Books on the topic 'Digital actor'
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1
José Mexia Crespo de Carvalho and Jorge Peñaranda Coimbra. Economia digital, segundo acto. Chiado [Lisbon, Portugal]: Bertrand Editora, 2002.
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Agnihotri, Ram Awatar. Role of electronic media and film artistes in 13th parliamentary (Lok Sabha) general elections, 1999: With a survey study of Kangra parliamentary (Lok Sabha) constituency. New Delhi: Commonwealth Publishers, 2004.
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Wenzel, Kurt. Exposure: A novel. New York: Little, Brown and Co., 2007.
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Wenzel, Kurt. Exposure: A novel. New York: Little, Brown and Co., 2007.
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Lee, Francis, and Joseph Man Chan. Memories of Tiananmen. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463728447.
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Memories of Tiananmen: Politics and Processes of Collective Remembering in Hong Kong, 1989-2019 analyzes how collective memory regarding the 1989 Beijing student movement and the Tiananmen crackdown was produced, contested, sustained, and transformed in Hong Kong between 1989 and 2019. Drawing on data gathered through multiple sources such as news reports, digital media content, on-site vigil surveys, population surveys, and in-depth interviews with activists, rally participants, and other stakeholders, it identifies six key processes in the dynamics of social remembering: memory formation, memory mobilization, memory institutionalization, intergenerational transfer, memory repair, and memory balkanization. The book demonstrates how a socially dominant collective memory, even one the state finds politically irritable, can be generated and maintained through constant negotiation and efforts by a wide range of actors. While Memories of Tiananmen mainly focuses on the interplay between political changes and the Tiananmen commemoration in the historical period within which the society enjoyed a significant degree of civil liberties, it also discusses how the trajectory of the collective memory may take a drastic turn as Hong Kong’s autonomy is abridged. The book promises to be a key reference for anyone interested in collective memory studies, social movement research, political communication, and China and Hong Kong studies.
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Hill, Z. B. Acting: Stage & screen. Broomall, PA: Mason Crest, 2015.
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7
Thomson, C. Claire. Mapping Messiness: The Informational Film Archive and Actor-Network Theory. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474424134.003.0004.
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This chapter offers Actor-Network Theory (ANT) as a toolkit for analysing the often messy and complex networks and relationships involved in the production and distribution of useful cinema. Stressing that ANT is employed in the book as a way of thinking rather than as an explicit framework, the chapter briefly outlines the key principles of ANT and relates them to documentary and informational filmmaking. In particular, the chapter discusses the potential of ANT for rendering visible or audible the many non-human actors in any instance of filmmaking, and for revealing how facts are constructed in documentary and related genres. The institutions, individuals, networks, technologies and other actors involved in mid-twentieth-century Danish informational filmmaking are then mapped. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the role of the archive and the researcher in the network of any given film, explaining how contemporary archival practices, especially digital technologies, are creating new dispositifs for historical informational film.
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Cinematic Perspectives On Digital Culture Consorting With The Machine. Palgrave MacMillan, 2012.
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Otero, Ana de Luis. Actos Sociales Y Familiares (Tecnicas Fotograficas) (Ocio Digital). Anaya Multimedia, 2005.
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Thomson, C. Claire. Conclusion. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474424134.003.0011.
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The conclusion returns to Actor-Network Theory to consider how its methodologies can reveal hitherto hidden aspects of the making of films and the making of facts. It further discusses three avenues for future research, as suggested by the case studies in the book: the analysis of multiple language versions of films, for example using Digital Humanities techniques; the possibilities afforded by digitisation ans streaming for the creation of a new dispositif for informational films as national heritage, and the limitations imposed by national intellectual property law; and the difficulties of tracking and evaluating the impact and cultural value of informational films.
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Carlisle, Phil. On the Role of “Digital Actors” in Entertainment-Based Virtual Worlds. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199826162.013.040.
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Schneider, Florian. China's Digital Nationalism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876791.001.0001.
