Journal articles: 'Digesta passage'

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Lanyon, JM, and H. Marsh. "Digesta Passage Times in the Dugong." Australian Journal of Zoology 43, no. 2 (1995): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9950119.

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The retention times of particulate digesta were measured in two captive dugongs, Dugong dugon (Muller 1776) using inert plastic markers. The mouth-to-anus retention times (146-166 h) were similar to those of the West Indian manatee, and much longer than those of most other herbivorous mammals. This slow gut passage rate may be explained by the dugong's long digestive tract, the low fibre level of the diet and the low food intake. Like the manatee, the dugong appears to have a digestive strategy that is atypical of hindgut fermenters: low-fibre material is retained for extended periods within the long hindgut and almost completely digested.

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Hooda, Seema, Barbara U. Metzler-Zebeli, Thavaratnam Vasanthan, and Ruurd T. Zijlstra. "Effects of viscosity and fermentability of dietary fibre on nutrient digestibility and digesta characteristics in ileal-cannulated grower pigs." British Journal of Nutrition 106, no. 5 (May 4, 2011): 664–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511000985.

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Relative contributions of two functional properties, viscosity and fermentability of dietary fibre, on apparent ileal digestibility (AID), apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), digesta passage rate, N retention and SCFA concentration have not been established. Thus, eight ileal-cannulated pigs randomised in a double 4 × 4 Latin square were fed four diets based on maize starch and casein supplemented with 5 % of actual fibre in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement: low-fermentable, low-viscous cellulose (CEL); low-fermentable, high-viscous carboxymethylcellulose (CMC); high-fermentable, low-viscous oat β-glucan (LBG); high-fermentable, high-viscous oat β-glucan (HBG). Viscosity and fermentability interacted to affect (P < 0·001) digesta viscosity and AID and ATTD of nutrients. These properties tended to interact to affect (P < 0·10) digesta passage rate and butyrate. Pigs fed the CMC diet had the lowest (P < 0·05) digesta passage rate and the highest (P < 0·001) AID of energy, crude protein and DM, and ATTD of energy and DM. Post-ileal DM digestibility was highest (P < 0·001) for pigs fed the CEL and HBG diets. Post-ileal DM digestibility had a negative, curvilinear relationship with the AID of energy and crude protein (R2 0·85 and 0·72, respectively; P < 0·001). Digesta viscosity had a less strong relationship with the AID of energy and crude protein (R2 0·45 and 0·36, respectively; P < 0·001). In conclusion, high-viscous, low-fermentable dietary fibre increases the proportion of a diet that is digested in the small intestine by reducing digesta passage rate.

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Schop, Marijke, Alfons J. M. Jansman, Sonja de Vries, and Walter J. J. Gerrits. "Increasing intake of dietary soluble nutrients affects digesta passage rate in the stomach of growing pigs." British Journal of Nutrition 121, no. 5 (January 30, 2019): 529–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114518003756.

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AbstractThe passage rate of solids and liquids through the gastrointestinal tract differs. Increased dietary nutrient solubility causes nutrients to shift from the solid to the liquid digesta fraction and potentially affect digesta passage kinetics. We quantified: (1) the effect of three levels of dietary nutrient solubility (8, 19 and 31 % of soluble protein and sucrose in the diet) at high feed intake level (S) and (2) the effect of lowv.high feed intake level (F), on digesta passage kinetics in forty male growing pigs. The mean retention time (MRT) of solids and liquids in the stomach and small intestine was assessed using TiO2and Cr-EDTA, respectively. In addition, physicochemical properties of digesta were evaluated. Overall, solids were retained longer than liquids in the stomach (2·0 h,P<0·0001) and stomach+small intestine (1·6 h,P<0·001). When S increased, MRT in stomach decreased by 1·3 h for solids (P=0·01) and 0·7 h for liquids (P=0·002) but only at the highest level of S. When F increased using low-soluble nutrients, MRT in stomach increased by 0·8 h for solids (P=0·041) and 0·7 h for liquids (P=0·0001). Dietary treatments did not affect water-binding capacity and viscosity of digesta. In the stomach of growing pigs, dietary nutrient solubility affects digesta MRT in a non-linear manner, while feed intake level increases digesta MRT depending on dietary nutrient solubility. Results can be used to improve predictions on the kinetics of nutrient passage and thereby of nutrient digestion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract.

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Stanogias, George, and G. R. Pearcet. "The digestion of fibre by pigs." British Journal of Nutrition 53, no. 3 (May 1985): 513–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19850061.

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1. The effects of the amount and the type of dietary fibre on the apparent digestibility (AD) by growing pigs of neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) and NDF components, on nitrogen balance and on the rate of passage of digesta were studied using a semi-purified basal diet and fibre in the forms of soya-bean hulls, lupin (Lupinus sp.) hulls, pea (Pisum sativum) hulls, wheat bran, maize hulls, maize cobs, oat hulls and lucerne (Medicago sativa) stems.2. Both the amount and the type of dietary fibre significantly influenced the AD of dietary dry matter, N and energy. The AD of NDF and of NDF components was markedly affected by the type and the amount of fibre in the diet. The proportion of NDF digested ranged from 0.016 to 0.905, of cellulose from 0.026 to 0.931 and of hemicellulose from 0.010 to 0.999.3. N retention by the pigs ranged from 12.9 to 25.8 g/d and with some fibres there was a tendency towards increased N retention with increasing intakes of NDF.4. Rate of passage of digesta, expressed as the 50 and 95% excretion times of stained feed particles, ranged from 22.2 to 85.1 h and 40.0 to 117.1 h respectively. Large individual variations in rate of passage occurred but, in general, the rate of passage tended to increase with increasing intakes of NDF. No strong associations between the rate of passage of digesta and apparent digestibility of NDF components were observed.5. The results suggest that the extent of fibre digestibility depends predominantly on the origin of the fibre and to a lesser extent on the amount of fibre in the diet.

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Okine, E. K., G. W. Mathison, M. Kaske, J. J. Kennelly, and R. J. Christopherson. "Current understanding of the role of the reticulum and reticulo-omasal orifice in the control of digesta passage from the ruminoreticulum of sheep and cattle." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 78, no. 1 (March 1, 1998): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a97-021.

