Journal articles on the topic 'Digesta markers'
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1
Ortigues, I., J. D. Oldham, T. Smith, M. B. de Courtenay, and J. W. Siviter. "A comparison between ytterbium acetate, ruthenium phenanthroline and indigestible acid detergent fibre in a double-marker system for intestinal flow measurements in steers." Journal of Agricultural Science 114, no. 1 (January 1990): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185960007101x.
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SUMMARYThree double-marker systems were used in cannulated steers offered straw-based diets supplemented with barley, fishmeal or a combination of both, in an attempt to reduce the risks of misinterpreting biological results based on calculations of digesta flows using markers. Ruthenium phenanthroline (Ru-phe), ytterbium acetate (Yb-ac) and the indigestible acid detergent fibre fraction (IADF) were used as markers of the particulate phase of digesta in conjunction with Cr-EDTA as a liquid-phase marker to estimate duodenal and ileal digesta flows. The present paper presents the difficulties met in the application of marker techniques.The particulate marker used in a double-marker system for calculation of nutrient flow modified the degree of statistical significance observed for dietary treatment effects on digesta flow parameters.The data suggest that the type of diet used affects the behaviour of individual markers in different ways and could incur some bias in the results. It is hypothesized that the physical and chemical characteristics of digesta, in different dietary conditions, can be responsible for differential attachment of markers to particles of the solid phase. In such cases, the distinction made in the double-marker technique between particulate and liquid phases may not be sufficient to correct for lack of representativeness of digesta contents sampled from T-shaped cannulae.For the diets studied it was concluded that the interpretation of digestion parameters should be based on both Ru-phe and Yb-ac results.
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Faichney, GJ. "Application of the double-marker method for measuring digesta kinetics to rumen sampling in sheep following a dose of the markers or the end of their continuous infusion." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 43, no. 2 (1992): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9920277.
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Methods are described by which the double-marker method for measuring digesta kinetics may be applied to rumen samples taken from sheep maintained in steady-state conditions, while marker concentrations are declining after a single dose of the two markers, or cessation of their continuous infusion, or increasing in the pre-equilibrium phase of their unprimed continuous infusion. Also described are procedures for checking the consistency of analyses applied to digesta, fluid-phase and particle-phase samples and for physically reconstituting true digesta samples. Errors due to deviations of the markers from ideal behaviour are examined.
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Ahvenjärvi, Seppo, Aila Vanhatalo, Kevin J. Shingfield, and Pekka Huhtanen. "Determination of digesta flow entering the omasal canal of dairy cows using different marker systems." British Journal of Nutrition 90, no. 1 (July 2003): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn2003876.
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Four studies were conducted to compare the effect of four indigestible markers (LiCoEDTA, Yb-acetate, Cr-mordanted straw and indigestible neutral-detergent fibre (INDF)) and three marker systems on the flow of digesta entering the omasal canal of lactating dairy cows. Samples of digesta aspirated from the omasal canal were pooled and separated using filtration and high-speed centrifugation into three fractions defined as the liquid phase, small particulate and large particulate matter. Co was primarily associated with the liquid phase, Yb was concentrated in small particulate matter, whilst Cr and INDF were associated with large particles. Digesta flow was calculated based on single markers or using the reconstitution system based on combinations of two (Co + Yb, Co + Cr and Co + INDF) or three markers (Co + Yb + Cr and Co + Yb + INDF). Use of single markers resulted in large differences between estimates of organic matter (OM) flow entering the omasal canal suggesting that samples were not representative of true digesta. Digesta appeared to consist of at least three phases that tended to separate during sampling. OM was concentrated in particulate matter, whilst the liquid phase consisted mainly of volatile fatty acids and inorganic matter. Yb was intimately associated with nitrogenous compounds, whereas Cr and INDF were concentrated in fibrous material. Current data indicated that marker systems based on Yb in combination with Cr or INDF are required for the accurate determination of OM, N and neutral-detergent fibre flow. In cases where the flow of water-soluble nutrients entering the omasal canal is also required, the marker system should also include Co.
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Scholljegerdes, Eric J. "347 Choosing an external marker for measuring intake and digestibility in ruminants." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.144.
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Abstract Proper nutrition is key to maintaining and improving animal productivity. Measuring intake and site and extent of digestion is essential for appropriate diet formulation. However, it is extremely difficult to accurately account for the dynamic nature of the ruminant digestive tract. External markers have long been used as a tool to measure digesta output, yet proper marker selection can be challenging. The aim of this review is to provide guidance in the selection of external markers in ruminant nutrition studies. External markers must satisfy certain requirements in order to be considered a valid marker. These requirements include, but are not limited to, being inert in the gastrointestinal tract, mixing with the digesta, and having high recovery rate in the feces. In addition, laboratory analysis needs to be easily reproducible within and amongst laboratories. Health hazards of the marker must also be kept in mind for the laboratory worker and the animal. There are a number of elements that have been utilized as external markers. Currently in the literature, chromic oxide (Cr2O3), long-chain alkanes (C32 to C36) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) are the most commonly used external markers. Each have been extensively evaluated and have their own positive and negative attributes. Results comparing fecal recoveries has been extensively reported in various diets fed to large and small ruminants. Of the three most widely utilized external markers, all have demonstrated adequate fecal recoveries, reasonable estimates of total duodenal and fecal digesta flows or output. Therefore, the selection of the appropriate marker comes down to the ease and accuracy at which analysis can be conducted, dosage rate, minimum dosage frequency, and safety to the user and animal.
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Sakaguchi, EI, Hiroshi Itoh, Senji Uchida, and Takao Horigome. "Comparison of fibre digestion and digesta retention time between rabbits, guinea-pigs, rats and hamsters." British Journal of Nutrition 58, no. 1 (July 1987): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19870078.
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1. Digestive efficiencies of fibre components and retention time of digesta in the whole gut and in the large intestine were measured in rabbits, guinea-pigs, hamsters and rats when given a lucerne (Medicago saliva)-containing diet.2. Co-EDTA and chromium-mordanted cell-wall constituents of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) were used as liquid- and solid-phase markers respectively. Both markers were mixed with the experimental diet and given after digestion trials.3. Mean retention times of each marker were calculated from time-course changes in concentrations of the markers in faeces. The mean retention times of the markers in the large intestine were calculated from exponential slopes fitted to the time-course changes of faecal concentrations of the markers.4. The digestibilities of crude fibre, neutral-detergent fibre and acid-detergent fibre were highest in the guineapigs, followed by the hamsters, and lowest in the rabbits and rats.5. The mean retention times of Cr in the whole tract were longer in the larger animals and shortest in the hamsters. The mean retention times of Cr in the large intestine were longest in the guinea-pig followed by the hamsters and the rats. The rabbits had an extremely short retention time of Cr in the large intestine.6. These results suggest that the retention time of solid digesta in the large intestine can explain the difference in the digestive efficiencies of fibre components amongst non-ruminant small herbivores whereas retention of digesta in the whole gut is not related to the digestibility of fibre components.
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Holleman, D. F., and R. G. White. "Determination of digesta fill and passage rate from nonabsorbed particulate phase markers using the single dosing method." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 488–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-071.
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A method is given for analyzing particulate digestive marker data in terms of digesta fill, fecal output, and digesta passage times. The method applies the Stewart – Hamilton Principle to data obtained from a single marker dosing followed by feces sampling; it assumes steady-state conditions for the digesta, but makes no assumptions concerning compartmentalization of digesta. Data analyses are presented for an experiment with sheep in which a particle phase marker, cerium-141 chloride, was used. The estimate of fecal output obtained was 1.8 ± 2.2% (mean percent difference ± SE) greater than the actual fecal output; the in vivo estimate of total digesta fill was 3.3 ± 3.4% less than measured digesta fill. For comparison, the present data were also analyzed using two established compartment modeling approaches, namely a time-independent and a time-dependent two-compartment model. The only significant difference between the estimated parameters as obtained from the Stewart – Hamilton method and the compartmental models was a significantly shorter transit time as estimated by the time-dependent model.
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Brand, S. J., J. M. Lanyon, and C. J. Limpus. "Digesta composition and retention times in wild immature green turtles, Chelonia mydas: a preliminary investigation." Marine and Freshwater Research 50, no. 2 (1999): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf98033.
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Digesta retention time (DRT) of particulate matter (the calculated time for elimination of 50% of marker beads) and food intake levels were measured in three wild immature green turtles, Chelonia mydas, by using inert plastic markers. DRTs were long, ranging from 156 to 325 h (6.5–13.5 days).
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Siddons, R. C., J. Paradine, D. E. Beever, and P. R. Cornell. "Ytterbium acetate as a particulate-phase digesta-flow marker." British Journal of Nutrition 54, no. 2 (September 1985): 509–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19850136.
