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1

Mawunya, M., I. K. Dzomeku, I. Baba, and M. Abudulai. "Evaluation of the Efficacy of Some Pre-Emergence Herbicides in Cotton (Gossypium Spp.) in Northern Ghana." International Journal of Irrigation and Agricultural Development (IJIRAD) 1, no. 1 (January 24, 2018): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.47762/2017.964x.25.

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A field experiment was conducted at the Savanna Agricultural Research Institute to investigate the effects of pre-emergence herbicides for weed control in cotton during the 2014 and 2015 cropping seasons. The study determined the effects of different rates of three novel cotton herbicides with different formulations on weeds, yield components and yield of seed cotton, applied as pre-emergence. The treatments were laid out in randomized complete block design with four replications and consisted of Diflufenican + Flufenicent and Diflufenican + Flufenicent + Flurtamone as 500SC formulations of each and applied at the rate of 0.3, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 l/ha, whilst Diflufenican + Flufenicent + Flurtamone as 200SC formulation was applied at 0.4, 0.5, 0.8, and 1.0L/ha. A reference herbicide + product with active ingredients Promotrin + Metolachlor applied at 3.0l /ha and untreated weedy and weed free checks were included. Results showed that. Diflufenican + Flufenicent + as 200SC applied at 0.8 l/ha gave the lowest weed dry weight (65.0 g/m2) similar to the reference herbicide (189.4 g/m2) and Diflufenican + Flufenicent + Flurtamone as 200SC applied at 0.8 l/ha (144.8 g/m2), whilst weedy check gave highest (548.7 kg/m2). Consequently, Diflufenican+ Flufenicent applied at 0.8 l/ha gave significantly (p<0.05) the highest number of bolls and number of opened bolls than the reference herbicide; but similar to weed free. Diflufenican + Flufenicent +Flurtamone as 500SC, applied at 1.0 l/ha supported tallest plants similar to Diflufenican + Flufenicent + Flurtamone as 200SC at 0.4 and 0.6 l/ha and Diflufenican + Flufenicent as 500SC applied at 0.6 and 0.8 l/ha and better than the reference herbicide. Diflufenican+ Flufenicent as 500SC applied at 0.8L/ha (81.3 %), Diflufenican + Flufenicent + Flurtamone as 500SC at 0.8 l/ha (78.7 %) and the reference herbicide (76.3 %) did better (90 %) than weed free. Generally, early control of weeds with the tested herbicides using 0.4 to 1.0 l/ha minimized weed growth and supported high seed cotton yields.
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2

Madrigal Monárrez, Ismael, Pierre Benoit, Enrique Barriuso, Benoît Réal, Alain Dutertre, Michel Moquet, Maria Trejo Hernández, and Laura Ortíz Hernández. "Pesticide sorption and desorption from soils having different land use." Ingeniería e Investigación 28, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v28n3.15127.

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This study was carried out within the framework of a multidisciplinary project for evaluating buffer zones for combating pesticide contamination of surface water. Such areas are effective in removing pesticides transported by run-off; however, little information is available about the fate of the pesticides so intercepted. Two herbicides having contrasting properties (isoproturon, moderately hydrophobic (log Kow = 2.5), diflufenican, strongly hydrophobic (log Kow = 4.9)) and isopropylaniline (an isoproturon metabolite) were used for characterising sorption and desorption from soil having three different land uses: grass buffer strip, woodland and cultivated plot. The experiments were carried out in controlled laboratory conditions using isoproturon labelled with 14C in the benzene ring. The results demonstrated that diflufenican and isopropilaniline retention was more significant than isoproturon in three soils. The three molecules’ Kd values revealed that isoproturon and diflufenicanil retention was more important in woodland soil where carbon content was more significant (ZB 0-2: Kd IPU = 15.1 Ls kg-1; Kd DFF = 169.2 Ls kg-1). Isopropilanilina Kd was higher in grass buffer strip soil (BE 0-2: Kd IPA = 53.1 L kg-1). These differences were related to different organic matter content and nature according to the type of land use.
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3

Stankiewicz-Kosyl, Marta, Mariola Wrochna, Maria Salas, and Stanislaw Waldemar Gawronski. "A strategy of chemical control of Apera spica-venti L. resistant to sulfonylureas traced on the molecular level." Journal of Plant Protection Research 57, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jppr-2017-0015.

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Abstract Three populations of silky bent grass (Apera spica-venti L.) were tested – one that is susceptible and two that are resistant to sulfonylureas. This study assessed the efficacy of control by different herbicides in a pot experiment and estimated the molecular status of resistance to sulfonylureas in analysed populations and its effect on the efficacy of different chemical treatments. The three most effective herbicide rotation schemes were: 1) chlorsulfuron + isoproturon, ethametsulfuron + metazachlor + quinmerac, chlorsulfuron + isoproturon; 2) prosulfocarb + diflufenican, ethametsulfuron + quizalofop-p-ethyl, prosulfocarb + diflufenican; 3) diflufenican + flufenacet, quizalofop-p-ethyl, diflufenican + flufenacet. In most cases it was more difficult to destroy 100% of the resistant population from Modgarby where the majority of plants had no mutation in the als gene. In the resistant population from Babin there were significantly more individuals with mutation in the als gene, therefore exhibiting target-site resistance.
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4

Książek-Trela, Paulina, Ewelina Bielak, Dominika Węzka, and Ewa Szpyrka. "Effect of Three Commercial Formulations Containing Effective Microorganisms (EM) on Diflufenican and Flurochloridone Degradation in Soil." Molecules 27, no. 14 (July 16, 2022): 4541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27144541.