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Simultaneous abolition of the motility of the ruminoreticulum (RR) and digesta passage from the RR by bilateral vagotomy indicate that the motility of the RR coordinated with quiescence of the reticulo-omasal orifice (ROO) are prerequisite for caudal movement of digesta from the RR and forestomach. Rate of passage is of importance in ruminant animals since it is related to maximal voluntary feed intake, extent of digestion of the diet, amount of protein which bypasses the rumen, efficiency of microbial growth, extent of methane loss, and susceptibility of animals to bloat. In a series of studies, we clarified the roles of frequency, pressure and duration of reticular contractions and the function of the ROO in controlling digesta flow from the rumen in response to changes in diets, environmental conditions and physiological status. Variability in amount of NDF and OM transferred per contraction suggests that frequency of reticular contraction is not the rate-limiting step in digesta passage from the rumen. This concept is supported by our finding that the relaxation of the ROO is not always coincidental with reticular electromyographic activity in solid meal-fed relative to milk fed sheep. The magnitude of reticular pressure may not precisely control digesta passage through the ROO as the amount of OM and NDF associated with each centimetre of pressure during contraction varies from 1.2 to 1.4 and from 0.9 to 2.5 g. On the other hand, the amount of OM and NDF passed per second of reticulum contraction varies only from 0.3 to 0.6 and from 0.2 to 0.3 g, respectively, in cattle. In addition, a 38% decrease in mean retention time of particulate matter in the rumen was associated with a 14% increase in duration of reticular contraction in cattle. Similarly, quiescence of the ROO increased from 2.9 to 3.3 s in sheep when feed intake increased from maintenance to twice maintenance. We suggest that duration of reticular contractions may be more closely related to digesta flow than is either frequency or pressure changes. We also suggest that the ruminant animal can influence reticular contraction characteristics and duration of the quiescence of the ROO in response to various stimuli and that reticular contractions are coordinated with other diet and physiological demands for optimal transfer efficiency of digesta from the RR. Key words: Digesta passage, reticular contractions, reticulo-omasal orifice, electromyographic activity

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NDLOVU, L. R., and J. G. BUCHANAN-SMITH. "ALFALFA SUPPLEMENTATION OF CORNCOB DIETS FOR SHEEP: EFFECT OF RUMINAL OR POSTRUMINAL SUPPLY OF PROTEIN ON INTAKE, DIGESTIBILITY, DIGESTA, PASSAGE AND LIVEWEIGHT CHANGES." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 67, no. 4 (December 1, 1987): 1075–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas87-113.

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In trial 1, nine wethers (18 mo old; 50 kg liveweight) fitted with tubes inserted into the abomasum, were assigned to three 3 × 3 Latin squares to determine effects of supplementing a basal diet of ground corncobs with either alfalfa (30% of dry matter intake) or soy protein (60 g d−1 infused postruminally). In each period, following determination of effect of supplementation on intake, digestibility and digesta passage were determined, the latter by pulse dosing with chromium mordanted cell walls from cobs through the feed. Total dry matter intakes were increased (P < 0.05) from 780 g d−1 to 1143 g d−1 by the supplements with a corresponding improvement in liveweight gain, but there was no difference between supplements. Apparent digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter and cell wall were decreased (P < 0.05) by alfalfa supplementation but not by soy protein infusion; however, intakes of digestible energy were identical for both supplements. Relative to the basal diet, alfalfa increased digesta passage but not rumen fill whereas infusion of soy protein increased digesta fill in the rumen but not digesta passage. In trial 2, addition of soy protein directly to the basal diet resulted in an intake similar to alfalfa supplementation (1154 vs. 1262 g dry matter d−1 respectively). Fecal output, estimated using a single compartment model to describe digesta passage through the tract, yielded results similar to those obtained by total collection. Key words: Roughage (poor quality), abomasal infusion, chromium-mordanted cell walls, fecal output estimation

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Silva, Vinicius Pimentel, Fernando Queiroz de Almeida, Róbson Ricardo Moreira Pimentel, Fernanda Nascimento de Godoi, Tiago Marques dos Santos, and Marcus Sandes Pires. "Passage kinetics of digesta in horses fed with coastcross hay ground to different degrees." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 38, no. 5 (October 2014): 506–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542014000500010.

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This study was conducted to evaluate the kinetics, physicochemical characteristics and particle size of digesta in the right ventral colon (RVC) of horses fed coastcross hay ground to different degrees. Four horses fitted with cannulae in the RVC were used and were fed the following forms of hay: long, chopped, ground to 5 mm and ground to 3 mm. A Latin Square 4x4 study design was used. Each experimental period included 10 days for diet adaptation, four days for feces collection and one day for digesta collection. The kinetics of the particulate and solute phases of digesta were evaluated based on the mean retention time (MRT), passage rate (k) and transit time (TT) using two external markers: Cr-NDF and Co-EDTA. The TT of solid phase digesta was 3 hours longer (P<0.05) for ground hay than with the other physical forms of hay. There was no difference (P>0.05) in k or MRT in either the liquid or solid phase of digesta as a function of the different degrees of hay grinding. However, the liquid phase of digesta presented a higher k than the solid phase, with values of 3.28 and 2.73 h-1 being obtained, respectively. The smallest particle size and the lowest neutral detergent fiber contents in colon digesta were observed when hay ground to 3 mm was offered, leading to values of 0.51 mm and 53.46%, respectively. Grinding the hay increased the transit time of the liquid phase in the digestive tract of the horses, whereas no change in the kinetics of the solid phase digesta was observed. The grinding of hay reduced the NDF and the average particle size in the right ventral colon.

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Renecker, L. A., and R. J. Hudson. "Digestive kinetics of moose (Alces alces), wapiti (Cervus elaphus) and cattle." Animal Science 50, no. 1 (February 1990): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100004463.

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ABSTRACTIntake, rumen digesta pool sizes, ruminal digestion rates, passage rates of liquid and particle pools and faecal particle-size distrubutions of grass, browse and lucerne diets were compared in ruminally fistulated moose, wapiti and cattle. For each diet, ruminal digestion rates (nylon bag technique) were similar for the three ruminants. Intakes, rumen digesta pool sizes and passage rates varied among species and higher rates were associated with passage of larger faecal particles. However, it was not possible to simply rank the three ruminants as representative grazers (cattle), browsers (moose) and mixed feeders (wapiti) since intakes, passage rates and rumen pool sizes interacted with diet and season. Contrary to expectation, digestible dry matter intakes of each species were not greatest for their respective typical diets.

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Mir, P. S., T. A. McAllister, D. J. Gibb, and E. K. Okine. "Dietary oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids for ruminants: Post-ruminal digesta characteristics and their implications on production." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 86, no. 2 (June 1, 2006): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a05-056.