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1. The ability of ytterbium acetabe (Yb acetate) to fulfil the requirements of a particulate-phase digesta-flow marker in a dual-phase marker system, and of the indigestible acid-detergent-fibre fraction of the feed (IADF) to act as a digesta flow marker, were examined using six mature wether sheep given a diet of dried grass (1 kg dry matter (DM)/d).2. CrEDTA was continuously infused (240 mg chromium/d) into the rumen of all sheep and Yb acetate was also continuously infused (100 mg Yb/d) into the rumen of three of the sheep. At this level of infusion the equilibrium concentration of Yb in rumen, duodenal and ileal digesta and in faeces could be reliably measured by atomic absorption spectrometry.3. Estimates of faecal DM excretion based on either Yb or IADF did not differ (P > 0.05) from that determined by total collection, whereas estimates based on Cr were significantly (P < 0.05) lower. Urinary excretion accounted for 3.1% of the infused Cr but no Yb was detected in urine. Estimates of ileal DM flow, assuming total marker recovery, were similar (P > 0.05) with all three markers, whereas the estimate of duodenal DM flow based on IADF was lower (P < 0.05) than the estimates based on either Cr or Yb.4. Compared with the infusion of Cr alone, the infusion of Cr and Yb had no effect (P > 0.05) on nutrient flows at the duodenum, ileum and in faeces nor on microbial degradative activity, volatile fatty acid production and N metabolism in the rumen.5. Polyester bag and in vitro studies showed that pre-labelling the dried grass with up to 285 mg Yb>g DM did not affect its susceptibility to microbial degradation.6. The Yb in rumen, duodenal and ileal digesta was predominantly (> 90%) associated with the particulate matter but was not uniformly distributed and its concentration increased as particle size decreased.7. The use of CrEDTA and Yb acetate as a dual-phase marker system proved more reliable in estimating ‘true’ duodenal flow than the use of the individual markers when the digesta sample was unrepresentative.
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Lanyon, JM, and H. Marsh. "Digesta Passage Times in the Dugong." Australian Journal of Zoology 43, no. 2 (1995): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9950119.
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The retention times of particulate digesta were measured in two captive dugongs, Dugong dugon (Muller 1776) using inert plastic markers. The mouth-to-anus retention times (146-166 h) were similar to those of the West Indian manatee, and much longer than those of most other herbivorous mammals. This slow gut passage rate may be explained by the dugong's long digestive tract, the low fibre level of the diet and the low food intake. Like the manatee, the dugong appears to have a digestive strategy that is atypical of hindgut fermenters: low-fibre material is retained for extended periods within the long hindgut and almost completely digested.
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Nevel, C. van, and D. Demeyer. "Comparison of two solid-phase markers for measuring the flow of digesta components in the duodenum of sheep." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 37, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v37i3.16631.
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The effect of defaunation and refaunation of the rumen of sheep on duodenal passage and rumen digestion was studied. A combination of chromic oxide and polyethylene glycol (PEG) mixed with concentrates was used to estimate intestinal flow. In addition a combination of PEG and Ru-phenanthroline continuously infused in the rumen was used. Differences in flow of duodenal digesta and digesta components, calculated with both marker systems, were rare and small, indicating that Cr2O3 was an adequate marker of the solid phase of the digesta for application of the double-marker method. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
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Gill, M., P. H. Robinson, and J. J. Kennelly. "Diurnal patterns in rumen volume and composition of digesta flowing into the duodenum." Animal Science 69, no. 1 (August 1999): 237–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800051274.
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AbstractRate of passage of digesta out of the rumen is generally assumed to follow first order kinetics but this assumption may not hold within 24-h feeding cycles. Four lactating cows offered a mixed forage/concentrate diet ad libitum from 08.00 h to 00.00 h and a protein-rich meal at either 08.30 or 00.30 h were used to investigate diurnal patterns in rumen volume and composition of digesta flowing into the duodenum. Cows were fitted with large rumen cannulae to permit complete emptying of rumen digesta and T-piece duodenal cannulae with inserts to enable collection of representative samples of digesta. Chromium-mordanted lucerne hay manually dosed to the rumen at 2-h intervals and a continuous infusion of cobalt-EDTA were used as digesta flow markers. Duodenal digesta was sampled over three alternate days to obtain samples representing every hour of the 24-h day, which were analysed individually. Use of either of the two markers gave similar results for mean daily flow but not for hourly flow and thus hourly flow data were not considered reliable. The content of crude protein in duodenal digesta varied within one feeding cycle from 200 to 320 g/kg in cows offered protein at 08.30 (‘day’) and from 240 to 300 in cows offered protein at 00.30 h (‘night’). On a daily basis, fractional passage rates (calculated from duodenal flow divided by rumen pool size) were significantly (P = 0·016) lower for protein for ‘night’ (0·0750 per h) versus ‘day’ (0·0824 per h) cows. The observation that marked diurnal patterns in the composition of protein flowing into the duodenum can apparently be ‘smoothed’ simply by altering feeding sequence, which was correlated with an increased milk fat yield, suggests there is potential for improving production through manipulating the way in which dietary components are offered within a day.Rate of passage of digesta out of the rumen is generally assumed to follow first order kinetics but this assumption may not hold within 24-h feeding cycles. Four lactating cows offered a mixed forage/concentrate diet ad libitum from 08.00 h to 00.00 h and a protein-rich meal at either 08.30 or 00.30 h were used to investigate diurnal patterns in rumen volume and composition of digesta flowing into the duodenum. Cows were fitted with large rumen cannulae to permit complete emptying of rumen digesta and T-piece duodenal cannulae with inserts to enable collection of representative samples of digesta. Chromium-mordanted lucerne hay manually dosed to the rumen at 2-h intervals and a continuous infusion of cobalt-EDTA were used as digesta flow markers. Duodenal digesta was sampled over three alternate days to obtain samples representing every hour of the 24-h day, which were analysed individually. Use of either of the two markers gave similar results for mean daily flow but not f or hourly flow and thus hourly flow data were not considered reliable. The content of crude protein in duodenal digesta varied within one feeding cycle from 200 to 320 glkg in cows offered protein at 08.30 day’) and from 240 to 300 in cows offered protein at 00.30 h (‘night’). On a daily basis, fractional passage rates (calculated from duodenal flow divided by rumen pool size) were significantly (? = 0·016) lower for protein for ‘night’ (0·0750 per h) versus ‘day’ (0·0824 per h) cows. The observation that marked diurnal patterns in the composition of protein flowing into the duodenum can apparently be ‘smoothed’ simply by altering feeding sequence, which was correlated with an increased milk fat yield, suggests there is potential for improving production through manipulating the way in which dietary components are offered within a day.
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Kukkonen, U., and P. Huhtanen. "Rate of passage calculations based on marker or rumen evacuation technique." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1991 (March 1991): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600020596.
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The clearance rate of digesta from the reticulo-rumen may limit feed intake and thus production in ruminants. The longer the retention time in the rumen the better the cell wall carbohydrates are digested. However, a fast rate of passage of indigestible feed particles to the lower digestive tract is essential for maximal feed intake. The feeding level, type of diet and the physical characteristics of the feed particles affect the rate of passage from the rumen. The rate of passage has mostly been determined by external marker techniques. Because of physico-chemical characteristics these markers do not always accurately represent the behaviour of feed.particles. An alternative method, the rumen evacuation technique, may describe better the kinetic characteristics of cell walls. In this study marker and rumen evacuation techniques were compared in the determination of the passage rate and retention times.
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Wylie, M. J., W. C. Ellis, J. H. Matis, E. M. Bailey, W. D. James, and D. E. Beever. "The flow of forage particles and solutes through segments of the digestive tracts of cattle." British Journal of Nutrition 83, no. 3 (March 2000): 295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114500000374.
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An experiment was conducted to investigate the compartmental mean residence time, (CMRT) of feed residues in segments of gastrointestinal digesta of mature Holstein steers. The objective was to evaluate assumptions that feed residues flow through ruminal digesta as sequential mixing pools having age-dependent (GN) and age-independent (G1) distributed residence times respectively (GN → G1 flow). The basal diet was a semi-tropical hay containing 98 g crude protein and 503 g apparently digestible DM per kg DM. The hay was consumed and feed residues of different size and/or previous digestion from the hay were inserted into the reticulo-rumen (rumen) and abomasum. Marker profiles appearing at the duodenum and faeces were fitted to various compartment models to estimate CMRT. Post-abomasal CMRT did not differ among solutes or feed residues of different size and previous digestion and constituted only 5·8 % of the CMRT for the entire gastrointestinal tract. Markers initially applied to orally or ruminally dosed feed residues exhibited profiles in duodenal digesta and faeces conforming to GN → G1 flow. Previously undigested, masticated feed residues inserted into the dorsal rumen digesta had longer ruminal CMRT in the GN pool but not the G1 pool than did similarly inserted faecal small particles or normally ingested hay. These results support model assumptions of GN → G1 flow within rumen digesta. The results support mechanisms proposed for the GN pool as the ‘lag-rumination pool’ and the G1 pool as the ‘mass action turnover pool’. If further validated, rumen CMRT in cattle could be estimated from marker profiles in more easily obtained faeces to estimate ruminal CMRT required for feed evaluation systems.