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The aim of this study was to determine the influence of effective microorganisms (EM) present in biological formulations improving soil quality on degradation of two herbicides, diflufenican and flurochloridone. Three commercially available formulations containing EM were used: a formulation containing Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, and Rhodopseudomonas bacteria and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae; a formulation containing Streptomyces, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Rhodococcus, Cellulomonas, Arthrobacter, Paenibacillusa, and Pseudonocardia bacteria; and a formulation containing eight strains of Bacillus bacteria, B. megaterium, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. pumilus, B. licheniformis, B. coagulans, B. laterosporus, B. mucilaginosus, and B. polymyxa. It was demonstrated that those formulations influenced degradation of herbicides. All studied formulations containing EM reduced the diflufenican degradation level, from 35.5% to 38%, due to an increased acidity of the soil environment and increased durability of that substance at lower pH levels. In the case of flurochloridone, all studied EM formulations increased degradation of that active substance by 19.3% to 31.2% at the most. For control samples, equations describing kinetics of diflufenican and flurochloridone elimination were plotted, and a time of the half-life of these substances in laboratory conditions was calculated, amounting to 25.7 for diflufenican and 22.4 for flurochloridone.
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5

Tejada, Manuel. "Evolution of soil biological properties after addition of glyphosate, diflufenican and glyphosate+diflufenican herbicides." Chemosphere 76, no. 3 (July 2009): 365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.03.040.

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6

Gao, Chao, Hongchen Li, Miaochang Liu, Jinchang Ding, Xiaobo Huang, Huayue Wu, Wenxia Gao, and Ge Wu. "Regioselective C–H chlorination: towards the sequential difunctionalization of phenol derivatives and late-stage chlorination of bioactive compounds." RSC Adv. 7, no. 74 (2017): 46636–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra09939h.

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7

Ueyama, Y., Y. Hashimoto, R. Hasegawa, Y. Horita, and N. Matsuda. "Herbicidal efficacy of diflufenican/trifluralin granule." Journal of Weed Science and Technology 45, Supplement (2000): 224–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3719/weed.45.supplement_224.

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8

Seefeldt, S., E. Peters, M. L. Armstrong, and A. Rahman. "Crossresistance in chlorsulfuronresistant chickweed (Stellaria media)." New Zealand Plant Protection 54 (August 1, 2001): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2001.54.3714.

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In New Zealand chlorsulfuronresistant chickweed was discovered in 1995 Experiments were conducted in the field and glasshouse to determine whether these resistant plants were also cross and multipleresistant to other herbicides normally effective on chickweed A population of chlorsulfuronresistant chickweed growing in an oat crop near Winton in the South Island was treated with 13 different herbicides This population was not controlled by mecoprop methabenzthiazuron and pendimethalin and only partially controlled by bromoxynil ioxynil diflufenican isoproturon and diflufenican bromoxynil in the field trial Two followup glasshouse experiments using plants grown from seeds harvested from the surviving plants confirmed crossresistance to thifensulfuron and susceptibility to all the other herbicides including tribenuron
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9

Henderson, CWL, and MJ Webber. "Phytotoxicity of several pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicides to green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 5 (1993): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9930645.

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The phytotoxicity to green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) of the herbicides metolachlor, pendimethalin, cyanazine, acifluorfen, diflufenican, bentazone, metribuzin, prometryn, terbutryn, methabenzthiazuron, and oxyfluorfen was investigated in 4 experiments on a black earth soil (clay content 40-60%) at Gatton Research Station in southern Queensland during 1990-91. Metolachlor was applied post-sowing and pre-emergence; up to 4 kg a.i./ha did not significantly (P>0.05) affect growth or yields, indicating a considerable safety margin for this herbicide when used at commercial rates. Pendimethalin did not cause significant crop damage when applied in the same manner at rates up to 2.7 kg a.i./ha. Acifluorfen and diflufenican were each applied at 3 or 4 weeks after sowing in 3 experiments. Sensitivity of the bean crop to acifluorfen varied: 0.5 kg a.i./ha did not significantly reduce bean growth or yield in 2 experiments, but 0.11 kg a.i./ha reduced yields by 20% in a third experiment. Application of 0.1-0.12 kg a.i./ha of diflufenican had no adverse effect on beans in 2 experiments, although significant damage was observed in an initial screening experiment. Bentazone applied 3 weeks after sowing had no significant effect on bean yield or growth in 1 experiment; in another, the maximum label rate of 0.96 kg a.i./ha significantly reduced bean growth and yield. Post-emergence application of cyanazine, metribuzin, prometryn, terbutryn, methabenzthiazuron, or oxyfluorfen at rates required for acceptable weed control either killed the bean plants within a few days or resulted in complete yield loss. Levels of damage from these herbicides preclude their use in green beans. Although green beans showed some tolerance to postsowing, pre-emergence application of cyanazine, low rates of 0.75-1 kg a.i./ha reduced yields by 35%. Both metolachlor and pendimethalin appear suitable for pre-emergence use in green beans. Further work on factors affecting phytotoxicity of acifluorfen, diflufenican, and bentazone to green beans is required.
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10