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China’s Digital Nationalism explores online networks and their nationalist discourses in digital China. It asks what happens to national community sentiments when they go digital. Nationalism, in China as much as elsewhere, is today shared through digital information and communication technologies. It is adopted, filtered, transformed, enhanced, and accelerated through digital networks, and it interacts in complicated ways with nationalism ‘on the ground’. Understanding these processes is crucial if we hope to make sense of the social and political complexities that shape the twenty-first century. In China’s Digital Nationalism, Florian Schneider analyses digital China first-hand, by empirically examining what search engines, online encyclopaedias, websites, hyperlink networks, and social media accounts can tell us about the way that different actors construct and manage a crucial topic in contemporary Chinese politics: the protracted historical relationship with neighbouring Japan. Using two cases, the infamous Nanjing Massacre of 1937 and the ongoing disputes over islands in the East China Sea, Schneider shows how various stake-holders in China construct networks and deploy power to shape nationalist discourses for their own ends. These dynamics in an emerging great power, this book argues, provide crucial lessons on how nation states adapt to the shifting terrain of the digital age.
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Halegoua, Germaine. The Digital City. NYU Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479839216.001.0001.
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The Digital City focuses on the interface of people, urban place, and the role that digital media play in placemaking endeavors. Critics have understood digital media as forces that alienate and disembed users from space and place. This book argues that the exact opposite processes are observable: many different actors are consciously and habitually using digital technologies to re-embed themselves within urban space. Five case studies from cities around the world illustrate the concept of “re-placeing” by showing how different populations employ urban broadband networks, social and locative media platforms, digital navigation technologies, smart cities, and creative placemaking initiatives to reproduce abstract urban spaces as inhabited places with deep meanings and emotional attachments. Through clear and accessible language and timely narratives of everyday urban life, the author argues that a sense of place is integral to understanding contemporary relationships with digital media while highlighting our own awareness of the places where we find ourselves and where our technologies find and place us. Through ethnographic and discourse analysis of everyday digital media practices and technologies, this book expands practical and theoretical understandings of the ways urban planners envision and plan connected cities, the role of urban communities in shaping and interpreting digital architectures, and the tales of the city produced through mobile and web-based platforms. Digital connectivity is reshaping the city and the ways we navigate through it and belong within it. How this happens and the types of places we produce within these networked environments are what this book addresses.
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Richardson, John. Between Speech, Music, and Sound. Edited by Yael Kaduri. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199841547.013.47.
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This chapter discusses the growing tendency toward aestheticization of the spoken voice in cinema. It provides a taxonomy of different means of speech aestheticization, including poetic speech; accelerated and decelerated speech; wordy or dialogue-heavy soundtracks; heightened voice and dialogue in literary adaptations; fetishization of the voice; technologically manipulated speech; aesthetically marked speech resulting from distinct physical or psychological attributes; comic timing as musicality in speech; and interaction of voices with environmental sounds or aestheticized non-diegetic sounds. Undoubtedly, this phenomenon is bound up with proliferation of digital technologies, which means that previous inaudible sounds can be perceived with increased clarity and sonic manipulation is accomplished with little effort. Occupying a liminal zone between speech and song, flowing speech in cinema is suspended in the middle stage of what Rick Altman calls “audio dissolve,” where the actor in a musical inflects her speech aesthetically while transitioning into song and dance.
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Schneider, Florian. Nationalism and Its Digital Modes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876791.003.0002.
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Chapter 2 discusses nations and nationalism in the digital age. It reviews how scholars have made sense of nationalism in the past, and it argues that the most useful way to view nations and nationalism is as modern technologies. It makes the case, as scholars like Benedict Anderson and Michael Billig have done before, that human beings ‘imagine’ nations, and that they do so largely through communication practices. To understand these communication practices, the chapter proposes that we view social groups as networked communities. It lays out an original theory of nations and nationalism, and it goes on to discuss nationalism in the Chinese context. The chapter concludes by making the case that a diverse range of actors ‘programme’ the networks of national communities through discursive practices in order to shift what the nation means. Nationalism, then, becomes an emergent property of these networked activities.
