Relevant bibliographies by topics / Digital Anthropometry

Academic literature on the topic 'Digital Anthropometry'

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Published: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Digital Anthropometry"

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Jayaratne, Yasas S. N., and Roger A. Zwahlen. "Application of Digital Anthropometry for Craniofacial Assessment." Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction 7, no. 2 (June 2014): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1371540.

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Craniofacial anthropometry is an objective technique based on a series of measurements and proportions, which facilitate the characterization of phenotypic variation and quantification of dysmorphology. With the introduction of stereophotography, it is possible to acquire a lifelike three-dimensional (3D) image of the face with natural color and texture. Most of the traditional anthropometric landmarks can be identified on these 3D photographs using specialized software. Therefore, it has become possible to compute new digital measurements, which were not feasible with traditional instruments. The term “digital anthropometry” has been used by researchers based on such systems to separate their methods from conventional manual measurements. Anthropometry has been traditionally used as a research tool. With the advent of digital anthropometry, this technique can be employed in several disciplines as a noninvasive tool for quantifying facial morphology. The aim of this review is to provide a broad overview of digital anthropometry and discuss its clinical applications.
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Wong, Julielynn Y., Albert K. Oh, Eiichi Ohta, Anne T. Hunt, Gary F. Rogers, John B. Mulliken, and Curtis K. Deutsch. "Validity and Reliability of Craniofacial Anthropometric Measurement of 3D Digital Photogrammetric Images." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 45, no. 3 (May 2008): 232–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/06-175.

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Background: Direct anthropometry performed during a patient examination is the standard technique for quantifying craniofacial dysmorphology, as well as for surgical planning and outcome assessment. Several new technologies have been designed to computerize anthropometric measurements, including three-dimensional (3D) digital photogrammetry. These digital systems have the advantage of acquiring patient craniofacial surface images quickly and noninvasively. Before morphometry using digital photogrammetry can be applied in clinical and research practice, it must be assessed against direct anthropometry. Objective: To evaluate the validity and reliability of facial anthropometric linear distances imaged by 3D digital photogrammetry with respect to direct anthropometry. Design, Setting, Participants, Measures: Standard craniofacial distances were directly measured twice on 20 normal adult volunteers. Craniofacial surfaces were also imaged using the 3dMDface digital photogrammetry system, and distances were digitally measured twice for each subject. Validity measures of accuracy and bias (for direct versus digital measurements) and reproducibility measures of precision and test-retest reliability (for repeated sets of digital measurements) were computed. Results: Seventeen of the 18 direct measurements correlated highly with digital values (mean r = 0.88). The correlation for one measurement (upper prolabial width) was not statistically significant. The overall precision of all 17 digital measurements was less than 1 mm, and the reliability was high (mean r = 0.91). Conclusions: Craniofacial anthropometry using the 3dMDface System is valid and reliable. Digital measurements of upper prolabial width may require direct marking, prior to imaging, to improve landmark identification.
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Kukharev, G. A., and N. Kaziyeva. "Application of digital facial anthropometry." Scientific and Technical Journal of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics 19, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 255–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17586/2226-1494-2019-19-2-255-270.

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Heymsfield, Steven B., Brianna Bourgeois, Bennett K. Ng, Markus J. Sommer, Xin Li, and John A. Shepherd. "Digital anthropometry: a critical review." European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 72, no. 5 (May 2018): 680–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41430-018-0145-7.

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Bonilla, Diego A. "Artificial Intelligence Applications in Digital Anthropometry <sup><a class="tippyShow" data-tippy-arrow="true"data-tippy-content="Presented as a keynote at the 'I Congreso Iberoamericano de Antropometría Aplicada' organized by the 'Red Iberoamericana de Investigadores en Antropometría Aplicada'." data-tippy-interactive="true"data-tippy-theme="light-border"style="cursor:pointer">1</a></sup>." OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine 07, no. 04 (December 26, 2022): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/obm.icm.2204056.

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Anthropometric measurements are frequently used to assess changes in body composition in different populations. Despite being a cheap, in-field, and relatively valid technique, the COVID-19 pandemic has impulse research on digital anthropometry across the globe. Machine learning, as the convergence of artificial intelligence and data mining, has the potential to improve data collection and analysis in the applications of kinanthropometry. Far from replacing conventional methods, digital anthropometry is a powerful opportunity to increase accuracy, validity, practicality, and the use of self-monitoring procedures under professional supervision. However, further research and scientific literacy among practitioners are warranted.
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Sharma, Neelesh Kumar, Sachin Rana, Pravesh Kushwaha, and Yatika Gori. "Recent Advancements in Contactless Anthropometry." International Journal of Materials Manufacturing and Sustainable Technologies 1, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.56896/ijmmst.2022.1.2.007.

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Anthropometry is a widely used tool across scientific disciplines like, clinical nutrition for assessing growth, body composition and anticipating the health risks, and clothing industry for customized designing. The conventional tools such as the calipers and measuring taps are now being replaced by the digital devices. Among digital devices, the latest technology revolves around low cost 3-D optical imaging techniques which finds their application in all domains including clinical, research and even day-today lives. The literature survey here was carried out in SCOPUS and fifteen research articles, meeting the inclusion criteria, were selected for this review. The study indicated the propensity of the USA and image processing technologies in contactless anthropometric measurements. The consistent studies since 1996 and the domination of the application of the anthropometric data in health services and textile industry suggest necessity of this study. This study utilizes the domain of the optical imaging techniques and provide an overview of the potential applications, operational details and validation studies. The contactless anthropometry is rapidly transforming the static and dormant areas of ergonomics with numerous research opportunities and novel applications.
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Weinberg, Seth M., Nicole M. Scott, Katherine Neiswanger, Carla A. Brandon, and Mary L. Marazita. "Digital Three-Dimensional Photogrammetry: Evaluation of Anthropometric Precision and Accuracy Using a Genex 3D Camera System." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 41, no. 5 (September 2004): 507–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/03-066.1.

