Dissertations / Theses: 'Diffusione urbana'

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Molinari, Marta <1984&gt. "La città che cambia: la diffusione urbana. Mobilità residenziale e stili di vita emergenti nel Comune di Argelato (Bologna)." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4404/1/molinari_marta_tesi.pdf.

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Il presente lavoro di ricerca ha per oggetto il tema della diffusione urbana. Dopo una breve ricostruzione delle varie definizioni presenti in letteratura sul fenomeno - sia qualitative che quantitative - e una descrizione dei limiti di volta in volta presenti all’interno di tali definizioni, si procede con la descrizione dell’evoluzione storica dello sprawl urbano all’interno del mondo occidentale. Una volta definito e contestualizzato storicamente l’oggetto della ricerca, ne vengono analizzate le cause e il complesso sistema di conseguenze che tale fenomeno urbano porta con sé. Successivamente vengono presentate le principali teorie sociologiche attraverso le quali può essere interpretato il fenomeno dello sprawl urbano e vengono descritte le varie forme con cui si può esprimere lo sprawl urbano: non esiste infatti uniformità tra i vari paesaggi suburbani, ma una grande diversità interna alle varie forme in cui si manifesta il fenomeno della dispersione insediativa. Se quanto finora esaminato, soprattutto a livello bibliografico, è riconducibile alla letteratura nordamericana, arrivati a questo punto del lavoro, l’attenzione viene spostata sul continente europeo, prendendo in esame l’emergere del periurbano all’interno del nostro continente e tentando di descrivere sia le contiguità che le differenze tra il fenomeno dell’urban sprawl e quello del periurbano. Infine, adottando un procedimento “ad imbuto”, il lavoro si sofferma sulla situazione del nostro paese in merito alla tematica in questione. L’ultima sezione della ricerca prevede una parte di lavoro empirico. Se, come è emerso nel quadro teorico, molti sono gli elementi che caratterizzano il tema dello sprawl urbano e del periurbano, si è voluto andare a verificare se, ed eventualmente quali, degli elementi descritti, sono presenti in un’area ben delimitata del territorio bolognese, per cercare di capire se si possa parlare di un “periurbano bolognese” e quali caratteristiche esso presenti.
Urban Sprawl is the topic of my research. After a short overview on the qualitative and quantitative definitions of this phenomenon and a description of their limits, I introduce the history of urban sprawl in the western societies. Once my research topic is well-defined, I go on with the analysis of complex system of consequences of urban sprawl. Then I present the main sociological theories to interpret this phenomenon, and I describe the features of the forms assumed by urban sprawl: there is no homogeneity in suburban landscapes indeed, but a wide variety in the forms that urban sprawl can assume. If this first part of my research is based on the north-American context and literature, in the second part I focus on Europe: I consider in particular the emerging of urban sprawl in this part of the world, and I also try to describe both similarities and differences between Europe and North-America. Finally, I consider the state of urban sprawl in our country. The last part of my research is empirical. If there are many elements that characterize urban sprawl, I tried to check which ones can be found in a small area near the city of Bologna, in order to understand if we can talk about a “periurban Bologna” and which are its peculiar elements.

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Molinari, Marta <1984&gt. "La città che cambia: la diffusione urbana. Mobilità residenziale e stili di vita emergenti nel Comune di Argelato (Bologna)." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4404/.

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Abstract:

Il presente lavoro di ricerca ha per oggetto il tema della diffusione urbana. Dopo una breve ricostruzione delle varie definizioni presenti in letteratura sul fenomeno - sia qualitative che quantitative - e una descrizione dei limiti di volta in volta presenti all’interno di tali definizioni, si procede con la descrizione dell’evoluzione storica dello sprawl urbano all’interno del mondo occidentale. Una volta definito e contestualizzato storicamente l’oggetto della ricerca, ne vengono analizzate le cause e il complesso sistema di conseguenze che tale fenomeno urbano porta con sé. Successivamente vengono presentate le principali teorie sociologiche attraverso le quali può essere interpretato il fenomeno dello sprawl urbano e vengono descritte le varie forme con cui si può esprimere lo sprawl urbano: non esiste infatti uniformità tra i vari paesaggi suburbani, ma una grande diversità interna alle varie forme in cui si manifesta il fenomeno della dispersione insediativa. Se quanto finora esaminato, soprattutto a livello bibliografico, è riconducibile alla letteratura nordamericana, arrivati a questo punto del lavoro, l’attenzione viene spostata sul continente europeo, prendendo in esame l’emergere del periurbano all’interno del nostro continente e tentando di descrivere sia le contiguità che le differenze tra il fenomeno dell’urban sprawl e quello del periurbano. Infine, adottando un procedimento “ad imbuto”, il lavoro si sofferma sulla situazione del nostro paese in merito alla tematica in questione. L’ultima sezione della ricerca prevede una parte di lavoro empirico. Se, come è emerso nel quadro teorico, molti sono gli elementi che caratterizzano il tema dello sprawl urbano e del periurbano, si è voluto andare a verificare se, ed eventualmente quali, degli elementi descritti, sono presenti in un’area ben delimitata del territorio bolognese, per cercare di capire se si possa parlare di un “periurbano bolognese” e quali caratteristiche esso presenti.
Urban Sprawl is the topic of my research. After a short overview on the qualitative and quantitative definitions of this phenomenon and a description of their limits, I introduce the history of urban sprawl in the western societies. Once my research topic is well-defined, I go on with the analysis of complex system of consequences of urban sprawl. Then I present the main sociological theories to interpret this phenomenon, and I describe the features of the forms assumed by urban sprawl: there is no homogeneity in suburban landscapes indeed, but a wide variety in the forms that urban sprawl can assume. If this first part of my research is based on the north-American context and literature, in the second part I focus on Europe: I consider in particular the emerging of urban sprawl in this part of the world, and I also try to describe both similarities and differences between Europe and North-America. Finally, I consider the state of urban sprawl in our country. The last part of my research is empirical. If there are many elements that characterize urban sprawl, I tried to check which ones can be found in a small area near the city of Bologna, in order to understand if we can talk about a “periurban Bologna” and which are its peculiar elements.

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PAGLIARIN, SOFIA. "Territorial dispersion patterns of residential areas. Urban sprawl as an outcome of multi--scalar territorial governance processes of land bargaining in the Barcelona and Milan metropolitan regions." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/54097.

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Questa ricerca tratta dei processi di dispersione territoriale nell'espansione delle aree residenziali, definiti come sprawl urbano. In particolare, quest'ultimo è concepito come un prodotto di processi di governance. La dispersione urbana, intesa come un tipo di trasformazione di usi del suolo, ha origine nelle decisioni di determinati attori sulla gestione e l'allocazione degli usi del suolo. Nel tentativo quindi di spiegare il verificarsi dello sprawl urbano così inteso, è necessario proporre, ed applicare empiricamente, un idoneo modello teorico. Questo sforzo analitico è particolarmente rilevante in quanto, nella letteratura internazionale sullo sprawl urbano, le condizioni politiche e di pianificazione, nonché le dinamiche tra attori pubblici e privati, non sono sistematicamente esaminate. In questa ricerca, si propone uno schema teorico per colmare questa lacuna, il quale è composto da due diverse concezioni di governance: da una parte, una prospettiva territoriale, `multi-scalare' e `multi-attore', e dall'altra, il modello `bargaining context'. La dispersione urbana è definita come un fenomeno prevalentemente relativo all'espansione delle aree residenziali, e le regioni metropolitane di Barcellona e Milano sono considerate come casi studio. Per entrambe, lo sprawl urbano è misurato in ettari sulla base di una serie di scale spaziali (confini amministrativi, aree e regioni metropolitane, Larger Urban Zones, Urban Morphological Zones, e i livelli NUTS3 o province) lungo un periodo di circa 50 anni, utilizzando sia delle banche dati locali per ogni caso studio considerato (1950--2000), sia la banca dati Corine Land Cover (CLC) per il 1990, 2000 e 2006. L'analisi condotta mostra che, sia per Barcellona che per Milano, sono avvenuti processi di decentralizzazione delle funzioni urbane (industrie e servizi, residenze), facilitati dalla crescita relativa delle infrastrutture di trasporto (ipotesi 1). Tuttavia, il caso di Barcellona presenta una dispersione urbana delle aree residenziali più contenuta rispetto al caso di Milano. L'analisi di dati demografici (1981-2011) ha messo in luce dei processi di decentralizzazione della popolazione, che si è ridistribuita all'interno delle regioni metropolitane di entrambi i casi studio. Tuttavia, l'analisi comparativa ha reso evidente una maggior concentrazione demografica nel caso di Barcellona rispetto al caso di Milano, rispecchiandone la minor dispersione territoriale delle aree residenziali. L'analisi ha anche evidenziato che il minor grado di frammentazione amministrativa (numero dei comuni per provincia) è una condizione sufficiente per il più ridotto manifestarsi dello sprawl urbano; la provincia di Barcellona, meno frammentata amministrativamente, presenta quindi anche meno aree residenziali disperse rispetto alla più frammentata provincia di Milano. Per quanto concerne le dinamiche ed i processi di governance, l'analisi ha rivelato che, in entrambi i casi studio considerati, i comuni (la scala locale) possiedono la maggiore autorità di decisione sulle strategie di sviluppo urbano (ipotesi 2). Nel competere con gli altri comuni ubicati all'interno dell'area metropolitana, i comuni mettono in atto delle decisioni a forte carattere locale per quanto riguarda le scelte di sviluppo urbano (ipotesi 3). La dispersione urbana è dunque il risultato di micro-trasformazioni degli usi del suolo, compiute dalle giunte comunali con lo scopo di ottenere un vantaggio comparativo rispetto agli altri comuni `concorrenti' localizzati nel raggio dell'area metropolitana. I due diversi modelli di dispersione territoriale delle aree residenziali osservati a Barcellona, relativamente più compatta, e Milano, relativamente più dispersa, possono essere spiegati dal ruolo decisivo che le istituzioni pubbliche svolgono a livello metropolitano e regionale rispetto alle strategie territoriali. Dall'analisi condotta si può concludere che, ai fini del contenimento del consumo di suolo, ed in specifico dello sprawl urbano, non soltanto il ruolo delle istituzioni a livello metropolitano è rilevante (ipotesi 4), ma anche le dinamiche di cooperazione che queste possono instaurare con il governo regionale sono determinanti nelle strategie territoriali. In specifico, la reale possibilità del governo regionale di incidere sulle scelte di sviluppo territoriale e locale è cruciale per contenere l'emergere dello sprawl urbano.
Lo sprawl urbano è definito come un processo di dispersione territoriale delle aree residenziali, ed è concepito come un prodotto di processi di governance. Si assume che la dispersione urbana, considerata come un tipo di trasformazione di uso del suolo, abbia origine dalle decisioni di determinati attori sulla gestione e l'allocazione del suolo. In questa ricerca, si propone un modello teorico, applicato empiricamente nei casi studio di Barcellona e Milano, nel tentativo di spiegare le diverse traiettorie di sviluppo delle aree suburbane nelle due città, essendo Barcellona relativamente più compatta di Milano. Lo sprawl urbano è misurato quantitativamente sulla base di una serie di scale spaziali per un periodo di circa 50 anni. L'analisi condotta suggerisce che, ai fini del contenimento del consumo di suolo, ed in specifico dello sprawl urbano, non soltanto la scala metropolitana è significativa, ma anche il potere del governo regionale sulle strategie territoriali è determinante.

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Raiher, Augusta Pelinski. "Padrão de desenvolvimento econômico dos municípios no Paraná: disparidade, dispersão e fatores exôgenos." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2007. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/2151.