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Leiser, Mark, and Andrew Murray. The Role of Non-State Actors and Institutions in the Governance of New and Emerging Digital Technologies. Edited by Roger Brownsword, Eloise Scotford, and Karen Yeung. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199680832.013.28.
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New digital technologies pose particular problems for regulators. The utility of these technologies is maximized by linking them to the Internet. But Internet technology does not respect national borders, thereby undermining the traditional legitimacy of the Westphalian state to regulate activity within its jurisdictional borders. This has led to the development of competing cyber-regulatory models that attempt to bridge the gap between traditional Westphalian governance and the new reality of the global digital space. Many of these, although not all, fit within post-Westphalian literature. Some, drawing from globalization and post-Westphalian models, seek to identify and deploy key governance nodes. Such models identify roles for non-state actors, private corporations, and supranational governance institutions. The unhappy relationship between old-world, Westphalian legal governance and new-world, post-Westphalian governance generates ongoing conflict and is the backdrop to this chapter which identifies and discusses a number of case studies in digital governance.
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Digital diplomacy: Conversations on innovation in foreign policy. 2015.
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Cashing in on Cyberpower: How Interdependent Actors Seek Economic Outcomes in a Digital World. Potomac Books, Incorporated, 2018.
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Labat, Patricio Grané, and Naomi Burke. The Protection of Diplomatic Correspondence in the Digital Age. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795940.003.0013.
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This chapter considers the impact of new technology on compliance with obligations under the VCDR. It focuses on the provisions of the VCDR that establish the inviolability of diplomatic archives and correspondence and considers the challenges posed by technology that was not available at the time of the drafting of that treaty but which is now commonplace. It evaluates the ever-present risk of unauthorized digital access to diplomatic correspondence and archives, including by non-State actors (eg WikiLeaks), and examines whether the framework of the VCDR is still adequate to deal with those challenges. The chapter also addresses the submission of protected information obtained in violation of the VCDR as evidence in proceedings before international tribunals, including the International Court of Justice (ICJ). The chapter analyses the admissibility of that evidence and offers answers on how international courts should deal with that information.
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Miller, David, Claire Harkins, Matthias Schlögl, and Brendan Montague. The multiple voices of the corporation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198753261.003.0002.
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This chapter develops the central research questions of the book and lays down some of the basic assumptions we took. It is argued that corporate actors form a network of influence that reaches into every area of public life. Therefore, researching the influence of business on public policy making cannot concentrate on single actors but must emphasize the network. The chapter does so by applying classical power structure research to the digital age. The research approach is designed to allow the combination of various, very heterogeneous data sources—such as scanned material, data available online, and handcrafted structured data—into one database that can be used for network research. We conclude the chapter by taking a closer look at the sources we used to investigate the important actors within the network.
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Lane, Jeffrey. Street Lessons. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199381265.003.0006.
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This final chapter returns to the core argument given the fieldwork presented. It is made clear from the case of the digital street that the experience of an urban neighborhood gets filtered through social media. The chapter reviews the transformation of street life in Harlem during the study period based on the different ways that youth, adults, police, and other neighborhood actors used the digital street in relation to each other. The author remarks on the localization of the Internet from the fact that online space enabled residents to rework and control matters in neighborhood space. The chapter ends with key lessons for a service-oriented approach to youth on the street that utilizes the increased visibility and productive aspects of social media use.
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Krajewski, Markus. The Server. Translated by Ilinca Iurascu. Yale University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300180817.001.0001.
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Though classic servants like the butler or the governess have largely vanished, the Internet is filled with servers: web, ftp, mail, and others perform their daily drudgery, going about their business noiselessly and unnoticed. Why then are current-day digital drudges called servers? This book explores this question by going from the present back to the Baroque to study historical aspects of service through various perspectives, be it the servants' relationship to architecture or their function in literary or scientific contexts. At the intersection of media studies, cultural history, and literature, this work recounts the gradual transition of agency from human to nonhuman actors to show how the concept of the digital server stems from the classic role of the servant.