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Objective To determine the precision and accuracy of facial anthropometric measurements obtained through digital three-dimensional (3D) photogrammetry. Design Nineteen standard craniofacial measurements were repeatedly obtained on 20 subjects by two independent observers, using calipers and 3D photos (obtained with a Genex 3D camera system), both with and without facial landmarks labeled. Four different precision estimates were then calculated and compared statistically across techniques. In addition, mean measurements from 3D photos were compared statistically with those from direct anthropometry. Results In terms of measurement precision, the 3D photos were clearly better than direct anthropometry. In almost all cases, the 3D photo with landmarks labeled had the highest overall precision. In addition, labeling landmarks prior to taking measurements improved precision, regardless of method. Good congruence was observed between means derived from the 3D photos and direct anthropometry. Statistically significant differences were noted for seven measurements; however, the magnitude of these differences was often clinically insignificant (< 2 mm). Conclusions Digital 3D photogrammetry with the Genex camera system is sufficiently precise and accurate for the anthropometric needs of most medical and craniofacial research designs.
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Kukharev, G. A., and N. Kaziyeva. "Digital Facial Anthropometry: Application and Implementation." Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis 30, no. 3 (July 2020): 496–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1054661820030141.

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Pratama, Fandy Surya, Istianah Muslim, and Muhammad Ihsan Zul. "Digitalization of Human Head Anthropometry Measurement Using Pixels Measurement Method." IJITEE (International Journal of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering) 2, no. 3 (February 20, 2019): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijitee.43698.

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Head Anthropometry is a part of anthropometry that needed to be measured carefully. It is because human head becomes an important part that necessary to be protected. The protection aims to look after the safety of the human head. Safety factors can be achieved by designing head products. Therefore, head anthropometry data is required to make a product design Currently, data retrieval of head anthropometry is still using several measuring devices such as anthropometers, sliding callipers, spreading callipers, and tape gauges. This measurement method makes the standard deviation become higher and also take a lot of time to capture huge amounts of anthropometry data. However, the problem has been resolved by other study research with building a head dimension measurement system using digital camera. But the system still need the integration with digital camera. This study uses the IP Camera that has been integrated with the system to capture human head from the front and side. The captured image is segmented into several areas based on head dimension. Then, the image is processed using pixel measurement method by performing feature extraction on each head dimension to get the result of head dimension measurement. The result shows that calliper measurement and system measurement against ten of fourteen human head anthropometry dimensions is identical with the best distance between IP Camera and the head as far as 200 cm. This head anthropometry data is expected to make a contribution to Indonesian Ergonomics Society.
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Li, Zhouxiao, Yimin Liang, Thilo Ludwig Schenck, Konstantin Frank, Riccardo Enzo Giunta, and Konstantin Christoph Koban. "Investigating the Reliability of Novel Nasal Anthropometry Using Advanced Three-Dimensional Digital Stereophotogrammetry." Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 1 (January 6, 2022): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm12010060.

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Three-dimensional surface imaging systems (3DSI) provide an effective and applicable approach for the quantification of facial morphology. Several researchers have implemented 3D techniques for nasal anthropometry; however, they only included limited classic nasal facial landmarks and parameters. In our clinical routines, we have identified a considerable number of novel facial landmarks and nasal anthropometric parameters, which could be of great benefit to personalized rhinoplasty. Our aim is to verify their reliability, thus laying the foundation for the comprehensive application of 3DSI in personalized rhinoplasty. We determined 46 facial landmarks and 57 anthropometric parameters. A total of 110 volunteers were recruited, and the intra-assessor, inter-assessor, and intra-method reliability of nasal anthropometry were assessed through 3DSI. Our results displayed the high intra-assessor reliability of MAD (0.012–0.29, 0.003–0.758 mm), REM (0.008–1.958%), TEM (0–0.06), rTEM (0.001–0.155%), and ICC (0.77–0.995); inter-assessor reliability of 0.216–1.476, 0.003–2.013 mm; 0.01–7.552%, 0–0.161, and 0.001–1.481%, 0.732–0.985, respectively; and intra-method reliability of 0.006–0.598°, 0–0.379 mm; 0 0.984%, 0–0.047, and 0–0.078%, 0.996–0.998, respectively. This study provides conclusive evidence for the high reliability of novel facial landmarks and anthropometric parameters for comprehensive nasal measurements using the 3DSI system. Considering this, the proposed landmarks and parameters could be widely used for digital planning and evaluation in personalized rhinoplasty, otorhinolaryngology, and oral and maxillofacial surgery.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Digital Anthropometry"

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Aquino, Cleiton Paiva. "Avaliação do comportamento dos pontos fiduciais faciais durante o envelhecimento humano." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/7277.

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Facial aging is known as a complex process that varies the shape and texture of thefacial area. Variations in shape include variation in craniofacial structure, while texture variation includes skin coloration, appearance of facial lines and wrinkles. Shape and texture are both considered the most common forms of facial aging patterns. Fiducial points are control points on an object that define characteristic regions with properties of interest to the application. Thus, the objective of this work is to evaluate the behavior offacial fiducial points during human aging. An evaluation was performed in a statistical manner and through classification, through the characteristics vectors obtained throughfacial fiducial points. For the accomplishment of this work, we had a social motivation,that is the aid in the search for missing persons, and another one of technical character,that is the perfection of facial recognition systems. Among the results we can highlight the behavior of increase, reduction and stabilization among some fiducial points. With regard to classification, we obtained a result of 84.29 % of correct answers when we compared the class with people under 20 years old and the class with people between 20 and 39 years old from the black men’s groups
O envelhecimento facial é conhecido como um complexo processo que varia a forma ea textura da área facial. Variações na forma incluem variação na estrutura craniofacial, enquanto a variação na textura inclui coloração da pele, aparecimento de linhas faciais e rugas. A forma e a textura são ambas consideradas as formas mais comuns de padrões de envelhecimento facial. Já os pontos fiduciais são pontos de controle sobre um objeto que definem regiões características com propriedades de interesse à aplicação. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o comportamento dos pontos fiduciais faciais durante o envelhecimento humano. Foi realizada uma avaliação de forma estatística e por meio de classificação, através dos vetores de características obtidos através dos pontos fiduciaisfaciais. Para a realização deste trabalho, tivemos uma motivação de cunho social, queé o auxílio na busca por pessoas desaparecidas, e outra de cunho técnico, que é o aperfeiçoamento de sistemas de reconhecimento facial. Dentre os resultados podemos salientar o comportamento de aumento, redução e estabilização entre alguns pontos fiduciais. No tocante a classificação chegamos a obter um resultado de 84,29% de acertos quando comparamos a classe com pessoas menores de 20 anos e a classe com pessoas entre 20 e 39 anos do grupos de homens negros.
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Brolin, Erik. "Anthropometric diversity and consideration of human capabilities : Methods for virtual product and production development." Doctoral thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-12248.