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Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:33:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Augusta Pelinski.pdf: 1659331 bytes, checksum: 590b495788826dc44b509e331b77da0f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-26
This research main objetive is to analyze the profile, the spatiality and the influence of the hexogen factors on the economic development of the municipal districts of Paraná. For that, nineteen economic and social indicators were used that formed the degree of development of each municipal district of Paraná in the year of 2004 and 1979. With those data, the municipal districts were ranked, being classified in developed, in development and underdeveloped, estimating the influence of the state investments (hexogen factors) on the economic development. As a result, three conclusion lines were evidenced: the first refers to the complementary existent among the variables that form the economic development in Paraná and their multiplying effects, fundamental for the process of the economic development. The second conclusion line refers to the process of the economic development of the State, verifying an increase of developed and in development municipal districts, with the formation of two development corridors and of an agglomerate of municipal districts in development in the West area. It was observed that the developed and in development municipal districts are located mainly in the edges of the State, close to the municipal districts that were in development in the year of 1979, signaling a diffusion of the development for proximity. The underdeveloped municipal districts are located mainly in the centre of the State, where there was not practically any municipal district in development in 1979. The third conclusion line refers to the effect that the investments of the State have on the economic development. That association between development and state inversions was delineated through a model of quadratic regression, in which it was verified that the increase in the investments of the State elevates the degree of development of their municipal districts, nonetheless to decreasing rates. This way the action of the State in the development of the municipal districts is relevant, with a larger efficiency of their inversions in the beginning of the development process; however, in the same rate that the State intensifies its investments, making available a better infrastructure, with larger social and economic investments, it is created an internal dynamism that drives the economic development by itself. Also, the influence of the State inversions on the development was regionally analyzed, verifying significant discrepancies as for the meaning of that relationship; nevertheless, independently of the magnitude and of the format of the relationship among those variables, the government of the State has a relevant participation in the economic development of the municipal districts of Paraná. And it should consider which form will be its performance in each area with the intention of not wasting either efforts or resources, promoting, indeed, a development
O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar o perfil, a espacialidade e a influência dos fatores exógenos sobre o desenvolvimento econômico dos municípios paranaenses. Para isso, utilizaram-se dezenove indicadores econômicos e sociais que formaram o grau de desenvolvimento de cada município do Paraná no ano de 2004 e em 1979. Com esses dados, hierarquizou-se os municípios, classificando-os em desenvolvido, em desenvolvimento e subdesenvolvidos, estimando a influência dos investimentos estatais (fatores exógenos) sobre o desenvolvimento econômico. Como resultado, evidenciaram-se três linhas de conclusão: A primeira refere-se a complementariedade existente entre as variáveis que formam o desenvolvimento econômico no Paraná e seus efeitos multiplicativos, fundamentais para o processo do desenvolvimento econômico. A segunda linha de conclusão refere-se ao perfil de desenvolvimento do Estado, verificando um aumento de municípios desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento, com a formação de dois corredores de desenvolvimento e de um aglomerado de municípios em desenvolvimento na região Oeste. Observou-se que os municípios em desenvolvimento e os desenvolvidos localizam-se principalmente nos extremos do Estado, próximos dos municípios que estavam em desenvolvimento no ano de 1979, sinalizando uma difusão do desenvolvimento por contigüidade. Já, os municípios subdesenvolvidos localizam-se principalmente no Centro do Estado, região na qual não se tinha praticamente nenhum município em desenvolvimento em 1979. A terceira linha de conclusão refere-se ao efeito que os investimentos do Estado têm sobre o desenvolvimento econômico. Essa associação entre desenvolvimento e inversões estatais foi delineada através de um modelo de regressão quadrática, na qual verificou-se que o aumento nos investimentos do Estado eleva o grau de desenvolvimento dos seus municípios, porém a taxas decrescentes. Desta forma, a ação do Estado no desenvolvimento dos municípios é relevante, com uma eficiência maior das suas inversões no início de processo de desenvolvimento; porém, na medida que o Estado intensifica seus investimentos, disponibilizando uma melhor infra-estrutura, com maiores investimentos sociais e econômicos, cria-se um dinamismo interno que conduz por si só o desenvolvimento econômico. Também se analisou regionalmente a influência das inversões do Estado sobre o desenvolvimento, verificando significativas discrepâncias quanto à acepção dessa relação; contudo, independentemente da magnitude e do formato da relação entre essas variáveis, o governo do Estado tem uma participação relevante no desenvolvimento econômico dos municípios paranaenses, devendo ponderar de que forma será a sua atuação em cada região com o intuito de não desperdiçar esforços e nem recursos, promovendo, efetivamente, um desenvolvimento

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Campedelli, Alessandro <1975&gt. "Il dominio romano in Dalmatia: diffusione del modello urbano e culturale." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2993/1/CAMPEDELLI_ALESSANDRO_IL_DOMINIO_ROMANO_IN_DALMATIA%2C_DIFFUSIONE_DEL_MODELLO_URBANO_E_CULTURALE.pdf.

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I viaggi e gli studi compiuti in Croazia, Montenegro e Bosnia Erzegovina in occasione della Tesi di Laurea hanno costituito l’occasione per comprendere quanto sia consistente il retaggio di Roma antica sulla sponda orientale dell’Adriatico. Nello stesso tempo si è potuto constatare che, per diversi motivi, dal punto di vista prettamente scientifico, la ricchezza di questo patrimonio archeologico aveva sino allora trovato soltanto poche occasioni di studio. Da qui la necessità di provvedere a un quadro completo e generale relativo alla presenza romana in un territorio come quello della provincia romana di Dalmatia che, pur considerando la sua molteplicità geografica, etnica, economica, culturale, sociale e politica, ha trovato, grazie all’intervento di Roma, una sua dimensione unitaria, un comune denominatore, tanto da farne una provincia che ebbe un ruolo fondamentale nella storia dell’Impero. Il lavoro prende le mosse da una considerazione preliminare e generale, che ne costituisce quasi lo spunto metodologico più determinante: la trasmissione della cultura e dei modelli di vita da parte di Roma alle altre popolazioni ha creato un modello in virtù del quale l’imperialismo romano si è in certo modo adattato alle diverse culture incontrate ed assimilate, dando vita ad una rete di culture unite da elementi comuni, ma anche profondamente diversificate per sintesi originali. Quella che pare essere la chiave di lettura impiegata è la struttura di un impero a forma di “rete” con forti elementi di coesione, ma allo stesso tempo dotato di ampi margini di autonomia. E questo a cominciare dall’analisi dei fattori che aprirono il cammino dell’afflusso romano in Dalmatia e nello stesso tempo permisero i contatti con il territorio italico. La ricerca ne analizza quindi i fattori:il diretto controllo militare, la costruzione di una rete viaria, l’estensione della cittadinanza romana, lo sviluppo della vita locale attraverso la formazione di una rete di municipi, i contatti economici e l’immigrazione di genti romanizzate. L’analisi ha posto in evidenza una provincia caratterizzata da notevoli contraddizioni, che ne condizionarono – presso entrambi i versanti del Velebit e delle Alpi Dinariche – lo sviluppo economico, sociale, culturale e urbanistico. Le profonde differenze strutturali tra questi due territori rimasero sempre presenti: la zona costiera divenne, sotto tutti i punti di vista, una sorta di continuazione dell’Italia, mntre quella continentale non progredì di pari passo. Eppure l’influenza romana si diffuse anche in questa, così che essa si pote conformare, in una certa misura, alla zona litoranea. Come si può dedurre dal fatto che il severo controllo militare divenne superfluo e che anche questa regione fu dotata progressivamente di centri amministrati da un gruppo dirigente compiutamente integrato nella cultura romana. Oltre all’analisi di tutto ciò che rientra nel processo di acculturazione dei nuovi territori, l’obiettivo principale del lavoro è l’analisi di uno degli elementi più importanti che la dominazione romana apportò nei territori conquistati, ovvero la creazione di città. In questo ambito relativamente periferico dell’Impero, qual è il territorio della provincia romana della Dalmatia, è stato dunque possibile analizzare le modalità di creazione di nuovi centri e di adattamento, da parte di Roma, ai caratteri locali dell’insediamento, nonché ai condizionamenti ambientali, evidenziando analogie e differenze tra le città fondate. Prima dell’avvento di Roma, nessuna delle regioni entrate a far parte dei territori della Dalmatia romana, con la sola eccezione della Liburnia, diede origine a centri di vero e proprio potere politico-economico, come ad esempio le città greche del Mediterraneo orientale, tali da continuare un loro sviluppo all’interno della provincia romana. In altri termini: non si hanno testimonianze di insediamenti autoctoni importanti che si siano trasformati in città sul modello dei centri provinciali romani, senza aver subito cambiamenti radicali quali una nuova pianificazione urbana o una riorganizzazione del modello di vita locale. Questo non significa che la struttura politico-sociale delle diverse tribù sia stata cambiata in modo drastico: almeno nelle modeste “città” autoctone, nelle quali le famiglie appaiono con la cittadinanza romana, assieme agli ordinamenti del diritto municipale, esse semplicemente continuarono ad avere il ruolo che i loro antenati mantennero per generazioni all’interno della propria comunità, prima della conquista romana. Il lavoro mette compiutamente in luce come lo sviluppo delle città nella provincia abbia risentito fortemente dello scarso progresso politico, sociale ed economico che conobbero le tribù e le popolazioni durante la fase pre-romana. La colonizzazione greca, troppo modesta, non riuscì a far compiere quel salto qualitativo ai centri autoctoni, che rimasero sostanzialmente privi di concetti basilari di urbanistica, anche se è possibile notare, almeno nei centri costieri, l’adozione di tecniche evolute, ad esempio nella costruzione delle mura. In conclusione questo lavoro chiarisce analiticamente, con la raccolta di un’infinità di dati (archeologici e topografici, materiali ed epigrafici, e desunti dalle fonti storiche), come la formazione della città e l’urbanizzazione della sponda orientale dell’adriatico sia un fenomeno prettamente romano, pur differenziato, nelle sue dinamiche storiche, quasi caso per caso. I dati offerti dalla topografia delle città della Dalmatia, malgrado la scarsità di esempi ben documentati, sembrano confermare il principio della regolarità degli impianti urbani. Una griglia ortogonale severamente applicata la si individua innanzi tutto nelle città pianificate di Iader, Aequum e, probabilmente, anche a Salona. In primis nelle colonie, quindi, ma non esclusivamente. Anche numerosi municipi sviluppatisi da insediamenti di origine autoctona hanno espresso molto presto la tendenza allo sviluppo di un sistema ortogonale regolare, se non in tutta l’area urbana, almeno nei settori di più possibile applicazione. Ne sono un esempio Aenona, Arba, Argiruntum, Doclea, Narona ed altri. La mancanza di un’organizzazione spaziale regolare non ha tuttavia compromesso l’omogeneità di un’attrezzatura urbana tesa alla normalizzazione, in cui i componenti più importanti, forum e suoi annessi, complessi termali, templi dinastici e capitolia, si avviano a diventare canonici. Le differenze più sensibili, che pure non mancano, sembrano dipendere dalle abitudini delle diverse etnie, dai condizionamenti topografici e dalla disponibilità finanziaria dei notabili. Una città romana non può prendere corpo in tutta la sua pienezza solo per la volontà del potere centrale. Un progetto urbanistico resta un fatto teorico finché non si realizzano le condizioni per cui si fondano due fenomeni importantissimi: uno socio-culturale, che consiste nell’emergenza di una classe di notabili “fortunati” desiderosi di dare a Roma dimostrazioni di lealtà, pronti a rispondere a qualsiasi sollecitazione da parte del potere centrale e addirittura ad anticiparlo; l’altro politico-amministrativo, che riguarda il sistema instaurato da Roma, grazie al quale i suddetti notabili possono godere di un certo potere e muoversi in vista della promozione personale nell’ambito della propria città. Aiuti provenienti dagli imperatori o da governatori provinciali, per quanto consistenti, rimangono un fatto non sistematico se non imprevedibile, e rappresentano comunque un episodio circoscritto. Anche se qualche città risulta in grado di costruire pecunia publica alcuni importanti edifici del quadro monumentale, il ruolo del finanziamento pubblico resta relativamente modesto. Quando la documentazione epigrafica esiste, si rivela che sono i notabili locali i maggiori responsabili della costruzione delle opere pubbliche. Sebbene le testimonianze epigrafiche siano scarse e, per la Dalmatia non sia possibile formulare un quadro completo delle committenze che favorirono materialmente lo sviluppo architettonico ed artistico di molti complessi monumentali, tuttavia è possibile osservare e riconoscere alcuni aspetti significativi e peculiari della provincia.

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Campedelli, Alessandro <1975&gt. "Il dominio romano in Dalmatia: diffusione del modello urbano e culturale." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2993/.