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Gray, Joanne Elizabeth. Google Rules. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190072070.001.0001.
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Google Rules traces the rise of Google through its legal, commercial, and political negotiations over copyright. The first part of the book shows how the public interest suffers in a digital copyright policy debate dominated by powerful industry stakeholders. The second part explores Google’s contributions to digital copyright and the copyright policies that Google enforces across its own platforms. Increasingly, Google self-regulates and negotiates with media and entertainment companies to privately devise copyright rules. Google then deploys algorithmic regulatory technologies to enforce those rules. Google’s private copyright rule-making and algorithmic enforcement limits transparency and accountability in digital copyright governance and privileges private interest and values over the public interest. Today, Google reigns over a technological and economic order that features empowered private actors and rapidly changing technological conditions. How to effectively regulate Google—in an evolving technological environment and in order to achieve public interest outcomes—is one of the most pressing policy questions of our time. Google Rules provides several strategies for taking up this challenge. While the parameters may be narrowly set upon one firm and one area of intellectual property law, ultimately, the book is a contribution to a much broader conversation about a new generation of monopolistic companies, born from the technological developments of the digital age, and the social, political, and economic influence they have acquired in contemporary society.
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Gorwa, Robert. Poland. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190931407.003.0005.
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This chapter provides the first overview of political bots, fake accounts, and other false amplifiers in Poland. Based on extensive interviews with political campaign managers, journalists, activists, employees of social media marketing firms, and civil society groups, the chapter outlines the emergence of Polish digital politics, covering the energetic and hyper-partisan “troll wars,” the interaction of hate speech with modern platform algorithms, and the recent effects of “fake news” and various sources of apparent Russian disinformation. The chapter then explores the production and management of artificial identities on Facebook, Twitter, and other social networks—an industry confirmed to be active in Poland—and assesses how they can be deployed for both political and commercial purposes. Overall, the chapter provides evidence for a rich array of digital tools that are increasingly being used by various actors to exert influence over Polish politics and public life.
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Golan, Galia, and Walid Salem. Non-State Actors in the Middle East: Factors for Peace and Democracy. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.
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Non-State Actors in the Middle East: Factors for Peace and Democracy. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.
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Schneider, Florian. Selling Sovereignty on the Web. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876791.003.0006.
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Chapter 6 examines the East China Sea dispute on China’s web. This includes an analysis of the official Chinese Diaoyu Islands website, but also of various military news portals and the web presence of non-governmental advocacy groups. While the issue is more dynamic, and notably involves more commercial actors, than the Nanjing Massacre case of the previous chapter, Chinese sites nevertheless fall back on traditional mass-media scripts. The analysis also reveals how this nationalist topic ‘sells’ in digital China: the prominent web resources make heavy use of advertising pop-ups and click-bait, and they juxtapose nationalist imagery with violence, pornography, and gambling offers. The chapter argues that, on China’s web, the issue of the East China Sea dispute is governed by a tacit consensus between political and commercial actors to commodify nationalist symbols for consumption by a specific target demographic, and that this practice shifts Sino–Japan discourses into chauvinistic directions.
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Guneratne, Anthony R. Shakespeare’s Rebirth. Edited by James C. Bulman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199687169.013.13.
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Shakespeare adaptations are uniquely suited to chart the historical reciprocity between performance traditions and emerging mediascapes. Reframing a classical essay of Walter Benjamin’s within the context of contemporary media theory, this chapter draws together archival research, interviews, and observations of performances in related aesthetic forms that have engaged with Shakespeare’s texts, including those by such key figures as Giuseppe Verdi, George Balanchine, and Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco. By focusing on connections between the inventors of audiovisual technologies (from early audio recordings to ‘live’ HD broadcasts) and key performances by actors, singers, and dancers, and by examining how contemporary performers respond to today’s digital technologies in the light of the traditions of performance established by their predecessors, it attempts to resituate the study of adaptations of Shakespeare within broader historical and cultural contexts.