Dear, B. S., and G. A. Sandral. "The phytotoxicity of the herbicides bromoxynil, pyridate, imazethapyr and a bromoxynil + diflufenican mixture on subterranean clover and lucerne seedlings." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39, no. 7 (1999): 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98182.

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Summary. The effect of the herbicides pyridate, imazethapyr and a bromoxynil + diflufenican mixture on subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) (cvv. Trikkala and Karridale) and lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) (cv. Aurora) seedlings was examined in randomised plot field experiments in 2 successive years. Responses were compared against an unsprayed control and a standard bromoxynil application. The herbicides and the rates of product applied were: bromoxynil + diflufenican (0.5, 1.0 L/ha), imazethapyr (0.18, 0.3 L/ha), pyridate (1.0, 3.0 L/ha), and bromoxynil (1.4 L/ha). Weeds were removed by hand from the subterranean clover experiments but not the lucerne experiments. Pyridate and imazethapyr were the least phytotoxic of the herbicides applied on both subterranean clover and lucerne. The bromoxynil + diflufenican mixture was the most phytotoxic, causing severe leaf burn and a depression in herbage biomass in both species. Despite the high level of phytotoxicity by some treatments, none of the herbicides reduced lucerne seedling numbers. Lucerne herbage yields in late spring were higher in most sprayed plots compared with the unsprayed control due to the removal of weed competition. Seed yield responses in subterranean clover due to herbicide application ranged from negative responses up to –21% with pyridate to positive responses up to 92% with the bromoxynil + diflufenican treatment relative to the weed-free, unsprayed control. The positive responses were attributed to increased availability of soil water during seed set in treatments in which herbicides suppressed legume biomass. There was a good correlation in both 1992 (R2 = 0.85–0.89) and 1993 (R2 = 0.63–0.73) between the depression in herbage yield in spring and the increase in seed set relative to the control. Soil water under the subterranean clover cultivar Karridale in spring was highest in the bromoxynil and imazethapyr treatments, which produced a large reduction in biomass, and lowest in the control and pyridate treatments, which had showed the least depression in biomass 60 days after treatment application. Although some herbicides cause a high level of phytotoxicity, their use in weedy subterranean clover–lucerne mixtures is justified in view of the small negative, and potentially large positive, effects on subterranean clover seed yield and the increased lucerne yields later in the season due to weed suppression.
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11

Walsh, Michael J., Stephen B. Powles, Brett R. Beard, Ben T. Parkin, and Sally A. Porter. "Multiple-herbicide resistance across four modes of action in wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum)." Weed Science 52, no. 1 (February 2004): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-03-016r.

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Populations of wild radish were collected from two fields in the northern Western Australian wheatbelt, where typical herbicide-use patterns had been practiced for the previous 17 seasons within an intensive crop production program. The herbicide resistance status of these populations clearly established that there was multiple-herbicide resistance across many herbicides from at least four modes of action. One population exhibited multiple-herbicide resistance to the phytoene desaturase (PDS)–inhibiting herbicide diflufenican (3.0-fold), the auxin analog herbicide 2,4-D (2.2-fold), and the photosystem II–inhibiting herbicides metribuzin and atrazine. Another population was found to be multiply resistant to the acetolactate synthase–inhibiting herbicides, the PDS-inhibiting herbicide diflufenican (2.5-fold), and the auxin analog herbicide 2,4-D amine (2.4-fold). Therefore, each population has developed multiple-herbicide resistance across several modes of action. The multiple resistance status of these wild radish populations developed from conventional herbicide usage in intensive cropping rotations, indicating a dramatic challenge for the future control of wild radish.
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12

Yang, Lijun, Dawei Wang, Dejun Ma, Di Zhang, Nuo Zhou, Jing Wang, Han Xu, and Zhen Xi. "In Silico Structure-Guided Optimization and Molecular Simulation Studies of 3-Phenoxy-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)pyridazines as Potent Phytoene Desaturase Inhibitors." Molecules 26, no. 22 (November 19, 2021): 6979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26226979.