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Contemporary product and production development is typically carried out with the support of computer tools where the design of products and workstations are originated and evaluated within virtual environments. Ergonomics addresses factors important to consider in the product and production development process to ensure a good fit between humans and the items being designed. Digital human modelling (DHM) tools enable simulations and analyses of ergonomics in virtual environments. Anthropometry is central when using DHM tools for product and production development to ensure that the design fits the intended proportion of the targeted population from a physical perspective. Several methods have been prescribed to consider the anthropometric diversity that exists within human populations. Still many DHM based simulations in product and production development processes are done with approaches that are poor in representing anthropometric diversity. Hence, there is a need for better tools and methods that would support DHM tool users to more effectively and efficiently consider anthropometric diversity in the design process. In this thesis current methods for anthropometric diversity considerations have been reviewed and new methods and functionality have been developed and implemented in a DHM tool. Mathematical models have been developed to consider three specific parts important to the consideration of anthropometric diversity: generation of suitable test cases, prediction of missing anthropometric data and implementation of more diverse anthropometric variables such as strength and flexibility. Results show that the proposed methods are accurate and advantageous compared to approaches often used in industry today. The mathematical models for generation of suitable test cases and prediction of missing anthropometric data have been implemented in an anthropometric software module. The module has undergone usability testing with industry DHM tools users. The developed anthropometric module is shown to answer to relevant needs of DHM tool users and fit into the work processes related to DHM simulations and ergonomics analyses utilised in industry today.
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Kullberg, Joel. "Assessment of Body Composition Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7739.

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Alayan, Ibrahim Abead. "Anthropometric analysis of maxillofacial foramina in skulls of four human populations using electronic calliper and 3D laser scanning methods." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9535.

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This study was undertaken to identify the landmarks that would provide the most reliable and predictable indicators of the position of the supraorbital, infraorbital, mental and mandibular foramina in human skulls of Hokien, Hylam, Indian and British populations of ranging ages, which would provide clinicians with suitable modifications in technique to accommodate these variations. Measurements were taken using both electronic digital callipers and 3D laser scanning. Electronic digital calliper measurements were made to estimate how far each foramen was from specific anatomical landmarks on the skulls. An apparatus was developed to position the skulls securely so that the measurement points could be accurately identified, then an electronic digital calliper was used to measure the distance between the defined points. In addition, the same skulls were also scanned using a FastSCAN™ Polhemus Scorpion™ handheld laser scanner, and imported into 3D modelling software (FreeForm Modelling Plus™). This 3D software integrates a PHANYOM™ desktop arm and a haptic force feedback device that provides the user with a sense of touch. Accordingly, with the “Ruler” tool, the measurements between various foramina and defined anatomical landmarks were measured. Measurements made by electronic digital calliper were compared statistically with those made using the 3D scanning method, and overall there was good correlation between the two, indicating that 3D scanning could be used as an alternative method. With regard to age changes in the skulls, the ages of the Hokien and Hylam groups were known, having been recorded from death records, but the Indian and British skulls were not of known age. In a preliminary study the known age skulls were used to validate the methods of Miles (1962) and Brothwell (1981) who aged skulls using tooth wear patterns. The decision was taken to use the Brothwell chart for the assessment of age in the Indian and British skulls in the main study. For each of the four population groups, intra-population comparisons of the measurements were made between right and left sides, and between skulls of young and old individuals, also inter-population comparisons between ipsilateral measurements were made. The correlation between the obtuseness of the mandibular angle and the ipsilateral measurement from the mental foramen to the posterior border of the mandible were made on both sides of the skulls of each population group. Non-significant differences were found between the measurements on right and left sides for the skulls of all populations. There were significant differences between some ipsilateral measurements but although there were statistically significant, they were not considered to be clinically significant. There were no significant differences between ipsilateral measurements with increasing age of the skulls. Also there were weak correlations between the obtuseness of the mandibular angle and the ipsilateral measurement from the mental foramen to the posterior border of the mandible on both sides of the skulls of each population group. There were good statistically agreements between the electronic digital calliper and 3D laser scanning measurements in all groups and the two methods may be used interchangeably. However 3D scanning is a digital process and therefore the scans could be accessed remotely, either across the internet or by CD.
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Badawi, Hawazin Faiz. "DT-DNA: Devising a DNA Paradigm for Modeling Health Digital Twins." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/41906.