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Schamp, Eike W. Frankfurt. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817314.003.0005.
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The European banking crisis and the subsequent euro crisis triggered considerable shocks in Germany’s financial world which fully revealed the weaknesses of the German banking sector. Changing regulation and the low-interest-rate policy from the European Central Bank put the bank’s business models into question. Furthermore, delays became apparent in the improvement of Frankfurt’s sector-specific infrastructure. Frankfurt’s resilience in the crises results from the entangled agency by various actors at local, national, and European levels. Employment in the financial sector at large remained rather stable. Frankfurt increased its role as a European centre in bank and insurance supervision and considerably improved its infrastructure in higher education and research as well as in the digital economy. Although still fragile in various aspects, Frankfurt may become a potential winner on the European continent from the forthcoming Brexit.
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Bucher, Taina. Programming the News. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190493028.003.0006.
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Algorithmic power and politics stems in part from how algorithms acquire the capacity to disturb and to compose new sensibilities as part of situated practices, particularly in terms of how they become invested with certain political and moral capacities. Looking at how algorithms materialize in the institutional setting of the news media, the chapter considers how algorithms are made to matter. Based on field observations and 20 interviews with digital editors and managers at leading Scandinavian news organizations the chapter explores how institutional actors are responding to the proliferation of data and algorithms. The analysis shows how, on the one hand, news organizations feel the pressure to reorient their practices toward the new algorithmic logic governing the media landscape at large. On the other hand, algorithms work to disturb and question established boundaries and norms of what journalism is and ought to be.
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Nash, Victoria. Analyzing Freedom of Expression Online: Theoretical, Empirical, and Normative Contributions. Edited by William H. Dutton. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199589074.013.0021.
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This chapter highlights the most significant ways in which research from across Internet Studies combines thematically to offer a picture of the challenges facing freedom of expression in the twenty-first century, as well as the need for broader theoretical frameworks. It suggests that a broader theoretical framework is required to catch the full range of law and policies shaping expression online, and to develop responses for policy and practice. The Internet presents just as many opportunities for digital surveillance or censorship as it does for free expression. The most helpful contribution of Internet Studies has been to expose and illuminate the many different forces that restrict or expand the opportunities to speak and communicate. The Internet has become central to communication and it plays a role in helping multiple actors to obtain their various goals.
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Bulman, James C. Introduction. Edited by James C. Bulman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199687169.013.43.
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Audiences just a few decades ago would not have recognized much of what now passes for Shakespeare in performance. New theatrical styles and techniques, often the result of intercultural exchange, have gained an authority once accorded only to the text; new modes of adaptation and unaccustomed performance venues have fundamentally altered the relationship between actors and audience; and the concept of ‘live’ performance has been profoundly altered by the digital revolution. Shakespearean performance criticism likewise has undergone a sea change in recent years, and the essays in this volume reflect this. The first group interrogates how Shakespeare continues to achieve ‘contemporaneity’ or ‘relevance’ for Western audiences; the second tackles the burgeoning field of reception, involving memory and cognition studies; the third addresses the ways in which technology has altered our views of Shakespeare; and the final group grapples with the emergence of intercultural or ‘global’ Shakespeare.
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Woolley, Samuel C., and Douglas Guilbeault. United States. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190931407.003.0009.