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I viaggi e gli studi compiuti in Croazia, Montenegro e Bosnia Erzegovina in occasione della Tesi di Laurea hanno costituito l’occasione per comprendere quanto sia consistente il retaggio di Roma antica sulla sponda orientale dell’Adriatico. Nello stesso tempo si è potuto constatare che, per diversi motivi, dal punto di vista prettamente scientifico, la ricchezza di questo patrimonio archeologico aveva sino allora trovato soltanto poche occasioni di studio. Da qui la necessità di provvedere a un quadro completo e generale relativo alla presenza romana in un territorio come quello della provincia romana di Dalmatia che, pur considerando la sua molteplicità geografica, etnica, economica, culturale, sociale e politica, ha trovato, grazie all’intervento di Roma, una sua dimensione unitaria, un comune denominatore, tanto da farne una provincia che ebbe un ruolo fondamentale nella storia dell’Impero. Il lavoro prende le mosse da una considerazione preliminare e generale, che ne costituisce quasi lo spunto metodologico più determinante: la trasmissione della cultura e dei modelli di vita da parte di Roma alle altre popolazioni ha creato un modello in virtù del quale l’imperialismo romano si è in certo modo adattato alle diverse culture incontrate ed assimilate, dando vita ad una rete di culture unite da elementi comuni, ma anche profondamente diversificate per sintesi originali. Quella che pare essere la chiave di lettura impiegata è la struttura di un impero a forma di “rete” con forti elementi di coesione, ma allo stesso tempo dotato di ampi margini di autonomia. E questo a cominciare dall’analisi dei fattori che aprirono il cammino dell’afflusso romano in Dalmatia e nello stesso tempo permisero i contatti con il territorio italico. La ricerca ne analizza quindi i fattori:il diretto controllo militare, la costruzione di una rete viaria, l’estensione della cittadinanza romana, lo sviluppo della vita locale attraverso la formazione di una rete di municipi, i contatti economici e l’immigrazione di genti romanizzate. L’analisi ha posto in evidenza una provincia caratterizzata da notevoli contraddizioni, che ne condizionarono – presso entrambi i versanti del Velebit e delle Alpi Dinariche – lo sviluppo economico, sociale, culturale e urbanistico. Le profonde differenze strutturali tra questi due territori rimasero sempre presenti: la zona costiera divenne, sotto tutti i punti di vista, una sorta di continuazione dell’Italia, mntre quella continentale non progredì di pari passo. Eppure l’influenza romana si diffuse anche in questa, così che essa si pote conformare, in una certa misura, alla zona litoranea. Come si può dedurre dal fatto che il severo controllo militare divenne superfluo e che anche questa regione fu dotata progressivamente di centri amministrati da un gruppo dirigente compiutamente integrato nella cultura romana. Oltre all’analisi di tutto ciò che rientra nel processo di acculturazione dei nuovi territori, l’obiettivo principale del lavoro è l’analisi di uno degli elementi più importanti che la dominazione romana apportò nei territori conquistati, ovvero la creazione di città. In questo ambito relativamente periferico dell’Impero, qual è il territorio della provincia romana della Dalmatia, è stato dunque possibile analizzare le modalità di creazione di nuovi centri e di adattamento, da parte di Roma, ai caratteri locali dell’insediamento, nonché ai condizionamenti ambientali, evidenziando analogie e differenze tra le città fondate. Prima dell’avvento di Roma, nessuna delle regioni entrate a far parte dei territori della Dalmatia romana, con la sola eccezione della Liburnia, diede origine a centri di vero e proprio potere politico-economico, come ad esempio le città greche del Mediterraneo orientale, tali da continuare un loro sviluppo all’interno della provincia romana. In altri termini: non si hanno testimonianze di insediamenti autoctoni importanti che si siano trasformati in città sul modello dei centri provinciali romani, senza aver subito cambiamenti radicali quali una nuova pianificazione urbana o una riorganizzazione del modello di vita locale. Questo non significa che la struttura politico-sociale delle diverse tribù sia stata cambiata in modo drastico: almeno nelle modeste “città” autoctone, nelle quali le famiglie appaiono con la cittadinanza romana, assieme agli ordinamenti del diritto municipale, esse semplicemente continuarono ad avere il ruolo che i loro antenati mantennero per generazioni all’interno della propria comunità, prima della conquista romana. Il lavoro mette compiutamente in luce come lo sviluppo delle città nella provincia abbia risentito fortemente dello scarso progresso politico, sociale ed economico che conobbero le tribù e le popolazioni durante la fase pre-romana. La colonizzazione greca, troppo modesta, non riuscì a far compiere quel salto qualitativo ai centri autoctoni, che rimasero sostanzialmente privi di concetti basilari di urbanistica, anche se è possibile notare, almeno nei centri costieri, l’adozione di tecniche evolute, ad esempio nella costruzione delle mura. In conclusione questo lavoro chiarisce analiticamente, con la raccolta di un’infinità di dati (archeologici e topografici, materiali ed epigrafici, e desunti dalle fonti storiche), come la formazione della città e l’urbanizzazione della sponda orientale dell’adriatico sia un fenomeno prettamente romano, pur differenziato, nelle sue dinamiche storiche, quasi caso per caso. I dati offerti dalla topografia delle città della Dalmatia, malgrado la scarsità di esempi ben documentati, sembrano confermare il principio della regolarità degli impianti urbani. Una griglia ortogonale severamente applicata la si individua innanzi tutto nelle città pianificate di Iader, Aequum e, probabilmente, anche a Salona. In primis nelle colonie, quindi, ma non esclusivamente. Anche numerosi municipi sviluppatisi da insediamenti di origine autoctona hanno espresso molto presto la tendenza allo sviluppo di un sistema ortogonale regolare, se non in tutta l’area urbana, almeno nei settori di più possibile applicazione. Ne sono un esempio Aenona, Arba, Argiruntum, Doclea, Narona ed altri. La mancanza di un’organizzazione spaziale regolare non ha tuttavia compromesso l’omogeneità di un’attrezzatura urbana tesa alla normalizzazione, in cui i componenti più importanti, forum e suoi annessi, complessi termali, templi dinastici e capitolia, si avviano a diventare canonici. Le differenze più sensibili, che pure non mancano, sembrano dipendere dalle abitudini delle diverse etnie, dai condizionamenti topografici e dalla disponibilità finanziaria dei notabili. Una città romana non può prendere corpo in tutta la sua pienezza solo per la volontà del potere centrale. Un progetto urbanistico resta un fatto teorico finché non si realizzano le condizioni per cui si fondano due fenomeni importantissimi: uno socio-culturale, che consiste nell’emergenza di una classe di notabili “fortunati” desiderosi di dare a Roma dimostrazioni di lealtà, pronti a rispondere a qualsiasi sollecitazione da parte del potere centrale e addirittura ad anticiparlo; l’altro politico-amministrativo, che riguarda il sistema instaurato da Roma, grazie al quale i suddetti notabili possono godere di un certo potere e muoversi in vista della promozione personale nell’ambito della propria città. Aiuti provenienti dagli imperatori o da governatori provinciali, per quanto consistenti, rimangono un fatto non sistematico se non imprevedibile, e rappresentano comunque un episodio circoscritto. Anche se qualche città risulta in grado di costruire pecunia publica alcuni importanti edifici del quadro monumentale, il ruolo del finanziamento pubblico resta relativamente modesto. Quando la documentazione epigrafica esiste, si rivela che sono i notabili locali i maggiori responsabili della costruzione delle opere pubbliche. Sebbene le testimonianze epigrafiche siano scarse e, per la Dalmatia non sia possibile formulare un quadro completo delle committenze che favorirono materialmente lo sviluppo architettonico ed artistico di molti complessi monumentali, tuttavia è possibile osservare e riconoscere alcuni aspetti significativi e peculiari della provincia.

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7

Wen, Yuming. "Spatial diffusion model for simulation of urban land cover change /." View online ; access limited to URI, 2004. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/dlnow/3147805.

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Kim, Jung Hwa M. C. P. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "International diffusion practice : lessons from South Korea's New Village Movement." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/81150.

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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2013.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 104-111).
This research focuses on how South Korea's development model-namely, the Saemaul Undong, or the New Village Movement-is diffused internationally, in particular, to the developing country of Vietnam. South Korea's successful model has been diffused through various different channels for years, mostly in the form of foreign aid projects. Due to the prevailing view that international diffusion practices take place homogenously (in a near-universally standardized manner) within the recipient communities, and due to the propensity on the part of both donor and recipient governments to highlight only successful cases of diffusion while not publicizing those that have failed, several key questions, such as, how diffusion actually takes place, or how each project is likely to bring about different outcomes based on who initiates or leads the project, and to what extent this particular South Korean model has been viable and sustainable in the recipient country, remain largely unveiled. This research, therefore, aims to analyze the role of each stakeholder and how these stakeholders-either personnel or institutions-make an impact on the degree of diffusion of the Saemaul Undong process. It seeks to differentiate the impact of diffusion between short-term or one-time aid projects and those that have managed to become a sustainable development model in the recipient community. To be specific, the roles of politicians, administrative officials at the local level, non-governmental agents, external factors, and minor actors are investigated at the micro-level.
by Jung Hwa Kim.
M.C.P.

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Reculin, Sophie. ""Le règne de la nuit désormais va finir". L'invention et la diffusion de l'éclairage public dans le royaume de France (1697-1789)." Thesis, Lille 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL30034/document.

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La thèse propose d'appréhender les débuts de l’éclairage public avant l’invention du gaz et de l’électricité, comme un objet d'histoire urbaine totale. Elle analyse le processus d'introduction, de diffusion et d’appropriation de l'éclairage public à l’échelle du royaume de France entre 1697 – date à laquelle les lanternes publiques sont imposées par la monarchie dans les principales villes du royaume de France – et la période révolutionnaire. Si la mesure est d’abord contestée par les municipalités et une partie des habitants, l’éclairage devient à partir des années 1770 une marque d'urbanité et un instrument de contrôle. À partir de l'abondante documentation des archives municipales, départementales et nationales, la thèse étudie le passage de l’ « illumination » à l’ « éclairage public ». Il s’agit de saisir le cheminement du processus décisionnel entre le pouvoir central, provincial et local, ainsi que la circulation des savoirs et des expériences en matière d’éclairage. L’intérêt grandissant des populations urbaines pour ce nouvel objet technique permet son amélioration puis l’adoption du réverbère qui remplace la lanterne à chandelle à l’orée de la Révolution. La thèse analyse également les conditions économiques, financières et sociales du développement de l’éclairage, à travers la figure de l’entrepreneur, de l’allumeur et le recours aux experts. L’influence de la compagnie Tourtille Sangrain joue un rôle déterminant dans la diffusion de l’éclairage urbain durant le dernier tiers du XVIIIe siècle. Il s'agit enfin d'interroger la réception de l’innovation par les citadins et la "révolution culturelle" (D. Roche) induite dans les usages nocturnes de la ville
The thesis proposes to understand the beginnings of street lighting before the invention of gas and electricity, as an object of total urban history. It analyses the process of introducing, spreading and appropriating street lighting throughout the Kingdom of France between 1697 - when public lanterns were imposed by the monarchy in the main cities of the Kingdom of France - and the revolutionary period. Although the measure was first contested by the municipalities and some of the inhabitants, from the 1770s onwards it became a mark of urbanity and an instrument of control. Based on the abundant documentation from municipal, departmental and national archives, the thesis studies the transition from "illumination" to "public lighting". The aim is to understand the decision-making process between central, provincial and local authorities, as well as the circulation of knowledge and experience in the field of lighting. The growing interest of urban populations in this new technical object led to its improvement and then to the adoption of the « réverbère » that replaced the candlelight lantern at the beginning of the Revolution. The thesis also analyses the economic, financial and social conditions of lighting development, through the figure of the entrepreneur, the street lighter and the expert. The influence of the Tourtille Sangrain company played a decisive role in the spread of urban lighting during the last third of the 18th century. Finally, it is a question of questioning the reception of innovation by city dwellers and the "cultural revolution" (D. Roche) induced in the city's night-time uses

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White, Louis Arthur. "Atmospheric dispersion in and over model urban canopies." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 257 p, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1597633541&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Cherin, Nicolas. "Caractérisation des sources de polluants atmosphériques et de leurs dépôts sur les bassins versants urbains." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1057/document.

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"[L]a pollution de l'air [fait] peser une menace importante sur le plan sanitaire partout dans le monde." L'OMS estime ainsi que, pour l'année 2012 (OMS, 2014), plus de 3,7 millions de décès prématurés dans le monde seraient imputables à la seule pollution de l'air, dont près de 70% surviendraient en ville. Pourtant la connaissance du dépôt sec, particulièrement en milieu urbain, reste très parcellaire. L'object de ce travail de thèse vise à améliorer la compréhension des mécanismes de dépôts atmosphériques en milieu urbain. Historiquement, les dépôts atmosphériques ont été étudiés et modélisés sur des couverts végétaux, plan d'eau ou surface nue, et ce afin d'évaluer, notamment, l'impact sur les écosystèmes des dépôts acides, ou encore de l'eutrophisation. Or, le milieu urbain est caractérisé par une géométrie complexe, et des surfaces variées. Par conséquent, ces modèles de dépôts atmosphériques peuvent ne pas convenir pour simuler les flux de dépôts dans les zones urbaines.Le modèle développé dans cette thèse est un modèle à longueur de mélange. Ces travaux se sont attelés à prendre en compte les principaux processus qui prennent place au sein de la canopée urbaine en modifiant la longueur de mélange et en la rendant dépendante des caractéristiques morphologiques de la ville. Aussi, le profil des vitesses de vent moyen est directement impactée par ce changement de longueur de mélange. Par conséquent, ce nouveau modèle offre la possibilitéde calculer les dépôts secs en milieu urbain en fonction de quelques paramètres représentant les principales caractéristiques de la canopée urbaine (hauteur moyenne des bâtiments, largeur moyenne des rues, densité du bâti)
Pas de résumés

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Tagle, Laura. "Inadvertently reaching the poor : the diffusion of small scale irrigation in northeast Brazil." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/35475.

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Whitacre, Brian E. "Bridging the Rural - Urban Digital Divide in Residential Internet Access." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29102.

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This dissertation explores the persistent gap between rural and urban areas in the percentage of households that access the Internet at home (a discrepancy commonly known as the "digital divide"). The theoretical framework underlying a household's Internet adoption decision is examined, with emphasis on the roles that household characteristics, network externalities, and digital communication technology (DCT) infrastructure potentially play. This framework is transferred into a statistical model of household Internet access, where non-linear decomposition techniques are employed to estimate the contributions of these variables to the digital divide in a given year. Differences in Internet access rates between years are also analyzed to understand the importance of temporal resistance to the continuing digital divide. The increasing prevalence of "high-speed" or broadband access is also taken into account by modeling a decision process where households that choose to have Internet access must decide between dial-up and high-speed access. This nested process is also decomposed in order to estimate the contributions of household characteristics, network externalities, DCT infrastructure, and temporal resistance to the high-speed digital divide. The results suggest that public policies designed to alleviate digital divides in both general and high-speed access should focus more on the broader income and education inequities between rural and urban areas. The results also imply that the current policy environment of encouraging DCT infrastructure investment in rural areas may not be the most effective way to close the digital divide in both general and high-speed Internet access.
Ph. D.

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Le, Guen Marie. "Austin (tx) ville modèle, ville modelée : la (r)évolution de la culture de l'aménagement urbain dans une ville créative en plein essor." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE2002/document.