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Maximizing the production of ruminants requires high intakes of feeds that are energy dense, therefore feeds that are usually high in starch. Under these conditions there can be significant passage of partially digested feed starch and fibre to the small intestine. These digesta components interact in a manner that can diminish post-ruminal digestion and absorption. However, in ruminants, the effects of digesta composition on causing physical constraints to digestion and absorption, via increased digesta viscosity have not been given adequate consideration. While elevation of digesta viscosity as a means of reducing rate of nutrient absorption and re-absorption of compounds detrimental to health is a valid approach in humans, digesta viscosity may reduce the production potential of livestock. Thus, there is merit in reviewing the feeding strategies that lead to increased viscosity and how its mitigation can be managed through inclusion of oil in ruminant diets. The interactions between digesta composition and the resultant viscosity with digestive physiology and production factors are examined. This review also highlights the associated benefits of dietary oil for ruminants, such as enhancement of bio-active lipids in ruminant products, health benefits directly to the animal, through decreasing incidence of liver abscesses and effects on production and possibly on the environment (reduction of enteropathogenic bacterial shedding and methane emissions). Key words: Ruminant, starch, digesta characteristics, viscosity, cholecystokinin

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Afzalzadeh, A., F. D. DeB Hovell, and D. J. Kyle. "Role of the omasum in the control of digesta flow from the reticulo-rumen." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1997 (1997): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200595684.

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Functions suggested for the omasum include: Water, VFA and electrolyte absorption, (Engelhardt and Hauffe 1975), and physically aiding digesta flow (Stevens et al, 1960). Moir (1984) suggested absorption of VFA and buffer would reduce the abomasal HCl secretion necessary to reduce digesta pH. Therefore it seemed to us that the omasum might also control the reticulo-omasal orifice and regulate digesta flow. The objective of the work reported here was to test whether the stimuli of osmotic pressure (OP) or VFA to the omasum would affect the passage of digesta from the reticulo-rumen.

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Kukkonen, U., and P. Huhtanen. "Rate of passage calculations based on marker or rumen evacuation technique." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1991 (March 1991): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600020596.

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The clearance rate of digesta from the reticulo-rumen may limit feed intake and thus production in ruminants. The longer the retention time in the rumen the better the cell wall carbohydrates are digested. However, a fast rate of passage of indigestible feed particles to the lower digestive tract is essential for maximal feed intake. The feeding level, type of diet and the physical characteristics of the feed particles affect the rate of passage from the rumen. The rate of passage has mostly been determined by external marker techniques. Because of physico-chemical characteristics these markers do not always accurately represent the behaviour of feed.particles. An alternative method, the rumen evacuation technique, may describe better the kinetic characteristics of cell walls. In this study marker and rumen evacuation techniques were compared in the determination of the passage rate and retention times.

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Holleman, D. F., and R. G. White. "Determination of digesta fill and passage rate from nonabsorbed particulate phase markers using the single dosing method." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 488–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-071.

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A method is given for analyzing particulate digestive marker data in terms of digesta fill, fecal output, and digesta passage times. The method applies the Stewart – Hamilton Principle to data obtained from a single marker dosing followed by feces sampling; it assumes steady-state conditions for the digesta, but makes no assumptions concerning compartmentalization of digesta. Data analyses are presented for an experiment with sheep in which a particle phase marker, cerium-141 chloride, was used. The estimate of fecal output obtained was 1.8 ± 2.2% (mean percent difference ± SE) greater than the actual fecal output; the in vivo estimate of total digesta fill was 3.3 ± 3.4% less than measured digesta fill. For comparison, the present data were also analyzed using two established compartment modeling approaches, namely a time-independent and a time-dependent two-compartment model. The only significant difference between the estimated parameters as obtained from the Stewart – Hamilton method and the compartmental models was a significantly shorter transit time as estimated by the time-dependent model.

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de Resende, João Chrysostomo, João Luiz Pratti Daniel, André Rodrigues da Cunha Barreto-Vianna, Juliano Vogas Peixoto, Gregório Correia Guimarães, Suely de Fátima Costa, Ronaldo Francisco de Lima, and Fabiola da Cruz Meirelles. "Determination of volatile fatty acids clearance in intact ruminal digesta." CES Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia 14, no. 1 (April 2019): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21615/cesmvz.14.1.1.

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Cannulated cows were allocated to a cross-over design to evaluate the technique for determination of volatile fatty acid (VFA) clearance by infusion of marker solution into intact ruminal digesta, and verify the technique sensibility to the variation in the diet. Animals received diet of forage or forage plus concentrate and infusion of valeric acid and Cr-EDTA solution into intact or evacuated ruminal digesta. The total fractional rate of VFA clearance (FRVFAC) was estimated by the exponential decay of valerate over time. The passage FRVFAC to the omasum was assumed as the decay in ruminal Cr concentration and the absorption FRVFAC was estimated by the difference. The total FRVFAC and absorption did not differ between techniques. The passage FRVFAC, however, was lower when the marker solution was added into the evacuated digesta, probably reflecting the destabilization of the rumen environment during the evacuation and the largest volume of fluid observed in animals with evacuated digesta. In conclusion, the infusion of marker solution into intact digesta with homogenization performed by ruminal motility could be usable for the VFA ruminal clearance determination since it seems to cause lesser disturbance in the ruminal environment.

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Cahill, L. W., B. W. McBride, P. Groenewegen, and R. G. V. Hancock. "Digestion, Digesta Passage and Chewing Behavior in Bacterian Camels." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 2, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): 292–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.1989.292.

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Moloney, A. P., R. K. Wilson, and B. C. Moloney. "Rumen fermentation and digesta passage in ruminants fed cimaterol." Animal Feed Science and Technology 46, no. 3-4 (April 1994): 215–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(94)90140-6.

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Hyslop, J. J. "Algebraic methods to determine total tract mean retention time of digesta in ponies given ad libitum access to pelleted diets containing different levels of unmolassed sugar beet pulp." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200009595.

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Digesta passage rate may have influenced previously reported work on the intakes, apparent digestibilities and nutritive values of complete pelleted diets containing unmolassed sugar beet pulp (USBP) at levels ranging from 0-800 g/kg dry matter (DM) when offered to ponies (Hyslop, 2002). This study’s objective was to compare total tract mean retention time (TMRT) of digesta using two algebraic calculation methods in the same ponies.

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Gill, M., P. H. Robinson, and J. J. Kennelly. "Diurnal patterns in rumen volume and composition of digesta flowing into the duodenum." Animal Science 69, no. 1 (August 1999): 237–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800051274.