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The potential of Digital twin (DT) technology outside of the industrial field has been recognized by researchers who have promoted the vision of applying DTs technology beyond manufacturing, to purposes such as enhancing human well-being and improving quality of life (QoL). The expanded definition of DTs to incorporate living and nonliving physical entities into the definition of DTs was a key motivation behind the model introduced in this thesis for building health digital twins of citizens. In contrast with DTs that have been developed in more industrial fields, this type of digital twins modeling necessitates protecting each citizen's unique identity while also representing features common to all citizens in a unified way. In nature, DNA is an example of a model that is both unified, common to all humans, and unique, distinguishing each human as an individual. DNA’s architecture is what inspired us to propose a digital twin DNA (DT-DNA) model as the basis for building health DTs for citizens. A review of the literature shows that no unified model for citizens’ health has been developed that can act as a base for building digital twins of citizens while also protecting their unique identity thus we aim to fill this gap in this research. Accordingly, in this thesis, we proposed a DT-DNA model, which is specifically designed to protect the unique identity of each citizen’s digital twin, similar to what DNA does for each human. We also proposed a DT-DNA-based framework to build standardized health digital twins of citizens on micro, meso and macro levels using two ISO standards: ISO/IEEE 11073 (X73) and ISO 37120. To achieve our goal, we started by analyzing the biological DNA model and the influencing factors shaping health in smart cities. The purpose of the first is to highlight the DNA model features which provide the building blocks for our DT-DNA model. The purpose of the latter is to determine the main bases of our DT-DNA model of health DTs. Based on the analysis results; we proposed DT-DNA to model health DTs for citizens. In keeping with our DNA analogy, we have identified four bases, A, T, G, and C, for our unified and unique DT-DNA model. The A base in the proposed model represents a citizen’s anthropometric when we build the DT-DNA on an individual level and represents the city’s regulatory authorities when we build the DT-DNA on community and city levels. The T base represents different tasks included in the provided health data that are required to model citizens’ health DT-DNA on different levels. The G base represents the geographic and temporal information of the city, where the citizen exists at the time of data collection. The C base represents the context at the time of data collection. To proof the concept, we present our initial work on building health DTs for citizens in four case studies. The first two case studies are dedicated for health DTs at the micro level, the third case study is dedicated for health DTs at the meso level and the fourth case study is dedicated for health DTs at the macro level. In addition, we developed an algorithm to compare cities in terms of their community fitness and health services status. The four case studies provide promising results in terms of applicability of the proposed DT-DNA model and framework in handling the health data of citizens, communities and cities, collected through various sources, and presenting them in a standardized, unique model.
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Payne, Stephanie. "Phenotypic variation and thermoregulation of the human hand." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/285561.

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The hand has the highest surface area-to-volume ratio of any body part. This property offers the potential for the hand to serve an important function in thermoregulation through radiative heat loss. Theoretically, the capacity for heat loss may be influenced by hand and digit proportions, but the extent to which these proportions influence the hand's radiative properties remains under-investigated. Although hand morphology is highly constrained by both integration and functional dexterity, phenotypic variation in hand and digit proportions across human populations shows broad ecogeographic patterns. These patterns have been associated with climate adaptation. However, the theory linking climate adaptation to such ecogeographic patterns is based on underlying assumptions relating to thermodynamic principles, which have not been tested in vivo. This study sought to determine the influence of hand and digit proportions on heat loss from the hands directly, the additional anthropometric factors that may affect this relationship, and the impact of variation in hand proportions on dexterity in the cold. The relationship between hand proportions and thermoregulation was tested through both laboratory-based investigation and a field study. The laboratory investigation assessed the relationship between hand proportions and heat loss, the influence of body size and composition on this relationship, and the effect of morphological variation on manual dexterity. Participants (N=114; 18-50 years of age), underwent a 3-minute ice-water hand-immersion. Thermal imaging analysis was used to quantify heat loss. Hand and digit proportions were quantified using 2D and 3D scanning techniques; body size and composition were measured using established anthropometric methods and bio-impedance analysis. After accounting for body size, hand width, digit-to-palm length ratio, and skeletal muscle mass were significant predictors of heat loss from the hand, whilsthand length and fat mass were not. A separate set of participants (N=40) performed a Purdue pegboard dexterity test before and after the immersion test, which demonstrated that digit width alone negatively correlated with dexterity. The field study tested whether phenotypic variation in upper limb proportions could be attributed to cold adaptation or selection for dexterity in living populations exposed to significant energetic stress. Upper limb segment lengths were obtained from participants (N=254; 18-59 years of age), from highland and lowland regions of the Nepalese Himalayas using established anthropometric methods, and relative hand proportions were assessed in relation to severe energetic stress associated with life at high altitude. Relative to height, hand length and hand width were not reduced with altitude stress, whilst ulna length was. This indicates that cold adaptation is not shaping hand proportions in this case, although phenotypic variation in other limb segments may be attributed to cold adaptation or a thrifty phenotype mechanism. The current study provides empirical evidence to support the link between surface area-to-volume ratio, thermodynamic principles and ecogeographical patterns in human hand morphology. However, this research also demonstrates the complexity of the hand's role in thermoregulation; not only do other factors such as muscularity affect heat loss from the hand, but hand morphology is also highly constrained by integration and dexterity.
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Nishibe, Caio Arce. "Central de confrontos para um sistema automático de identificação biométrica: uma abordagem de implementação escalável." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2017. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/3142.

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Com a popularização do uso da biometria, determinar a identidade de um indivíduo é uma atividade cada vez mais comum em diversos contextos: controle de acesso físico e lógico, controle de fronteiras, identificações criminais e forenses, pagamentos. Sendo assim, existe uma demanda crescente por Sistemas Automáticos de Identificação Biométrica (ABIS) cada vez mais rápidos, com elevada acurácia e que possam operar com um grande volume de dados. Este trabalho apresenta uma abordagem de implementação de uma central de confrontos para um ABIS de grande escala utilizando um framework de computação em memória. Foram realizados experimentos em uma base de dados real com mais de 50 milhões de impressões digitais em um cluster com até 16 nós. Os resultados mostraram a escalabilidade da solução proposta e a capacidade de operar em grandes bases de dados.
With the popularization of biometrics, personal identification is an increasingly common activity in several contexts: physical and logical access control, border control, criminal and forensic identification, payments. Thus, there is a growing demand for faster and accurate Automatic Biometric Identification Systems (ABIS) capable to handle a large volume of biometric data. This work presents an approach to implement a scalable cluster-based matching platform for a large-scale ABIS using an in-memory computing framework. We have conducted some experiments that involved a database with more than 50 million captured fingerprints, in a cluster up to 16 nodes. The results have shown the scalability of the proposed solution and the capability to handle a large biometric database.
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LOVATO, Christian. "Three-dimensional body scanning: methods and applications for anthropometry." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/540549.