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Le champ de l’aménagement urbain structure fortement la vie politique locale de la capitale du Texas. Les acteurs s’affrontent autour des enjeux d’aménagement, allant du simple cas de zonage à l’élaboration complexe du plan d’urbanisme. La crispation des relations actorielles dans ce domaine s’effectue sur fond de croissance démographique et économique rapide qui aiguise les enjeux d’aménagement. Alors que l’attractivité d’Austin est érigée en modèle exemplaire du succès de la théorie de la classe créative, l’objectif de ce travail est de révéler le rôle des différents types de modèle dans la structuration et l’évolution de la culture des acteurs de l’aménagement austinite. La première partie précise les objets de recherche et développe une méthodologie adaptée. L’étude de la culture de l’aménagement urbain s’appuie sur les analyses des professionnels de l’urbanisme et les travaux d’analyse comparative des cultures de l’urbanisme en les adaptant à un champ actoriel ouvert à tous les acteurs impliqués, porteurs d’une stratégie spatiale. Les différents types de modèles actifs dans la vaste communauté discursive et comparative de l’urbanisme à l’échelle mondiale sont définis avant d’être envisagés à la lumière des policy mobility studies.La deuxième partie retrace l’histoire de l’urbanisation d’Austin au miroir des modèles théoriques utilisés pour en étudier le développement, tout en pointant les modèles urbanistiques dominants à chaque époque. La construction des modèles contemporains est analysée dans leur relation dialectique avec le cas d’Austin afin de souligner les mécanismes de la modélisation scientifique et l’influence réciproque entre ces modèles théoriques et les acteurs de l’aménagement urbain.La troisième partie analyse le système actoriel de l’aménagement d’Austin, sa gouvernance et la conception de l’urbanisme des divers groupes d’acteurs impliqués. Elle montre qu’au-delà des communautés épistémiques, de véritables communautés culturelles se forment autour d’objectifs politiques afin de surmonter les enjeux contemporains.La dernière partie approfondit l’analyse des jeux d’acteurs et des modèles urbanistiques dominants à travers l’outil de planification. Elle souligne les mécanismes de l’évolution culturelle dans le champ de l’aménagement et révèle les stratégies des acteurs pour promouvoir de nouveaux modèles urbanistiques.La profondeur des fractures révélées au sein du champ actoriel explique les difficultés à faire évoluer le système aménagiste qui reste crispé et litigieux. Le développement d’une culture commune de l’aménagement permettrait de retisser progressivement un lien de confiance et remplacer la défiance qui bloque pour le moment les processus d’adaptation aux nouvelles réalités urbaines d’une grande ville en émergence
The urban planning field strongly structures the Texas capital’s local political life. The actors confront each others on planning issues, ranging from the simple zoning case to the more complex elaboration of a comprehensive plan. The tense relationships between the actors in this domain are taking place against a backdrop of rapid demographic and economic growth, which sharpens urban development issues. While Austin's attractiveness is set as an exemplary model of the success of creative class theory, the goal of this work is to reveal the role of the various types of models in the structuring and evolution of Austin’s planning culture.The first section specifies the research objects and develops an appropriate methodology. The study of the urban planning culture is based on the analysis of urban planning professionals and on the comparative analysis of urban planning cultures, adapting them to a larger variety of actors to take into account all the people involved through a spatial strategy. The different types of active models in the global discursive and comparative urban planning community are first defined, then considered in the light of the policy mobility studies.The second section traces the history of Austin's urbanization through the lens of the theoretical models used to study its development, while pointing out the prevailing urban models at each period. The construction of contemporary models is analyzed through their dialectical relationship with the case of Austin in order to emphasize the mechanisms of scientific modeling and the reciprocal influence between these theoretical models and the urban planning actors.The third section analyzes Austin’s planning system, its governance and the conception of the urban planning held by the various groups of actors involved. It shows that beyond epistemic communities, real cultural communities are formed around policies imagined to overcome contemporary planning issues.The last section deepens the analysis of the actors’ interplay and of preveiling urban models thanks to a planning tool: the comprehensive plan. It highlights the mechanisms of cultural evolution in the field of planning and reveals the actors’ strategies to promote new urban models.The depth of the fractures revealed within the planning field explains the difficulties for its system to evolve. Its processes therefore remain very tense and litigious. The development of a common culture of planning could gradually restore a bond of trust and replace the mistrust that, for the moment, stalls the process of adaptation to the new urban realities of an emerging big large city

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15

Troufleau, Pascal. "La diffusion de l'habitat et sa réglementation." Paris 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA010511.

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La problématique de la diffusion de l'habitat n'est pas assimilable à celle de la consommation d'espace, ni à celle du développement de l'urbanisation pavillonnaire. Interviennent aussi les traditions régionales d'affectation d'espace au logement, les modes d'urbanisme, les types de localisation des constructions et la situation géographique de ces lieux. En Picardie, par exemple, la construction de logements dans les bourgs et petites villes est fonction de la plus ou moins grande proximite de Paris. Mais d'autres facteurs interfèrent pour fixer la consommation d'espace : profil socio-économique, maitrise d'ouvrage, inégal recours à l'urbanisme réglementaire. Ce dernier critère joue un rôle de plus en plus important car les documents d'urbanisme se généralisent rapidement. Mais leur adoption dans des contextes de faible dynamisme démographique et à trop grande échelle en fait des outils souvent mal adaptés aux problèmes des petites communes. Cette échelle d'application des options d'aménagement doit être revue si l'on désire une diffusion de l'habitat harmonieuse et respectueuse du paysage ainsi qu'une bonne adéquation entre offre foncière locale et demande en logements régionale
The spread of urbanization is not only a matter of soil consumption or of propensity for detached houses. The regional traditions of settlement, the forms of urbanization, the type of localization and the geographical location act on the process and are part of the phenomenon. The small towns of Picardy, for instance, build more or less houses, according to the nearness of Paris. But the local consumption of space is also determined by the socioeconomic features, the types of planning permision petitioner and the use of development plans. The geographical consequences of these ones are important because of their present generalization. But they are inappropriate in the cases of low dynamism and in the rural districts. As a matter of fact, it's the local level of the French development plans which poses a problem for an harmonious spread of urbanization and which hinders a good adaptation of the land supply to the regional demand for housing

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Cohen, Kalyn Culler 1958. "Giving voice to ideas : the role description plays in the diffusion of radical innovations." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/65258.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1999.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 134-144).
One of the more stable findings in the "diffusion and knowledge utilization" literature is that simple innovations. those compatible with the existing practices in a field. are spread more easily than those which challenge standard practice. Yet it is the more radical innovations that hold special promise for advancing the practice of a field. Using an action research methodology. the author studied the diffusion of radical innovations in two very different programmatic settings. first in an undergraduate affirmative action program on a university campus and later in a philanthropic-driven effort to fund charitable work with recoverable investments rather than grants--a practice that is called "program-related Investing." The two programs together served as test cases--one as a precipitating paradox and the other as a conscious experiment--in overcoming barriers to the diffusion of an important category of innovations: innovations that require individuals to practice in new ways and acquire new skills, that cause some disruption to the broader organization and that involve the "soft" technologies of knowledge rather than the "hard" material technologies. The literature treated diffuser's descriptions of their innovations as self-evident. whereas the author found that diffusers of these radical. practice innovations unintentionally gave incomplete and in some cases misleading descriptions of their work. An argument is made that effective description must do more than represent the original innovation with some accuracy. It must enable diffusers to teach those aspects of their practice which am difficult for them to make explicit by including opportunities for practicing side-by -side. whether these be through simulated practice worlds or actual ones. It must also enable appropriate transformation of the innovation. This can be best accomplished by structuring a dialogue between diffusers and (potential) users to lift up multiple descriptions of the practice. It is the process of comparing such descriptions that allows diffusers and users to build up an understanding both of the essence of the innovation and of ways in which transformations may preserve or damage this essence.
by Kalyn Culler Cohen.
Ph.D.

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17

Li, Xianxiang. "Large-eddy simulation of wind flow and air pollutant transport inside urban street canyons of different aspect ratios." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B40687326.

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Pereira, Fúlvio Teixeira de Barros. "Difusão da arquitetura moderna na cidade de João Pessoa (1956-1974)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18142/tde-21072008-142851/.

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Aborda a difusão da arquitetura moderna no Brasil, ao tratar desse processo na cidade de João Pessoa entre 1956 e 1974, por se revelar aí um período de intensa produção moderna apesar de seu limitado quadro de arquitetos. Objetiva explicar, a partir do vínculo entre arquitetura e cidade, quais foram os agentes promotores dessa arquitetura, como ela se manifestou no espaço urbano e como era então representada. Para isso se baseia em entrevistas com os arquitetos então atuantes e análises de projetos, obras construídas, artigos e publicidades de periódicos da época, ao enfocar edifícios públicos e privados e intervenções urbanísticas. Constata a diversidade de linguagens manifestadas, apesar da constante atenção à simplicidade e à economia construtiva, e a centralização em valores nãolocais, como também foi representada pela imprensa.
Diffusion of modern architecture in Brazil is accosted while this process is dealing with João Pessoa city between 1956 and 1974, because a period of intense modern production was revealed there in spite of its limited local architect\'s group. To explain, based on relation between architecture and city, what were the agents which promoted this architecture, how it was demonstrated itself in the urban space and how it was represented then are intended. The study is based in interviews with architects who were in activity at that moment and analyses of projects, constructions, articles and publicities of magazines and newspapers from that time while public and private buildings and urbanistic interventions are approaching. The diversity of languages manifested in spite of constant attention to simplicity and economy of construction and the focus on no-locals values, like it was also represented by press, are perceived.

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Agatstein, Jessica C. "Localities and their natural gas : stories of problem diffusion, state preemption, and local government capacity." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/81145.

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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2013.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 39-41).
The rapid rise of oil and gas production in the United States poses a new set of policy challenges for local governments. Striving to balance the goals of encouraging economic growth and mitigating its side effects, local governments across the country-especially the small, rural communities where most drilling occurs-are developing an impressive array of policy tools to limit the consequences of oil and gas drilling. In this thesis, I explore how local governments have mitigated the side effects of the oil and gas extraction process in very different ways, using case studies from Washington County, Idaho; Dryden, New York; and Erie, Colorado. I find that these localities' stories reflect three important trends in local policy-making. First, the amount of regulatory authority states grant to localities helps explain why local governments are choosing different policy options, though state preemption is still not preventing localities from regulating oil and gas. Second, in the process of regulating drilling, local governments are undergoing what I call "problem diffusion." Rather than participating in policy diffusion, in which neighboring communities replicate policy solutions, all three localities developed their policies based on their neighbors' problems with oil and gas. And third, these localities were able to create and pass complex oil and gas policies because they didn't have the financial or technical constraints often attributed to local governments of small, rural communities. Instead, they actively navigated around existing state statutes; did extensive research on policy options, aided by a wealth of online resources; and even prompted state legislative action.
by Jessica C. Agatstein.
M.C.P.

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20

Lin, Trista Shuenying. "Smart parking : Network, infrastructure and urban service." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAL0138/document.

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Le parking intelligent, permettant aux conducteurs d'accéder aux informations de stationnement sur leurs appareils mobiles, réduit les difficultés des usagers. Tout d'abord, nous mettons en lumière la manière de recueillir les informations de parking en introduisant une architecture de réseaux de capteurs multi-saut, et les modèles d'intensité applicative en examinant la probabilité d'arrivées et de départs de véhicules. Puis nous étudions la stratégie de déploiement des réseaux de capteurs et définissons un problème multi-objectifs, puis nous le résolvons sur deux cartes de parking réelles. Ensuite, nous définissons un service Publish-Subscribe pour fournir aux conducteurs des informations pertinentes. Nous illustrons le système dans des réseaux véhiculaires et mobiles et soulignons l'importance du contenu et du contexte du message au conducteur. Afin d'évaluer la résilience du système, nous proposons un modèle Publish-Subscribe étendu et nous l'évaluons dans différentes circonstances imprévues. Notre travail est basé sur la prémisse que les capteurs de parking sont déployés à une grande échelle dans la ville. Nous considérons une vue d'ensemble des services urbains du point de vue de la municipalité. Ainsi, nous faisons la lumière sur deux thèmes principaux: la collecte d'informations sur le déploiement de capteurs et un modèle étendu de Publish-Subscribe. Notre travail donne un guide avant de démarrer un projet de parking intelligent ou tout service urbain similaire en temps réel. Il fournit également une plate-forme d'évaluation valable pour tester des jeux de données plus réalistes, comme des traces de véhicules ou de trafic réseau
Smart parking, allowing drivers to access parking information through their smart-phone, is proposed to ease drivers' pain. We first spotlight the manner to collect parking information by introducing the multi-hop sensor network architecture, and how the network is formed. We then introduce the traffic intensity models by looking at the vehicle's arrival and departure probabilities, following the heavy-tailed distribution. We study the deployment strategy of wireless on-street parking sensor layouts. We define a multiple-objective problem and solve it with two real street parking maps. In turn, we present a Publish-Subscribe service system to provide good parking information to drivers. We illustrate the system with a vehicular network and point out the importance of content and context of a driver’s message. To evaluate the resilience, we propose an extended Publish-Subscribe model, and evaluate it under different unforeseen circumstances. Our work is based on the premise that large-scale parking sensors are deployed in the city. We look at the whole picture of urban service from viewpoint of the municipality. As such, we shed light on two main topics: the information collection on sensor deployment and an extended version of Publish-Subscribe messaging paradigm. Our work gives a guideline from network-related perspectives for city before launching a smart parking or any similar real-time urban service. It also provides a meaningful evaluation platform for testing more realistic datasets, such as real vehicle traces or network traffic

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MICHEL, SOPHIE. "La diffusion des services aux entreprises dans les systemes urbains francais : ouest-allemand et britannique (1850-1990)." Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010531.