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AbstractRate of passage of digesta out of the rumen is generally assumed to follow first order kinetics but this assumption may not hold within 24-h feeding cycles. Four lactating cows offered a mixed forage/concentrate diet ad libitum from 08.00 h to 00.00 h and a protein-rich meal at either 08.30 or 00.30 h were used to investigate diurnal patterns in rumen volume and composition of digesta flowing into the duodenum. Cows were fitted with large rumen cannulae to permit complete emptying of rumen digesta and T-piece duodenal cannulae with inserts to enable collection of representative samples of digesta. Chromium-mordanted lucerne hay manually dosed to the rumen at 2-h intervals and a continuous infusion of cobalt-EDTA were used as digesta flow markers. Duodenal digesta was sampled over three alternate days to obtain samples representing every hour of the 24-h day, which were analysed individually. Use of either of the two markers gave similar results for mean daily flow but not for hourly flow and thus hourly flow data were not considered reliable. The content of crude protein in duodenal digesta varied within one feeding cycle from 200 to 320 g/kg in cows offered protein at 08.30 (‘day’) and from 240 to 300 in cows offered protein at 00.30 h (‘night’). On a daily basis, fractional passage rates (calculated from duodenal flow divided by rumen pool size) were significantly (P = 0·016) lower for protein for ‘night’ (0·0750 per h) versus ‘day’ (0·0824 per h) cows. The observation that marked diurnal patterns in the composition of protein flowing into the duodenum can apparently be ‘smoothed’ simply by altering feeding sequence, which was correlated with an increased milk fat yield, suggests there is potential for improving production through manipulating the way in which dietary components are offered within a day.Rate of passage of digesta out of the rumen is generally assumed to follow first order kinetics but this assumption may not hold within 24-h feeding cycles. Four lactating cows offered a mixed forage/concentrate diet ad libitum from 08.00 h to 00.00 h and a protein-rich meal at either 08.30 or 00.30 h were used to investigate diurnal patterns in rumen volume and composition of digesta flowing into the duodenum. Cows were fitted with large rumen cannulae to permit complete emptying of rumen digesta and T-piece duodenal cannulae with inserts to enable collection of representative samples of digesta. Chromium-mordanted lucerne hay manually dosed to the rumen at 2-h intervals and a continuous infusion of cobalt-EDTA were used as digesta flow markers. Duodenal digesta was sampled over three alternate days to obtain samples representing every hour of the 24-h day, which were analysed individually. Use of either of the two markers gave similar results for mean daily flow but not f or hourly flow and thus hourly flow data were not considered reliable. The content of crude protein in duodenal digesta varied within one feeding cycle from 200 to 320 glkg in cows offered protein at 08.30 day’) and from 240 to 300 in cows offered protein at 00.30 h (‘night’). On a daily basis, fractional passage rates (calculated from duodenal flow divided by rumen pool size) were significantly (? = 0·016) lower for protein for ‘night’ (0·0750 per h) versus ‘day’ (0·0824 per h) cows. The observation that marked diurnal patterns in the composition of protein flowing into the duodenum can apparently be ‘smoothed’ simply by altering feeding sequence, which was correlated with an increased milk fat yield, suggests there is potential for improving production through manipulating the way in which dietary components are offered within a day.

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Nevel, C. van, and D. Demeyer. "Comparison of two solid-phase markers for measuring the flow of digesta components in the duodenum of sheep." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 37, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v37i3.16631.

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The effect of defaunation and refaunation of the rumen of sheep on duodenal passage and rumen digestion was studied. A combination of chromic oxide and polyethylene glycol (PEG) mixed with concentrates was used to estimate intestinal flow. In addition a combination of PEG and Ru-phenanthroline continuously infused in the rumen was used. Differences in flow of duodenal digesta and digesta components, calculated with both marker systems, were rare and small, indicating that Cr2O3 was an adequate marker of the solid phase of the digesta for application of the double-marker method. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

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Ratanpaul, Vishal, Dagong Zhang, Barbara A. Williams, Simon Diffey, John L. Black, and Michael J. Gidley. "Wheat bran and oat hulls have dose-dependent effects on ad-libitum feed intake in pigs related to digesta hydration and colonic fermentation." Food & Function 10, no. 12 (2019): 8298–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8fo02496k.

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Hohenboken, William D., Roger T. Bass II, J. P. Fontenot, and William H. McClure. "Nutritional characteristics of Angus cows differing in lifetime calf production." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 71, no. 2 (June 1, 1991): 603–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas91-074.

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Cows with better versus poorer lifetime calf production did not differ significantly in intake or passage rate of digesta under ad libitum concentrate or roughage feeding. On the concentrate diet, better cows tended towards greater fat accretion than poorer cows. On roughage they maintained, while poorer cows lost fat thickness. Key words: Cows, intake, passage rate, fat thickness

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Ali, Wassie, Korir, Merbold, Goopy, Butterbach-Bahl, Dickhoefer, and Schlecht. "Supplementing Tropical Cattle for Improved Nutrient Utilization and Reduced Enteric Methane Emissions." Animals 9, no. 5 (April 30, 2019): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9050210.

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Given their high nitrogen (N) concentration and low costs, sweet potato vine silage (SPVS) and urea-molasses blocks (UMB) are recommended supplements for tropical regions; therefore, they were investigated in this study. Six heifers were allocated to three diets: the roughage diet (R) consisted of wheat straw (0.61) and Rhodes grass hay (0.39; on dry matter (DM) basis); R + SPVS combined R (0.81) and SPVS (0.19); and with R + UMB animals had access to UMB. During two experimental periods, feed intake, feces and urine excretion, digesta passage, and rumen microbial protein synthesis were determined during seven days and methane emissions during three days. There was no treatment effect (p > 0.05) on DM and N intake. Apparent DM digestibility of R + SPVS (510 g/kg) was higher (p < 0.05) than of R (474 g/kg). Digesta passage and duodenal microbial N flow were similar for all diets (p > 0.05), while N retention was highest with R + SPVS (p > 0.05). Methane emissions per unit of digested feed (g CH4/kg dDM) were lower (p < 0.05) for R + SPVS (55.2) than for R (64.7). Hence, SPVS supplementation to poor–quality roughage has the potential to increase diet digestibility and N retention while reducing CH4 emissions.

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Rotter, R. G., and G. D. Phillips. "Effect of dietary ergot on the mean transit time of digesta in the small intestine of sheep." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 71, no. 3 (September 1, 1991): 767–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas91-091.

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Ergot (Claviceps purpurea) causes serious deleterious effects in animals which ingest it, and it may also affect the rate of passage of digesta through the intestine. In a Latin square design experiment with repeated measurements, the mean transit times (MTT) of digesta in the small intestine were determined in four intact rams fed ergot (0.0, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15% of the diet) with their daily feed allotments. Although there was a very slight indication of an effect as the ergot treatment concentration increased, the values were not significantly different (P > 0.05). Despite possible differences in the effects of individual constituent ergot alkaloids, there was no affect on the MTT in the small intestine of sheep. Key words: Ergot, rate of passage, sheep, mean transit time

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Larkin, Iskande L. V., Vivienne F. Fowler, and Roger L. Reep. "Digesta passage rates in the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris)." Zoo Biology 26, no. 6 (August 6, 2007): 503–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.20150.

