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Journal articles on the topic 'Diffusive gradients in thin films'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Puy, Jaume, Ramiro Uribe, Sandrine Mongin, Josep Galceran, Joan Cecília, Jacqueline Levy, Hao Zhang, and William Davison. "Lability Criteria in Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 116, no. 25 (March 27, 2012): 6564–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp212629z.

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2

Li, Cai, Shiming Ding, Liyuan Yang, Yan Wang, Mingyi Ren, Musong Chen, Xianfang Fan, and Eric Lichtfouse. "Diffusive gradients in thin films: devices, materials and applications." Environmental Chemistry Letters 17, no. 2 (December 11, 2018): 801–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10311-018-00839-9.

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3

Santner, Jakob, Andreas Kreuzeder, Andrea Schnepf, and Walter W. Wenzel. "Numerical Evaluation of Lateral Diffusion Inside Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films Samplers." Environmental Science & Technology 49, no. 10 (April 30, 2015): 6109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00134.

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4

Sonmez, Osman, and Gary M. Pierzynski. "Assessment of zinc phytoavailability by diffusive gradients in thin films." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24, no. 4 (April 2005): 934–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/04-350r.1.

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5

Kreuzeder, Andreas, Jakob Santner, Hao Zhang, Thomas Prohaska, and Walter W. Wenzel. "Uncertainty Evaluation of the Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films Technique." Environmental Science & Technology 49, no. 3 (January 26, 2015): 1594–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es504533e.

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6

Hill, Benjamin, Jakob Santner, Heide Spiegel, Markus Puschenreiter, and Walter W. Wenzel. "Diffusive gradients in thin films predicts crop response better than calcium-acetate-lactate extraction." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 121, no. 2-3 (October 7, 2021): 227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10705-021-10173-2.

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AbstractSoil P testing has been widely used to predict crop yields, P uptake, and fertilizer demands in agriculture. Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) provides a zero-sink soil P test which mimics diffusion-controlled plant uptake and has previously been found to predict P availability to crops better than conventional quantity-based P tests in highly weathered Australian, though not in European soils. Here we tested the performance of DGT and the Austrian and German standard P quantity test calcium acetate lactate (CAL) to explain the variation of crop yield and P uptake response of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in long-term P fertilization experiments at four different sites in eastern Austria. Phosphorus extracted with DGT (P-DGT) and CAL (P-CAL) correlated well in similar soils but not across sites with large variation in soil and site properties such as carbonate equivalent and water availability. The predictive power of DGT for barley (R2 = 0.42) and wheat grain yield (R2 = 0.32), and P uptake in wheat grains (R2 = 0.36) was clearly superior to that of the CAL, and less dependent on soil properties. The better performance of DGT compared to the quantity test is consistent with diffusion-limited P uptake in the water-limited cultivated soils of eastern Austria. The critical values of P deficiency derived from the Mitscherlich-type fits for barley and wheat at 80% relative yield are 64.9 and 26.2 µg L−1, respectively, consistent with differential P demands of the crops.

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7

Ding, Shiming, Yan Wang, Liping Zhang, Lv Xu, Mengdan Gong, and Chaosheng Zhang. "New holder configurations for use in the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique." RSC Advances 6, no. 91 (2016): 88143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra19677b.

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8

Weng, Hongsheng, Liang Hei, Xu Huang, and Mingxuan Cai. "Application of diffusive gradients in thin-films in sediments and soils." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 675, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/675/1/012025.

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9

Mohammadi, Amir, Thomas Corbett, Amanda French, Niklas J. Lehto, John Hadfield, Peter Jarman, Dean Sandwell, Ali Shokri, Louis Schipper, and Adam Hartland. "Application of Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films for Monitoring Groundwater Quality." ACS ES&T Water 2, no. 4 (March 21, 2022): 518–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.1c00279.

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10

Garmo, Øyvind Aaberg, Oddvar Røyset, Eiliv Steinnes, and Trond Peder Flaten. "Performance Study of Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films for 55 Elements." Analytical Chemistry 75, no. 14 (July 2003): 3573–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac026374n.