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A l'echelle des reseaux urbains nationaux, les travaux de moriconi-ebrard et de juillard et nonn nous on conduit a identifier deux formes majeures d'organisation des reseaux de villes : l'organisation de type parisien, centralisee et tres polarisee, qui favorise le developpement de relations hierarchiques et l'organisation de type rhenan, reticulaire et qui favorise le developpement multiple de relations transversales entre les villes ; une forme intermediaire se traduit par une structure a la fois reticulee et primatiale au niveau metropolitain. Par dela les invariants de la diffusion des innovations, on a pose la question de l'existence d'une relation entre une forme particuliere de systeme urbain et les modalites de la diffusion des innovations economiques. D'autre part, sachant que les services aux entreprises font partie du cycle de l'information qui essaime dans les systemes urbains nationaux depuis quelques decennies, on a cherche a apprecier les nouvelles attractivites que ce type d'activite met en place. On a pour cela travaille sur les systemes de villes francais, ouest-allemand et britannique, au niveau des agglomerations urbaines de plus de 100000 habitants, en utilisant les annuaires nationaux d'entreprises kompass pour retracer l'evolution de la distribution des services aux entreprises depuis 1850. On a pu constater que dans les trois reseaux de villes, les localisations metropolitaines sont tres largement favorisees par cette activite et que dans un contexte europeen de plus en plus pregnant, ils accentuent le processus de metropolisation. Mais au-dela de cet effet conjoncturel, lie a la mise en place d'un nouveau cycle economique, le fonctionnement de la diffusion est tres largement influence par l'organisation hierarchique du systeme de villes
Looking at economic innovation's diffusion in three countries, is a way to enhance and explore urban systems pattern's influence on the system's functioning. West-germany, france and great-britain have been chosen, as each of them represent a very specific urban systems' type : the centralised type is represented with france, the polarised type with great- britain, and the network type with west-germany. A specific homogenised database is used here, built out from companies directories (the kompass ones). A diffusion process operate along three phases (appearance, expansion and saturation) which find their spatial counterparts in an urban perspective : a small number of cities is reached in the appearance phase, a great number in the expansion phase, a small number of remote cities in the saturation phase. Baring this in mind, national structural differences, due to the urban system's hierarchy could be enlighted. In a network type of system, as that of west- germany, a great number of high rank cities intensifies the diffusion speed in the appearance phase, whereas the process is slowed down in the expansion phase ; so much, that at the end of the period, the saturation stage is still to be reached. The opposite occurs in a centralised type of system as that of france : a very small number of cities is first reached, as the metropolitan level is poor and unbalanced with a very primatial capital city ; during the expansion phase, a large number of cities is concerned, and the diffusion's speed is high, so much that the saturation phase starts in 1990. In a polarised type, as that of great-britain, the diffusion speeds is high both in the appearance and the expansion phases. Tracing producer service's spatial diffusion from 1850, allows to underline a global tendency to add to the strength of the existing urban hierarchy rather than upset it. Indeed the activity is enhancing a major gap between a superior level of cities and the rest of the national urban system

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Johnson, Craig A. "The Diffusion of Geospatial Technologies Among Louisiana Assessors." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2013. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1638.

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The diffusion of geospatial technologies, including Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Computer Aided Mass Appraisal Systems (CAMA), among Louisiana Assessors has been slowed by limited resources, a lack of communication and slow innovation decision processes. This research considers analysis of the speed of adoption, identifies the key players in decision making and the issues that influence the process based upon the theory of the diffusion of innovation developed by Dr. Everett M. Rogers (1995). The research data collected from online surveys, field visits and interviews of Louisiana Assessors between 2007 and 2013 was compared to identify factors that spurred or impeded the adoption of geospatial technologies among assessment offices. The research finds that proximity, communication, resources and the type of adopter predicts the adoption of GIS and/or CAMA by Louisiana Assessors.

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Lai, Kwong-kei Murphy. "Two-dimensional computational study on indoor/outdoor air quality relationship in urban buildings." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38725149.

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24

Tirico, Michele. "Morphogenesis of complex networks. : An application in urban growth." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMLH17.

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Les caractéristiques, les fonctionnements et les processus de morphogénèse d'un grand nombre de réseaux spatio-complexes sont influencés par la position et la géométrie de leurs éléments constitutifs. Nous abordons, dans ce travail, les aspects computationnels de la morphogénèse de réseaux complexes, en proposant un modèle général, capable de simuler leur formation. Les réseaux sont générés sous l'influence de contraintes qui s'expriment par l'intermédiaire d'un champ vectoriel qui est déterminé à l'aide d'un système de réaction-diffusion. Nous utilisons un modèle de Gray-Scott produisant une grande variété de motifs dynamiques. Le champ vectoriel obtenu contrôle la géométrie et le taux de croissance du réseau construit qui rétroagit sur le processus de réaction-diffusion. Une étude a été réalisée sur l'influence des motifs et des processus de rétroaction sur la structure des réseaux obtenus en s'appuyant sur des mesures de réseaux complexes et de multi-fractalités. Une démarche de validation et d'évaluation du comportement du modèle a été effectuée et appliquée en comparant les réseaux obtenus à ceux structurant les villes françaises les plus importantes en taille et les plus connues graphes géométriques planaires
The characteristics, functions and morphogenetic processes of a large number of complex spatial networks are influenced by the position and the geometry of their constituent elements. In this work, we address the computational aspects of the morphogenesis of complex networks by proposing a general model, simulating their formation. The networks are generated under the influence of constraints expressed through a vector field that is determined using a reaction-diffusion system. We use the Gray-Scott model to produce a wide variety of dynamic patterns. The resulting vector field controls the geometry and the growth rate of the constructed network that feeds back the reaction-diffusion process. A study was carried out on the influence of the patterns and feedback processes on the structure of the obtained networks using measures from graph theory and multi-fractality theory. A process of validation and evaluation of the model's behaviour was carried out and applied by comparing the networks obtained to largest French cities and the most relevant geometric planar graphs

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Güldas, Yasar [Verfasser], and Frank C. [Akademischer Betreuer] Englmann. "Adoption and diffusion of electric trucks in urban freight transport / Yasar Güldas ; Betreuer: Frank C. Englmann." Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1190645505/34.

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Rolf, Kusch. "Sustainable urban planning : A comparative analysis on the diffusion of bicycle infrastructure in Utrecht and Stockholm." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk historia och internationella relationer, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-193916.

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27

Cheung, Ching. "Effect of heat flux on wind flow and pollutant dispersion in an urban street canyon." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B37742498.

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28

Guillouzouic, Arthur. "Local public goods and the geography of economic activity." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IEPP0030.

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Cette thèse étudie la manière dont l’hétérogénéité dans la production de biens publics locaux peut influencer la géographie de l’activité économique, en s’appuyant sur l’étude de deux mécanismes générant une telle hétérogénéité.Dans les deux premiers chapitres, le bien public local étudié est la connaissance technologique. Cette approche trouve sa source dans une vaste littérature montrant que les flux de connaissance sont sujets à un important biais spatial. Le premier chapitre étudie les dynamiques de formation des liens entre innovateurs, et leurs conséquences sur l’effet agrégé de la distance sur les flux de connaissance. L’analyse montre que les innovateurs trouvent des nouvelles sources de connaissance graduellement, via les contacts de leurs propres contacts. En introduisant cet élément dans un modèle de formation de réseau, on obtient des prédictions sur la taille des innovateurs et sur la relation entre taille et distance des citations qui sont vérifiées dans les données. Le second chapitre prend ces réseaux locaux d’innovateurs comme fixés, et examine leur influence sur les décisions de relocalisations d’établissements de R&D par les firmes. Je montre que les firmes innovantes sont plus mobiles que la moyenne, et que des réseaux d’innovation plus denses attirent les firmes tandis qu’une mauvaise position dans le réseau rend les firmes plus susceptibles de se relocaliser. J’étudie ensuite théoriquement le problème d’une firme pouvant relocaliser ses laboratoires mais possédant des informations limitées sur les autres localisations. Le troisième chapitre s’intéresse à un problème différent dans lequel le bien public local est produit par le service public de manière spatialement hétérogène, à cause de salaires fixés de manière centralisée. Il montre que les fonctionnaires génèrent des externalités positives sur le secteur privé, ce qui implique que des niveaux hétérogènes de biens publics locaux déforment la géographie de l’activité privée
This thesis studies how heterogeneity in the quality of local public goods may influence the geography of economic activity, through the study of two mechanisms generating such heterogeneity. In the first two chapters, the local public good I study is technological knowledge. The analysis is rooted in a vast body of literature showing that knowledge flows exhibit a strong spatial bias. The first chapter studies the dynamics of link formation between innovators, and their link with the aggregate effect of distance on knowledge flows. The analysis shows that innovators learn about new knowledge gradually, using the contacts of their own contacts. Inserting this fact in a network formation model yields predictions about the size of innovators and a relation between size and the distance of citations, which are met in the data. The second chapter takes these local innovation networks as given, and investigates how they influence firms’ location choices through their decisions to relocate R&D labs. I show that innovative firms are more mobile than the average firm, and that denser innovation networks attract them while a poor position in their local network makes them more likely to leave. I then study theoretically the problem faced by firms able to relocate their R&D labs with limited information about the other locations.The third chapter studies a different problem in which a local public good provided by the public sector is spatially heterogeneous, due to wages set centrally. It shows that public sector workers exert positive spillovers on private sector workers, implying that heterogeneous levels of public good provision distort the geography of private sector activity

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Ionescu, Anda. "Contribution à la compréhension de la dispersion des polluants atmosphériques en zone urbaine." Paris 12, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA120059.

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Cette etude concerne une analyse spatio-temporelle de la dispersion des polluants atmospheriques en zone urbaine. Les outils d'analyse developpes ont ete appliques aux concentrations horaires de so#2 et de no#2 mesurees par airparif sur la periode 93-97. L'analyse temporelle a mis en evidence le caractere non-homogene de la distribution spatiale de la pollution et l'influence des activites humaines. Pour le calcul des champs de concentrations de polluants, une methode d'interpolation basee sur les fonctions spline plaque mince a ete developpee. La methode a ete validee pour le cas d'airparif ; la qualite de l'interpolation depend de la densite et de la distribution spatiale des stations. La cartographie des champs de concentration confirme leur caractere non-homogene, plus accentue pendant les periodes de forte pollution et ouvre des perspectives pour l'optimisation des reseaux. L'analyse d'un grand nombre de distributions spatiales etant difficile, on a procede a la classification des champs de concentration, afin de resumer toutes ces informations par un nombre limite de typologies. Cette classification, appliquee aux episodes de pollution, a permis de caracteriser chaque repartition spatiale par une typologie et une moyenne. L'analyse des typologies montre la correspondance entre zones fortement polluees et zones industrielles. La distribution de la pollution depend aussi fortement des vents. Pour une meilleure comprehension de la dispersion pendant les episodes de pollution, on a procede a une analyse statistique descriptive, qui a permis d'identifier des parametres meteorologiques favorisant l'accumulation des polluants. Finalement, cette analyse permet de definir les entrees-sorties d'un modele boite noire, reliant une typologie de la pollution et sa moyenne a l'instant t+1 aux memes parametres aux instants anterieurs et a la situation meteorologique a l'instant t. Cette demarche, basee sur une approche reseau de neurones, ouvre de nouvelles perspectives de recherche.

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BJARTMAR, HYLTA SANNE, and PETRA SÖDERBERG. "Smart Locks for Smart Customers? : A Study of the Diffusion of Smart Locks in an Urban Area." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-223895.

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31

Ugulu, Anthony Ifeanyi. "The determinants of decentralised photovoltaic (PV) adoption in urban Nigeria and a verified model for rapid diffusion." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/3131.

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Microgeneration technologies like residential solar photovoltaic (PV) systems have been shown to have immense potential for energy security and climate change mitigation. As a way of helping to resolve the decades-long power challenge in Nigeria, this study investigated the barriers to, and motives for, domestic PV adoption in Nigeria. It also assessed whether household PV can lead to increased energy use efficiency and examined the role of Government incentives towards large-scale uptake and diffusion. Adoption and innovation diffusion theories, willingness-to-pay (WTP), coproduction and self-help concepts were employed. Results were analysed using mainly Lagos State household data, collected through questionnaire surveys and interviews. Findings from correlation and logistic regression revealed the major barriers as high capital costs, lack of finance and low awareness. Field survey analysis established the key motives for uptake as power outages, cost-savings, including generator use fuel fraud and access to finance. It also showed that post-PV, adopting households engaged in more energy efficient practices. From this data the PV efficiency cycle was developed to demonstrate how energy conservation occurred. Empirical evidence from the surveys, interviews and LCOE calculations were used to design a verified model for rapid PV diffusion. This decision-making tool can be used by the Government, policymakers, PV designers, SMEs and households for choosing an appropriately-sized module. The results point to the need for regulatory and political intervention. Effective PV awareness creation campaigns and promotional strategies would also be necessary in the changing face of electricity supply in Nigeria.

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Cheng, Wai-chi, and 鄭偉智. "Wind and pollutant removal of urban street canyons under different thermal stratification by RANS and LES models." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46289653.

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33

Soulhac, Lionel. "Modélisation de la dispersion atmosphérique à l'intérieur de la canopée urbaine." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ECDL0007.