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Kaske, M., and A. Midasch. "Effects of experimentally-impaired reticular contractions on digesta passage in sheep." British Journal of Nutrition 78, no. 1 (July 1997): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19970122.

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The aim of the study was to evaluate the functional role of reticular contractions for digesta passage in sheep. Feed intake, mean retention time of fluid and plastic particles in the reticulo-rumen, rumen fluid volume, forestomach motility and particle size distribution in the faeces were determined in five rumen-fistulated sheep fed on hay ad libitum (Expt 1). The same variables were determined when reticular movements were impaired for 10 d by introducing a silicone-covered lead weight (500 g) into the reticulum (Expt 2). As feed intake dropped in Expt 2 by 27% compared with Expt 1, the sheep received in an additional experiment exactly the amount of feed which had been consumed during Expt 2 and measurements were repeated without impairing reticular movements (Expt 3). The introduction of the weight did not affect the frequency of A- or B-cycles, but elevation of the reticular floor in a cranio-dorsal direction during the biphasic contraction was markedly reduced. The pattern of marker excretion indicated a drastically changed composition of reticular outflow in Expt 2 compared with Expts 1 and 3. During Expt 2, rumen fluid volume was similar to that in Expt 1 but about 25% higher than that in Expt 3; the amount of large feed particles in the faeces was increased compared with Expt 1 ( + 49%) and Expt 3 ( + 76%). In at least two sheep, abomasal emptying was inhibited during Expt 2, as indicated by an enlarged impacted abomasum. In conclusion, the results emphasize the central role of reticular motility for the separation of particles in the forestomach, the outflow of digesta from the reticulo-rumen and transpyloric digesta flow.

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Leterme, P., L. Pirard, A. Théwis, and E. François. "A note on the rate of passage of digesta in pigs ileo-rectostomized or fitted with an ileal T-cannula." Animal Science 53, no. 2 (October 1991): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100020213.

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A comparison was made between the rate of passage of digesta through the digestive tract of pigs with an ileo-rectal anastomosis (IRA) or an Heal T-cannula according to the single marker dose method by using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as liquid marker, Cr2O3 as solid phase marker and Yb2O3-mordantedcell walls as fibre marker. The rate of passage was slightly faster with IRA than with cannulated pigs.

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CHANCHAI, W., S. CHANPONGSANG, and N. CHAIYABUTR. "Effects of cooling and supplemental recombinant bovine somatotropin on diet digestibility, digestion kinetics and milk production of cross-bred Holstein cattle in the tropics." Journal of Agricultural Science 148, no. 2 (December 7, 2009): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859609990505.

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SUMMARYThe aim of the current study was to determine how cooling and supplemental recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) affect body function with respect to digestion kinetics, digestibility and other variables relevant to milk production in cross-bred Holstein cattle. Ten primiparous cross-bred dairy cattle (0·875 Holstein Friesian×0·125 Red Shindi) were used and divided into two groups of five animals each that were housed in a normal shaded barn (NS barn; non-cooled cows) and in a shaded barn with mist-fan cooling (MF; cooled cows). The cows in each group were supplemented with rbST in early, mid and late stages of lactation with three consecutive subcutaneous injections of 500 mg rbST every 14 days. All cows were fed the same total mixed ration twice daily at approximately 1·1 of assumed ad libitum intake and water was offered ad libitum. During the experimental periods, values of ambient temperatures and temperature humidity index (THI) in the NS barn were significantly higher than in the MF barn, whereas the relative humidity in the MF barn was significantly higher than in the NS barn (P<0·01). The respiration rate and rectal temperature were significantly higher for non-cooled cows than for cooled cows during the daytime whether there was or was not rbST supplementation. Supplementation of rbST for either cooled or non-cooled cows significantly increased dry matter intake (DMI), the efficiency of feed utilization and milk yields (P<0·05). Digesta kinetics using chromic oxide as an external marker showed a high digesta passage rate constant and low mean retention time of digesta in cows either by cooling or supplementation of rbST, whereas no changes were seen for the digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF). The half-time of Cr2O3 in the whole digestive tract of cooled cows was lower than those of non-cooled cows and significantly decreased (P<0·05) during rbST supplementation in both groups in all stages of lactation. The magnitude of responses for the digesta passage rate and efficiency of feed utilization were larger in animals supplemented with rbST than in animals under MF cooling only.The main effect of cooling and supplemental rbST was to improve digestion by an increase in the rate of passage of digesta and in turn an increase in feed intake. Digestibility was not influenced by changes in passage rate of digesta either by cooling or rbST supplementation. Milk production in response to rbST supplementation is probably enhanced with cooling. The increased milk production induced by rbST supplementation was mediated by increased efficiency of feed utilization without changes in diet digestibility.

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Hyslop, J. J. "Partitioning degradation of feeds between different segments of the equine digestive tract." BSAP Occasional Publication 32 (2004): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x0004129x.

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AbstractThis paper describes how experimental adaptation of the mobile bag and in situ porous bag techniques for use in nutrition studies with equines, combined with mathematical modelling of feed degradation profiles and digesta passage rates, allows the quantitative partition of feed degradation amongst the major segments of the equine digestive tract. Dry matter effective degradability values in the small intestine (pre–caecal), caecal and colonic segments of the equine digestive tract for four fibre feeds are presented. Measurement of digesta passage rates in the caecum and total tract of equines are also discussed. Further studies are now required to capitalise on this development and partition degradation of individual feed constituents in common equine feeds across each of the major segments of the equine digestive tract. This would allow optimum, balanced and healthy diets to be formulated in practice across a wide range of equine husbandry systems.

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Hyslop, J. J., B. M. L. McLean, M. J. S. Moore-Colyer, A. C. Longland, D. Cuddeford, and T. Hollands. "Measurement of caecal outflow rate in ponies using Chromium mordanted feeds." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1999 (1999): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200002969.