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A series of novel 3-phenoxy-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)pyridazines 2–5 were designed, based on the structure of our previous lead compound 1 through the in silico structure-guided optimization approach. The results showed that some of these new compounds showed a good herbicidal activity at the rate of 750 g ai/ha by both pre- and post-emergence applications, especially compound 2a, which displayed a comparable pre-emergence herbicidal activity to diflufenican at 300–750 g ai/ha, and a higher post-emergence herbicidal activity than diflufenican at the rates of 300–750 g ai/ha. Additionally, 2a was safe to wheat by both pre- and post-emergence applications at 300 g ai/ha, showing the compound’s potential for weed control in wheat fields. Our molecular simulation studies revealed the important factors involved in the interaction between 2a and Synechococcus PDS. This work provided a lead compound for weed control in wheat fields.
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13

Knight, Heather, and Ralph C. Kirkwood. "Cuticular penetration of foliar-applied diflufenican inGalium aparineL." Pesticide Science 33, no. 3 (1991): 305–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.2780330305.

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14

ASHTON, I. P., K. E. PALLETT, D. J. COLE, and J. L. HARWOOD. "The effect of diflufenican on lipid metabolism in plants." Biochemical Society Transactions 19, no. 3 (August 1, 1991): 320S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst019320s.

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15

Wennberg, E., and L. Torstensson. "Gas-Chromatographic Methods for Determination of Diflufenican in Soil." International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 67, no. 1-4 (June 1997): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03067319708031395.

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16

Song, Liangcheng, Danyang Zhao, Shuguang Zhang, Xiao Zhang, Guan Wang, Chongqiang Zhu, Yu Tian, and Chunhui Yang. "Solubility of Diflufenican in Pure and Binary Solvent Systems." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 63, no. 11 (October 17, 2018): 4176–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jced.8b00632.

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17

Ashton, Ian P., Khalid O. Abulnaja, Kenneth E. Pallett, David J. Cole, and John L. Harwood. "Diflufenican, a carotenogenesis inhibitor, also reduces acyl lipid synthesis." Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 43, no. 1 (May 1992): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-3575(92)90014-q.

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18

Kieloch, Renata, and Henryka Rola. "Sensitivity of Winter Wheat Cultivars to Selected Herbicides." Journal of Plant Protection Research 50, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10045-010-0006-4.

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Sensitivity of Winter Wheat Cultivars to Selected HerbicidesThe experiments on tolerance of winter wheat cultivars to herbicides were performed under field conditions during 2003-2005 in the region of Wrocław (South-West of Poland). Five cultivars were examined (Zyta, Tonacja, Sukces, Clever, Kobra). Two herbicide mixtures: isoproturon + pendimethalin and diflufenican + flurtamon were applied in the autumn, in stage of 3-4 leaves. In the spring, when wheat reached stage of full tillering, the following herbicides were used: florasulam + 2.4-D and fluroxypyr + 2.4-D. Phytotoxicity of herbicides was determined on the base of plants vigour assessment, plants counting, yield and some yield components. During the experimental period, impact of the mixture pendimethalin + isoproturon on grain yield of Clever cultivar was observed only in the season with hard winter conditions (2002/2003). The remaining varieties: Zyta, Tonacja, Sukces and Kobra were completely tolerant to this herbicide mixture. Mild winter seasons did not show a negative influence of herbicides on grain yield of tested varieties. All cultivars showed a complete tolerance to diflufenican + flurfamon and florasulam + 2.4-D. The mixture fluroxypyr + 2.4-D caused ear deformation of all tested wheat cultivars, but did not affect negatively grain yield.
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19

Roberts, H. A., and W. Bond. "EVALUATION OF DIFLUFENICAN FOR WEED CONTROL IN DRILLED VEGETABLE CROPS." Annals of Applied Biology 108, S1 (April 1986): 96–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aab.1986.108.s1.96.

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20

Pèpe, G., G. Pfefer, R. Boistelle, and P. Marchal. "Diflufenican, N-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-2-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-3-pyridinecarboxamide." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 51, no. 12 (December 15, 1995): 2671–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s010827019500789x.

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21

Lecomte, Véronique, Enrique Barriuso, Louis-Marie Bresson, Caroline Koch, and Yves Le Bissonnais. "Soil Surface Structure Effect on Isoproturon and Diflufenican Loss in Runoff." Journal of Environmental Quality 30, no. 6 (November 2001): 2113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2001.2113.

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22

Pinto, Ana Paula, Ana Teresa Caldeira, Dora Martins Teixeira, Eunice Mestrinho, Ana Vitória Dordio, and Maria Do Carmo Romeiras. "Degradation of terbuthylazine, diflufenican and pendimethalin pesticides by Lentinula edodes cultures." Current Opinion in Biotechnology 22 (September 2011): S70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2011.05.201.

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23

Yukhymuk, V. V., M. P. Radchenko, S. K. Sytnyk, and Ye Yu Morderer. "Interaction effect in the tank mixtures of herbicides diflufenican, metribuzin and carfentrazone." Fiziologia rastenij i genetika 53, no. 6 (December 2021): 513–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/frg2021.06.513.

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24

Rouchaud, Jean, Fabrice Gustin, Michel Van Himme, Robert Bulcke, Frans Benoit, and Karel Maddens. "Metabolism of the herbicide diflufenican in the soil of field wheat crops." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 39, no. 5 (May 1991): 968–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf00005a034.