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11

Alexa, Nadia, Hao Zhang, and Jamie R. Lead. "Development of a miniaturized diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) device." Analytica Chimica Acta 655, no. 1-2 (November 2009): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2009.09.046.

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12

Puschenreiter, Markus. "William Davison (Ed.): Diffusive gradients in thin-films for environmental measurements." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 409, no. 8 (January 20, 2017): 1973–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-016-0178-5.

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13

Garmo, Ø. A., K. Razi Naqvi, O. Røyset, and E. Steinnes. "Estimation of diffusive boundary layer thickness in studies involving diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT)." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 386, no. 7-8 (November 4, 2006): 2233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-006-0885-4.

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14

Sonmez, Osman, Cengiz Kaya, and Salih Aydemir. "Determination of Zinc Phytoavailability in Soil by Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 40, no. 21-22 (December 2009): 3435–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103620903326008.

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15

Nowack, Bernd, Sandra Koehler, and Rainer Schulin. "Use of Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films (DGT) in Undisturbed Field Soils." Environmental Science & Technology 38, no. 4 (February 2004): 1133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es034867j.

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16

Altier, Alexandra, Martín Jiménez-Piedrahita, Ramiro Uribe, Carlos Rey-Castro, Josep Galceran, and Jaume Puy. "Time weighted average concentrations measured with Diffusive Gradients in Thin films (DGT)." Analytica Chimica Acta 1060 (July 2019): 114–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2019.01.056.

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17

Song, Zhixin, Gangfu Song, Wenzhong Tang, Dandan Yan, Minghai Han, and Baoqing Shan. "Determining cadmium bioavailability in sediment profiles using diffusive gradients in thin films." Journal of Environmental Sciences 91 (May 2020): 160–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2020.01.025.

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18

Li, Weijia, Chunsheng Li, Jiujiang Zhao, and R. Jack Cornett. "Diffusive gradients in thin films technique for uranium measurements in river water." Analytica Chimica Acta 592, no. 1 (May 2007): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2007.04.012.

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19

Cheng, Hao, Yanying Li, Hamid Pouran, William Davison, and Hao Zhang. "Investigation of diffusion and binding properties of uranium in the diffusive gradients in thin-films technique." Environmental Chemistry 19, no. 4 (November 2, 2022): 263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en22078.

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Environmental context Monitoring uranium concentrations and speciation in aquatic systems is important for pollution control and for environmental studies. Although an in situ speciation technique based on diffusion and uptake of uranium has been developed, known as DGT, there were uncertainties over some parameters affecting the accuracy of the measurements. This study resolved those uncertainties by investigating diffusion and binding properties of uranium in DGT and provided confidence in monitoring uranium in the environment. Rationale Diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) ha been used for uranium speciation measurements since 2006, but interpretational difficulties have arisen due to uncertainties in the pH dependence of U diffusion coefficients (D) within the diffusive gel. This work tested the hypothesis that differences in measured D values between laboratories are due to methodological artifacts. Methodology The properties of uranium binding and diffusion of U within DGT were systematically investigated at different conditions between pH 3–8 and ionic strength from 1 to 500 mmol L−1. Previous uncertainties were attributed to loss of U by adsorption within the diffusion cell, identified by mass balance calculations, and a binding efficiency dependent on the type of binding gel. Results The diffusion coefficient in an agarose cross-linked polyacrylamide gel measured using Metsorb DGT of 5.26 ± 0.17 × 10−6 cm2 s−1 agreed well with both values obtained using a pre-conditioned diffusion cell (< 7% difference) and by modelling. The binding efficiencies for Chelex DGT (BChelex = 0.86–0.89) and Fe-oxide DGT (BFe-oxide = 0.64 were smaller than for Metsorb DGT (BMetsorb = 1). No significant differences were found for BChelex at different pH. Discussion This work demonstrated that the diffusion coefficient of uranium is independent of pH and the binding gel used, provided the binding efficiency (B) is taken into account. These findings indicate that DGT equipped with either Metsorb or Chelex binding gels should be capable of measuring U for a wide range of environmental conditions provided the appropriate diffusion coefficients and binding efficiencies are used.