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Estimates of digesta passage through specific segments of the alimentary tract are a vital component of modelling approaches which attempt to quantitatively partition digestive processes in equines. This study reports results from three studies where digesta passage of Chromium (Cr) mordanted feeds was determined in the caecum of ponies.Caecal outflow rates were determined during threein vivoapparent digestibility studies conducted using three caecally-fistulated ponies as described by Moore-Colyeret al, (1999) for studies 1 and 2; and McLeanet al, (1999) for study 3. Pony basal diets consisted of unmolassed sugar beet pulp (USBP), hay cubes (HC) or a 2:1 mix of oat hulls:naked oats (OHNO) in study 1; a 1:1 mix of USBP:HC (USHC) in study 2 and either 100% HC or one of 3 diets consisting of a 1:1 HC:barley mix where the barley was either rolled (RBHC), micronised (MBHC) or extruded (EBHC) in study 3.

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29

Weston, RH. "Factors limiting the intake of feed by sheep. 10. The effects of concentrate supplements on the voluntary consumption and digestion of a medium quality roughage." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 39, no. 2 (1988): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9880255.

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Feed intake and digestion studies were conducted with sheep offered a medium quality roughage and given various concentrate supplements. The provision of supplements in amounts equal to c. 23% of voluntary roughage consumption always decreased roughage intake. The decrease with wheat-based supplements was little affected by supplement feeding frequency, by use of ground grain rather than whole grain or by the provision of additional essential nutrients, but its magnitude was reduced by c. 30% with use of buffer salts to prevent decline in rumen digesta pH. The supplements were associated with less digesta in the alimentary tract and less rumination. Supplements increased the rate of liquor outflow from the reticulum and the rate of marker clearance from the reticula-rumen. The rumen digesta and reticulum digesta differed with respect to particle size distribution and only some 30% of the organic matter in reticulum digesta was in particles too large to pass to the omasum. The data were considered to be consistent with a concept that the regulation of roughage intake involves an interplay between the animal's energy metabolism and the quantity of digesta in the reticula-rumen and to indicate (i) some discrimination against the larger particles in digesta flow from the rumen to the reticulum, (ii) appreciable discrimination on the basis of size of particle in digesta flow from the reticulum to the omasum, and (iii) regardless of state of subdivision, constraints applied to digesta passage to the omasum which could have affected the level of feed intake achieved.

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Teixeira, I. A. M. A., and M. Gindri. "64. Between-individual variability on reticulorumen digesta passage rate in goats." Animal - science proceedings 13, no. 4 (September 2022): 587–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anscip.2022.07.455.

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Van Weyenberg, S., J. Sales, and G. P. J. Janssens. "Passage rate of digesta through the equine gastrointestinal tract: A review." Livestock Science 99, no. 1 (January 2006): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.04.008.

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32

Dias e Silva, Tairon Pannunzio, Thiago Francisco Ventoso Bompadre, Dinesh Kumar Danasekaran, Gabriel Zanuto Sakita, Adibe Luiz Abdalla Filho, Carolina Rodrigues Jimenez, Ana Carolina Brandão de Campos Fonseca Pinto, Alessandro Francisco Talamini do Amarante, Concepta McManus, and Helder Louvandini. "Trichostrongylus colubriformis infection: Impact on digesta passage rate and lamb performance." Veterinary Parasitology 272 (August 2019): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.06.018.

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33

Wischusen, E. W., N. Ingle, and M. E. Richmond. "Rate of digesta passage in the Philippine flying lemur, Cynocephalus volans." Journal of Comparative Physiology B 164, no. 3 (July 1994): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00354077.

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34

Goodman-Lowe, Gwen D., Shannon Atkinson, and James R. Carpenter. "Initial defecation time and rate of passage of digesta in adult Hawaiian monk seals, Monachus schauinslandi." Canadian Journal of Zoology 75, no. 3 (March 1, 1997): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-053.

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In an effort to gain a better understanding of the digestive physiology of the Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus schauinslandi, we measured initial defecation time and rate of passage of digesta using chromic oxide (Cr2O3) and frozen corn kernels as markers. Initial defecation time ranged from 9,5 to 19 h (mean 14 ± 4,8 h), which was a longer period of time than that reported for any other pinniped. The rate of passage of digesta measured using a single-pulse dose of Cr2O3 was approximately 39 h for two of the three seals, which is also longer than that reported for other pinnipeds. Possible reasons for these longer rates include morphological and physiological differences, age of the seals, and feeding regime. Percent Cr2O3 recovery was low (52.7–74.8%), reflecting the difficulty in collecting liquid stools. Levels of protein and ash (dry matter basis) were 21.70 and 34.79%, respectively, which reflects the high protein and mineral contents of the herring diet. This study yielded essential base-line data that will provide further insight into the digestive physiology of the Hawaiian monk seal.

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35

VOLKOVA, V. V., C. L. CAZER, and Y. T. GRÖHN. "Models of antimicrobial pressure on intestinal bacteria of the treated host populations." Epidemiology and Infection 145, no. 10 (May 2, 2017): 2081–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026881700084x.

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SUMMARYAntimicrobial drugs are used to treat pathogenic bacterial infections in animals and humans. The by-stander enteric bacteria of the treated host's intestine can become exposed to the drug or its metabolites reaching the intestine in antimicrobially active form. We consider which processes and variables need to be accounted for to project the antimicrobial concentrations in the host's intestine. Those include: the drug's fraction (inclusive of any active metabolites) excreted in bile; the drug's fractions and intestinal segments of excretion via other mechanisms; the rates and intestinal segments of the drug's absorption and re-absorption; the rates and intestinal segments of the drug's abiotic and biotic degradation in the intestine; the digesta passage time through the intestinal segments; the rates, mechanisms, and reversibility of the drug's sorption to the digesta and enteric microbiome; and the volume of luminal contents in the intestinal segments. For certain antimicrobials, the antimicrobial activity can further depend on the aeration and chemical conditions in the intestine. Model forms that incorporate the inter-individual variation in those relevant variables can support projections of the intestinal antimicrobial concentrations in populations of treated host, such as food animals. To illustrate the proposed modeling framework, we develop two examples of treatments of bovine respiratory disease in beef steers by oral chlortetracycline and injectable third-generation cephalosporin ceftiofur. The host's diet influences the digesta passage time, volume, and digesta and microbiome composition, and may influence the antimicrobial loss due to degradation and sorption in the intestine. We consider two diet compositions in the illustrative simulations. The examples highlight the extent of current ignorance and need for empirical data on the variables influencing the selective pressures imposed by antimicrobial treatments on the host's intestinal bacteria.

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Lee, C., and A. N. Hristov. "Short communication: Comparison of 3 solid digesta passage markers in dairy cows." Journal of Dairy Science 97, no. 3 (March 2014): 1725–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7129.

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37

Pryor, Gregory S., and Karen A. Bjorndal. "Symbiotic Fermentation, Digesta Passage, and Gastrointestinal Morphology in Bullfrog Tadpoles (Rana catesbeiana)." Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 78, no. 2 (March 2005): 201–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/427050.