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25

Conte, Elisa, Giulia Morali, Massimo Galli, Giancarlo Imbroglini, and Christopher R. Leake. "Long-Term Degradation and Potential Plant Uptake of Diflufenican under Field Conditions." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 46, no. 11 (November 1998): 4766–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf980190l.

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26

Ashton, I. A., K. O. Abulnaja, K. E. Pallett, D. J. Cole, and J. L. Harwood. "The mechanism of inhibition of fatty acid synthase by the herbicide diflufenican." Phytochemistry 35, no. 3 (February 1994): 587–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)90566-1.

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27

Xu, Renjie, Chunjuan Huang, and Haixia Zhang. "Diflufenican Dissolved in Different Aqueous Cosolvency Mixtures: Equilibrium Solubility Measurement and Thermodynamic Modeling." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 65, no. 11 (October 1, 2020): 5516–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jced.0c00631.

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28

Delchev, G. "Sowing characteristics of the durum wheat seeds (Triticum durum Desf.) by use of some antigraminaceous and combined herbicides." Agricultural Science and Technology 14, no. 1 (March 2022): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/ast.2022.01.008.

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Abstract. The research was conducted during 2018 – 2020 on pelvic vertisol soil type. Under investigation was Bulgarian durum wheat cultivar Predel (Triticum durum Desf.). A total of 18 variants were investigated: hand weeded control, 4 antigraminaceous herbicides – Imaspro 7.5 EB (fenoxaprop-ethyl) – 1 l/ha, Sword 240 EC (clodinafop-propargyl) – 250 ml/ha, Traxos 50 EC (pinoxaden + clodinafop-propargyl) – 1.20 l/ha, Axial 050 EC (pinoxaden) – 900 ml/ha and 13 combined herbicides – Axial one (pinoxaden + florasulam) – 1 l/ha, Zerrate (clodinafop-propargyl + piroxulam) – 250 g/ha, Palace 75 WG (piroxulam) – 250 g/ha, Corello duo 85 WG (florasulam + piroxulam) – 250 g/ha, Hussar max OD (mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron) – 1 l/ha, Pacifica expert (amidosulfuron + iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium + mesosulfuron-methyl) – 500 g/ha, Atlantis flex 20.25 WG (mesosulfuron-methyl + propoxycarbazone sodium) – 330 g/ha, Tolurex 500 SC (chlorotoluron) – 4 l/ha, Constell (diflufenican + chlorotoluron) – 4.5 l/ha, Battle delta (flufenacet + diflufenican) – 600 ml/ha, Eagle 75 WG (chlorosulfuron) – 20 g/ha, Prol aqua (pendimethalin) – 3 l/ha, Krum (prosulfocarb) – 5 l/ha. All of the antigraminaceous herbicides and foliar-applied combined herbicides were treated during tillering stage of durum wheat. Soil-applied combined herbicides were treated during after sowing before emergence period of durum wheat. Combined herbicides Tolurex and Constell decreased significantly germination energy and laboratory seed germination of durum wheat seeds. Length of coleoptile was decreased by influence of herbicides Tolurex and Constell. Lengths of primary roots are decreased by influence of herbicides Tolurex, Constell, Krum and Battle delta. The investigated 4 antigraminaceous and 13 combined herbicides did not prove influence on waste grain quantity. Application of combined herbicides Tolurex and Constell after sowing before emergence period led to obtaining the lowest grain yields of durum wheat. Soil-applied combined herbicide Eagle led to obtaining the highest grain yields.
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Ekeleme, Friday, Alfred Dixon, Godwin Atser, Stefan Hauser, David Chikoye, Patience M. Olorunmaiye, Adeyemi Olojede, Sam Korie, and Stephen Weller. "Screening preemergence herbicides for weed control in cassava." Weed Technology 34, no. 5 (February 17, 2020): 735–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2020.26.

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AbstractWeed competition severely constrains cassava root yield in sub-Saharan Africa; thus, good weed control measures, including the use of herbicides, are increasingly important. Herbicide trials were conducted at five locations across eastern, western, and north-central Nigeria over two cropping seasons (2014 and 2015). Nineteen premixed PRE herbicides applied at different rates were evaluated for efficacy on weeds and selectivity on cassava. Manual hoe-weeding at 4, 8, and 12 wk after planting (WAP) and two S-metolachlor + atrazine treatments commonly used by cassava growers were included for comparison. Six of the 19 PRE herbicide treatments (indaziflam + isoxaflutole, indaziflam + metribuzin, flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone, isoxaflutole, acetochlor + atrazine + terbuthylazine, and terbuthylazine + S-metolachlor) consistently provided 80% to 98% broadleaf and grass weed control up to 8 wk after treatment. Overall, PRE herbicide treatments and cassava yield were significantly positively correlated. Herbicide treatments terbuthylazine + S-metolachlor, flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone, diflufenican + flufenacet + flurtamone (respectively, 60 + 60 + 60, 120 + 120 + 120, 90 + 360 + 120, and 135 + 360 + 180 g ha−1), acetochlor + atrazine + terbuthylazine (875 + 875 + 875 g ha−1), S-metolachlor + atrazine (870 + 1,110 g ha−1), oxyfluorfen (240 g ha−1), indaziflam + isoxaflutole (75 + 225 g ha−1), indaziflam + metribuzin (75 + 960 g ha−1), and aclonifen + isoxaflutole (500 + 75 g ha−1) contributed to yields exceeding twice the Nigerian national average of 8.76 tonnes ha−1. These treatments had root yields of 1.4 to 2 times higher than plots that had been hoe-weeded three times. There were some adverse herbicide treatment effects such as delayed cassava sprouting and temporary leaf bleaching observed in indaziflam and diflufenican + flufenacet + flurtamone treatments, whereas sulfentrazone caused prolonged leaf crinkling. The PRE applications alone at rates safe for cassava did not provide adequate season-long weed control; supplemental POST weed control is needed about 10 WAP for satisfactory season-long control.
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Barry, Paul, and Ken E. Pallett. "Herbicidal Inhibition of Carotenogenesis Detected by HPLC." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 45, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 492–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1990-0533.