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20

Sun, Qin, Liping Zhang, Shiming Ding, Chao Li, Jinyan Yang, Jing Chen, and Peifang Wang. "Evaluation of the diffusive gradients in thin films technique using a mixed binding gel for measuring iron, phosphorus and arsenic in the environment." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 17, no. 3 (2015): 570–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4em00629a.

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Simultaneous measurements of dissolved iron (Fe), phosphorus (P), and arsenic (As) were made using the diffusive gradients in thin films technique equipped with a mixed binding gel impregnated with zirconium oxide and Chelex-100 (ZrO–Chelex DGT).

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21

Gao, Yue, Martine Leermakers, Annelies Pede, Aurelie Magnier, Koen Sabbe, Beatriz Lourino Cabana, Gabriel Billon, Willy Baeyens, and David C. Gillan. "Response of diffusive equilibrium in thin films (DET) and diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) trace metal profiles in sediments to phytodetritus mineralisation." Environmental Chemistry 9, no. 1 (2012): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en11075.

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Environmental contextContaminated sediments can have a large and lasting effect on marine ecosystems. It was discovered that significant amounts of pollutants, especially arsenic, were released from contaminated sediments during a phytoplankton bloom in the Belgian Continental Zone. Once released to the water column, these pollutants can accumulate up marine food chains and be a source of contaminants to humans. AbstractField data from the Belgian Continental Zone showed elevated trace metal concentrations at the sediment–water interface after the occurrence of a phytoplankton bloom. In the present study, laboratory incubation experiments were used to investigate the effect of the phytodetritus remineralisation process on the release of trace metals from contaminated muddy sediments. This remineralisation process was followed by the measurement of chlorophyll-a and dissolved organic carbon levels in the top sediment layers. Two gel techniques, diffusive equilibrium in thin films (DET) and diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), were used to assess vertical metal profiles in the sediment pore waters and to calculate the metal effluxes. These metal effluxes compared very well with the trace metal concentration variations in the overlying water of the sediment. Much higher effluxes of Mn, Co and As were observed after 2 days of incubation in the microcosms which received additions of phytodetritus. This trend gradually decreased after 7 days of incubation, suggesting that the elevated efflux of trace metals was proportional to the quantity of phytodetritus mineralised at the sediment–water interface. The release of large amounts of toxic elements from the sediments after phytoplankton blooms can therefore potentially affect the marine ecosystem in the Belgian Continental Zone.

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22

Xie, Fazhi, Lu Li, Xiaoyan Sun, Tingting Hu, Kang Song, John P. Giesy, and Qilin Wang. "A novel Mg(OH)2 binding layer-based DGT technique for measuring phosphorus in water and sediment." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 22, no. 2 (2020): 340–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9em00508k.

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23

Zhang, Hao, and William Davison. "Use of diffusive gradients in thin-films for studies of chemical speciation and bioavailability." Environmental Chemistry 12, no. 2 (2015): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en14105.

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Environmental context The health of aquatic organisms depends on the distribution of the dissolved forms of chemical components (speciation) and their rates of interaction (dynamics). This review documents and explains progress made using the dynamic technique of diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) to meet these challenges of measuring directly chemical speciation and associated dynamics in natural waters. The relevance of these measurements to uptake by biota of chemical forms in soils, sediments and water is discussed with reference to this expanding literature. Abstract This review assesses progress in studies of chemical speciation using diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) by examining the contributions made by key publications in the last 20 years. The theoretical appreciation of the dynamic solution components measured by DGT has provided an understanding of how DGT measures most metal complexes, but excludes most colloids. These findings strengthen the use of DGT as a monitoring tool and provide a framework for using DGT to obtain in situ kinetic information. Generally, the capabilities of DGT as an in situ perturbation and measurement tool have yet to be fully exploited. Studies that have used DGT to investigate processes relevant to bioavailability have blossomed in the last 10 years, especially for soils, as DGT mimics the diffusion limiting uptake conditions that, under some conditions, characterise uptake by plants. As relationships between element accumulated by DGT and in plants depend on the plant species, soils studied, and the element and its chemical form, DGT is not an infallible predictive tool. Rather its strength comes from providing information on the labile species in the system, whether water, soil or sediment. Recent studies have shown good relationships between measurements of metals in periphyton and by DGT, and unified dose response curves have been obtained for biota in sediments when they are based on DGT measurements. Both these cases suggest that alternative approaches to the established ‘free ion’ approach may be fruitful in these media and illustrate the growing use of DGT to investigate environmental chemical processes.