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Do bots have the capacity to influence the flow of political information over social media? This chapter answers this question through two methodological avenues: a) a qualitative analysis of how political bots were used to support United States presidential candidates and campaigns during the 2016 election, and b) a network analysis of bot influence on Twitter during the same event. Political bots are automated software programs that operate on social media, written to mimic real people in order to manipulate public opinion. The qualitative findings are based upon nine months of fieldwork on the campaign trail, including interviews with bot makers, digital campaign strategists, security consultants, campaign staff, and party officials. During the 2016 campaign, a bipartisan range of domestic and international political actors made use of political bots. The Republican Party, including both self-proclaimed members of the “alt-right” and mainstream members, made particular use of these digital political tools throughout the election. Meanwhile, public conversation from campaigners and government representatives is inconsistent about the political influence of bots. This chapter provides ethnographic evidence that bots affect information flows in two key ways: 1) by “manufacturing consensus,” or giving the illusion of significant online popularity in order to build real political support, and 2) by democratizing propaganda through enabling nearly anyone to amplify online interactions for partisan ends. We supplement these findings with a quantitative network analysis of the influence bots achieved within retweet networks of over 4 million tweets, collected during the 2016 US election. The results of this analysis confirm that bots reached positions of measurable influence during the 2016 US election.
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Jiménez, Catalina, Julen Requejo, Miguel Foces, Masato Okumura, Marco Stampini, and Ana Castillo. Silver Economy: A Mapping of Actors and Trends in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003237.
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Latin America and the Caribbean, unlike other regions, is still quite young demographically: people over age 60 make up around 11% of the total population. However, the region is expected to experience the fastest rate of population aging in the world over the coming decades. This projected growth of the elderly population raises challenges related to pensions, health, and long-term care. At the same time, it opens up numerous business opportunities in different sectorshousing, tourism, care, and transportation, for examplethat could generate millions of new jobs. These opportunities are termed the “silver economy,” which has the potential to be one of the drivers of post-pandemic economic recovery. Importantly, women play key roles in many areas of this market, as noted in the first report published by the IDB on this subject (Okumura et al., 2020). This report maps the actors whose products or services are intended for older people and examines silver economy trends in the region by sector: health, long-term care, finance, housing, transportation, job market, education, entertainment, and digitization. The mapping identified 245 actors whose products or services are intended for older people, and it yielded three main findings. The first is that the majority of the actors (40%) operate in the health and care sectors. The prevalence of these sectors could be due to the fact that they are made up of many small players, and it could also suggest a still limited role of older people in active consumption, investment, and the job market in the region. The second finding is that 90% of the silver economy actors identified by the study operate exclusively in their countries of origin, and that Mexico has the most actors (47), followed by the Southern Cone countriesBrazil, Chile, and Argentinawhich have the regions highest rates of population aging. The third finding is that private investment dominates the silver economy ecosystem, as nearly 3 out of every 4 actors offering services to the elderly population are for-profit enterprises. The sectors and markets of the silver economy differ in size and degree of maturity. For example, the long-term care sector, which includes residential care settings, is the oldest and has the largest number of actors, while sectors like digital, home automation, and cohousing are still emerging. Across all sectors, however, there are innovative initiatives that hold great potential for growth. This report examines the main development trends of the silver economy in the region and presents examples of initiatives that are already underway. The health sector has a wealth of initiatives designed to make managing chronic diseases easier and to prevent and reduce the impact of functional limitations through practices that encourage active aging. In the area of long term careone of the most powerful drivers of job creationinitiatives to train human resources and offer home care services are flourishing. The financial sector is beginning to meet a wide range of demands from older people by offering unique services such as remittances or property management, in addition to more traditional pensions, savings, and investment services. The housing sector is adapting rapidly to the changes resulting from population aging. This shift can be seen, for example, in developments in the area of cohousing or collaborative housing, and in the rise of smart homes, which are emerging as potential solutions. In the area of transportation, specific solutions are being developed to meet the unique mobility needs of older people, whose economic and social participation is on the rise. The job market offers older people opportunities to continue contributing to society, either by sharing their experience or by earning income. The education sector is developing solutions that promote active aging and the ongoing participation of older people in the regions economic and social life. Entertainment services for older people are expanding, with the emergence of multiple online services. Lastly, digitization is a cross-cutting and fundamental challenge for the silver economy, and various initiatives in the region that directly address this issue were identified. Additionally, in several sectors we identified actors with a clear focus on gender, and these primarily provide support to women. Of a total of 245 actors identified by the mapping exercise, we take a closer look at 11 different stories of the development of the silver economy in the region. The featured organizations are RAFAM Internacional (Argentina), TeleDx (Chile), Bonanza Asistencia (Costa Rica), NudaProp (Uruguay), Contraticos (Costa Rica), Maturi (Brazil), Someone Somewhere (Mexico), CONAPE (Dominican Republic), Fundación Saldarriaga Concha (Colombia), Plan Ibirapitá (Uruguay), and Canitas (Mexico). These organizations were chosen based on criteria such as how innovative their business models are, the current size and growth potential of their initiatives, and their impact on society. This study is a first step towards mapping the silver economy in Latin America and the Caribbean, and the hope is to broaden the scope of this mapping exercise through future research and through the creation of a community of actors to promote the regional integration of initiatives in this field.