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Afin d'évaluer les conséquences de la pollution atmosphérique sur la santé et l'environnement, les pouvoirs publics ont souvent besoin d'outils de modélisation fine, permettant d'appréhender l'impact d'un aménagement local, de prévoir les niveaux de concentration et d'informer la population. Le problème, posé par la simulation de la dispersion des polluants à l'échelle locale, est de parvenir à étudier beaucoup de scénarios en prenant en compte un très grand nombre de bâtiments complexes. Pour cela, il est souvent indispensable de développer des approches simplifiées, dans lesquelles seuls les phénomènes physiques prépondérants sont représentés. Dans cet esprit, la modélisation de la canopée urbaine s'appuie généralement sur la notion élémentaire de rue-canyon. Si ce sujet a fait l'objet de nombreuses études dans le passé, plusieurs interrogations subsistent encore concernant les phénomènes mis en jeu à l'intérieur d'une rue et les interactions entre plusieurs rues. Les objectifs de cette étude sont de mieux comprendre les mécanismes fondamentaux qui régissent l'écoulement et la dispersion dans une rue et d'en proposer une représentation simplifiée à travers des modélisations opérationnelles. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé des techniques de modélisation numérique et expérimentale. L'approche numérique a été basée sur le code de calcul MERCURE (RANS, du type k-є), adapté à la simulation tridimensionnelle des écoulements atmosphériques. L'approche expérimentale a été mise en œuvre dans la soufflerie atmosphérique de l'École Centrale de Lyon. Les techniques de mesures utilisées (LDA, FID) ont permis de décrire avec précision les champs de vitesse et de concentration à l'échelle d'une rue. Afin d'évaluer l'influence de la géométrie de la rue (rapport d'aspect, dissymétrie) sur la dispersion par vent perpendiculaire, nous avons développé un modèle, basé sur une résolution analytique de l'équation d'advection-diffusion dans un écoulement potentiel. Les comparaisons avec les simulations numériques et expérimentales fournissent des résultats encourageants. Pour décrire le cas d'un vent d'orientation quelconque, nous proposons une décomposition de l'écoulement par rapport aux composantes longitudinales et transversales. Cette décomposition s'avère réaliste dans le cas d'une rue infinie, mais elle est mise en défaut pour une rue de longueur finie. Nous avons ensuite étudié et paramétré les échanges de matière au niveau des intersections en fonction de la géométrie des rues et de la direction du vent. Les résultats indiquent une interaction importante entre l'écoulement dans la rue et dans l'intersection. Enfin, nous avons proposé un modèle permettant d'étendre l'approche rue-canyon à la simulation d'un réseau de rues inter-connectées, afin de pouvoir étudier la dispersion des polluants à l'échelle d'un quartier. Une première application du modèle de dispersion dans un réseau de rues a été réalisée pour étudier la pollution dans un quartier de la ville de Lyon. Les comparaisons effectuées avec des mesures de terrain permettent de confirmer le bon comportement du modèle et illustrent les différentes potentialités de cette approche
There are many practical situations in which it is necessary to evaluate the impact of urban air pollution on health and the environment. Often, this demands rather fine scale modelling of air flow and dispersion, at the scale of the street or the quartier. In such cases it is usually necessary to include the influence of a large number of irregularly-shaped buildings. This requires the development and application of simplified, practical models, which are based on the main underlying physical phenomena. One approach which is commonly used to estimate pollutant concentrations in an isolated street is the street canyon model. Although flow and dispersion in an isolated street have been the subject of many investigations in the past, and several practical models have been proposed for idealised configurations, many questions remain unanswered. The aims of this investigation are therefore to improve our understanding of the fundamental processes which govern flow and dispersion in a single street or a group of streets, and to develop simple, operational models for these situations. The research has been carried out using numerical and experimental techniques. Numerical simulations have been carried out using the three-dimensional atmospheric boundary layer code MERCURE (a RANS model with a k-є closure) and the experiments were performed in the atmospheric wind tunnel at the Ecole Centrale de Lyon. Fluid velocities and gas concentrations were measured using LDA and FID. Initially, we studied the influence of street geometry (aspect ratio, asymmetry) on flow and dispersion within the street, when the wind blows perpendicular to the street. We have developed a model for pollutant concentrations, based on a solution of the advection-diffusion equation in a potential flow. Next we studied the influence of the direction of the wind relative to the axis of the street, and we show that the problem can be decomposed into flow parallel and perpendicular to the street. In the third part of the study we investigated the influence of street geometry and wind direction on flow and dispersion at street intersections; we show that the flow within the streets plays an important role in determining the exchange of material within the intersection. Based on these results, we then develop a model which extends the street canyon concept to a network of connected streets. This makes it possible to study the atmospheric dispersion of pollutants at the scale of the quartier. All the models developed during this work have been compared with the results from numerical simulations and experiments, and the agreement is generally good. As a final test of the models, we have used them to simulate dispersion in part of the 6th arrondissement of Lyon; the calculated concentrations show surprisingly good agreement with concentrations measured by an atmospheric pollution monitor located there

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Li, Xianxiang, and 李顯祥. "Large-eddy simulation of wind flow and air pollutant transport inside urban street canyons of different aspect ratios." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B40687326.

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35

Cheung, Ching, and 張靜. "Effect of heat flux on wind flow and pollutant dispersion in an urban street canyon." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B37742498.

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Duvivier, Chloé. "Does Urban Proximity Enhance Rural Development in China?" Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CLF10414/document.

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Cette thèse étudie si les villes stimulent le développement économique des zones rurales voisines en Chine. Dans un premier temps, la thèse retrace l'évolution des relations entre zones urbaines et rurales depuis la période maoïste (Chapitre 1). Alors que durant des décennies entières les zones rurales ont été sacrifiées au profit des villes, depuis le début des années 2000 est apparue l'idée que les villes devaient à leur tour « soutenir les zones rurales ». A l'heure actuelle, de nombreux investissements visant à renforcer les liens entre villes et campagnes sont réalisés dans le but de favoriser la croissance rurale. Cependant, l'effet des villes sur le développement rural en Chine demeure profondément méconnu. L'objectif de cette thèse est ainsi de fournir une analyse détaillée de l'effet des villes sur le développement rural afin de comprendre si renforcer les liens urbains-ruraux peut constituer une stratégie de développement rural efficace. Après avoir défini ce que l'on entend par zones urbaines et rurales en Chine (Chapitre 2), nous passons en revue la littérature sur l'effet des villes sur le développement rural (Chapitre 3). Les trois chapitres suivants fournissent des analyses empiriques. La première analyse empirique s'attache à l'effet des villes sur le secteur agricole des zones rurales avoisinantes (Chapitre 4). Ensuite, nous étudions l'effet des villes sur le secteur rural non-agricole (Chapitre 5). Enfin, alors que les deux premières analyses empiriques se concentrent sur l'effet des villes sur la performance économique rurale, la dernière étude analyse l'effet des villes sur le développement rural, en estimant l'impact de la proximité urbaine sur la pollution rurale (Chapitre 6). A la lumière des résultats obtenus, nous nous interrogeons sur l'efficacité d'une politique visant à renforcer les liens villes-campagnes en Chine (Chapitre 7)
This dissertation studies whether cities enhance development in nearby rural areas in China. First, we recount the evolution of urban-rural relations since the Maoist period (Chapter 1). While rural areas were sacrificed in favor of cities for decades, since the early 2000s the government has indicated that cities should “support the countryside". Nowadays, a high number of investments have been realized to strengthen linkages between urban and rural areas with the aim of enabling cities to promote rural development. However, very little is known about the effective impact of cities on nearby rural areas in the specific Chinese context. The present dissertation aims at providing a detailed analysis of the role of cities on rural areas in order to assess whether strengthening urban-rural linkages is an effective rural development strategy. After having defined what we mean by urban and rural areas in China (Chapter 2), we provide a review of the literature on the role of cities in rural development (Chapter 3). The following three chapters present empirical investigations. The first empirical test focuses on the effect of cities on the agricultural sector of nearby rural areas (Chapter 4). We then study the impact of cities on the rural non-agricultural sector (Chapter 5). Finally, after having focused on the economic impact of cities, we investigate the effect of cities on rural development by testing whether urban proximity significantly increases rural pollution in China (Chapter 6). In the light of the results obtained, we consider whether relying on cities to enhance rural development could be an effective strategy (Chapter 7)

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Nguyen, Ngoc Truong Minh. "Caractérisation de la diffusion bistatique du champ électromagnétique par un environnement urbain : modèle et applications." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066372.

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Dans cette thèse, nous proposons un modèle 3D, nommé MESUA (Model for Electromagnetic Scattering of Urban Areas), dédié à la caractérisation du champ diffusé par une zone urbaine qui se compose d'un groupe de bâtiments pour des configurations radars, monostatique ou bistatique. Ce modèle est basé sur la technique du lancer de rayons combinée à une méthode asymptotique, la Théorie Uniforme de la Diffraction (TUD). Il est utile non seulement de connaître les mécanismes de la propagation des rayons à travers la zone observée, mais aussi d'évaluer l'amplitude et la phase du champ lointain diffracté par ce scénario au-dessus du sol. Après avoir validé notre modèle avec des résultats numériques obtenus par des codes commerciaux et des mesures, nous l'appliquons pour calculer et évaluer le champ diffracté par une zone urbaine en fonction des paramètres de celle-ci (la forme des bâtiments, la densité des bâtiments placés autour de la zone observée, …). Les résultats peuvent être utilisés afin d'évaluer la possibilité de détecter une cible localisée dans la zone urbaine

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Pätsch, Carolin Verfasser], and Silke [Gutachter] [Weidner. "The capacity of institutional innovation following the diffusion of urban plans. Explorations of impacts of an urban master plan in Kigali, Rwanda. / Carolin Pätsch ; Gutachter: Silke Weidner." Cottbus : BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1150705515/34.

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Lai, Kwong-kei Murphy, and 賴廣麒. "Two-dimensional computational study on indoor/outdoor air quality relationship in urban buildings." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38725149.

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Holbrook, Beverley. "Do ICTs Matter? : the diffusion of information and communication technologies in Wales, the Republic of Ireland and the South East of England." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357657.

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This thesis examines the diffusion of infonnation and communication technologies (lCTs) in Wales, the Republic of Ireland and the South East of England in the computer service and electronics sectors. The study is significant as it contributes to academic and policy debates concerning the role of leTs in regional development. The European Community has invested considerable resources in the early introduction of advanced telecommunication services in the peripheral regions through the STAR (Special Telecommunications Action for Regional Development) and Telematique programmes. leTs are emphasised in the academic literature either as elements of infrastructure provision or, more significantly, as being integral to radical changes in organisations and regions. The research examines diffusion of ICTs in the three regions in order to assess the role of ICT in the regional development processes in the electronics and computer service sectors and to investigate the types of organisational and regional changes that are occurring through the applications of ICTs. The Republic of Ireland, Wales and the South East of England were chosen for study as they offered a basis for comparison of the use of ICTs by finns in core, peripheral and semi-peripheral regions. Research methods included a large scale survey in the three regions and in-depth interviews with a number of selected finns. The research focused on both indigenous finns and inward investing finns The survey results provide an indication of the degree of diffusion of particular components of ICTs in the three regions. The analysis also examines the types of finns in the electronics and computer service sector and demonstrates differences in the use of leTs between inward investing, multi-site finns and indigenous firms. The in-depth interviews provides further basis for exploration of the results from the survey but concentrate mainly on the assessment of the organisational and regional implications of the diffusion of ICTs. The main conclusions of the thesis are that leTs, in general, are of less importance in the process of organisational change and regional development than has been claimed by theories which argue that the diffusion of ICTs creates a basis for radical change in these areas. The results show that the diffusion of ICTs is unbalanced across regions and finn sizes. Furthennore, the use of computer networks by SMEs does not appear to be a central factor for their economic viability and the provision of infrastructure and services is not of central importance in Iocational decisions of large firms. The results suggest that other factors apart from the use of ICTs should be given more importance in explanations of patterns of regional development and regional policy-makers should give more weight to these matters. These factors include research on the impacts and extent of take-overs in different regions, and factors which encourage the emergence and sustained growth of indigenous firms and the increased embeddedness of inward investing finns.

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Nciri, Aida. "The divergent diffusion of district energy systems in France and Alberta : state politics and the socio-material and socio-spatial construction of low-carbon transitions." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC2192.

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Comment différentes structures étatiques, et différents contextes socio-matériels dans le secteur énergétique et en milieu urbain expliquent l’inégale diffusion des réseaux de chaleur urbain (RCU) en France et en Alberta (Canada) entre 2000 et 2014 ? Afin de répondre à cette question, cette thèse analyse les processus de transitions bas-carbone à travers un prisme socio-spatial et socio-matériel qui prend en compte les enjeux de pouvoir et le rôle des structures étatiques. A la fois infrastructure énergétique et urbaine, les RCUs permettent d’explorer les imbrications des gouvernances des transitions bas-carbone, énergétique et urbaine. Cette recherche s’appuie sur trois contributions théoriques : 1) les récents travaux menés par les (urban) Transitions Studies, 2) une conception lefevbrienne de la « production de l’espace », et 3) la notion d’approche strategico-relationelle de pouvoir étatique (strategic-relational approach of state power) développé par Jessop. A travers une recherche comparant différents niveaux de gouvernement, nous examinons l’inégale construction des politiques énergétiques bas-carbone en France et en Alberta, ainsi que leurs articulations avec les structures étatiques, et les systèmes énergétiques et de gouvernance urbaine propres à chaque pays. Afin de contourner les écueils liés à une comparaison inter-niveaux, telles l’incommensurabilité et la comparaison factice, nous mobilisons le cadre d’analyse Territoire-Place-Echelle-Réseau (Territory-Place-Scale-Network framework, TPSN) développés par Jessop et al. (2008). Équipée de ces solides outils théoriques et méthodologiques, nous démontrons que le niveau provincial au Canada, et le niveau national en France, sont les niveaux qui dominent l’action publique et la construction des politiques énergétiques et de gouvernance urbaine. Malgré des pouvoirs équivalents, le gouvernement français et le gouvernement albertain ont développé des politiques publiques très différentes sur les transitions bas-carbone, mettant en relief l’exercice sélectif des compétences étatiques détenues par chaque juridiction. Chaque niveau de gouvernement a différemment impliqué les collectivités urbaines, et se distingue par leur mode d’intervention. En France, les RCUs ont été activement soutenus dans les politiques énergétiques bas-carbone (state-sponsored) menées au niveau national, activant de nouveaux canaux de croissance pour les grands énergéticiens compatibles avec les configurations socio-matérielles dominantes. En Alberta, les RCUs s’inscrivent dans une politique publique d’expérimentation financée par les niveaux fédéral et provincial (state funded experiment), qui a échoué à activer de nouveaux canaux de croissance pour les énergéticiens locaux. Les RCUs se sont avérés incompatibles avec les configurations socio-matérielles dominant la province. Nous concluons que la construction sélective des politiques bas-carbone en France et en Alberta dépend des intérêts matériels des acteurs énergétiques et étatiques dominants. En d’autres termes, l’État ne cherche pas systématiquement à réduire les émissions de gaz à effet-de-serre. Il cherche plutôt à reproduire un status-quo, en adaptant les politiques publiques bas-carbone aux configurations socio-matérielles existantes. A travers cette discussion, nous soutenons que les structures étatiques et le cadre d’analyse TPSN permettent d’enrichir la théorisation de l’espace et des relations de pouvoir dans les (urban) Transition Studies
How do different state structures and urban and energy socio-material contexts explain the uneven diffusion of district energy systems (DES) in urban areas of France and Alberta between 2000 and 2014 ? To answer this question, this thesis analyses the processes inherent to low-carbon energy transitions through socio-spatial and socio-material lenses, considering power relations and state structure. At the intersection of urban planning and energy systems, DES proves practical to explore the nexus between low-carbon governance, energy governance, and urban governance. Theoretical frameworks employed in the analysis include 1) recent contributions from (urban) transition studies and socio-technical systems ; 2) a Lefebvrian conceptualisation of socio-space and social changes ; and 3) Jessop’s (1990, 2008) strategic-relational approach of state power. An original inter-scale comparative research allows for examining the uneven construction of low-carbon energy policies in France and Alberta, and their relations with state structures, and existing urban and energy systems. Jessop et al.’s Territory-Place-Scale-Network (TPSN) framework is mobilised to overcome the issues of commensurability and spontaneous comparison. These theoretical and methodological approaches provide a robust demonstration that the provincial scale in Canada, and the national scale in France, are the scales dominating the construction of low-carbon energy transitions and urban governance. Despite similar state powers, French and Albertan governments developed different state policies on low-carbon transition, highlighting selectivity in the exercise of state capacities. They differently engaged and enabled local urban governments and developed different state interventions on DES. In France, state-sponsored DES activated new channels of growth compatible with existing dominant socio-materialities; in Alberta, state-funded DES experiments failed to activate new channels of growth compatible with dominant socio-materialities. This thesis posits that selective construction of low-carbon policies depends on the material interests of dominant energy and state actors. In other words, the state does not seek to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by all means. Rather, it seeks to reproduce dominant socio-material status quo, adapting low-carbon policies to existing socio-material configuration. Ultimately, this thesis validates how the concepts of state structure and the TPSN framework can enrich the theorisation of space and power relations for (urban) transition studies