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Dove, H., J. A. Milne, A. M. Sibbald, C. S. Lamb, and H. A. McCormack. "Circadian variation in abomasal digesta flow in grazing ewes during lactation." British Journal of Nutrition 60, no. 3 (November 1988): 653–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19880135.
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1. Lactating grazing ewes, fistulated at the rumen and abomasum were either not supplemented or offered, individually, 600 g/d of either pelleted, molassed sugar-beet pulp (‘energy’ supplement) or a pelleted 1:1 (w/w) mixture of this feed and formaldehyde-treated soya-bean meal (‘protein’ supplement). Digesta flows at the abomasum were estimated from the concentrations of the markers CrEDTA and ruthenium phenanthroline complex, during their administration by continuous intra-rumen infusion. Digesta samples were taken at 09.00 hours and at six further times at 4 h intervals. This was repeated 2 d later.2. No significant difference in flow between days was noted. Daily flows of dry matter (DM) and non-ammonia-nitrogen (NAN) (g/d) in supplemented ewes were significantly higher than in unsupplemented ewes, both in total digesta and its particulate phase. However, there were significant differences between sampling times or significant interactions between sampling time and supplement treatment. The results were therefore examined by Fourier analysis for possible circadian variation in digesta flow. As there was marked between-animal variability in flow-rate, the digesta-flow values for each sampling time were re-expressed as percentages of the flows calculated from daily mean marker concentrations.3. In unsupplemented animals, marked and significant circadian variation was then identified in the flow of DM, total N and NAN in both whole digesta and the particulate phase. There was also significant circadian variation in the flow of DM, total N and NAN in the digesta of the supplemented ewes. Curves were of the same general shape as those for unsupplemented animals, but some significant differences were found, principally for digesta NAN flow. In both supplemented and unsupplemented animals, peak flows occurred in the period 20.00-01.00 hours. The proportion of DM and NAN flowing in the particulate phase was relatively constant through the day for unsupplemented ewes, but significant circadian variation occurred for supplemented ewes.4. The possible mechanisms generating the circadian variation in digesta flow, such as grazing behaviour and the rumen digestion of supplements, are discussed. Values are also presented to indicate the extent of the likely errors if digesta flows were estimated from samples which did not represent all stages of the circadian pattern.
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MANDELL, I. B., G. I. CHRISTISON, and H. H. NICHOLSON. "EFFECT OF COLLECTION INTERVAL ON NUTRIENT DIGESTION DETERMINED WITHIN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OF BEEF CATTLE." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 67, no. 4 (December 1, 1987): 1149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas87-123.
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Duodenal digesta, ileal digesta, and feces were collected from steers fed diets containing 50% barley grain, 50% brome-alfalfa hay. These were composited over days 1–3, 4–6 and 1–6 of each experimental period. Acid detergent lignin and chromic oxide were used as digestibility markers. Three- or six-day collection intervals did not affect the estimate of organic matter digestion in the forestomach, small or large intestine, and total tract. Differences (P < 0.05) in estimates of nutrient digestion between 3-d collection periods occurred for neutral detergent fiber in the forestomach and crude protein in the small intestine. Key words: Collection interval, partitioning of digestibility, markers, cattle, gastrointestinal tract
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Ohajuruka, O. A., and D. L. Palmquist. "Evaluation of n-alkanes as digesta markers in dairy cows." Journal of Animal Science 69, no. 4 (1991): 1726. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/1991.6941726x.
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PETIT, HÉLÈNE V., G. J. BRISSON, and M. IVAN. "COMPARISON OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL MARKERS AND CHROMIUM ETHYLENEDIAMINE TETRAACETIC ACID AS MARKERS FOR MEASURING ILEAL FLOW IN THE PRERUMINANT CALF." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 67, no. 4 (December 1, 1987): 1155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas87-124.
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Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and chromium-ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (Cr-EDTA) were used in preruminant calves fitted with reentrant ileal cannulas to adjust the ileal flow of digesta and determine digestibility coefficients of dry matter and nitrogen. Cr-EDTA was more reliable than PEG for both, measurement of the ileal flow, and dry matter and nitrogen digestibilities. Key words: Calf, PEG, Cr-EDTA, ileal flow, digestibility
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Faichney, G. J. "Effect of non-uniform distribution of particle-associated markers on the measurement of duodenal digesta flow by the double-marker technique." Journal of Agricultural Science 118, no. 1 (February 1992): 119–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600068076.
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SUMMARYSimulating changes in the distribution of the particle marker between particle-phase and fluid-phase dry matter by ±40% resulted in calculated flows of dry matter to the duodenum that differed from the ideal of uniform distribution by 1 to 2%; true digesta flow values were virtually unaffected. These errors are small and can probably be ignored.
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Bridie, A., ID Hume, and DM Hill. "Digestive-Tract Function and Energy-Requirements of the Rufous Hare-Wallaby, Lagorchestes-Hirsutus." Australian Journal of Zoology 42, no. 6 (1994): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9940761.
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Digestive performance and rate of passage of fluid and particulate markers through the gastrointestinal tract were measured in captive rufous hare-wallabies (Lagorchestes hirsutus) maintained on a commercial pelleted diet. This diminutive (0.8-2.1 kg) marcropodid marsupial was found to have a large, basically tubiform forestomach (tubiform forestomach 71-74% of total stomach capacity), similar to that of the large grazing kangaroos and markedly different from those of small browsing wallabies and similar-sized rat-kangaroos. This 'kangaroo-like' gastric morphology, together with a low maintenance energy requirement (326 kJ digestible energy kg-0.75 day-1) and thus low food intakes (33 g dry matter kg-0.75 day-1) and long mean retention times of digesta in the gut (23 h for a fluid marker, 38 h for a particle marker), were considered to be major factors in the ability of this small arid-zone herbivore to digest fibre (50% of the neutral-detergent fibre and 31% of the acid-detergent fibre of the pelleted diet) and thus to utilise plant material that is often of low quality in the Tanami Desert.
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De Barbieri, I., R. S. Hegarty, V. H. Oddy, M. C. Barnett, L. Li, and J. V. Nolan. "Sheep of divergent genetic merit for wool growth do not differ in digesta kinetics while on restricted intakes." Animal Production Science 54, no. 9 (2014): 1243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14319.
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Sheep selected for high wool growth were previously shown to exhibit higher microbial protein outflow from the rumen and higher uptake of amino nitrogen in portal blood than those selected for low wool growth. This suggests that genetic selection for wool growth may induce changes in foregut physiology. This study was undertaken to determine whether differences in digesta kinetics, especially mean retention mime (MRT), are associated with differences in fleece production between sheep with low or high estimated breeding values (EBVs) for fleece weight. Twenty mature Merino wethers with uniform EBVs for liveweight were allocated to two groups of 10 animals on the basis of high or low EBVs for yearling fleece weight. Five sheep with low-EBVs and five sheep with high-EBVs for fleece weight groups were allocated in a crossover design to low and high feeding-level treatments, which comprised a blended hay diet fed at maintenance or 1.5 times maintenance. All sheep were given single doses of chromium-mordanted fibre and cobalt-EDTA as inert, non-digestible markers. Digesta kinetics was determined by analysis of the faecal marker excretion patterns using a compartmental model. Higher feed intakes from animals fed 1.5 times maintenance were associated with higher rates of wool growth and higher masses of indigestible fibre in the gut, but reduced MRT of digesta. Although sheep with higher EBVs for fleece weight had higher wool growth rates, there was no indication that these wool growth differences were associated with differences in digesta kinetics. The lack of interaction between feeding level and genotype suggests that MRT did not contribute to genotype differences in wool growth in sheep fed restricted intakes. The differences in wool growth among commercial Merino sheep with divergent fleece weight EBVs achieved by multi-trait selection are not attributable to differences in digesta kinetics, at least when feed is not available ad libitum.
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Hume, I. D., C. Smith, and P. A. Woolley. "Anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal tract of the Julia Creek dunnart, Sminthopsis douglasi (Marsupialia : Dasyuridae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 48, no. 5 (2000): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo00016.