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24

Dufka, Michaela, and Bohumil Dočekal. "Characterization of Urban Particulate Matter by Diffusive Gradients in Thin Film Technique." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2018 (2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9698710.

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A diffusive gradient in thin films (DGT) technique was employed in characterization of the particulate matter related to the urban area suffering from heavy traffic. Kinetics of mobilization metals fluxes from the metal-contaminated particulate matter was investigated. To monitor responses of the particulate matter sample, DGT probes of various thickness of diffusion layer were deployed in aqueous model suspensions of the particulate matter for different time periods. Particulate matter samples and exposed DGT resin gels were decomposed in a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acid in a microwave pressurized PTFE-lined system. Total content of some traffic-related elements (Cd, Co, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Pd, Pt, Rh, Sb, and V) was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. DGT measurements revealed that two metals pools associated with particles could be recognized, which can be characterized as high soluble fraction and almost insoluble fraction. DGT-measured metal fluxes from the labile pool showed significant difference in mobilization and resupply fluxes of individual selected elements, which might reflect the origin of selected metals and their speciation in particulate matter. The DGT technique can be applied as a useful tool for characterization of metals mobilization from the particulate matter.

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25

Gorny, Josselin, Cyrielle Jardin, Olivier Diez, Josep Galceran, Alkiviadis Gourgiotis, Steffen Happel, Fréderic Coppin, Laureline Février, Caroline Simonucci, and Charlotte Cazala. "Dissolved iodide in marine waters determined with Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films technique." Analytica Chimica Acta 1177 (September 2021): 338790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2021.338790.

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26

Yuan, Yumin, Shiming Ding, Yan Wang, Liping Zhang, Mingyi Ren, and Chaosheng Zhang. "Simultaneous measurement of fifteen rare earth elements using diffusive gradients in thin films." Analytica Chimica Acta 1031 (November 2018): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2018.05.067.

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27

Ren, Suyu, Yi Wang, Ying Cui, Yan Wang, Xiaochun Wang, Jingwen Chen, and Feng Tan. "Desorption kinetics of tetracyclines in soils assessed by diffusive gradients in thin films." Environmental Pollution 256 (January 2020): 113394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113394.

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28

Fernández-Gómez, C., J. M. Bayona, and S. Díez. "Diffusive gradients in thin films for predicting methylmercury bioavailability in freshwaters after photodegradation." Chemosphere 131 (July 2015): 184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.02.060.

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29

Hanousek, Ondrej, Sean Mason, Jakob Santner, Md Mobaroqul Ahsan Chowdhury, Torsten W. Berger, and Thomas Prohaska. "Novel diffusive gradients in thin films technique to assess labile sulfate in soil." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 408, no. 24 (August 4, 2016): 6759–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-016-9801-8.

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30

Martin, Alan J. "Applications of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) for metals-related environmental assessments." Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 4, no. 3 (July 2008): 377–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ieam.5630040318.

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31

Warnken, Kent W., Hao Zhang, and William Davison. "Accuracy of the Diffusive Gradients in Thin-Films Technique: Diffusive Boundary Layer and Effective Sampling Area Considerations." Analytical Chemistry 78, no. 11 (June 2006): 3780–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac060139d.