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The target sites of three herbicides which inhibit carotenoid biosynthesis have been characterized using HPLC analysis of pigment extracts from two higher plant systems, carrot cell suspension cultures and barley seedlings. Diflufenican causes an accumulation of phytoene and phytofluene. Dichlormate causes accumulation of phytoene, phytofluene, ξ-carotene, neurosporene and β-zeacarotene. Amitrole causes accumulation of phytoene, phytofluene, β- γ- and δ-carotenes and lycopene. Significant differences in the geometric and hydroxylated natures of the accumulated precursors occurred between the carrot cell and dark- and light-grown barley. These differences are discussed with respect to both the target sites of the three carotenogenic herbicides and the biosynthetic pathway leading to carotenoid biosynthesis in higher plants.
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31

Rouchaud, J., F. Gustin, D. Callens, M. Van Himme, R. Bulcke, C. Roisin, L. Grevy, and Y. Raimond. "Past organic fertilizer treatments: Influence on the herbicide diflufenican soil metabolism in wheat crops." Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 42, no. 3-4 (April 1994): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02772249409358004.

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32

Miras-Moreno, Begoña, Maria Angeles Pedreño, Paul D. Fraser, Ana Belén Sabater-Jara, and Lorena Almagro. "Effect of diflufenican on total carotenoid and phytoene production in carrot suspension-cultured cells." Planta 249, no. 1 (August 6, 2018): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00425-018-2966-y.

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33

Dang, Hue T., Jenna M. Malone, Gurjeet Gill, and Christopher Preston. "Cross-resistance to diflufenican and picolinafen and its inheritance in oriental mustard (Sisymbrium orientaleL.)." Pest Management Science 75, no. 1 (July 30, 2018): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.5087.

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34

Chang, Hee-Ra, Hae-Rim Kang, Jong-Hwan Kim, Jung-A. Do, Jae-Ho Oh, Ki-Sung Kwon, Moo-Hyeog Im, and Kyun Kim. "Development of Analytical Method for the Determination and Identification of Unregistered Pesticides in Domestic for Orange and Brown Rice(I) -Chlorthal-dimethyl, Clomeprop, Diflufenican, Hexachlorobenzene, Picolinafen, Propyzamide-." Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture 31, no. 2 (June 30, 2012): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5338/kjea.2012.31.2.157.

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35

Rouchaud, J., F. Gustin, D. Callens, M. Van Himme, and R. Bulcke. "Effects of recent organic fertilizer treatment on herbicide diflufenican soil metabolism in winter wheat crops." Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 42, no. 3-4 (April 1994): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02772249409358003.

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36

Dang, Hue Thi, Jenna Moira Malone, Peter Boutsalis, Gurjeet Gill, and Christopher Preston. "The mechanism of diflufenican resistance and its inheritance in oriental mustard (Sisymbrium orientaleL.) from Australia." Pest Management Science 74, no. 6 (February 26, 2018): 1279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.4858.

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37

Sandmann, Gerhard, and Manuela Albrecht. "Accumulation of Colorless Carotenes and Derivatives during Interaction of Bleaching Herbicides with Phytoene Desaturation." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 45, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 487–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1990-0532.

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Colorless carotenoids were accumulated, analyzed and quantified in heterotrophically- grown Scenedesmus cultures treated with the bleaching herbicide norflurazon. By optical, IR and mass spectroscopy 15-cis as well as all-trans phytofluene, 15-cis phytoenes and traces of its all-trans isomer were identified. Furthermore, a phytoene epoxyde and several hydroxyphy- toenes were assigned. Comparing the concentrations of these phytoene derivatives in hetero-trophic cultures grown in darkness with those in light-grown autotrophic cells, an exchange of phytoene derivatives was observed. Levels of phytoene were much higher in the dark whereas concentrations of hydroxyphytoenes dominated in the light. Other herbicides like fluridone, diflufenican, and difunon accumulate the same colorless carotenoids including phytoene epoxyde and various hydroxyphytoenes. For all herbicides an almost constant hydroxyphytoene to phytoene epoxyde ratio was observed indicating an interrelated formation of both oxygenated phytoene derivatives which can be influenced by light conditions of the cultures.
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38

Yukhymuk, V. V., M. P. Radchenko, Zh Z. Guralchuk, and Ye Yu Morderer. "Efficacy of weed control by herbicides diflufenican, metribuzin and carfentrazone when applied in winter wheat crops in autumn." Fiziologia rastenij i genetika 54, no. 2 (April 2022): 148–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/frg2022.02.148.