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Powers, Shawn M., and Michael Jablonski. The Economics of Internet Connectivity. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039126.003.0005.
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This chapter examines the link between information commodification and structuration by focusing on the economics of internet connectivity and the fight over which international institutions are responsible for the regulation of digital information flows. It also discusses the uneven relationship between connectivity and economic growth as well as the economic motivations behind criticism of the International Telecommunication Union's (ITU) potential role in internet governance. The chapter first considers how the U.S. government, with the aid of the private sector, wired the world and profited handsomely as a result. It then explains how economies of scale strongly favor established actors in the Internet economy, challenging the idea that increased connectivity is equally profitable for all. It also looks at the controversy surrounding the World Conference on International Telecommunications (WCIT), with particular emphasis on how the negotiations were shaped by economic concerns. Finally, it describes economic externalities, the basis for a “network effect” theory, and suggests an alternative framing to the neoliberal, modernization, and “information sovereignty” discourses that often dominate debates surrounding internet governance.
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Trnka, Susanna. Traversing. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501749223.001.0001.
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This book is about our ways of seeing, experiencing, and moving through the world and how they shape the kinds of people we become. Drawing from concepts developed by two phenomenological philosophers, Martin Heidegger and Jan Patočka, and putting them in conversation with ethnographic analysis of the lives of contemporary Czechs, the book examines how embodiment is crucial for understanding our being-in-the-world. In particular, the book scrutinizes three kinds of movements we make as embodied actors in the world: how we move through time and space, be it by walking along city streets, gliding across the dance floor, or clicking our way through digital landscapes; how we move toward and away from one another, as erotic partners, family members, or fearful, ethnic “others”; and how we move toward ourselves and the earth we live on. Above all, the book focuses on tracing the ways in which the body and motion are fundamental to our lived experience of the world, so we can develop a better understanding of the empirical details of Czech society and what they can reveal to us about the human condition.
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Parkin, Jack. Money Code Space. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197515075.001.0001.
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Newly emerging cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology present a challenging research problem in the field of digital politics and economics. Bitcoin—the first widely implemented cryptocurrency and blockchain architecture—seemingly separates itself from the existing territorial boundedness of nation-state money via a process of algorithmic decentralisation. Proponents declare that the utilisation of cryptography to advance financial transactions will disrupt the modern centralised structures by which capitalist economies are currently organised: corporations, governments, commercial banks, and central banks. Allegedly, software can create a more stable and democratic global economy; a world free from hierarchy and control. In Money Code Space, Jack Parkin debunks these utopian claims by approaching distributed ledger technologies as a spatial and social problem where power forms unevenly across their networks. First-hand accounts of online communities, open-source software governance, infrastructural hardware operations, and Silicon Valley start-up culture are used to ground understandings of cryptocurrencies in the “real world.” Consequently, Parkin demonstrates how Bitcoin and other blockchains are produced across a multitude of tessellated spaces from which certain stakeholders exercise considerable amounts of power over their networks. While money, code, and space are certainly transformed by distributed ledgers, algorithmic decentralisation is rendered inherently paradoxical because it is predicated upon centralised actors, practices, and forces.