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The gastrointestinal tract of the endangered Julia Creek dunnart (Sminthopsis douglasi), the largest member of the genus Sminthopsis, consists of a simple, unilocular stomach and an intestine of relatively uniform calibre throughout. There is no hindgut caecum, in common with other Australian carnivorous marsupials. Brunner’s glands form a collar at the proximal end of the duodenum; they consist of simple uncoiled tubes at Day 45 of pouch life but are well differentiated at Day 60, before the young take their first solid food at Day 65–70. Rate of passage of digesta was measured in nine adult Julia Creek dunnarts on diets of minced meat with either mealworm larvae or adult crickets added, using pulse doses of the solute marker Co–EDTA and large (0.5–1.0 mm) particles of plant cell walls mordanted with Cr. Transit time (time of first appearance in the faeces) of both markers (P < 0.001) and mean retention time (the average time markers are retained in the tract) of the solute marker (P < 0.05) were shorter on the diet containing mealworms than the cricket diet. These results suggest that emptying of the stomach (the main site of digesta retention in carnivores) was delayed on the cricket diet, possibly because of longer digestion times as a result of a tougher exoskeleton. Comparison with other data suggests that total tract passage times increase among dasyurids as body size increases.
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Silva, Vinicius Pimentel, Fernando Queiroz de Almeida, Róbson Ricardo Moreira Pimentel, Fernanda Nascimento de Godoi, Tiago Marques dos Santos, and Marcus Sandes Pires. "Passage kinetics of digesta in horses fed with coastcross hay ground to different degrees." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 38, no. 5 (October 2014): 506–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542014000500010.
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This study was conducted to evaluate the kinetics, physicochemical characteristics and particle size of digesta in the right ventral colon (RVC) of horses fed coastcross hay ground to different degrees. Four horses fitted with cannulae in the RVC were used and were fed the following forms of hay: long, chopped, ground to 5 mm and ground to 3 mm. A Latin Square 4x4 study design was used. Each experimental period included 10 days for diet adaptation, four days for feces collection and one day for digesta collection. The kinetics of the particulate and solute phases of digesta were evaluated based on the mean retention time (MRT), passage rate (k) and transit time (TT) using two external markers: Cr-NDF and Co-EDTA. The TT of solid phase digesta was 3 hours longer (P<0.05) for ground hay than with the other physical forms of hay. There was no difference (P>0.05) in k or MRT in either the liquid or solid phase of digesta as a function of the different degrees of hay grinding. However, the liquid phase of digesta presented a higher k than the solid phase, with values of 3.28 and 2.73 h-1 being obtained, respectively. The smallest particle size and the lowest neutral detergent fiber contents in colon digesta were observed when hay ground to 3 mm was offered, leading to values of 0.51 mm and 53.46%, respectively. Grinding the hay increased the transit time of the liquid phase in the digestive tract of the horses, whereas no change in the kinetics of the solid phase digesta was observed. The grinding of hay reduced the NDF and the average particle size in the right ventral colon.
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Thompson, J. E., and J. Wiseman. "Comparison between titanium dioxide as an inert marker and total collection in the determination of digestible energy of diets fed to pigs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200598093.
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Different inert markers have been employed in nutritional studies, (Kotb and Luckey, 1972). The most commonly found marker in studies involving pigs is chromic oxide (Low, 1982) although it is now apparent that many problems are associated with its use. Other metal oxides, particularly titanium dioxide, may prove to be superior alternatives but further validation of their use as markers is required, (Kotb and Luckey, 1972). In an evaluation of inert markers, (Jagger et al. 1992) it was found that, for the determination of ileal and faecal apparent digestibility values in the pig, titanium dioxide at a rate of lg/kg feed was the most suitable of those tested. However, this conclusion was drawn from results obtained from one dietary treatment only. A crucial assumption of the use of inert markers is that they move in phase with the digesta which might not be the case if components vary widely in physical characteristics, leading possibly to differential adsorption of marker. Accordingly the objective of the current experiment was an evaluation of titanium dioxide in diets representing likely extremes of levels of fat or fibrous raw materials.
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Thompson, J. E., and J. Wiseman. "Comparison between titanium dioxide as an inert marker and total collection in the determination of digestible energy of diets fed to pigs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600033705.
Full textAbstract:
Different inert markers have been employed in nutritional studies, (Kotb and Luckey, 1972). The most commonly found marker in studies involving pigs is chromic oxide (Low, 1982) although it is now apparent that many problems are associated with its use. Other metal oxides, particularly titanium dioxide, may prove to be superior alternatives but further validation of their use as markers is required, (Kotb and Luckey, 1972). In an evaluation of inert markers, (Jagger et al. 1992) it was found that, for the determination of ileal and faecal apparent digestibility values in the pig, titanium dioxide at a rate of lg/kg feed was the most suitable of those tested. However, this conclusion was drawn from results obtained from one dietary treatment only. A crucial assumption of the use of inert markers is that they move in phase with the digesta which might not be the case if components vary widely in physical characteristics, leading possibly to differential adsorption of marker. Accordingly the objective of the current experiment was an evaluation of titanium dioxide in diets representing likely extremes of levels of fat or fibrous raw materials.
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Dixon, R. M., and L. P. Milligan. "Removal of digesta components from the rumen of steers determined by sieving techniques and fluid, particulate and microbial markers." British Journal of Nutrition 53, no. 2 (March 1985): 347–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19850042.
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1. When 103Ru-labelled Tris (1, 10-phenanthroline) ruthenium II chloride (103Ru-P) particulate marker in aqueous solution was added to the rumen of four steers given 5.5 kg grass hay/d at two-hourly intervals, the distribution of 103Ru-P marker among rumen particles of various sizes was the same at 4 h, 3 d and 7 d after administration, the concentration of 103Ru-P/g dry matter (DM) was inversely related to particle size and 0.30 of the 103Ru-P was associated with the DM of particles too large to be moved from the rumen at a meaningful rate. Thus, fractional outflow rate (FOR) of 103Ru-P would reflect, but was not a direct measure of, the FOR of the small particle pool in the rumen.2. When rumen digesta were labelled with 103Ru-P, placed in nylon cloth bags and incubated in vitro with unlabelled digesta, 59% of the 103Ru-P disappeared from the nylon bag in 24 h, and 74% in 48 h. Similar results were obtained when large particles (retained by a 3.2 mm mesh screen during wet sieving) from rumen digesta were subjected to this procedure.3. In a further experiment, the steers were given the hay in either the long or ground form and drinking water to which 10 g sodium chloride/l were, or were not, added.4. The FOR of 51CrEDTA in centrifuged rumen fluid was increased (P < 0.05) from 1.78 to 2.10/d by grinding of the hay diet, but was not influenced by the intake of an additional 257 g NaCl/d. The FOR values of 103Ru-P in mixed rumen digesta and organic 35S in micro-organisms were linearly correlated (P < 0.05) and were not affected (P < 0.05) by grinding and salt treatments. On average, the FOR of organic 35S in micro-organisms was 0.41 of that of 51CrEDTA in centrifuged rumen fluid and 0.85 of that of 103Ru-P in rumen digesta respectively.5. Grinding of the hay did not (P > 0.05) change the proportion of rumen DM (0.476–0.515) or faecal DM (0.107–0.153) retained by the 3.2 mm mesh and larger screens.6. FOR from the rumen of a given size group of particles was calculated as the ratio, estimated daily flow from the rumen of the size group: rumen pool of the group. With increasing particle size there was a progressive decline in FOR; values of FOR for groups of particles greater than 4.0 mm were negligible. If the rumen DM was considered to behave as two pools, the 3.2 mm mesh screen appeared to be an appropriate division between the large-particle and the small-particle DM pools.7. FOR of lignin present in mixed rumen digesta was 0.48 of the mean of the FOR values of the particle groups of the small-particle pool, while the FOR of lignin present in the small-particle pool was 0.92 of the mean small-particle FOR.
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Greife, H. A., J. A. Rooke, and D. G. Armstrong. "The digestion by cattle of silage-containing diets fed at two dry matter intakes." British Journal of Nutrition 54, no. 2 (September 1985): 483–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19850133.
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1. In a 4 x 4 Latin square experiment four cows were given, twice daily, diets consisting of (g/kg dry matter (DM)) 500 barley, 400 grass silage and 100 soya-bean meal. The diets were given at either 1.15 (L) or 2.3 (H) times maintenance energy requirements and the soya-bean meal was either untreated (U) or formaldehyde (HCH0)-treated (T).2. The passage of digesta to the duodenum was estimated using chromic oxide as a flow marker;35S was used to estimate the amount of microbial protein entering the small intestine. A microbial fraction was prepared by differential centrifugation from duodenal digesta. Samples of bacteria and of protozoa from rumen digesta were also prepared.3. The total amino acid contents of feedingstuffs, duodenal digesta, duodenal microbial material, rumen bacteria and rumen protozoa were determined by ion-exchange chromatography. The D-alanine and D-glutamic acid contents of the samples were determined by gas–liquid chromatography.4. The quantity of each amino acid entering the small intestine was significantly (P < 0,001) increased by increasing DM intake and tended to be increased by formaldehyde-treatment of the soya-bean meal. There were net losses of all amino acids across the forestomachs except for lysine, methione, o-alanine and D-glutamic acid for which there were net gains.5. There were significant (P < 0.05) differences in amino acid composition between rumen bacteria and duodenal microbial material; differences in amino acid composition between rumen bacteria and rumen protozoa were also observed.6. D-Alanine and D-glutamic acid were present in the silage but not in the barley or either of the soya-bean meals. All samples of microbes and digesta contained D-alanine and D-glutamic acid.7. The use of D-ahine and D-glUtamiC acid as markers for microbial nitrogen entering the small intestine was assessed. Estimates of the quantities of microbial N entering the small intestine based on the D-alanine or D-glutamic acid contents of rumen bacteria or duodenal microbes were significantly higher than those determined using 35S as a marker.