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39

Sobiech, Łukasz, Andrzej Joniec, Barbara Loryś, Janusz Rogulski, Monika Grzanka, and Robert Idziak. "Autumn Application of Synthetic Auxin Herbicide for Weed Control in Cereals in Poland and Germany." Agriculture 13, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13010032.

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The biological efficacy of herbicides MCPA+tribenuron-methyl (code name: MT-565 SG) and diflufenican+chlorotoluron (Legato Pro 425 SC) was estimated in eighteen field experiments on winter cereals in Poland and Germany to control broadleaf weeds. Postemergence application of tribenuron-methyl in combination with MCPA, applied at the 3-leaf stage to 3 tillers detectable in autumn in winter cereals, resulted in the majority of weed species occurring in autumn being effectively eliminated with MCPA+tribenuron-methyl applied at 1.0 kg∙ha–1. It also provided an acceptable (82.4–94.1%) and comparable level of control to commonly occurring weeds Brassica napus, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Centaurea cyanus, Lamium purpureum, Tripleurospermum inodorum, Stellaria media, and Thlaspi arvense. A satisfactory level of control of 66.3 to 88.3% was confirmed for Veronica persica, Viola arvensis, and Galium aparine. According to these results, the formulation of tribenuron-methyl combined with MCPA can be recommended for application in winter cereals in the autumn as an alternative to commonly available herbicides.
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40

Lemerle, D., and RB Hinkley. "Tolerances of canola, field pea, lupin and faba bean cultivars to herbicides." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, no. 3 (1991): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9910379.

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The grain yield responses of cultivars of canola, field pea, lupin and faba bean to the recommended rates and twice the recommended rates of pre- and post-emergence herbicides were examined in field trials conducted at Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, from 1986 to 1989. Significant (P<0.05) reductions in grain yield of some field pea cultivars resulted from the recommended rate of registered post-emergence herbicides: Cressy Blue (22%), Derrimut (20%) and Dundale (13%) with metribuzin (0.23 kg a.i./ha); Wirrega (26%) with cyanazine (1.0 kg a.i./ha); Wirrega (15%) and Maitland (13%) with methabenzthiazuron (0.6 kg a.i./ha). The canola lines Hyola 30 and BLC 198-82 also had significant reductions in yield (16-19%) from the recommended rate of clopyralid (0.09 kg a.i./ha). There were differences in cultivar (or advanced line) tolerance to other herbicides at twice the recommended rate: clopyralid (0.18 kg a.i./ha) applied post-emergence in canola; diflufenican (0.2 kg a.i./ha) and MCPA (0.75 kg a.i./ha) applied post-emergence in field pea; preemergence treatments of metribuzin (0.46 kg a.i./ha), cyanazine (3.0 kg a.i./ha) and simazine (3.0 kg a,i./ha), and post-emergence treatments of simazine (2.0 kg a.i./ha) and diflufenican (0.2 kg a.i./ha), in lupin. Faba bean cv. Fiord tolerated pre-emergence treatments of terbutryne (2.0 kg a.i./ha), prometryne (3.0 kg a.i./ha) and triallate (1.6 kg a.i./ha), and there was seasonal variation in faba bean tolerance to pre-emergence treatment with cyanazine (3 kg a.i./ha), metribuzin (0.42 kg a.i./ha) and simazine (2.0 kg a.i./ha). The crops tolerated the early post-emergence grass herbicides: clethodim (0.48 kg a.i./ha), diclofop-methyl (1.5 kg a.i./ha), fluazifop-P (0.21 kg a.i./ha), haloxyfop (0.156 kg a.i./ha), quizalofop (0.28 kg a.i./ha), sethoxydim (0.372 kg a.i./ha). Herbicides that were tested in field pea and found to have only marginal selectivity at the recommended rate (even though some cultivars were tolerant) were terbutryne + MCPA (0.4 + 0.15 kg a.i./ha), diuron (0.4 kg a.i./ha) and pyridate (1.35 kg a.i./ha). Pyridate was non-selective in canola, lupin and faba bean. Faba bean tolerance to glyphosate (0.18 kg a.i./ha) was achieved in 1989 if application was delayed from 11 to 15 weeks after sowing.
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41

Carpio, María José, Carlos García-Delgado, Jesús María Marín-Benito, María Jesús Sánchez-Martín, and María Sonia Rodríguez-Cruz. "Soil Microbial Community Changes in a Field Treatment with Chlorotoluron, Flufenacet and Diflufenican and Two Organic Amendments." Agronomy 10, no. 8 (August 8, 2020): 1166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10081166.