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38

Remis, Melissa J., and Ellen S. Dierenfeld. "Digesta Passage, Digestibility and Behavior in Captive Gorillas Under Two Dietary Regimens." International Journal of Primatology 25, no. 4 (August 2004): 825–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:ijop.0000029124.04610.c7.

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39

OKAMOTO, Masahiro. "Particle Size Reduction of Digesta and Particulate Passage from the Reticulo-rumen." Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho 62, no. 8 (1991): 717–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2508/chikusan.62.717.

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40

Norconk, Marilyn A., Olav T. Oftedal, Michael L. POWER, Michael JAKUBASZ, and Anne Savage. "Digesta passage and fiber digestibility in captive white-faced sakis (Pithecia pithecia)." American Journal of Primatology 58, no. 1 (September 2002): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.10048.

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41

Ferret, A., J. Gasa, G. Caja, and P. Prió. "Voluntary dry-matter intake and digesta kinetics of twin- or single-bearing Manchega ewes given Italian ryegrass hay or alfalfa hay in late pregnancy." Animal Science 67, no. 3 (December 1998): 559–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800032999.

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AbstractForty-eight pregnant Manchega dairy ewes bearing twins or singles penned in groups of six during the last 11 weeks of gestation were used to study the effects offorage type (Italian ryegrass hay or alfalfa hay) and number of foetuses (one or two) on voluntary dry-matter (DM) intake and digesta kinetics. Hays were supplemented with 0·6 kg/day of concentrate. When measured directly for group-fed ewes, forage DM intake was affected byforage type (P < 0·01), whereas litter size had no significant effect. An internal (rumen-undegradable DM) and an external (chromium III oxide) marker were also used to determine intake of individual ewes to account for errors in diagnosing litter size. Estimated DM intake confirmed the effect offorage type on DM intake and revealed the effect of litter size on food intake (F < 0·05). Forage type also affected chromium III oxide fractional outflow rate and flow of undegradable DM, whereas litter size only had an effect at the end of pregnancy by reducing hay intake, rate of passage and digesta flow mainly with alfalfa diets. In conclusion, DM intake, rate of passage and digesta flow was higher with alfalfa hay than with ryegrass hay, in spite of the similar DM apparent digestibilities of both hays. Furthermore, litter size affected DM intake at the end of pregnancy causing an intake decline, which was greater with alfalfa hay than with ryegrass hay.

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CHAI, K., L. P. MILLIGAN, P. M. KENNEDY, and G. W. MATHISON. "EFFECTS OF COLD EXPOSURE AND PLANT SPECIES ON FORAGE INTAKE, CHEWING BEHAVIOR AND DIGESTA PARTICLE SIZE IN SHEEP." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 65, no. 1 (March 1, 1985): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas85-007.

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Three closely shorn sheep were allotted to each of three diets of chopped hay prepared from red clover, reed canarygrass and bromegrass, respectively. The animals were housed at 25, 10 and −5 °C during three periods of 28 days. For the final 8 days of each period, each individual sheep was restricted to 90% of its voluntary feed consumption and hay was given at intervals of 2 h. Eating and chewing behavior, rumen fluid kinetics and digesta particle size were determined. Voluntary intake of clover hay was greater, but chews during eating and rumination were less than for sheep consuming grass hay. The small particle fractions present in the duodenum and rumination activity were greater in the sheep fed grasses. Feed intake, rumination chews and duration, and digesta particle size in the duodenum were increased in sheep housed at −5 °C. Eating duration and chews, particle size of rumen digesta and rumen fluid volume were not affected by cold stress, but fluid retention time was reduced, while daily fluid flow from the rumen tended to increase. Key words: Forage intake, cold stress, chewing behavior, digesta particle size, fluid passage

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43

Poppi, D. P., R. E. Hendricksen, and D. J. Minson. "The relative resistance to escape of leaf and stem particles from the rumen of cattle and sheep." Journal of Agricultural Science 105, no. 1 (August 1985): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600055623.

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SUMMARYIn a study of the effect of animal species on the threshold particle size leaving the rumen, two grasses cut at two stages of growth and one mature legume were separated into leaf and stem fractions and fed to cattle and sheep. Samples of rumen digesta and faeces were used to determine the validity of using a 1·18 mm porosity screen to separate the rumen particles into large and small pools when studying escape of particles from the rumen. Samples of rumen digesta and faeces were collected for the determination of particle size by wet sieving and the calculation of resistance of particles to passage from the rumen relative to small particles retained on a 0·15 mm sieve.Particles < 1·18 mm but > 0·5 mm had a mean relative resistance to passage of 2·0 and 2·6 for cattle and sheep respectively, compared with resistance values of between 10·9 and 31·2 for particles between 1·18 and 2·36 mm. It is suggested that there is no justification for using different threshold particle sizes for sheep and cattle and that a 1·18 mm sieve may be used to divide the rumen contents of both cattle and sheep into two pools of particles with high and low relative resistance to passage from the rumen.

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Dunshea, Frank R., Evan P. Bittner, John R. Pluske, and John L. Black. "Role of the gut, melanocortin system and malonyl-CoA in control of feed intake in non-ruminant animals." Animal Production Science 58, no. 4 (2018): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an17273.

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Regulation of feed intake is under complex control, involving physical, chemical, hormonal and neuronal responses. Understanding the regulation of feed intake in farm animals is key to optimisation of intake to meet production and profitability goals. Fundamental mechanisms regulating feed intake include constraints imposed by the gut, systems monitoring current and long-term energy status to increase or decrease intake, and hedonic, reward-related drives. Feed intake is closely related to the rate of passage of digesta and the capacity of the gastrointestinal tract. Indigestible fibre increases the rate of digesta passage and feed intake until excess distension sends signals of satiety to the brain. The presence of partially digested nutrients and products of microbial fermentation in the distal intestines releases peptides (PYY, OXM, GPL-1, Apo A-IV, amylin) from gut and pancreas to activate the intestinal brake, which slows the rate of passage and reduces feed intake. These peptides also act on orexigenic (NPY, AgRP) and anorexigenic (POMC, CART) peptides of the melanocortin system of the hypothalamus to reduce intake over the long term. Immediate energy status of the animal is monitored through the ratio of AMP : ATP via adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin, whereas the overall animal energy status is monitored by insulin, leptin and ghrelin. These energy-monitoring systems control short- and long-term intakes through the melanocortin system of the hypothalamus, primarily via malonyl-CoA, to alter the relative expression of orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides. Gut and hypothalamic control of feed intake can be over-ridden by hedonic, reward-related centres of the brain, predominantly through the release of dopamine. These hedonic responses can lead to over-consumption and obesity under some circumstances or reduced feed intake under stressful or other negative environmental situations. Knowledge of these mechanisms can be used to identify practical strategies for either increasing or decreasing voluntary intake in pigs.