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Petrucci, Guido. "La diffusion du contrôle à la source des eaux pluviales urbaines : confrontation des pratiques à la rationalité hydrologique." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00793159.

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La gestion des eaux pluviales urbaines connait une évolution majeure depuis les années 1960 : d'une stratégie basée sur l'évacuation rapide et totale des eaux pluviales de la ville, on passe progressivement à une stratégie de contrôle à la source (CS). Ces 10 dernières années ont vu une généralisation du CS, ainsi qu'en témoigne l'augmentation du nombre de réglementations de rejet. Ces dernières imposent, dans les nouvelles parcelles urbanisées, la réalisation d'ouvrages ayant pour fonction de réguler et/ou de retenir les eaux pluviales : les techniques alternatives (TA). Une systématisation de ces réglementations ne va pas manquer de générer dans l'avenir de nombreux bassins versants urbains fortement équipés en TA, et dont le comportement hydrologique sera déterminé par les réglementations appliquées. Il apparaît que le choix d'une réglementation par une collectivité est un choix complexe et, d'une collectivité à l'autre, des logiques différentes sont appliquées, dont la cohérence globale peut être discutée. Cette thèse questionne et analyse les politiques de CS, et en particulier les réglementations de rejet, dans une perspective de compréhension de leurs effets hydrologiques dans le long terme. Elle comprend deux analyses complémentaires : nous étudions d'abord l'évolution des politiques de CS dans six collectivités en France, afin de déterminer les logiques appliquées dans le choix des réglementations. Nous présentons ensuite une analyse hydrologique des conséquences de ces réglementations sur le comportement de bassins versant urbains "modèles". Cette analyse, centrée sur la modélisation hydrologique des bassins, permet de questionner les politiques de CS actuelles, mais aussi de discuter des outils que l'hydrologie urbaine peut fournir pour permettre la mise en place de politiques de CS cohérentes, en phase avec le fonctionnement hydrologique des bassins versants

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Besson, Raphaël. "Les Systèmes Urbains Cognitifs : des supports privilégiés de production et de diffusion d'innovations ? : études des cas de 22@Barcelona (Barcelone), GIANT/Presqu'île (Grenoble), Distrito tecnológico et Distrito de Diseño (Buenos Aires)." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00954267.

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Les mutations récentes du capitalisme, où la " connaissance " tend à remplacer les ressources naturelles et le travail physique comme outils de croissance économique, transforment en profondeur les villes contemporaines. Dans ce contexte, les villes dites " post-fordistes " adaptent leurs structures productives, spatiales et socio-organisationnelles aux exigences de la nouvelle économie. L'une des manifestations les plus claires de ces mutations réside dans la multiplication de grands projets développés au cœur des villes : " Districts Technologiques ", " Districts de l'Innovation ", " Cités du Design ", " Cités du Multimédia ", " Quartier des Sciences ", " Quartiers de la Création ou de l'Innovation " etc. Pour comprendre ce phénomène nous avons réalisé une analyse comparative de quatre projets mis en œuvre dans trois villes : Barcelone (22@barcelona), Buenos Aires (Distrito Tecnológico ; Distrito de Diseño) et Grenoble (projet GIANT /Presqu'île). A travers cette étude nous avons cherché à répondre à deux questions fondamentales. Ces projets préfigurent-ils l'émergence d'un nouveau " Modèle Territorial de l'Innovation " (MTI), le modèle des " Systèmes Urbains Cognitifs " (SUC) ? Dans quelle mesure les caractéristiques distinctives des SUC font de ces sites des supports privilégiés de production et de diffusion d'innovations ?

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Colle, Stéphane. "Modélisation des champs diffus en acoustique urbaine par la théorie des transports : développements théoriques et mise en forme numérique." Le Mans, 2006. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2006/2006LEMA1031.pdf.

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Ce travail de thèse a contribué au développement d'un nouveau modèle de propagation des champs diffus en acoustique urbaine, permettant de prendre en compte analytiquement l'ensemble des phénomènes mis enjeu dans la propagation (telle que la réflexion diffuse et, au moins, sur le principe, d'autres phénomènes tels que l'atténuation atmosphérique, les effets micrométéorologiques. . . ). Basé sur une approche énergétique et probabiliste, ce modèle consiste à décomposer l'onde sonore en une somme de particules sonores ou phonons dans le milieu de propagation (i. E. Une rue). La fonction de distribution des phonons suit alors une équation de transport, dont les conditions aux limites font intervenir les coefficients d'absorption et le type de réflexion (spéculaire et/ou diffus) des façades. Si le problème sous sa forme la plus générale, n'admet pas de solution analytique connue, le recours à une approche asymptotique, pour des rues étroites, permet néanmoins d'exprimer la répartition et la décroissance de l'énergie sonore à travers une équation de diffusion. Le problème se réduit alors à la détermination du coefficient de diffusion caractéristique de la rue ainsi qu'au calcul d'un coefficient d'échange modélisant l'absorption par les ouvertures de la rue. Cette approche, initialement développée dans une autre thèse, a été généralisée pour des rues constituées de parois non absorbantes, caractérisées par des lois de réflexion identiques d'une façade à l'autre, de la forme A\w\n, avec n supérieur ou égal à 2. Puis étendue à des lois de réflexion différentes d'une façade à l'autre. Dans ces conditions, les développements analytiques montrent que le coefficient de diffusion de la rue est fonction de la largeur de la rue. De la forme des lois de réflexion et du coefficient d'accommodation des façades, ce dernier coefficient traduisant la part d'énergie réfléchie soit de manière spéculaire. Soit de manière diffuse. Par ailleurs, ce développement montre que dans le cas d'une rue étroite, le processus de diffusion intervient uniquement dans le plan médian de la rue, la densité d'énergie sonore étant uniforme sur une ligne transversale de la rue. Les solutions mathématiques ont été comparées avec succès à des simulations issues d'un code de calcul (SPPS), application directe du modèle particulaire, que nous avons perfectionné dans le cadre de nos travaux. Devant l'impossibilité du développement asymptotique à prendre en compte l'absorption acoustique au niveau des parois, nous avons également proposé une nouvelle approche induisant un amortissement dans le milieu de propagation. Ce développement a été mené à son terme sous forme analytique, mais son utilisation pratique nécessite de recourir à des résolutions numériques d'intégrales. Enfin, nous avons proposé une application numérique du modèle de diffusion à partir d'un logiciel d'éléments finis. Cette approche numérique, utilisant les résultats théoriques du modèle de diffusion, permet de modéliser facilement et rapidement la propagation du son dans des morphologies urbaines variées et complexes, multi-sources, sous certaines conditions d'application que nous avons discutées. Plusieurs exemples sont proposés et montrent l'intérêt général de notre travail pour le développement d'un logiciel simple et rapide permettant de réaliser des prévisions acoustiques dans des configurations urbaines complexes
This work has contributed to the development of a new propagation model of diffuse sound fields in urban acoustics, making it possible to take analytically into account the whole phenomena involved in the propagation (i. E. The diffuse reflection and, at least, on the principle, other phenomena such as the atmospheric attenuation, the micrometeorological effect. . . ). Based on an energetic and probabilistic approach, this model consista in decomposing the sound wave into a sum of sound particles (or phonons) in the propagation medium (i. E. A street). The distribution function of the phonons then follows a transport equation, whose boundary conditions consider the absorption coefficients and the reflection law (specular and/or diffuse) of the façades. In its most general form, the problem does not admit an analytical solution. For narrow streets, the use of an asymptotic approach makes it nevertheless possible to express the distribution and the deerease of sound energy through a diffusion equation. The problem is then reduced to the determination of the diffusion coefficient (function of the street characteristics), and to the calculation of an exchange coefficient modelling the absorption by the openings of the street. This approach, initially developed by Le Pollès, was generalized for streets made up of non-absorbing walls, characterized by A\w\n (n > 2) reflection laws on both sides of the street. Under these conditions, the analytical developments show that the diffusion coefficient depends on the street width, on the reflection laws and on the façades accommodation coefficient. This last coefficient represents the ratio between the specular and diffuse reflection. In addition, this development shows that in the case of a narrow street, the diffusion process only occurs in the median plane of the street, the density of sound energv being uniform on a transverse line of the street. The mathematical solutions were successfully compared to numerical simulations using the SPPS code, which is the direct application of the particles model. Due to the inability of the asymptotic development to take into account the acoustic absorption of the façades, a new approach inducing a damping in the propagation medium was proposed. This development was analytically performed, but its practical use requires numerical resolutions of integrals. Finally a numerical application of the diffusion model was proposed using a finite elements software (and the theoretical results of the above-mentioned diffusion model). This numerical approach makes it possible to model easily and quickly the sound propagation in complex urban areas, in multi-sources environments. Several examples are proposed and show the general interest of our work for the development of a simple and fast software, making it possible to carry out acoustic predictions in complex urban configurations

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Sundström, Emelie, and Emma Södergren. "Going the Extra Mile : Urban Delivery of Large Goods." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-300176.

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In light of the growing e-commerce and rising population in cities, along with the ongoing climate crisis, the efforts to improve transportation options are intensifying. Thus, the field of last-mile delivery, i.e., the last stretch of transportation to an end customer, is becoming an increasingly researched topic. Innovative delivery solutions, leveraging novel technology or business concepts, are quickly becoming a necessity to retain customer satisfaction while performing sustainable and cost-efficient deliveries. Facing the challenges associated with the last mile is especially arduous in the context of large goods, i.e., packages which are significantly larger than parcels that would fit in a regular mail or post box, and may include furniture, home appliances and other bulky tools. Despite that large goods delivery comprises a large market, there is limited research on how novel last-mile delivery innovations, mainly discussed for application on parcels, can be deployed for larger items. This thesis is an explorative and qualitative study which starts in a background of important trends in transportation, and moves on to provide an analysis of three cities (Barcelona, San Francisco and Seoul), as well as a fourth city (Stockholm) that is both analyzed and considered for implementation. This is done in the form of a case study where data is collected from a literature review as well as interviews with representatives from the company IKEA. Various last-mile delivery concepts are explained and analyzed with Rogers’ diffusion of innovation framework. The research generated insights on how a mixture of different solutions have emerged on the studied markets, mainly based on social, technological and regulatory factors. Although most of them would be theoretically usable for medium to large goods in the future, there are different obstacles to a commercial-scale adoption today, with technological and regulatory maturity being main hurdles. Parcel deliveries play a part in driving customer expectations forward, forcing large goods retailers to evolve their deliveries in order to not lose business. Ecosystems of delivery solutions are likely to emerge in the future, catering to customers’ flexibility demands. In terms of concrete solutions, e-cargo bikes, pick-up points and neighbourhood deliveries are identified as appropriate for the current market state of Stockholm and related third party agreements, physical properties and platforms are discussed in the context of implementation. Additionally, suggestions for future research is to consider further models for generalizing implementation requirements, along with deepening the analysis of last-mile delivery ecosystems by looking into actors for the suggested solutions.
I och med ökande e-handel och stigande befolkning i städer, i kombination med en pågående klimatkris, intensifieras ansträngningar för att förbättra existerande transportalternativ. Därmed ökar mängden av forskning som fokuserar på last-mile delivery (ungefär sista milen-leverans), med andra ord den sista biten av en transportsträcka innan en vara når slutkunden. Innovativa leveranslösningar, som drar nytta av ny teknik eller nya affärsmodeller, håller snabbt på att bli en nödvändighet för att upprätthålla kundnöjdhet, samtidigt som leveransers kostnadseffektivitet och hållbarhet måste säkerställas. Utmaningarna som är associerade med sista milen är särskilt svårlösta när det kommer till stort gods, vilket är kollin som är signifikant större än vanliga paket som skulle få plats i en brevlåda eller postbox, och inkluderar bland annat möbler, vitvaror och andra skrymmande varor. Trots att leverans av stort gods utgör en omfattande marknad så är den befintliga forskningen begränsad vad gäller hur nya last-mile-innovationer kan användas för stort gods; detta diskuteras framförallt i samband med vanliga paket. Denna uppsats är en explorativ och kvalitativ studie som tar avstamp i en bakgrund som beskriver viktiga transporttrender och vidare analyserar tre städer (Barcelona, San Francisco och Seoul), samt en fjärde stad (Stockholm) som både analyseras och diskuteras för potentiell implementation. Detta utförs i form av en fallstudie där datan inkluderar en litteraturstudie samt intervjuer med representanter från företaget IKEA. Flertalet last-mile-leveranskoncept förklaras och analyseras med Rogers’ teori för innovationers spridning. Studien gav insikter om hur en blandning av olika lösningar har uppkommit på de undersökta marknaderna, i huvudsak beroende av sociala, tekniska och legala faktorer. Fastän de flesta i teorin skulle kunna appliceras på medelstort till stort gods i framtiden så finns det idag olika svårigheter som bromsar införandet av dessa på en kommersiell skala; teknisk och legal mognad verkar vara de huvudsakliga hindren. Paketleveranser spelar en viktig roll i att driva på kundernas förväntningar, vilket tvingar försäljare av stora varor att utveckla sina leveranser för att inte tappa sin omsättning. Ekosystem av leveranslösningar kommer troligen att utvecklas i framtiden för att möta kundernas krav på flexibilitet. Vad gäller konkreta lösningar identifieras elektriska lastcyklar, upphämtningsställen och grannskapsleveranser som passande för dagens Stockholm, och följande tredjepartsavtal, fysiska egenskaper och plattformar diskuteras i implementationssammanhang. Fortsatt föreslås framtida studier att överväga ytterligare modeller för att vidareutveckla och generalisera implementationskrav, samt att fördjupa analysen av ekosystem relaterade till last-mile-leveranser genom att undersöka involverade aktörer för de föreslagna lösningarna.