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Lee, C., and A. N. Hristov. "Short communication: Comparison of 3 solid digesta passage markers in dairy cows." Journal of Dairy Science 97, no. 3 (March 2014): 1725–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7129.
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Yin, Y.-L., J. McEvoy, W.-B. Souffrant, and K. J. McCracken. "Comparison of different digesta collection methods and indigestible markers to determine the apparent ileal nutrient digestibility." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1997 (1997): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175275620059509x.
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Since the 1970's, many studies have been performed to estimate ileal digesibility using different methods for digesta collection. The methods frequently applied for quantitative collection are re-entrant cannulation or ileorectal anastomosis (IRA). Methods involving the use of a marker include the post- valve “T” caecal (PVTC) and simple ileal “T” cannula. Recent studies showed that PVTC has a number of advantages over the simple “T” cannulation methods (van Leeuwen et al, 1991; McCracken et al, 1996). The present study afforded the opportunity to (1) compare the PVTC with the IRA method, (2) compare the use of Cr2O3 and TiO2 as indigestible markers (3) evaluate the PVTC method for quantitative collection of digesta, using a range of diets of different fibre content.The PVTC experiment was performed in Belfast. Twelve pigs, approximately 20kg, fitted with post valve “T” caecal cannulae according to the procedure introduced by van Leeuwen et al(1991), were randomized to 4 diets based on wheat (W, 760 g wheat/kg), wheat/middlings (WM, 380g wheat, 380 g middlings/kg), wheat/bran (WB,380 g wheat, 380 g bran/kg) or recombined wheat (WR,570 g flour, 130 g middlings, 60 g bran/kg) using a four period cross-over design.
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Hristov, A. N., T. A. McAllister, D. R. Ouellet, and G. A. Broderick. "Comparison of purines and nitrogen-15 as microbial flow markers in beef heifers fed barley- or corn-based diets." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 85, no. 2 (June 1, 2005): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a04-054.
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The objective of this study was to estimate the contribution of microbial purine bases to duodenal purines and to purine derivatives [allantoin and uric acid (PD)] excreted in the urine. Additionally, microbial protein (MCP) flow estimated using duodenal flow of purine bases was compared to estimates using 15N as a microbial marker. Four beef heifers were fed two diets, barley silage/barley grain/soybean meal (diet B) or corn silage/corn grain/corn gluten meal (diet C), in a cross-over design study. (15NH4)2SO4 was infused in the rumen for 8 d to label ruminal microorganisms and their purine bases. Rumen contents, duodenal digesta, urine, and feces were sampled during the last 2 d of tracer infusion and for 48 h after the infusion ceased. The animals consumed more (P < 0.01) dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), N, and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) with diet B than with diet C. Total tract digestibilities of DM, OM, and NDF were also higher (P < 0.01) with diet B. Ruminal ammonia (P < 0.01), volatile fatty acids (P < 0.05), and acetate (P < 0.01) concentrations and xylanase activity (P < 0.05) were higher with diet B compared with diet C. Flow of MCP to the duodenum was estimated from duodenal samples using purines or 15N as microbial markers, or from urinary PD excretion. The effects of diet or method of measurement on MCP flow were not significant. However, when the urinary PD method was excluded from the analysis, MCP flow was greater (by 26%; P = 0.01) when estimated using 15N vs. the purine-based method. The difference was mainly due to underestimation of the proportion of microbial N in the liquid duodenal digesta with the purine method. Feed purines contributed from 3.5 (liquid digesta phase) to 19.7% (solid digesta phase) of the total purine flow at the duodenum. 15N enrichment of urinary PD was 1.08 of the enrichment of duodenal purines, suggesting that feed purines contributed little N to urinary allantoin and uric acid in cattle. Key words: Allantoin, cattle, microbial protein synthesis, nitrogen-15, purine derivative
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Cruickshank, G. J., D. P. Poppi, A. R. Sykes, and A. S. Familton. "Effect of age, abomasal cannulation and rumen catheterization on intake and site of digestion by early-weaned lambs." Journal of Agricultural Science 114, no. 1 (January 1990): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600070982.
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SUMMARYThe voluntary food intake, in vivo digestibility and site of nutrient digestion was measured in 12 Polled Dorset ram lambs, from 6 to 24 weeks of age, offered clover hay. Lambs were weaned at 6 weeks of age. Six were fitted with a permanent T-shaped cannula in the abomasum and a temporary rumen catheter during the periods of digesta flow measurement.Surgical modification of lambs did not influence intake (g/kg live weight (W) per day), in vivo digestibility or marker retention time in the rumen. However, intact lambs grew significantly faster than cannulated lambs (139 v. 109g/day, P < 0·05) apparently because of an overall higher cumulative intake over the whole experimental period rather than any change in efficiency of use of nutrients or maintenance requirement.Relative to live weight, intake increased rapidly until c. 10 weeks of age and remained relatively constant at c. 37 g DM/kg W per day for the remainder of the experiment. Age had no effect on in vivo digestibility of organic matter (OM) or neutral detergent fibre (NDF) (average 0·69).The proportion of digestible organic matter apparently digested in the rumen (DOMADR) decreased from 0·63 to 0·47 between 8 and 24 weeks of age whilst intake between these measurement periods increased. Nonammonia N (NAN) flow past the abomasum was similar at all ages in relation to digestible organic matter intake (55·1 g NAN/kg DOMI) but was higher at 16 and 24 weeks of age than at 8 and 12 weeks of age, respectively, in relation to organic matter apparently digested in the rumen (OMADR) (116 and 85 g NAN/kg OMADR, respectively, P < 0·05).Fractional outflow rate of digesta markers from the rumen, when estimated from abomasal digesta, was significantly higher than when estimated from faeces (103Ru-p 0·121 v. 0·09; 51Cr-EDTA 0·169 v. 0·111/h; P > 0·05).It was concluded that cannulation did not affect intake and digestion characteristics in these young lambs. The changes in the site of nutrient digestion as the animals aged may have been due to agerelated changes in digestive function but appeared to be associated with the increase in intake that occurred between measurement periods of the cannulated lambs.
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de Vega, A., J. Gasa, C. Castrillo, and J. A. Guada. "Passage through the rumen and the large intestine of sheep estimated from faecal marker excretion curves and slaughter trials." British Journal of Nutrition 80, no. 4 (October 1998): 381–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114598001445.
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External digesta markers (Yb-labelled diets and Co-EDTA) were given orally as a pulse dose to four pairs of Rasa Aragonesa twin ewe lambs, fed on either chopped or ground and pelleted lucerne hay, in order to estimate slow (k1) and fast (k2) rates of passage of liquid and solid phase from faecal marker excretion curves. After the faecal sampling period daily doses of the same markers were infused continuously for 5 d and the animals slaughtered. Concentrations of markers in the different compartments of the gut were determined and used to calculate mean retention times. The results showed that the rumen and the large intestine were the two main mixing compartments of the gut, accounting for more than 95% of total mean retention time. Rates of passage estimated from faecal marker excretion did not accurately represent marker kinetics in the compartments of the gut derived from slaughter data. Accuracy in the estimation of fractional outflow rate from rumen (kR) by k1 was higher for low values of kR whereas k2consistently overestimated large intestine outflow rate (kLI), especially for high values of kR. The relationship between outflow rates from the main two mixing compartments was important in influencing the accuracy of prediction of faecal estimates.
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Pond, W. G., K. R. Pond, W. C. Ellis, and J. H. Matis. "Markers for Estimating Digesta Flow in Pigs and the Effects of Dietary Fiber1." Journal of Animal Science 63, no. 4 (October 1, 1986): 1140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas1986.6341140x.
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TEETER, T. G., M. O. SMITH, and S. SARANI. "Comparison of Ferric Oxide and Ytterbium Chloride as Digesta Markers in Broiler Chicks." Poultry Science 64, no. 12 (December 1985): 2392–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0642392.