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In questa tesi descriviamo i metodi informatici e gli esperimenti eseguiti per l’applicazione della tecnologia whole body 3D scanner in supporto dell’antropometria. I body scanner restituiscono in uscita una nuvola di punti, solitamente trasformata in mesh triangolare mediante l’uso di algoritmi specifici per supportare la visualizzazione 3D della superficie e l’estrazione di misure e landmarks antropometrici significativi. L’antropometria digitale è già stata utilizzata con successo in vari studi per valutare importanti parametri medici. L’analisi antropometrica digitale è solitamente eseguita utilizzando soluzioni software fornite dai costruttori che sono chiuse e specifiche per il prodotto, che richiedono attenzione nell’acquisizione e dei forti limiti sulla posa assunta dal soggetto. Questo può portare a dei problemi nella comparazione di dati acquisiti in diversi luoghi, nella realizzazione di studi multicentrici su larga scala e nell’applicazione di metodi avanzati di shape analysis sui modelli acquisiti. L’obiettivo del nostro lavoro è di superare questi problemi selezionando e personalizzando strumenti di processing geometrico capaci di creare un sistema aperto ed indipendente dallo strumento per l’analisi di dati da body scanner. Abbiamo inoltre sviluppato e validato dei metodi per estrarre automaticamente dei punti caratteristici, segmenti corporei e misure significative che possono essere utilizzate nella ricerca antropometrica e metabolica. Nello specifico, presentiamo tre esperimenti. Nel primo, utilizzando uno specifico software per l’antropometria digitale, abbiamo valutato la performance dello scanner Breuckmann BodySCAN nelle misure antropometriche. I soggetti degli esperimenti sono 12 giovani adulti che sono stati sottoposti procedure di antropometria manuale e digitale tridimensionale (25 misurazioni) indossando abbigliamento intimo attillato. Le misure duplicate effettuate da un’antropometrista esperto mostrano una correlazione r=0.975-0.999; la loro media è significativamente (secondo il test t di Student) diversa su 4 delle 25 misure. Le misure digitali effettuate in duplicato da un antropometrista esperto e da due antropometristi non esperti, mostrano indici di correlazione individuali r che variano nel range 0.975-0.999 e medie che che erano significativamente diverse in una misurazione su 25. La maggior parte delle misure effettuate dall’antropometrista esperto, manuali e digitali, mostrano una correlazione significativa (coefficiente di correlazione intra-classe che variano nell’intervallo 0.855-0.995, p<0.0001). Concludiamo che lo scanner Breuckmann BodySCAN è uno strumento affidabile ed efficace per le misure antropometriche. In un secondo esperimento, compariamo alcune caratteristiche geometriche facilmente misurabili ottenute dalle scansioni di femmine obese (BMI>30) con i parametri di composizione corporea (misurata con una DXA) dei soggetti stessi, per investigare quali misure dei descrittori di forma correlavano meglio con il grasso del torso e corporeo. I risultati ottenuti mostrano che alcuni dei parametri geometrici testati presentano una elevata correlazione, mentre altri non correlano fortemente con il grasso corporeo. Questi risultati supportano il ruolo dell’antropometria digitale nell’indagine sulle caratteristiche fisiche rilevanti per la salute, ed incoraggiano la realizzazione di ulteriori studi che analizzino la relazione tra descrittori di forma e composizione corporea. Infine, presentiamo un nuovo metodo per caratterizzare le superfici tridimensionali mediante il calcolo di una funzione chiamata “Area projection transform”, la quale misura la possibilità dei punti dello spazio 3D di essere il centro di simmetria radiale della forma a predeterminati raggi. La trasformata può essere usata per rilevare e caratterizzare in maniera robusta i regioni salienti (approssimativamente parti sferiche e cilindriche) ed è, quindi, adatta ad applicazioni come la detection di caratteristiche anatomiche. In particolare, mostriamo che è possibile costruire grafi che uniscono questi punti seguendo i valori massimali della MAPT (Radial Simmetry Graphs) e che questi grafi possono essere usati per estrarre rilevanti proprietà della forma o definire corrispondenze puntuali robuste nei confronti di problematiche quali parti mancanti, rumore topologico e deformazioni articolate. Concludiamo che le potenziali applicazioni della tecnologia della scansione tridimensionale applicata all’antropometria sono innumerevoli, limitate solo dall’abilità della conoscienza scientifica di connettere il fenomeno biologico con le appropriate descrizioni matematiche/geometriche.
In this thesis we describe the developed computer method and experiments performed in order to apply whole body 3D scanner technology in support to anthropometry. The output of whole body scanners is a cloud of points, usually transformed in a triangulated mesh through the use of specific algorithms in order to support the 3D visualization of the surface and the extraction of meaningful anthropometric landmarks and measurements. Digital anthropometry has been already used in various studies to assess important health-related parameters. Digital anthropometric analysis is usually performed using device-specific and closed software solutions provided by scanner manufacturers, and requires often a careful acquisition, with strong constraints on subject pose. This may create problems in comparing data acquired in different places and performing large-scale multi-centric studies as well as in applying advanced shape analysis tools on the captured models. The aim of our work is to overcome these problems by selecting and customizing geometrical processing tools able to create an open and device-independent method for the analysis of body scanner data. We also developed and validated methods to extract automatically feature points, body segments and relevant measurements that can be used in anthropometric and metabolic research. In particular we present three experiments. In the first, using specific digital anthropometry software, we evaluated the Breuckmann BodySCAN for performance in anthropometric measurement. Subjects of the experiment were 12 young adults underwent both manual and 3D digital anthropometry (25 measurements) wearing close-fitting underwear. Duplicated manual measurement taken by one experienced anthropometrist showed correlation r 0.975-0.999; their means were significantly different in four out of 25 measurements by Student’s t test. Duplicate digital measurements taken by one experienced anthropometrist and two naïve anthropometrists showed individual correlation coefficients r ranging 0.975-0.999 and means were significantly different in one out of 25 measurements. Most measurements taken by the experienced anthropometrist in the manual and digital mode showed significant correlation (intraclass correlation coefficient ranging 0.855-0.995, p<0.0001). We conclude that the Breuckmann BodyScan is reliable and effective tool for digital anthropometry. In a second experiment, we compare easily detectable geometrical features obtained from 3D scans of female obese (BMI > 30) subjects with body composition (measured with a DXA device) of the same subjects, in order to investigate which measurements on shape descriptors better correlate with torso and body fat. The results obtained show that some of the tested geometrical parameters have a relevant correlation, while other ones do not strongly correlate with body fat. These results support the role of digital anthropometry in investigating health-related physical characteristics and encourage the realization of further studies analyzing the relationships between shape descriptors and body composition. Finally, we present a novel method to characterize 3D surfaces through the computation of a function called Area Projection Transform, measuring the likelihood of points in the 3D space to be center of radial symmetry at selected scales (radii). The transform can be used to detect and characterize robustly salient regions (approximately spherical and cylindrical parts) and it is, therefore, suitable for applications like anatomical features detection. In particular, we show that it is possible to build graphs joining these points following maximal values of the MAPT (Radial Symmetry Graphs) and that these graphs can be used to extract relevant shape properties or to establish point correspondences on models robustly against holes, topological noise and articulated deformations. It is concluded that whole body scanning technology application to anthropometry are potentially countless, limited only by the ability of science to connect the biological phenomenon with the appropriate mathematical/geometrical descriptions.
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Deo, Dhanannjay. "Computerized Landmarking And Anthropometry Over Laser Scanned 3D Head And Face Surface Meshes." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/341.