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Cambone, Marie. "La médiation patrimoniale à l’épreuve du « numérique » : Analyse de dispositifs de médiation de l’espace urbain patrimonial." Thesis, Avignon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AVIG1160/document.

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En 2010 – au début de nos recherches –, nous observions une grande effervescence autour du « numérique » dans le domaine patrimonial. Face à ce constat d’ampleur et aux discours toujours plus nombreux à son sujet, nous nous sommes interrogée sur ce que le« numérique » fait (ou ne fait pas) à l’expérience patrimoniale. Bien consciente que le changement de support n’entraîne pas nécessairement (voire rarement) des changements dans les pratiques de médiation patrimoniale, nous entendons dans cette recherche le terme numérique non pas comme la technologie numérique mais bien la notion de « numérique »en tant que phénomène social avec tout ce que ce terme véhicule comme discours,imaginaires, pratiques et horizons d’attente. Au-delà des discours portés sur la technologie,nous avons choisi d’étudier un nombre restreint de terrains (la Cité internationale universitaire de Paris et son centre de valorisation du patrimoine L/OBLIQUE ; le Mont-Royal à Montréal et Les amis de la montagne) et d’opter pour une approche socio-sémiotique. Cette thèse montre qu’une même forme, le dispositif cartographique interactif, peut proposer plusieurs logiques de médiation patrimoniale, entre médiation documentaire et médiation culturelle. Elle amène aussi à s’interroger sur une possible reconfiguration des rôles de médiateur et de visiteur en régime numérique : loin de bouleverser les fonctions et l’identité des institutions patrimoniales, les dispositifs numériques mis en œuvre dans ces deux terrains renforcent leur légitimité en tant que médiateurs culturels
At the beginning of our research in 2010, there was great interest in the advent of the digital era and its impact in the field of cultural heritage. In light of this and the increasingly numerous debates about it, we wondered what “digital phenomena” adds to (or detracts from) the cultural heritage experience. The change of support does not necessarily (rarely even) changes heritage mediation practices, therefore, for the purposes of this research, the term digital refers not to digital technology but the concept of “digital” as a social phenomenon with everything that this implies through speeches, imagination, practices and expectations. To move beyond the discussions about technology, we have chosen to study a limited number of fields (the Cité Internationale Universitaire de Paris and the Mont-Royal in Montreal) and opt for a socio-semiotic approach. This thesis shows that a same device, the interactive map, can offer multiple possibilities for cultural mediation, between documentary mediation and cultural mediation. It also calls into question a possible reconfiguration of the roles of mediator and visitor in the digital forum: far from upsetting the function and identity of heritage institutions, digital devices implemented in these two fields strengthen their legitimacy as cultural mediators

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Boino, Paul. "L'intégration fonctionnelle des centres urbains secondaires dans la métropole lyonnaise : à travers la diffusion des modes de garde." Lyon 2, 1999. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/1999/pboino.

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Entre métropolisation et périurbanisation, le devenir des bourgs et des petites villes pris dans la mouvance des métropoles semble posé. Submergés par la nappe périurbaine, qu'est-il advenu de leur rôle traditionnel d'encadrement du territoire conçu pour et par un monde rural ? A l'heure où fleurissent sur les marges métropolitaines de nouvelles polarités commerciales et productives, quelles fonctions assument-ils encore en matière de production et de reproduction sociale ? Quelle place, si place il y a, les dynamiques en cours leur assignent-elles dans le fonctionnement de ce que F. Ascher appelle les métapoles ? Nul doute que les réponses à ces questions puissent être très différentes d'un endroit à l'autre. Notre propos se bornera donc à présenter une de leurs évolutions possibles dans un tel contexte. Dans le cas lyonnais, nous pourrons constater que les dynamiques en cours n'induisent pas leur dépérissement. Malgré les mutations économiques et la nouvelle division spatiale du travail, ils détiennent toujours des fonctions de production. Ils conservent et renforcent aussi leur rôle en matière de reproduction sociale. La périurbanisation des ménages s'est en effet conjuguée avec un important développement de services de base aux personnes dans l'ensemble de ces centres secondaires. Ils semblent en cela troquer leur antique rôle d'encadrement du monde rural pour un autre similaire, de la societé périurbaine et plus globalement pleinement participer à la structuration et au fonctionnement quotidien de cette métapole. L'étude plus particulière d'un de ces services, les modes de garde, nous montrera enfin la pérennité du principe de proximité spatiale dans le fonctionnement urbain et ce, malgré la montée de la mobilité quotidienne. Elle nous révélera aussi l'irruption d'un nouvel acteur sur un champ très limité de la régulation urbaine : les Caisses d'allocations familiales.

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Picaut, Judicaël. "Modélisation des champs diffus par une équation de diffusion : application à l'acoustique des salles et à l'acoustique urbaine." Le Mans, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LEMA1003.

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L'objectif de ce travail a consiste a developper un nouveau modele de champ diffus dans les salles et dans les rues, regi par une equation de diffusion du meme type que pour la conduction de la chaleur. Dans un premier temps, des simulations numeriques du deplacement de particules sonores dans un reseau periodique de batiments hexagonaux ont montre que la propagation sonore peut se ramener a un processus de diffusion, parametre entre autres par un coefficient de diffusion qui depend de la morphologie du tissu urbain et de la modenature des facades des batiments. Une etude theorique, fondee sur l'analogie du concept de diffusion en acoustique et en physique du solide, a ensuite ete realisee pour valider et generaliser cette observation a tout milieu diffusant (salle diffuse, rue). Ce modele de diffusion, qui peut etre considere comme une extension naturelle de la theorie classique des champs diffus, fait intervenir un nouveau parametre fondamental, le coefficient de diffusion. Un second terme, le coefficient d'echange, est egalement introduit pour tenir compte de l'absorption sonore au niveau des parois. Les solutions de l'equation de diffusion, en regime permanent et dependant du temps, ont ete comparees avec succes a des simulations numeriques de champs diffus, aux theories classiques de l'acoustique des salles, ainsi qu'a des mesures de temps de reverberation et de niveau sonore dans des salles et dans des rues. Pour valider le modele de diffusion en acoustique urbaine, un systeme experimental, base sur des mesures acoustiques dans des maquettes de rues, a egalement ete developpe.

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Lelarge, Astrid. "La diffusion des projets de voies de circulation concentriques. Les multiples versions d'une forme urbaine générique à Bruxelles, Genève et Reykjavík (1781-1935)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/238207.

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C’est une étude d’histoire de l’urbanisme, une recherche qui appréhende la manière dont se constitue le paysage urbain par le biais de l’implantation d’une forme urbaine. Il s’agit d’une analyse historique qui vise à comprendre pourquoi et comment une forme s’est imposée dans différentes villes et à la définir par l’étude des différents projets qui y ont été élaborés sur une longue période. Cette forme est la voie de circulation concentrique. C’est une voie de communication ayant pour caractère principal de contourner un territoire donné et de le former. Qualifiée de « boulevard » en français et de « route annulaire » dans les langues germaniques (« ring road » en anglais, « ringstrasse » en allemand, « hringbraut » en islandais), c'est une forme mal connue qui s'est déployée dans de nombreuses villes européennes durant l'époque contemporaine et qui continue fréquemment d'être aménagée. L'étude retrace l'histoire de la diffusion et de l'implantation de cette forme urbaine depuis la fin du XVIIIe siècle jusqu'à la première moitié du XXe siècle par le biais des projets élaborés par les architectes et les ingénieurs pour Bruxelles, Genève et Reykjavík. Et la thèse exposée est la suivante :la voie de circulation concentrique est une forme urbaine générique à la diffusion grandissante qui se décline en une multitude de versions à l’époque contemporaine. En d’autres termes, il n’y a pas un boulevard circulaire ou une ring road mais des boulevards circulaires ou des ring roads aux origines diverses, aux morphologies et aux typologies variées, aux fonctions multiples et parfois contradictoires car conçues pour servir des objectifs parfois opposés. Des voies de circulation concentriques ayant pour point commun d’adopter les principes élémentaires de la forme (contourner et former) hérités des circulations concentriques envisagées en lien avec les fortifications urbaines, des circulations déjà auparavant préconisées par la théorie de l’aménagement pour des raisons défensives.
Doctorat en Histoire, histoire de l'art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Hernández, González Edna. "Comment l'illumination nocturne est devenue une politique urbaine : la circulation de modèles d'aménagement de Lyon (France) à Puebla, Morelia et San Luis Potosí (Mexique)." Thesis, Paris Est, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PEST1106/document.

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Durant les vingt dernières années, la nuit urbaine a été à l'origine en France d'un nouveau discours, portant notamment sur les nouvelles fonctions de la lumière dans la ville. L'évolution des modes de vie vers des horaires nocturnes, l'offre de services et de loisirs durant la nuit, la promotion de l'image nocturne des villes, à l'occasion de festivals lumière, du développement de plans d'illumination ou d'événements culturels nocturnes est au centre de toute une série d'enjeux culturels, politiques et environnementaux. La thèse s'intéresse à l'émergence de la nuit comme un nouveau champ d'action pour les politiques urbaines. Les politiques d'illumination mises en œuvre par les villes françaises, et notamment l'expérience de la ville de Lyon, apparaissent aujourd'hui comme un modèle de référence à l'international. En mobilisant les travaux sur la circulation et la diffusion des idées et des modèles, le transfert des politiques publiques ou encore les travaux sur les expertises urbaines, cette thèse s'interroge sur la mise en circulation de l'expérience lyonnaise et sur le processus de réappropriation de cette expérience dans trois villes mexicaines : Puebla, Morelia et San Luis Potosí. En s'appuyant sur ces différents terrains, nous procédons à l'analyse du processus de production d'un référentiel autour de l'aménagement de la ville par la lumière dans le contexte lyonnais ainsi que de sa mise en circulation à l'échelle internationale. Les modalités de réception et d'appropriation de ce référentiel sont ensuite étudiées dans le contexte mexicain. Pour rendre compte de toute la complexité des mécanismes de transfert d'une expertise lumière il faut comprendre les transformations que lui font subir les acteurs locaux en lien avec des concepteurs professionnels présents à l'international. L'aménagement de la ville par la lumière, processus qui se joue en partie dans des instances internationales, apparaît ainsi comme un « analyseur » des changements de l'action publique locale
During the last twenty years, the urban night originally appeared in France as a new discourse in particular concerning the new functions of lighting in the city. The evolution of the rhythms of lifestyles toward night-time schedules, the offer of services and leisure activities during night, the promotion of the night-time image of cities or at the night-time cultural events in the town-centre and the development of Illumination Master Plans are at the centre of a series of questions on cultural, political and environmental policies. The objective of this doctoral dissertation is the study of the emergence of night-time as a new sphere of action for urban policies. The adoption of the policies of illumination by the French cities, in particular the experience of the city of Lyon, appears as an international reference model. This study is based on the research work relating to diffusion and mobility of ideas and models, the transfer process of the public politics as well the work regarding the urban expertise. This dissertation aims to address questions concerning diffusion of the Lyon's experience and its re-appropriation processes in three Mexican cities: Puebla, Morelia and San Luis Potosi. This research uses the city of Lyon (France) as a case study to investigate the physical planning strategies of lighting design in the city and takes into account the production of the reference model. It then analyse the modalities of reception and appropriation of this model in the cities of Puebla, Morelia and San Luis Potosi. This is essential to show the complexities of the production of transfer of expertise of lighting design as well the dynamic contribution by local actors and the lighting designers to the production processes to the lighting policies. The urban planning based on lighting design, is a process which takes place in the international context of an "analyzer" of the local changes through the public action

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Diffusione urbana'

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