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Combs, D. K., and L. D. Satter. "Determination of Markers in Digesta and Feces by Direct Current Plasma Emission Spectroscopy." Journal of Dairy Science 75, no. 8 (August 1992): 2176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(92)77977-6.
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Rooke, J. A., H. A. Greife, and D. G. Armstrong. "The digestion by cattle of silage-containing diets fed at two dry matter intakes." British Journal of Nutrition 53, no. 3 (May 1985): 691–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19850078.
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1. In a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment four cattle were given in two meals per d diets consisting of (g/kg dry matter (DM)) 500 barley, 400 grass silage and 100 soya-bean meal. The diets were given at either 1.15 (L) or 2.3 times (H) maintenance energy requirements and the soya-bean meal was either untreated (U) or formaldehydetreated (T).2. A 24 h collection of duodenal digesta and a 7 d collection of faeces were made using chromium sesquioxide for flow estimation and 35S as a marker of microbial nitrogen entering the small intestine. Samples of rumen fluid were also taken for estimation of lumen pH, ammonia and volatile fatty acid concentrations.3. Spot samples of duodenal digesta were obtained after administration of Cr2O3,-mordanted silage-fibre and soya-bean meal, to determine the rates of outflow of these markers from the rumen. Similar samples were also obtained after cessation of a continuous intraruminal infusion of ruthenium phenanthroline, 35S and CoEDTA.4. Incubations of each feedingstuff in porous synthetic fibre (psf) bags were carried out in the rumen and the rates of N disappearance from the bags determined.5. Increasing DM intake significantly ( P < 0.001) increased the quantities of organic matter (OM), total N and amino acid-N entering the small intestine and amounts subsequently voided in the faeces. Apparent digestibilities of OM and N were unaffected by DM intake; the proportions of total digestible OM digested in the rumen were significantly lower (P < 0.01) at the higher level of DM intake.6. Formaldehyde treatment of the soya-bean meal increased the quantities of N entering the small intestine; these increases were not significant.7. Increased DM intake increased the quantities of both microbial N (P < 0.001) and undegraded feed N (P < 0.01) entering the small intestine; HCHO-treatment also significantly (P < 0.05) increased the quantities of undegraded feed N entering the small intestine. The efficiency of microbial N synthesis within the lumen was not significantly affected by dietary treatments whereas apparent feed N degradability was reduced significantly ( P < 0.05) both by increasing DM intake and by HCHO-treatment of the soya-bean meal.8. Rates of disappearance of N from psf bags in the rumen were different for different feedingstuffs. However, for a given feedingstuff, the rate of N disappearance was not affected by the diets fed.9. The rates of decline in marker concentrations measured in duodenal digesta were significantly increased as DM intake increased with the exception of Cr2O2-soya-bean meal. The markers could be ranked (P < 0.05) in the following order of increasing outflow rate: ruthenium phenanthroline, 35S-labelled amino acids and Cr2O2-silage fibre < Cr2O3-soya-bean meal < CoEDTA.10. Estimates of the degradabilities of feedingstuffs were calculated from N disappearance rates from psf bags and either experimentally determined outflow rates or those proposed by the Agricultural Research Council (1984). Such estimates for the degradability of the whole diet were then compared with those determined in vivo using 35S as a marker.
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Terrill, T. H., G. C. Waghorn, D. J. Woolley, W. C. Mcnabb, and T. N. Barry. "Assay and digestion of 14C-labelled condensed tannins in the gastrointestinal tract of sheep." British Journal of Nutrition 72, no. 3 (September 1994): 467–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19940048.
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Three experiments were conducted to determine the fate of condensed tannins (CT) during digestion in sheep. CT were measured as extractable, protein-bound and fibre-bound fractions using the butanol-HCI procedure. In Expt 1, purified CT were added to digesta from different parts of the digestive tract obtained from a pasture-fed sheep. Recoveries of CT after 0 and 4 h of anaerobic incubation at 39° averaged: rumen 78.9 and 57.5 %; abomasum 50.9 and 49.0 %; duodenum 64.4 and 46.0 % and ileum 43.4 and 38.8%. In Expt 2, [14C]CT was given per abomasum over a 6.5 h period at 15 min intervals to a sheep previously fed on Lotus pedunculatus (which contains CT). The sheep was killed at the end of the period and 92.4% of the label was recovered. Virtually all of the label was in the digesta, and none was detected in the blood, so that the CT-carbon appeared not to be absorbed from the small intestine. In Expt 3, rumen, abomasal and ileal digesta and faeces samples from sheep fed on Lotus pedunculatus were analysed for CT and CT flow along the digestive tract calculated from reference to indigestible markers. Values were low in all digesta samples, indicating disappearance of CT across the rumen and small intestine, and CT recovery in faeces was only about 15% of intake. However, the 14C results from Expt 2 suggested that little if any CT-carbon was absorbed and the low recoveries in Expt 1 are considered to be a consequence of either conformational changes to the CT molecule such that it is no longer detectable by colorimetric methods, an inability of the analytical method to release bound CT for the butanol–HCI assay, or interference from other digesta constituents. It is concluded that the butanol–HCI method of CT analysis is appropriate for quantifying CT in herbages but not in digesta or faeces, and that a substantial part of CT released during protein digestion in the small intestine may not be detectable by normal CT analytical methods.
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Bruchem, J. van, F. Kamphuis, I. Janssen, S. C. W. Lammers-Wienhoven, G. A. Bangma, and J. van den Hoek. "Tritiated hay and chromium-mordanted neutral-detergent fibre as particulate markers for digesta kinetics in the reticulo-rumen." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 38, no. 1 (March 1, 1990): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v38i1.16606.
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Third cut wilted grass was ensiled and fed to 4 rumen cannulated Texel wethers at 883 or 1248 g DM daily in 6 equal portions with 4-h intervals. Passage of the reticulo-ruminal particulate phase to the lower gut was estimated with chromium-mordanted neutral-detergent fibre (CrNDF) and tritium-labelled hay as markers, the latter subject to both passage and reticulo-ruminal degradation. Fractional passage rates (kp) were deduced from faecal marker excretion curves. For CrNDF and tritium, kp averaged 2.44 (s.e.m. 0.19) and 3.38 (s.e.m. 0.20) %/h, respectively; difference was significant. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
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Barry, TN, GJ Faichney, and Carolyn Redekopp. "Gastro-intestinal Tract Function in Sheep Infused with Somatostatin." Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 38, no. 4 (1985): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bi9850393.
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The effect of a 5-day continuous intravenous infusion of somatostatin (4�6 ng min- I kg-I) was studied, using anoestrous ewes given 791 g dry matter per day of a 60: 40 lucerne hay: oat grain pelleted diet from a continuously moving belt. 5ICr-EDTA, I03Ru-phenanthroline and lignin were used as markers to determine digesta mean retention times (MRT) by a continuous infusion-total sampling procedure.
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Ahvenjärvi, Seppo, Aila Vanhatalo, Pekka Huhtanen, and Tuomo Varvikko. "Determination of reticulo-rumen and whole-stomach digestion in lactating cows by omasal canal or duodenal sampling." British Journal of Nutrition 83, no. 1 (January 2000): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114500000106.
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Four ruminally and duodenally cannulated multiparous Finnish Ayrshire cows were fed on diets consisting of grass silage (0·6 kg/kg DM) and one of four concentrates: barley, barley + urea, barley + rapeseed meal and barley + rapeseed cake. The objective of the present study was to compare omasal canal and duodenal digesta flows. Values for digesta flow into the omasal canal and duodenum were determined using a triple-marker method based on Co-EDTA, Yb-acetate and indigestible neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) markers. Microbial non-NH3 N (NAN) flow was assessed by purine flow. Microbial samples to determine the bacterial purine: N ratio were harvested from the rumen, omasum and duodenum. Organic matter flow was significantly lower into the omasum than the duodenum, indicating an endogenous organic matter secretion into the abomasum. In contrast, NDF and acid-detergent fibre flows were significantly higher into the omasum indicating digestion of fibre in the omasum. Microbial NAN flows were significantly different (P < 0·001) when estimates were based on bacterial samples harvested from different sites. Differences in total NAN, microbial NAN and dietary NAN flows entering the omasal canal and duodenum were non-significant. The results indicated that the omasal sampling technique provides a promising alternative to the duodenal sampling technique to investigate forestomach digestion in dairy cows and offers an alternative means to study rumen N metabolism.
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Dove, H., and RW Mayes. "The use of plant wax alkanes as marker substances in studies of the nutrition of herbivores: a review." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 42, no. 6 (1991): 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9910913.