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32

Scally, Shaun, William Davison, and Hao Zhang. "Diffusion coefficients of metals and metal complexes in hydrogels used in diffusive gradients in thin films." Analytica Chimica Acta 558, no. 1-2 (February 2006): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2005.11.020.

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33

van der Veeken, Pascal L. R., and Herman P. van Leeuwen. "Gel–water partitioning of soil humics in diffusive gradient in thin film (DGT) analysis of their metal complexes." Environmental Chemistry 9, no. 1 (2012): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en11101.

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Environmental contextMetal species can have significant toxic effects in aquatic systems, and therefore their occurrence should be reliably monitored. Although many methods to measure metal species are available, they all have limitations and are sensitive to physicochemical complications. It is shown that, in techniques based on diffusive gradients in thin films, sorption of humic acids affects metal speciation inside the diffusive gel layer and the nature of the ensuing flux response. AbstractMetal complexes of humic and fulvic acids are ubiquitous in aqueous environmental media. In metal speciation analysis by DGT (diffusive gradient in thin film) with polyacrylamide hydrogels, soil humic acid species have been shown to significantly accumulate in the diffusive gel layer. As a result, the speciation of their metal complexes inside the gel is changed with respect to that in the sample medium. In low ionic strength samples, the effects of sorption of the charged humic species are compounded by Donnan partitioning. Here we lay out the basic features that govern the partition of humic species between gel and water, and discuss their effect on the properties of the DGT metal flux.

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34

Davison, William, and Hao Zhang. "Progress in understanding the use of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) – back to basics." Environmental Chemistry 9, no. 1 (2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en11084.

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Environmental contextIt is now nearly 20 years since the introduction of the technique of diffusive gradients in thin films, which can provide information on solute concentrations and dynamics in sediments, soils and water. The interpretation of these measurements in terms of concentrations relies on simple equations and associated assumptions. This review examines how well they have stood the test of time. AbstractDiffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) is now widely used to measure a range of determinands in waters, soils and sediments. In most cases the mass accumulated is interpreted in terms of a labile form of the component being measured using a simple equation that applies to steady-state conditions. During the past decade several publications have revealed phenomena that question some of the assumptions necessary for use of the simple equation. This review systematically examines the available evidence relating to appropriate geometry, possible charge effects, binding of solutes and ligands to the diffusive gel and filter, the rate of reaction with the binding layer, the effects of solution complexation and kinetic limitation, necessary time for deployment and the measurement of nanoparticles. DGT emerges as a robust monitoring tool for labile components in solution. Although there is evidence, for some conditions, of binding of metals and, more moderately, humic substances to the diffusive gel and filter membrane, this is unlikely to affect DGT measurement in natural waters for deployment times exceeding a few days. Detailed speciation and kinetic studies require a more thorough interpretation of the mass accumulated by DGT. A coherent theory has emerged for relatively simple solutions, but systems with complex heterogeneous ligands, as is the case for natural waters, are challenging. The size discrimination of DGT is still poorly known. Systematic measurements with well characterised nanoparticles are required to define the distribution of pore sizes in the gels and to establish the contribution of natural colloids to the DGT measurement.

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35

Sogn, Trine A., Susanne Eich‐Greatorex, Odvar Røyset, Anne Falk Øgaard, and Åsgeir R. Almås. "Use of Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films to Predict Potentially Bioavailable Selenium in Soil." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 39, no. 3-4 (February 2008): 587–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103620701828379.

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36

Munksgaard, Niels C., and David L. Parry. "Monitoring of labile metals in turbid coastal seawater using diffusive gradients in thin-films." Journal of Environmental Monitoring 5, no. 1 (November 21, 2002): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b209346d.

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37

Amirbahman, Aria, Delia I. Massey, Guilherme Lotufo, Nicholas Steenhaut, Lauren E. Brown, James M. Biedenbach, and Victor S. Magar. "Assessment of mercury bioavailability to benthic macroinvertebrates using diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT)." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 15, no. 11 (2013): 2104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3em00355h.