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Understanding of the shape and size of different features of human body from the scanned data is necessary for automated design and evaluation of product ergonomics. The traditional method of finding required body dimensions by manual measurements (Anthropometry) has many sociological, logistical and technical drawbacks such as prolonged time, skilled researcher for consistency and accuracy of measurements, undesirable physical contact between the subject and the researcher, required presence of people from different demographic categories or travel of researcher with equipments. If these di- mensions are extracted from the stored digital human models, above drawbacks can be eliminated. With the emergence of laser based 3d scanners, it is now possible generate a large database of surface models of humans from different demographic backgrounds but the automatic processing of 3d meshes is under development. Though some commercial packages are available for extraction of a limited number of dimensions from full body scans, mostly belonging to topologically separable body parts like hands and legs, the dimensions associated with head and face are particularly not available in public domain. The processing of surface models of head and face from the automatic measurement point of view is also not discussed in literature though this type of data has many practical applications like ergonomic design of close-fitting products like respiratory masks,ophthalmic frames (spectacles), helmets and similar head-mounted devices; Creation of a facial feature database for face modeling coding and reconstruction and for use in forensic sciences; Automated anthropological surveys and Medical growth analysis and aesthetic surgery planning. Hence, in this thesis, a computational framework is developed for automatic detection, recognition and measurement of important facial features namely eyes, eyebrows, nose, mouth and moustache (if applicable) from scanned head and shoulder polyhedral models. After preprocessing the scanned mesh manually to fill holes and remove singular vertices, discrete differential geometric operators were implemented to compute surface normals and curvatures. Mean curvature magnitude was used as the primary metric to segment the mesh using morphological watershed algorithms which treat the mesh as a height map and separate the regions according to the water catchment basins. After visualization it was hypothesized that the important facial features consist of relatively high curvature regions and based on this hypothesis a much faster approach was then employed based on mathematical morphology to group the high curvature vertices into regions based on adjacency. The important feature regions isolated this way were then identified and labeled to be belonging to different facial features by a decision tree based on their relative spatial disposition. Adaptive selection of parameters was incorporated later to ensure robustness of this algorithm. Critical points of these identified features are recognized as the standard landmarks associated with those primary facial features. A number of clinically identified landmarks lie on the facial mid-line. An efficient algorithm is proposed for detection and processing of the mid-line using a point sampling technique which is fast and has immunity to noise in the data. An algorithm to find shortest path between two vertices while traveling along the edges is implemented to measure on-surface distances and to isolate the nose. Complete program comprising of curvature and surface normal computations, seg- mentation and identification of 6 important features, facial mid-line processing, detection of total 17 landmarks and shortest path computations to separate nose takes about 2 minutes to work including visualization on a full resolution mesh of typically 2,15,521 Vertices and 4,30,560 Faces. The algorithm was tested successfully on more than 40 faces with minor exceptions. The results match human perception. The computed measurements were also compared with the physical measurements for a few subjects, the measurements were found to be in good agreement and satisfactory for its usage in product ergonomics and clinical applications.
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CAVEDON, Valentina. "Investigating body dimension and composition across diverse populations with traditional and advanced techniques." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/903246.