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Bruchem, J. van, F. Kamphuis, I. Janssen, S. C. W. Lammers-Wienhoven, G. A. Bangma, and J. van den Hoek. "Tritiated hay and chromium-mordanted neutral-detergent fibre as particulate markers for digesta kinetics in the reticulo-rumen." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 38, no. 1 (March 1, 1990): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v38i1.16606.

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Third cut wilted grass was ensiled and fed to 4 rumen cannulated Texel wethers at 883 or 1248 g DM daily in 6 equal portions with 4-h intervals. Passage of the reticulo-ruminal particulate phase to the lower gut was estimated with chromium-mordanted neutral-detergent fibre (CrNDF) and tritium-labelled hay as markers, the latter subject to both passage and reticulo-ruminal degradation. Fractional passage rates (kp) were deduced from faecal marker excretion curves. For CrNDF and tritium, kp averaged 2.44 (s.e.m. 0.19) and 3.38 (s.e.m. 0.20) %/h, respectively; difference was significant. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

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46

Nielsen, Nynne H., Magnus W. Jacobsen, Laura L. L. B. Graham, Helen C. Morrogh-Bernard, Laura J. D'Arcy, and Mark E. Harrison. "Successful germination of seeds following passage through orang-utan guts." Journal of Tropical Ecology 27, no. 4 (May 31, 2011): 433–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467411000071.

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Orang-utans (Pongo spp.) are primarily frugivorous (Morrogh-Bernard et al. 2009) and are often regarded as important seed dispersers (Corlett 1998). In Tanjung Puting, Borneo, Galdikas (1982) found intact seeds in 94% of faecal samples, with a median 111 seeds per defecation; and in Ketambe, Sumatra, Rijksen (1978) found seeds in 44% of faecal samples. Furthermore, orang-utans have large day ranges (e.g. mean = 968 m, range = 280–2834 m across adults in Sabangau; Harrison 2009) and slow passage rates of digesta through the gut (Caton et al. 1999), and, hence, may disperse seeds far from parent trees. Many seeds are also spat out or discarded at distances up to 75 m from parent trees (Galdikas 1982).

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Třináctý, J., M. Richter, J. Pozdíšek, Kowalski ZM, and E. Fajmonová. "A comparison of parameters of the passage of nylon capsules and digesta calculated from faecal excretion data obtained in lactating cows." Czech Journal of Animal Science 50, No. 10 (December 11, 2011): 450–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4241-cjas.

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The aim of the study was to compare parameters of passage of nylon capsules and digesta represented by Cr-labelled maize silage through the digestive tract of dairy cows. The capsules were made of nylon cloth (42 µm pore size, 10 mm outside diameter) and applied orally. The evaluation was carried out in dairy cows with milk yield of 19.0 kg/day. The diet (17.6 kg DM/day) consisted of maize silage, lucerne hay and concentrate. Total mean retention time (TMRT), delay time (τ), summarised compartmental mean retention time (CMRTS), and mean individual compartmental retention times (CMRT1 and CMRT2) were calculated. TMRT, τ, CMRTS, CMRT1 and CMRT2 values of nylon capsules and Cr-labelled silage were 36.2 and 45.4 h (P < 0.01), 16.2 and 8.3 h (P < 0.01), 20.1 and 37.2 h (P < 0.01), 7.8 and 8.5 h, 12.2 and 28.7 h (P < 0.05), respectively. The calculated mean retention time of nylon capsules in the reticulo-rumen (CMRTS) was shorter and in the intestines (τ) was longer than that of digesta. For this reason the estimation of digestibility using the nylon capsule method can be questionable.  

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Trevisi, E., R. Lombardelli, A. Minuti, and G. Bertoni. "Change of digesta passage rate in dairy cows after different acute stress situations." Italian Journal of Animal Science 6, sup1 (January 2007): 377–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2007.1s.377.

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49

Froetschel, M. A., M. N. Streeter, H. E. Amos, W. J. Croom Jr., and W. M. Hagler Jr. "Effects of abomasal slaframine infusion on ruminal digesta passage and digestion in steers." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 75, no. 1 (March 1, 1995): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas95-021.

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Slaframine was infused intra-abomasally once daily 3 h after feeding to four ruminally and abomasally cannulated Jersey steers (586 ± 88.6 kg) at 0 (saline control), 10, 20, or 30 μg kg−1 BW in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment. Periods were 14 d in length. On a DM basis, diets were a 38:62, sorghum silage: concentrate offered at 125% of the net energy required for maintenance. Ruminal, abomasal, and fecal samples were collected at 2-h intervals on days 10–12, and ruminal contents were completely evacuated and sampled at 3, 6, 12, and 24 h after feeding on days 13 and 14. Ruminal volume and pH increased (linear; P < 0.05) from 1.6 to 8.9% and from 0.10 to 0.22 units, respectively, with SF. Total ruminal VFA and ammonia concentrations decreased (linear; P < 0.05) with SF from 4.1 to 9.4% and from 5.3 to 10.2%, respectively. Apparent ruminal DM and starch digestion increased at the lowest dosage and decreased at higher dosages of SF (quadratic; P < 0.05). Ruminal NDF digestion decreased with SF (linear; P < 0.1). Totat tract DM digestion was not affected by SF. Fractional turnover rate of ruminal DM increased (linear; P < 0.05) from 1.6 to 11.3% with SF. During the first 8 h after SF administration, liquid dilution rate increased as much as 18.5% with the highest dosage of SF (linear; P < 0.05). During the 10– to 21-h period after SF administration, dilution rate decreased with the 10– to 20-μg kg−1 BW dosages of SF (quadratic, P < 0.05). Outflow of AA tended to decrease at 10 and 20 and increased at the 30 μg kg−1 BW dosages of SF (quadratic, P < 0.05). Abomasal infusion of SF alters digesta passage and the site of digestion of nutrients between the rumen and the lower digestive tract. The highest level shifted the site of digestion to the lower tract while lower dosages enhanced ruminal digestion. Key words: Rumen fermentation, digestion, passage, muscarinic, cholinergic

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50

Rosenfeld, I., D. Austbø, and H. Volden. "Models for estimating digesta passage kinetics in the gastrointestinal tract of the horse." Journal of Animal Science 84, no. 12 (December 1, 2006): 3321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2006-039.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Digesta passage'

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