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The soil microbial activity, biomass and structure were evaluated in an unamended (S) and organically amended soil treated with two commercial formulations of the herbicides chlorotoluron (Erturon®) and flufenacet plus diflufenican (Herold®) under field conditions. Soils were amended with spent mushroom substrate (SMS) or green compost (GC). Soil microbial dehydrogenase activity (DHA), biomass and structure determined by the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles were recorded at 0, 45, 145, 229 and 339 days after herbicide treatment. The soil DHA values steadily decreased over time in the unamended soil treated with the herbicides, while microbial activity was constant in the amended soils. The amended soils recorded higher values of concentrations of PLFAs. Total soil microbial biomass decreased over time regardless of the organic amendment or the herbicide. Herbicide application sharply decreased the microbial population, with a significant modification of the microbial structure in the unamended soil. In contrast, no significant differences in microbial biomass and structure were detected in S + SMS and S + GC, untreated or treated with herbicides. The application of SMS and GC led to a significant shift in the soil microbial community regardless of the herbicides. The use of SMS and GC as organic amendments had a certain buffer effect on soil DHA and microbial biomass and structure after herbicide application due to the higher adsorption capacity of herbicides by the amended soils.
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42

SHARMA, S. D., R. C. KIRKWOOD, and T. L. WHATELEY. "Effect of non-ionic nonylphenol surfactants on surface physicochemical properties, uptake and distribution of asulam and diflufenican." Weed Research 36, no. 3 (June 1996): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1996.tb01652.x.

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43

Svendsen, Sif B., Pedro N. Carvalho, Ulla E. Bollmann, Lea Ellegaard-Jensen, Christian N. Albers, Bjarne W. Strobel, Carsten S. Jacobsen, and Kai Bester. "A comparison of the fate of diflufenican in agricultural sandy soil and gravel used in urban areas." Science of The Total Environment 715 (May 2020): 136803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136803.

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44

Rouchaud, J., O. Neus, R. Bulcke, K. Cools, H. Eelen, and T. Dekkers. "Soil Dissipation of Diuron, Chlorotoluron, Simazine, Propyzamide, and Diflufenican Herbicides After Repeated Applications in Fruit Tree Orchards." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 39, no. 1 (June 30, 2000): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002440010080.

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45

Baćmaga, Małgorzata, Agata Borowik, Jan Kucharski, Monika Tomkiel, and Jadwiga Wyszkowska. "Microbial and enzymatic activity of soil contaminated with a mixture of diflufenican + mesosulfuron-methyl + iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22, no. 1 (August 7, 2014): 643–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3395-5.

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46

Owen, Mechelle J., Neree J. Martinez, and Stephen B. Powles. "Multiple herbicide-resistant wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) populations dominate Western Australian cropping fields." Crop and Pasture Science 66, no. 10 (2015): 1079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp15063.

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Raphanus raphanistrum is a problematic weed, which has become increasingly difficult to control in Australian cropping regions. In 2010, a random survey was conducted across 14 million ha of the Western Australian grain belt to establish the frequency of herbicide resistance in R. raphanistrum and to monitor the change in resistance levels by comparing results with a previous survey in 2003. Screening R. raphanistrum populations with herbicides commonly used to control this weed revealed that most populations (84%) contained individual plants resistant to the acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicide chlorsulfuron, whereas 49% of populations also had plants resistant to the imidazolinone herbicides. Resistance to other mode of action herbicides (2,4-D (76%) and diflufenican (49%)) was also common. Glyphosate, atrazine and pyrasulfotole + bromoxynil remained effective on most R. raphanistrum populations. These results demonstrate that resistance to some herbicides has increased significantly since 2003 when the values were 54% for chlorsulfuron and 60% for 2,4-D; therefore, a wide range of weed management options that target all phases of the cropping program are needed to sustain these cropping systems in the future.
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47

Conte, Elisa, Rosella Milani, Giulia Morali, and Franco Abballe. "Comparison between accelerated solvent extraction and traditional extraction methods for the analysis of the herbicide diflufenican in soil." Journal of Chromatography A 765, no. 1 (March 1997): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(96)00948-x.

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48

Rouchaud, Jean, Fabrice Gustin, Claude Moulart, and Marc Herin. "Selective Cleavage of the Ether and Amide Bonds in N-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-2-[3-(Trifluoromethyl)-Phenoxy]-3-Pyridinecarboxamide (Diflufenican)." Bulletin des Sociétés Chimiques Belges 99, no. 5 (September 1, 2010): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bscb.19900990509.

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49

Hu, Zhanli, Jun Li, Yezi Zhang, and Yan Shi. "Determination of residue of diflufenican in wheat and soil by ultra‐high‐pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry conditions." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 101, no. 1 (August 11, 2020): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10633.

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50

Araujo, Lilia, María E. Troconis, Dalia Cubillán, Jair Mercado, Noreiva Villa, and Avismelsi Prieto. "Single drop microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for the determination of diflufenican, mepanipyrim, fipronil, and pretilachlor in water samples." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 185, no. 12 (July 27, 2013): 10225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3327-8.

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