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This review discusses the potential use of plant wax components, especially n-alkanes, as markers for estimating herbage intake, estimating the botanical composition of consumed herbage and studying digesta kinetics. Previous approaches to making these measurements are discussed briefly. Attention is drawn to the fact that current methods for estimating intake do not adequately allow for differences between individual animals. It is also suggested that the markers currently used to estimate botanical composition or study digesta kinetics are inadequate. The nature of the chemical constituents of plant waxes is briefly discussed and the concept of using alkanes to estimate intake is introduced. Particular emphasis is given to the fact that although the recovery of alkanes in faeces is not complete, intake can still be estimated using a pair of alkanes (one natural, one dosed) provided these have similar faecal recoveries. The accuracy of estimation of intake is discussed in terms of: obtaining a representative sample of herbage; alkane dosing and faecal sampling procedures; validity of the assumption of similar recoveries for the natural and dosed alkanes; sample preparation and analysis. Published comparisons of estimated and actual intakes are presented, with the conclusion that satisfactory results are obtained if intake is estimated using natural C33 alkane and dosed C32 alkane. The use of the different patterns of alkanes in herbage species, as a means of estimating botanical composition, is then discussed. Results are presented showing this can be done successfully with herbage mixtures or oesophageal extrusa. Procedures are then described for making the corrections for incomplete faecal alkane recovery, necessary to estimate the botanical composition of the herbage consumed by the free-grazing animal. This allows the quantification of the intake of individual plant species by individual animals, and it is suggested that this can be achieved without the need for oesophageally-fistulated (OF) animals. Differences in alkane levels between plant parts within a species are then discussed. It is suggested that these can lead to error in the estimation of intake, if OF animals should consume plant parts different from those consumed by the test animals. However, it is also suggested that differences in alkane levels between plant parts can be used to quantify the intake of these parts, in a manner analogous to the estimation of the intake of individual plant species. The usefulness of alkanes in studies of digesta kinetics is then discussed, principally in relation to the natural alkanes, which remain intimately associated with plant particles in the gut. It is suggested that natural alkanes could prove excellent markers for studies of particle breakdown and digesta flow. The preparation of natural 14C-labelled alkane, for use as a pulse dose in mean retention time studies, is also discussed.
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Kennedy, P. M. "Influences of cold exposure on digestion of organic matter, rates of passage of digesta in the gastrointestinal tract, and feeding and rumination behaviour in sheep given four forage diets in the chopped, or ground and pelleted form." British Journal of Nutrition 53, no. 1 (January 1985): 159–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19850020.
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1. Sixteen sheep, each fitted with cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum, were given four diets in the chopped or ground and pelleted form, at fixed intakes at intervals of 2 h. The sheep were closely shorn and exposed to temperatures of 22–25° or 1–4° for four periods of 45 d. Flow of duodenal digesta by reference to the markers CoEDTA and 103Ru-phenanthroline, chewing behaviour and particle size of rumen and duodenal digesta were measured.2. Apparent digestibility of organic matter (OM) in the gastrointestinal tract was depressed (P < 0.05) by grinding and pelleting the diet, and by exposure of sheep to cold ambient temperatures. This was attributable to depression (P < 0.01) by 0.1 of OM digestion in the reticulo-rumen. No effects on intestinal digestion of OM were observed.3. Cold ambient temperatures did not affect the content, but increased the rate of digestion for pelleted diets but not for chopped diets, of potentially-degradable cell-wall constituents of ground dietary material incubated in nylon-bags in the rumen.4. Retention times of markers of the particulate and liquid phases of rumen digesta were not significantly (P < 0.05) affected by ambient temperature, despite significant (P < 0.001) increases in the rate of contraction of the reticulum. Retention time of 103Ru-phenanthroline in the intestines was not affected by cold exposure.5. Cold exposure was associated with depression (P < 0.05) of volatile fatty acids concentration in the rumen and elevated (P < 0.05) pH. Molar proportions of acetic and isovaleric acid were reduced (P < 0.01), accompanied by increased (P < 0.001) proportions of propionic acid during cold exposure.6. Cold exposure and pelleting of the diets were both associated with reduction in digesta particle size in the rumen. Duodenal particle size was not affected by cold exposure. Pelleting of the diet markedly reduced (P < 0.001) duration of chewing and number of chews/d during eating and rumination. Cold exposure of sheep resulted in a faster (P < 0.01) rate of eating of the diets.7. When allowed to express their voluntary feed consumption during a 10 d period, intakes of chopped diets were increased by 0.13 (P < 0.01) by cold exposure, in contrast to lack of significant change in sheep given pellets.8. The results did not support the hypothesis that the effect of cold exposure on digestion was dependent on the physical form of the diet given at fixed intake, but did indicate that increased voluntary feed consumption was a result of increased clearance of digesta from the rumen throdgh decreased rumen particle size and increased reticulum motility.
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S. Chikunya and E. L. Miller. "Effects of source of bacterial isolate and microbial marker on the magnitude of absolute values of microbial nitrogen yield in sheep." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1999 (1999): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200001848.
Full textAbstract:
Microbial protein is the most variable and uncertain element of current systems of evaluating protein requirements for ruminants. The variability is partly a result of the multiplicity of techniques used to quantify microbial nitrogen (MN) yield and partly due to unrepresentative sampling of microbial cells. In a number of studies in the literature it is tacitly assumed that marker:N ratios in rumen liquid associated bacteria (LAB), solid associated bacteria (SAB) and duodenal digesta bacteria (DDB) are identical. Under ordinary feeding conditions ruminal SAB are numerically predominant and may comprise 50-75% of the total microbiota (Mitsumori and Minato, 1997). This study highlights the variations in chemical composition in LAB, SAB and DDB and their implications in estimating microbial growth. The study also simultaneously compares four microbial markers in vivo.
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Jagger, S., J. Wiseman, D. J. A. Cole, and J. Craigon. "Evaluation of inert markers for the determination of ileal and faecal apparent digestibility values in the pig." British Journal of Nutrition 68, no. 3 (November 1992): 729–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19920129.
Full textAbstract:
A series of experiments was designed to evaluate inert markers employed in studies of ileal and faecal apparent digestibilities of nitrogen and amino acids in pigs fitted with simple ‘T’ piece cannulas. Trial 1 assessed the palatability of diets containing (a) 5 g chromic oxide/kg, (b) 1 and (c) 5 g titanium dioxide/kg at two levels of feeding. The results indicated that there were slight problems in terms of period of feed consumption associated with diets (a) and (c), but that these effects were transitory and disappeared following acclimatization, although higher levels of feeding may compound the problem. Trial 2 estimated N balance, faecal apparent digestibility of amino acids as determined by both total collection and ratio of markers, ileal apparent digestibility of amino acids and recovery of markers using diets containing (a) 1 and (b) 5 g Cr2O3/kg, (c) 1 and (d) 5 g TiO2/kg. An additional assessment of acid-insoluble lignin present within the diet was also undertaken. Cr2O3 was associated with the lowest recovery, whilst calculations based on TiO2 gave lower standard errors. Trial 3 examined diurnal variation in digesta sampling and its effect on faecal apparent digestibility of N and amino acids. There were no evident effects. In general, it was concluded that the most appropriate marker to use in studies of this nature was TiO2 at a rate of 1 g/kg.
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Goodman-Lowe, Gwen D., Shannon Atkinson, and James R. Carpenter. "Initial defecation time and rate of passage of digesta in adult Hawaiian monk seals, Monachus schauinslandi." Canadian Journal of Zoology 75, no. 3 (March 1, 1997): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-053.
Full textAbstract:
In an effort to gain a better understanding of the digestive physiology of the Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus schauinslandi, we measured initial defecation time and rate of passage of digesta using chromic oxide (Cr2O3) and frozen corn kernels as markers. Initial defecation time ranged from 9,5 to 19 h (mean 14 ± 4,8 h), which was a longer period of time than that reported for any other pinniped. The rate of passage of digesta measured using a single-pulse dose of Cr2O3 was approximately 39 h for two of the three seals, which is also longer than that reported for other pinnipeds. Possible reasons for these longer rates include morphological and physiological differences, age of the seals, and feeding regime. Percent Cr2O3 recovery was low (52.7–74.8%), reflecting the difficulty in collecting liquid stools. Levels of protein and ash (dry matter basis) were 21.70 and 34.79%, respectively, which reflects the high protein and mineral contents of the herring diet. This study yielded essential base-line data that will provide further insight into the digestive physiology of the Hawaiian monk seal.
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Oliveira, Dimas Estrasulas de, Sérgio Raposo de Medeiros, Luis Orlindo Tedeschi, Luís Januário Magalhães Aroeira, and Sila Carneiro da Silva. "Estimating forage intake of lactating dual-purpose cows using chromium oxide and n-alkanes as external markers." Scientia Agricola 64, no. 2 (2007): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162007000200001.