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In questo progetto di dottorato sono stati condotti sette studi: “Effetto di differenti attività sportive a carico d’impatto sulla composizione corporea di femmine prepuberi”, “Variazioni della composizione corporea in calciatori professionisti nel corso di una stagione agonistica”, “Effetti della qualità dell’osso sulla velocità di tiro nella pallamano”, “Studio della composizione corporea in atleti spinalizzati praticanti sport in carrozzina”, “Analisi cinematica del servizio nel tennis in carrozzina: implicazioni sul sistema di classificazione”, “Antropometria, composizione corporea e prestazione in giovani giocatori di pallacanestro in carrozzina” e “Misurazione attraverso procedure di antropometria digitale tridimensionale della riduzione di massa grassa indotta da esercizio fisico in donne obese”. Quattro degli studi sopraelencati sono pubblicati o in fase di stampa su riviste scientifiche internazionali. Negli studi sopraesposti sono stati indagati parametri relativi a dimensioni corporee e composizione corporea in diverse popolazioni (ginnaste e pallavoliste prepuberi, calciatori professionisti, giocatori di pallamano di livello élite e sub-élite e atleti medullolesi praticanti sport in carrozzina) attraverso l’applicazione di tecniche antropometriche tradizionali e tecniche avanzate di imaging, come il densitometro a doppio raggio fotonico (DXA) e lo scanner tridimensionale. L’utilizzo combinato di queste tecniche mi ha permesso di studiare le caratteristiche antropometriche e di composizione corporea in differenti attività sportive per monitorare gli effetti dell’allenamento sulla composizione corporea nell’arco di una stagione agonistica, di analizzare la relazione tra caratteristiche antropometriche e di composizione corporea e specifiche gestualità tecniche e di indagare l’equità dei sistemi di classificazione adottati in alcuni sport paralimpici. Riassumendo, i risultati conseguiti in questi studi hanno evidenziato che 1. L’aumento della massa muscolare rappresenta un fattore chiave nell’accumulo di minerale osseo in giovani femmine prepuberi praticanti attività sportive a carico d’impatto. 2. Nei calciatori professionisti la massa grassa, la massa magra priva di grasso e il contenuto di minerale osseo subiscono delle variazioni nel corso della stagione agonistica, in particolare a carico degli arti inferiori e a prescindere dal ruolo. 3. Il contenuto di minerale osseo e la densità minerale ossea spiegano una percentuale considerevole di variabilità della velocità della palla nel tiro della pallamano. 4. Nell’attività sportiva adattata la durata dell’infortunio influenza diversi parametri di composizione corporea degli atleti (giocatori di pallacanestro in carrozzina, giocatori di rugby in carrozzina e atleti di handbike). 5. In seguito ad una lesione midollare, sarebbe importante riprendere l’attività sportiva il prima possibile, non appena le condizioni cliniche lo consentono, per rallentare o per ridurre gli effetti negativi causati dall’evento lesivo sulla composizione corporea. 6. Dal confronto tra la tecnica plicometrica e la metodica DXA è emerso che la prima tende a sottostimare la percentuale di massa grassa in atleti praticanti sport in carrozzina sottolineando la necessità di studiare un’equazione ad hoc per questa popolazione. 7. Nei giovani giocatori di pallacanestro in carrozzina sono emerse numerose relazioni tra le variabili antropometriche e la prestazione (test da campo specifici e le statistiche degli incontri un’intera stagione competitiva). 8. Dai risultati è inoltre emersa una stretta relazione tra la tipologia e la gravità della disabilità e la prestazione nel tennis e nella pallacanestro in carrozzina, dimostrando che i vigenti sistemi di classificazione degli atleti dovrebbero essere modificati in modo da garantire lo svolgimento di competizioni eque e bilanciate.
Over the course of my doctoral research project entitled “Investigating body dimension and composition across diverse populations with traditional and advanced techniques”, seven studies were conducted: “Effect of distinct impact loading sports on body composition in pre-menarcheal girls”, “Seasonal DXA-measured body composition changes in professional male soccer player”, “Bone quality predicts ball-throwing velocity in team handball”, “Body composition assessment in spinal cord injured wheelchair athletes”, “Kinematic analysis of the wheelchair tennis serve: Implications for Classification”, “Anthropometry, body composition and performance in young wheelchair basketball players”, and “Digital three-dimensional anthropometry detection of exercise-induced fat mass reduction in obese women”. Four of the above studies are published or in press in international Journals. In the above-mentioned studies, body dimensions and composition were investigated across diverse populations (e.g., pre-menarcheal gymnasts and volleyball players, elite male soccer players, sub-elite and elite handball players and wheelchair athletes) with traditional and advanced techniques. In particular, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as well as manual and digital anthropometry were exploited. The combined application of traditional and advanced imaging techniques allowed me to study the anthropometry and body composition characteristics of participants in different sport activities to monitor the effects of sport training across a competitive season, analyse the relationship between anthropometry and body composition characteristics and specific technical skills, as well as provide useful information to improve the classification system of athletes playing Paralympic sports. In summary, the obtained results showed that 1. Higher muscle mass is a key factor for bone mineral accrual in pre-menarcheal girls exposed to impact-loading activity. 2. Professional soccer players undergo changes (especially in the lower limbs) in their fat mass, fat-free soft tissue mass, and bone mineral content across the season with some regional variations, irrespective of the playing position. 3. In male and female handball players, bone mineral content and/or bone mineral density is a body composition parameter able to explain a significant proportion of variability in ball throwing velocity. 4. In adapted physical activity the duration of injury strongly affect body composition of wheelchair athletes (wheelchair basketball players, wheelchair rugby players and handbikers). 5. In disabled people, it would be important to begin physical activity as soon as possible after injury in an attempt to slow or reduce the negative effects of the impairment on the body composition. 6. Comparison of current skinfold thickness predictive equation and DXA in wheelchair athletes shows a substantial underestimation of percentage of fat mass with the former, highlighting the need to use an ad hoc skinfold thickness equation for this population. 7. In young wheelchair basketball players several anthropometric variables are well correlated to wheelchair basketball performance (sport-specific field test and game-related statistics). 8. A clear relationship between the player’s impairment and performance in wheelchair tennis and in wheelchair basketball is present, suggesting that the current classification systems are to be challenged as to fairness.
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Books on the topic "Digital Anthropometry"

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Srivastava, Rajeev, S. K. Singh, and K. K. Shukla. Research developments in biometrics and video processing techniques. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference, an imprint of IGI Global, 2014.

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Duffy, Vincent G., ed. Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management. Anthropometry, Human Behavior, and Communication. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05890-5.

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service), SpringerLink (Online, ed. Digital Human Modeling: Second International Conference, ICDHM 2009, Held as Part of HCI International 2009, San Diego, CA, USA, July 19-24, 2009. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009.