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38

He, Yan, Changsheng Guo, Jiapei Lv, Song Hou, Yan Zhang, Yuan Zhang, and Jian Xu. "Predicting trace metal bioavailability to chironomids in sediments by diffusive gradients in thin films." Science of The Total Environment 636 (September 2018): 134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.285.

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39

Pouran, Hamid M., Francis L. Martin, and Hao Zhang. "Measurement of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films: Binding and Diffusional Characteristics." Analytical Chemistry 86, no. 12 (May 23, 2014): 5906–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac500730s.

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40

Li, Weijia, Huijun Zhao, Peter R. Teasdale, Richard John, and Feiyue Wang. "Metal speciation measurement by diffusive gradients in thin films technique with different binding phases." Analytica Chimica Acta 533, no. 2 (March 2005): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2004.11.019.

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41

Panther, Jared G., Kathryn P. Stillwell, Kipton J. Powell, and Alison J. Downard. "Perfluorosulfonated Ionomer-Modified Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films: Tool for Inorganic Arsenic Speciation Analysis." Analytical Chemistry 80, no. 24 (December 15, 2008): 9806–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac801678u.

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42

Guibal, Robin, Rémy Buzier, Adeline Charriau, Sophie Lissalde, and Gilles Guibaud. "Passive sampling of anionic pesticides using the Diffusive Gradients in Thin films technique (DGT)." Analytica Chimica Acta 966 (May 2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2017.02.007.

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43

Xu, Lv, Qin Sun, Shiming Ding, Mengdan Gong, and Chaosheng Zhang. "Simultaneous measurements of arsenic and sulfide using diffusive gradients in thin films technique (DGT)." Environmental Geochemistry and Health 40, no. 5 (May 5, 2017): 1919–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10653-017-9968-8.

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44

Uher, Emmanuelle, Chantal Compère, Matthieu Combe, Florence Mazeas, and Catherine Gourlay-Francé. "In situ measurement with diffusive gradients in thin films: effect of biofouling in freshwater." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24, no. 15 (April 12, 2017): 13797–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8972-y.

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45

Li, Weijia, Jiujiang Zhao, Chunsheng Li, Stephen Kiser, and R. Jack Cornett. "Speciation measurements of uranium in alkaline waters using diffusive gradients in thin films technique." Analytica Chimica Acta 575, no. 2 (August 2006): 274–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2006.05.092.

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46

Hojaji, Elahe. "Investigation of trace metal binding properties of lignin by diffusive gradients in thin films." Chemosphere 89, no. 3 (September 2012): 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.04.045.

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47

Chen, Hong, Lianwen Guo, Menghan Zhang, Jiali Gu, Keli Zhong, Le Bo, and Jianrong Li. "Determination of lead in soybean sauces by the diffusive gradients in thin films technique." Food Chemistry 165 (December 2014): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.105.

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48

Lehto, Niklas J., William Davison, and Hao Zhang. "The use of ultra-thin diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) devices for the analysis of trace metal dynamics in soils and sediments: a measurement and modelling approach." Environmental Chemistry 9, no. 4 (2012): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en12036.

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Environmental contextThe recently developed diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT)-planar optode sandwich probe uses extremely thin resin binding layers, separated from the medium of interest by a very thin material diffusive layer. This work investigates how these changes to the physical nature of a DGT probe are likely to change the interpretation of trace metal measurements in solutions, soils and sediments by using a combination of experimental measurements in well characterised solutions and spiked soils, and advanced reactive transport modelling. AbstractThe interpretation of diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) measurements of trace metals in aquatic systems has developed from studies using DGT devices with standard dimensions, but increasingly ultra thin devices are being used for measurements in sediments. This work investigates their performance and the suitability of using traditional data interpretation. The relationship between the concentration of DGT-labile trace metal and the mass of Cu and Cd bound by a 50 µm-thick suspended particulate reagent–imidodiacetate resin binding layer was found to be linear when the total mass of the metals bound by the resin was less than 3 µg cm–2, demonstrating that the capacity is adequate for measurements in uncontaminated environments. An ultra thin DGT probe using a 50 µm-thick resin gel and a 0.01 mm-thick material diffusion layer (MDL), was deployed in soil to demonstrate the spatial resolution in trace metal measurements that can be achieved using this approach. DGT probes with extremely thin (0.01 mm) and more conventional MDLs (0.8 mm) were used to investigate if the mechanisms traditionally used to describe DGT uptake of Cu and Cd from solutions and soil porewaters apply for ultra-thin probes. Interpretation of the results using a dynamic numerical model demonstrated that the processes determining the supply of Cu and Cd to a DGT probe in these media are unlikely to differ for conventional and ultra thin probes, despite the higher metal fluxes to the latter probes. Overall, the results establish that measurements made using ultra-thin DGT devices in soils and sediments can be meaningfully interpreted using an extension of the existing theory.