Full textAbstract:
The n-alkanes have been used to estimate forage dry matter intake, digestibility and the diet composition in grazing animals. The objective this study was to compare chromium oxide and n-alkanes techniques used to estimate forage intake. Twenty lactating dual-purpose cows receiving two sources of fat (treatments: conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) or Megalac (control)) plus 4 kg of concentrate were dosed with n-alkanes and chromium oxide to estimate the intake of stargrass (Cynodon nlemfüensis Vanderyst var. nlemfüensis). The in vitro dry matter (DM) digestibility of the stargrass and concentrate were used to estimate the nutritive value of the digesta. The n-alkanes between C23 and C36 were quantified in the digesta and feces. The regression between metabolizable energy requirement (MEr, Mcal d-1) and supply derived from forage DM intake estimated using chromium oxide was ME IntakeCr = 19.1 + 0.62 MEr (R² = 0.27) and the same relationship estimated using C35:C36 n-alkane ratio was ME IntakeC35:C36 = 9.3 + 0.77 MEr (R² = 0.52). There was a treatment effect on fecal concentration of chromium oxide with daily and period variations. For the n-alkane technique, treatment and period effects and a linear effect of day of collection on the fecal concentrations of C35 were found. For C36 fecal concentrations, there was a treatment effect and a quadratic effect of collection day. There was no treatment effect on the fecal concentration of the C35:C36 ratio, but a period effect and a linear effect of day of collection were found. Estimates of daily intake using the two markers were different, but those obtained using the C35:C36 pair of n-alkanes were more precise than those obtained using chromium oxide and in vitro digestibility. Management of experimental animals could have influenced the concentration of markers in the feces, determining variations and inconsistencies that partially explain the inaccuracy of the estimates.
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Ivan, M., K. M. Koenig, D. P. Morgavi, L. M. Rode, C. J. Newbold, and T. Entz. "Duodenal flow and digestibility in fauna-free sheep and in sheep monofaunated with Entodinium caudatum or Polyplastron multivesiculatum." British Journal of Nutrition 95, no. 3 (March 2006): 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20051665.
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Three groups of five rumen and duodenum cannulated fauna-free sheep were used in a 28d experiment. One group remained fauna-free, whereas the second (EN) and third (PP) groups, respectively, were inoculated intraruminally with the protozoan species Entodinium caudatum and Polyplastron multivesiculatum. Rumen fluid, duodenal digesta and faecal samples were collected during the last 12d. The flow of digesta to the duodenum was determined using Yb and Co as dual-phase markers. 15Nitrogen and phosphatidylcholine were used as markers to calculate the duodenal flow of bacterial and protozoal N, respectively. Results showed an increase (P<0·1) in the rumen concentration of NH3-N and total volatile fatty acids, and a decrease (P<0·05) in the duodenal flow of non-NH3-N and bacterial N in sheep with EN and PP monofaunas, compared with fauna-free sheep. There were no differences (P>0·05) in these variables between the two monofauna groups. Protozoal N accounted for 8% of the duodenal non-NH3-N flow in the EN-monofaunated sheep, whereas no such flow was detected in the PP-monofaunated sheep. Apparent rumen digestibility of organic matter, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre were similar (P>0·05) in the monofaunated groups of sheep, but rumen acid detergent fibre digestibility was higher (P<0·05) in the monofaunated than in the fauna-free groups. Experimental results suggested that, unlike EN, the PP monofauna might not contribute to the duodenal flow of microbial protein, whereas both monofaunas showed a virtually equal degree of predation on rumen bacteria.
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France, J., R. C. Siddons, M. S. Dhanoa, and J. H. M. Thornley. "A unifying mathematical analysis of methods to estimate rumen volume using digesta markers and intraruminal sampling." Journal of Theoretical Biology 150, no. 2 (May 1991): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5193(05)80328-5.
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Hume, I. D., M. J. Runcie, and J. M. Caton. "Digestive Physiology of the Ground Cuscus (Phalanger gymnotis), a New Guinean Phalangerid Marsupial." Australian Journal of Zoology 45, no. 6 (1997): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo97037.
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Digestive-tract morphology and function were studied in the ground cuscus (Phalanger gymnotis), reported to be the most frugivorous of eight species of New Guinean phalangerid marsupials. When offered a mixed diet of fruit and foliage, captive animals selected a diet of more than 90% fruit. Fibre digestibility was low and variable, but apparent digestibilities of both dry matter (90%) and energy (87%) were high, and intake of digestible energy was similar to that of the Australian phalangerid Trichosurus vulpecula (common brushtail possum) in captivity. The small intestine of P. gymnotis was the longest and heaviest region of the gastrointestinal tract, but the stomach contained more digesta. The total nitrogen content of digesta was low in the stomach and small intestine, but increased four-fold in the hindgut, because of microbial activity. No difference in nitrogen concentration or in the proportions of small or medium particles was found along the hindgut, but the caecum contained a smaller proportion of large particles than the distal colon. The transit time of a large particle marker was much longer than that of a solute marker, but mean retention times (MRTs) of the two markers did not differ. Both transit times and MRTs were long relative to those reported in T. vulpecula. Although fermentation rates in the caecum and proximal colon were similar to those in T. vulpecula on a foliage diet, fluid volumes were less than one-third those of T. vulpecula, and, consequently, daily production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) was less than half that in T. vulpecula, and contributed only 5% of digestible energy intake (v. 15% in T. vulpecula). These results are consistent with reports that the natural diet of P. gymnotis is based largely on fruit rather than on foliage.
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Munn, Adam, Mathew Stewart, Elizabeth Price, Alice Peilon, Tom Savage, Irene Van Ekris, and Marcus Clauss. "Comparison of gut fill in sheep (Ovis aries) measured by intake, digestibility, and digesta retention compared with measurements at harvest." Canadian Journal of Zoology 93, no. 10 (October 2015): 747–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2014-0314.
Full textAbstract:
Gut capacity is an important factor in digestive physiology and is often measured as dry matter fill (DMF) following dissection, which prevents repeated measures in the same animal. It was proposed to calculate DMF from food intake, digestibility, and gut mean retention time (MRT), but empirical tests of this are few. We calculated DMF from intake, digestibility, and the MRT of small-particle (1 mm) and large-particle (20 mm) markers in 20 sheep (Ovis aries L., 1758) fed at different intake levels and compared results with DMF at dissection at the end of the feeding trial. MRT for smaller particles was significantly shorter than for larger particles (34.4 ± 6.1 vs. 42.5 ± 7.6 h, respectively). Correspondingly, DMF calculated from smaller particles (0.98 ± 0.27 kg) was significantly lower than DMF calculated from larger particles (1.20 ± 0.30 kg). The latter was not significantly different from DMF measured at dissection (1.18 ± 0.34 kg). These results suggest that DMF can be estimated from measures of digestive physiology. The choice of particle marker to determine MRT is crucial for the accuracy of the proxy. In ruminants, where small particles are consistently eliminated faster than larger particles, considerations of marker particle size are particularly important.
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Carro, M. D., and E. L. Miller. "Comparison of microbial markers (15N and purine bases) and bacterial isolates for the estimation of rumen microbial protein synthesis." Animal Science 75, no. 2 (October 2002): 315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800053078.
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AbstractThe first objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of using different bacterial isolates on the estimation of microbial protein production in semi-continuous fermenters (RUSITEC) given four diets, and to test whether a ‘mixed’ bacterial pellet was representative of the whole bacterial population in the fermenters. A second objective was to compare two different microbial markers (nitrogen-fifteen (15N) and purine bases (PB)). Diets consisted of neutral-detergent fibre from grass hay (10 g/day) and sugar-beet pulp (2 g/day) and 280 mg/day of one of four N forms (isolated soya-bean protein, soya-bean peptides, amino acids blended to profile soya-bean protein and NH4Cl). Two 14-day incubation runs were carried out and in each run each of the four different diets were given to two vessels. On days 12 and 13, total digesta (effluent plus nylon bags residues) was collected for analyses of non-ammonia N,15N enrichment and PB concentration, and for isolation of total mixed bacterial pellets (TB). On the last day of each incubation run, the system was stopped for isolation of liquid- (LAB) and solid-associated (SAB) bacteria. Microbial N flow was estimated from the15N enrichment and PB concentration in both total digesta and in the three different bacterial pellets (TB, LAB, and SAB). For all diets, LAB presented a greater (P < 005)15N enrichment and PB: N ratio than SAB, with TB having an intermediate value. For both markers, the use of LAB produced the lowest (P < 005) estimates of microbial N flow and the use of SAB produced the greatest (P < 005) estimates. The use of TB produced intermediate values with all diets, suggesting that TB consisted of SAB and LAB. For all bacterial pellets, PB produced greater (P 005) values of microbial N flow than15N. However, there was a positive relationship (r = 0·883; P 0001; no. = 15) between the values of microbial N flow determined with the two markers when TB were used as reference.