simultaneous transmit and receive simplified structure based on hybrid beamforming of switching network (HBF-SN-ALSTAR) is proposed, and the mathematical model is established. The simulation results show that the simplified structure proposed in this paper can effectively reduce the NRF and power consumption, increase system redundancy, and improve system reliability. In a 144 × 144 antenna array, under the condition that NRF = 16 of HBF-SN-ALSTAR, that is, 1/9 of the number of FD-ALSTAR RF links, the effective isotropic isolation (EII) of the system is only 17 dB less than that of the FD-ALSTAR. The experimental results fully prove the effectiveness of the simplified structure.

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Melis, A., R. Chiello, G. Comoretto, R. Concu, A. Magro, G. Naldi, A. Navarrini, et al. "A Digital Beamformer for the PHAROS2 Phased Array Feed." Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation 09, no. 03 (September 2020): 2050013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2251171720500130.

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PHased Arrays for Reflector Observing Systems (PHAROS) is a C-band (4–8[Formula: see text]GHz) Phased Array Feed (PAF) receiver designed to operate from the primary focus of a large single-dish radio astronomy antenna. It consists of an array of 220-element Vivaldi antennas ([Formula: see text] polarization), cryogenically cooled at roughly 20[Formula: see text]K along with low noise amplifiers (LNAs), and of analogue beamformers cryogenically cooled at roughly 80[Formula: see text]K. PHAROS2, the upgrade of PHAROS, is a PAF demonstrator developed in the framework of the Square Kilometer Array Advanced Instrumentation Program (SKA AIP) with the goal of investigating the potential of the PAF technologies at high frequencies in view of their possible application on the SKA dish telescopes. The PHAROS2 design includes new cryogenically cooled LNAs with state-of-the-art performance, a digital beamformer capable of synthesizing four beams from a sub-array of 24 single-polarization antenna elements, and a C-band multi-channel Warm Section receiver capable of analogue filtering and down-converting the signals from the antennas to a suitable frequency range at the input of the digital backend, providing an instantaneous bandwidth of 275[Formula: see text]MHz for each signal. In this paper, we describe the design and performance of the PHAROS2 digital backend/beamformer, based on the Italian Tile Processing Module (ITPM) hardware, which was initially developed for the SKA Low Frequency Aperture Array (LFAA). The backend was adapted to perform the beamforming for our PAF application. We describe the implementation of the beamformer on the Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) of the ITPM and how the backend was successfully used to synthesize four independent beams, both in the laboratory (across the entire 275[Formula: see text]MHz instantaneous bandwidth) and during on-field observations at the BEST-2 array (across 16[Formula: see text]MHz instantaneous bandwidth), which is a subset of the Northern Cross Radio Telescope (located in the district of Bologna, Italy). The beamformer design allows re-scaling to a greater number of beams and wider bandwidths.

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Park, Inho, Chulhun Seo, and Hyunchul Ku. "Sidelobe Suppression Beamforming Using Tapered Amplitude Distribution for a Microwave Power Transfer System with a Planar Array Antenna." Journal of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 22, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26866/jees.2022.1.r.62.

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This paper proposes a sidelobe suppression beamforming scheme using tapered amplitude distribution for microwave power transfer (MPT) with a two-dimensional planar array antenna (PAA). To overcome the undesirable effects of sidelobes, the magnitude of the sidelobes can be lowered by manipulating the amplitude distribution of the PAA. By analyzing the array factor of the PAA, we expressed the amplitude distribution as the product of two one-dimensional vectors. Moreover, we developed a method for obtaining these vectors from an expected sidelobe level (SLL). We used the Chebyshev taper, which has a higher directivity than other distributions given an expected SLL, for the amplitude distribution. To verify the proposed method, we designed and implemented a digital beamforming system with a 4 × 4 transmitter (Tx) array and a receiver (Rx) at 5.8 GHz. Compared with a uniform amplitude distribution, the proposed method reduced the SLL by 7.5 dB but the received RF power by only 0.6 dB. We compared the performance of the proposed MPT system with the results of previous studies.

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Hasegawa, Hideyuki. "Advances in ultrasonography: image formation and quality assessment." Journal of Medical Ultrasonics 48, no. 4 (October 2021): 377–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10396-021-01140-z.

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AbstractDelay-and-sum (DAS) beamforming is widely used for generation of B-mode images from echo signals obtained with an array probe composed of transducer elements. However, the resolution and contrast achieved with DAS beamforming are determined by the physical specifications of the array, e.g., size and pitch of elements. To overcome this limitation, adaptive imaging methods have recently been explored extensively thanks to the dissemination of digital and programmable ultrasound systems. On the other hand, it is also important to evaluate the performance of such adaptive imaging methods quantitatively to validate whether the modification of the image characteristics resulting from the developed method is appropriate. Since many adaptive imaging methods have been developed and they often alter image characteristics, attempts have also been made to update the methods for quantitative assessment of image quality. This article provides a review of recent developments in adaptive imaging and image quality assessment.

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Platonov, Roman, Andrey Altynnikov, and Andrey Kozyrev. "A Tunable Beamforming Ferroelectric Lens for Millimeter Wavelength Ranges." Coatings 10, no. 2 (February 16, 2020): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10020180.

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The advanced design of a millimeter-wave quasi-optical beamforming device (QOBD) based on the ferroelectric ceramic was elaborated and considered. Among the advantages of the proposed design are simplicity and cost-effectiveness in contrast to conventional analog and digital beamforming devices based on array antennas. The use of ferroelectric ceramic in the QOBD design allows operating in a wide frequency range up to 100 GHz. The advanced topology of discrete radiotransparent electrodes to provide a realization of different beamforming functions such as beam focusing and beam scanning was considered. The prototype of the proposed QOBD was designed to operate at 60 GHz. The measured radiation pattern of the QOBD prototype is in good agreement with the simulated one. Measurements demonstrate decreasing of beamwidth of the primary antenna radiation pattern by the lens prototype operating in the beam focusing regime.

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Kondapalli, Soumya, Arjuna Madanayake, and Len Bruton. "Digital Architectures for UWB Beamforming Using 2D IIR Spatio-Temporal Frequency-Planar Filters." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2012 (2012): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/234263.

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A design method and an FPGA-based prototype implementation of massively parallel systolic-array VLSI architectures for 2nd-order and 3rd-order frequency-planar beam plane-wave filters are proposed. Frequency-planar beamforming enables highly-directional UWB RF beams at low computational complexity compared to digital phased-array feed techniques. The array factors of the proposed realizations are simulated and both high-directional selectivity and UWB performance are demonstrated. The proposed architectures operate using 2's complement finite precision digital arithmetic. The real-time throughput is maximized using look-ahead optimization applied locally to each processor in the proposed massively-parallel realization of the filter. From sensitivity theory, it is shown that 15 and 19-bit precision for filter coefficients results in better than 3% error for 2nd- and 3rd-order beam filters. Folding together with Ktimes multiplexing is applied to the proposed beam architectures such that throughput can be traded forK-fold lower complexity for realizing the 2-D fan filter banks. Prototype FPGA circuit implementations of these filters are proposed using a Virtex 6 xc6vsx475t-2ff1759 device. The FPGA-prototyped architectures are evaluated using area (A), critical path delay (T), and metricsATandAT2. TheL2error energy is used as a metric for evaluating fixed-point noise levels and the accuracy of the finite precision digital arithmetic circuits.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Digital beamforming array'

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