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Duffy, Vincent G. Digital Human Modeling. Springer, 2009.

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Zakaria, Norsaadah. Digital Manufacturing Technology for Sustainable Anthropometric Apparel. Elsevier Science & Technology, 2022.

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Digital Manufacturing Technology for Sustainable Anthropometric Apparel. Elsevier, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/c2020-0-01151-5.

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Zakaria, Norsaadah. Digital Manufacturing Technology for Sustainable Anthropometric Apparel. Elsevier Science & Technology, 2022.

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Duffy, Vincent G. Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management. Anthropometry, Human Behavior, and Communication: 13th International Conference, DHM 2022, Held As Part of the 24th HCI International Conference, HCII 2022, Virtual Event, June 26-July 1, 2022, Proceedings, Part I. Springer International Publishing AG, 2022.

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Book chapters on the topic "Digital Anthropometry"

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Sforza, Chiarella, Claudia Dellavia, Marcio De Menezes, Riccardo Rosati, and Virgilio F. Ferrario. "Three-Dimensional Facial Morphometry: From Anthropometry to Digital Morphology." In Handbook of Anthropometry, 611–24. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1788-1_32.

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Hanson, Lars, and Dan Högberg. "Use of Anthropometric Measures and Digital Human Modelling Tools for Product and Workplace Design." In Handbook of Anthropometry, 3015–34. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1788-1_186.

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Souccar, Nada M., Chung How Kau, and Seth M. Weinberg. "Digital Three-Dimensional Photogrammetry: Craniofacial Applications to Facial Growth, Orthognathic and Reconstructive Surgery, and Morphometrics." In Handbook of Anthropometry, 2511–20. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1788-1_155.

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Fang, Jing-Jing, and Sheng-Yi Fang. "An Automatic Method for Computerized Head and Facial Anthropometry." In Digital Human Modeling, 12–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21799-9_2.

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Ge, Bao-zhen, Qing-guo Tian, K. David Young, and Yu-chen Sun. "Color 3D Digital Human Modeling and Its Applications to Animation and Anthropometry." In Digital Human Modeling, 82–91. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73321-8_10.

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Li, Peng, Jeremy Carson, Joseph Parham, and Steven Paquette. "Digital Human Modeling Pipeline with a 3D Anthropometry Database." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 257–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41627-4_23.

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Reynolds, Herbert, and Gunther Paul. "Systems Anthropometry of Digital Human Models for Seat Design." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 184–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60825-9_21.

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Niu, Jianwei, Zhizhong Li, and Gavriel Salvendy. "Mathematical Methods for Shape Analysis and form Comparison in 3D Anthropometry: A Literature Review." In Digital Human Modeling, 161–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73321-8_20.

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Preethi, Roselin, and J. Chandra Priya. "Digital Anthropometry for Health Screening from an Image Using FETTLE App." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Paradigms of Computing, Communication and Data Sciences, 123–35. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7533-4_10.

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Wenzel, Sabine, Juliana Buchwald, and Hartmut Witte. "Estimation to Use the Stick Figure of Kinect® Version 2 for Digital Anthropometry." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 530–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96065-4_57.

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Conference papers on the topic "Digital Anthropometry"

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Bušić, Anita, Josip Bušić, John Coleman, and Jožef Šimenko. "Comparison of Manual Anthropometry and a Mobile Digital Anthropometric System." In 8th International Conference on Sport Sciences Research and Technology Support. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010178201090115.

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Lovato, Christian, Chiara Milanese, Andrea Giachetti, and Carlo Zancanaro. "3D Digital Anthropometry Using the BodySCAN." In 1st International Conference on 3D Body Scanning Technologies, Lugano, Switzerland, 19-20 October 2010. Ascona, Switzerland: Hometrica Consulting - Dr. Nicola D'Apuzzo, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.15221/10.259.

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Dasgupta, Abira, Bharat Vijayaraghavan, N. R. Rajhans, Dileep Kulkarni, and A. V. Mannikar. "Digital Human Modeling for Indian Anthropometry." In 1st Asian Workshop on 3D Body Scanning Technologies, Tokyo, Japan, 17-18 April 2012. Ascona, Switzerland: Hometrica Consulting - Dr. Nicola D'Apuzzo, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.15221/a12.165.

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Wilkerson, Patrick, and Andrzej Przekwas. "Integrated Modeling Framework for Anthropometry and Physiology Virtual Body." In 2007 Digital Human Modeling Conference. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2007-01-2502.

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Seitz, Thomas, and Heiner Bubb. "Measuring of Human Anthropometry, Posture and Motion." In Digital Human Modeling For Design And Engineering Conference And Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/1999-01-1913.

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Nadadur, Gopal, Jim Chiang, Matthew B. Parkinson, and Allison Stephens. "Anthropometry for a North American Manufacturing Population." In Digital Human Modeling for Design and Engineering Conference and Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-2274.

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Kouchi, Makiko, and Masaaki Mochimaru. "Evaluation of Accuracy in Traditional and 3D Anthropometry." In Digital Human Modeling for Design and Engineering Symposium. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2008-01-1882.

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Kim, Seok-Hwan, Su-Hwan Hwang, Kwang-Noh Lee, Jong-Kweon Pyun, Hyung Yun Choi, Kyung Min Kim, Sungjin Sah, and Nicole Montmayeur. "New Anthropometry of Human Body Models for Riding Comfort Simulation." In 2007 Digital Human Modeling Conference. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2007-01-2457.

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Friess, Martin. "Multivariate Accommodation Models using Traditional and 3D Anthropometry." In 2005 Digital Human Modeling for Design and Engineering Symposium. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-2735.

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Engstler, Florian, Olaf Sabbah, Heiner Bubb, and Tulin Gunduz Cengiz. "Statistical Approach to a Model-based Anthropometry Description." In Digital Human Modeling for Design and Engineering Conference and Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-2298.

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