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Levy, Jacqueline, Hao Zhang, William Davison, and Rene Groben. "Using diffusive gradients in thin films to probe the kinetics of metal interaction with algal exudates." Environmental Chemistry 8, no. 5 (2011): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en11046.

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Environmental context Interaction of metals with dissolved organic matter is one of the key processes defining metal bioavailability in water. The technique of diffusive gradients in thin films was used to investigate the kinetics of the interaction between metals and dissolved organic matter released by algae. For most metals the rate at which they were released from the organic matter was fast, but release of iron was kinetically limited. AbstractThe interaction of metals with organic matter is one of the key processes determining metal speciation and bioavailability in water. Fulvic acid tends to dominate dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in freshwaters, but organic carbon produced in situ, e.g. exudates released by algae and bacteria, is also significant. The technique of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) was used to investigate the lability of metal–exudate complexes using a kinetic signature approach. Exudates were harvested from three cultured freshwater alga (Chlorella vulgaris, Cryptomonas pyrenoidifera, Anabaena flos-aquae) and the filtered media supplemented with trace metals. DGT-labile metal concentrations and kinetic signatures were determined (24-h deployment). The relationship between Fe and DOC was a defining feature of the kinetic signatures. Iron was the most kinetically limited metal followed by Al and Cu, whereas Co, Ni and Pb were effectively completely labile. Exudates from Chlorella vulgaris produced the most DOC and the most marked kinetic limitation.

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Österlund, Heléne, Mikko Faarinen, Johan Ingri, and Douglas C. Baxter. "Contribution of organic arsenic species to total arsenic measurements using ferrihydrite-backed diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT)." Environmental Chemistry 9, no. 1 (2012): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en11057.

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Environmental contextBoth the mobility and toxicity of arsenic in natural waters are related to the aqueous species distribution. Passive sampling using ferrihydrite-backed diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) devices has in previous studies been characterised to measure labile inorganic arsenic, and the possible contribution of organic species has been disregarded. This study shows that the two most prevalent organic arsenic species might be included in DGT measurements, which should be taken into consideration when evaluating DGT data in future studies. AbstractIn previous publications discussing arsenic determination using ferrihydrite-backed diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) devices, organic arsenic forms have been disregarded, even though it is known that the two most prevalent in natural waters, dimethylarsinate (DMA) and monomethylarsonate (MMA), may adsorb to ferrihydrite and thereby be included in the measurement. In this work the accumulation of DMA and MMA, as well as inorganic arsenite and arsenate, to ferrihydrite-backed DGT devices was investigated. It could be demonstrated that MMA, and under acidic conditions also DMA, adsorbed to the binding layer and might therefore contribute to the total mass of measured arsenic. Diffusion coefficients were measured for all four species to enable quantification of DGT-labile concentrations of organic and inorganic arsenic. Elution of the analytes from the ferrihydrite binding layer was performed using 1 mL of 1 M NaOH to facilitate arsenic speciation analysis using chromatographic separation. Average recovery rates were between 87 and 108 %. This study shows that the contribution of DMA and MMA to the total accumulated mass must be taken into consideration when evaluating DGT data in future studies.

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