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Whittaker, D. Hugh, Timothy Sturgeon, Toshie Okita, and Tianbiao Zhu. Compressed Development. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198744948.001.0001.
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This book highlights the importance of time and timing in economic and social development. ‘Compressed development’ consists of two key features and their interaction: the tendency for development processes to unfold more rapidly (compression) and the institution-shaping influences of major periods of change and growth, especially when countries become integrated into the global economy (era). Using an interdisciplinary conceptual framework of state–market and organization–technology co-evolution, the authors contrast the experiences of ‘early’ and ‘late’ developers such as the United Kingdom and Japan, with countries–most notably China–which have become more deeply integrated with the global economy since the 1990s. Compressed developers experience ‘thin industrialization’, layered types of employment, and ‘double burdens’ or challenges in social development. National development strategies must accommodate global value chains and powerful international actors on the one hand, and decentralization on the other. To cope, and thrive, states must remain developmental, whilst being increasingly engaged and adaptive in multiple levels of governance. Compressed Development explores the historical and contemporary features of economic and social development at the intersection of development studies and studies of globalization. By bringing a new perspective on the ‘middle-income trap’, as well as the emerging digital economy, and the state–market and geopolitical tensions that are currently upending conventional wisdoms, the book offers timely insights that will be useful, not only for students of development, but for policymakers, business, and labour organization seeking to navigate the rushing currents of contemporary capitalism.
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Ivor, Roberts, ed. Satow's Diplomatic Practice. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739104.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
First published in 1917, this book has long been hailed as a classic and authoritative text. This edition builds on the revision in the sixth edition, and, in recognition of the speed of changes in the field over the last ten years, examines the developments and challenges of modern diplomacy through new chapters on human rights and public/digital diplomacy. Further additions to the seventh edition include the following: the chapters on the history of diplomacy have been expanded to cover modern developments such as the greatly expanded role of multilateral diplomacy; the chapters on international law have been brought up to date, including an examination of latest case studies; the book addresses the greatly expanded number of international organizations, including material on the British EU referendum outcome; and the importance of human rights in international relations as well as public diplomacy receive increased attention, each with its own chapter. The book also includes newly revised chapters on diplomatic communications, privileges, precedence and immunities, diplomatic missions and consular matters, treaties and conferences, and the workings of international tribunals. Furthermore, the volume examines alternative forms of diplomacy, from the work of NGOs to the use of secret envoys, as well as a study of the interaction with intelligence agencies and commercial security firms. Finally, the book highlights the impact of international terrorism and other violent non-state actors on the life and work of a diplomat.
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Harcourt, Alison, George Christou, and Seamus Simpson. Global Standard Setting in Internet Governance. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198841524.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The standards development organization’s (SDO) role in Internet governance is notable given its central place in society. The bulk of decision-making for the Internet takes place in technical standards fora, such as the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which have no formal state or public sector body membership. Recent years have seen a significant degree of spill-over of highly politicized policy areas such as data protection, digital rights management, security, and bandwidth and spectrum to SDOs, policies which were formerly domains of the nation state. SDOs are grappling with the efficiency of cloud storage, limits of spectrum use, and autonomy and management of devices. Security questions abound as demonstrated by the Cambridge Analytica scandal and Snowden revelations. The book breaks new ground by exploring decision-making within SDOs. It provides an invaluable insight into a world, which, although highly technical, affects the way in which citizens live and work on a daily basis. The work stands out from existing literature on Internet governance, which focuses on international organizations such as the United Nations (UN), the Internet Governance Forum (IGF), and the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). As such, it adds significantly to the trajectory of research that explores the relationship between politics and protocols. It explains the interplay between different interests and whether civil society and other actors are able to defend and promote citizens’ rights within SDOs. As such, it contributes to knowledge about how the public interest is promoted.