Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Diffusion des rayons X et des neutrons'
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Perino-Gallice, Laurence. "Etudes structurales de modèles membranaires par diffusion de neutrons et de rayons X." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GRE10245.
Full textMa, Wei. "Caractérisation du processus de réorganisation moléculaire en couche mince de copolymère à bloc et développement de la technique diffusion rayons X mous résonante." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066643.
Full textGibaud, Alain. "Imperfections structurales dans KAIF4. RbAIF4 et RbCaF3. : mise en évidence par diffusion de rayons X et de neutrons." Le Mans, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LEMA1011.
Full textLaplace, Annabelle. "Complexation et micellisation d'une molécule cage tensioactive." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999VERS0019.
Full textFrancoual, Sonia. "Phonons et phasons dans les quasicristaux de symétrie icosaédrique et dans leurs approximants 1/1 périodiques." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE10037.
Full textThe static and dynamical responses associated with phonons and phasons are compared in icosahedral quasicrystals and their cubic 1/1 approximants. Quasicristals and approximants share a same local order within large atomic cIusters of icosahedral shape (diameter 1. 6 nm). However, the long rang order is quasiperiodic in the quasicrystal whereas it is periodic in the approximant. Quasiperiodicity yields new hydrodynamic modes called phasons. Phonons exist in the quasicrystal and in the approximant. We measured the distribution of the difuse intensity near Bragg peaks in the Zn-Sc approximant phase and in the i-Zn-X-Sc quasicristallinel phases with X = Mg, Ag, Co. Ln the Zn-Sc approximant, the thermal diffuse scattering due to phonons is observed. Ln the Zn-X-Sc phases, there is an additional diffuse intensity signal which one is due to phasons. The extracted phason elastic contants are shown to vary with the chemical nature of the element X. We studied the dynamics of long-wavelength phasons using coherent X-rays in the i-AI-Pd-Mn phase. Phasons are activated above 600°C. The dynamics is diffusive. At 650°C, for phasons having a wavelength of 90 nm, the typical relaxation time is of the order of 100 s. We investigated the phonon dynamics in the i-Zn-Mg-Sc and 1/1 Zn-Sc phases, and in the i-Cd- Yb and 1/1 Cd-Yb phases using neutron and X-ray inelastic scattering. The dynamical structure factors are similar in the quasicrystal and its approximant which shows the importance of the local order on the dynamical response ofvibrational modes in those structures. Sorne differences are nevertheless observed
Le, Boite Marie-Gabrielle. "Premières étapes du mélange par faisceau d'ions : étude par réflectométrie de rayons X et diffraction de neutrons." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112421.
Full textThere are several processes involved in ion beam mixing: ballistic processes, chemical driving forces and radiation enhanced diffusion. Experiments usually performed on bilayers irradiated with heavy elements and characterized by Rutherford backscattering (R. B. S. ), have shown that the measured mixing rate is always higher than the calculated one, taking into account ballistic effects only. Besides classical R. B. S. Experimental on NiAu and NiPt bilayers irradiated with Xe, we have used another technique of characterization: X-ray reflectometry and neutron diffraction, performed on multilayers irradiated with He. The systems are NiAu, NiPt, NiPd and NiAg, which behave similarly from the ballistic point of view, but have very different beats of mixing. In these experiments, the range of deposited energy density is very low, in contrast to heavy ions irradiation: this has allowed us to reach very low diffusion coefficient, never observed before. The dependence of the diffusion coefficient on the heat of mixing is in agreement with the one theoretically calculated. For the NiAg system, which has a positive heat of mixing, the measured diffusion coefficient is smaller than the ballistic one a decrease of the ballistic mixing rate is seen for the first time. In this work, we have shown the interest of the reflectometry techniques (X-ray and neutrons); we have used a simple model to analyze the ion beam mixing, when elementary processes are involved
Gibaud, Alain. "Imperfections structurales dans KAIF, RbAIF et RbCaF mise en évidence par diffusion de rayons X et de neutrons /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37605424p.
Full textDufour, Catherine. "Etude des propriétés structurales et magnétiques de multicouches Fe/Si par spectroscopie Mössbauer et diffusion aux petits angles de R. X. Et de neutrons polarisés." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990INPL005N.
Full textLebert, Blair Wilfred. "Propriétés magnétiques des supraconducteurs non conventionnels epsilon-Fe, FeSe, et Ca2CuO2Cl2 étudiés par diffusion des rayons X et des neutrons." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS063/document.
Full textThe ubiquitous proximity of magnetic and superconducting order in unconventional superconductors implies the importance of understanding magnetism in these materials. In this context, this thesis concerns the study of magnetism in three unconventional superconductors. The magnetic excitations in the light element copper oxychloride system Ca2CuO2Cl2 were studied as a function of doping and temperature using primarily resonant inelastic x-ray scattering. The effect of pressure on magnetism in epsilon-iron and beta-FeSe was studied using x-ray emission spectroscopy and neutron powder diffraction
Lebert, Blair Wilfred. "Propriétés magnétiques des supraconducteurs non conventionnels epsilon-Fe, FeSe, et Ca2CuO2Cl2 étudiés par diffusion des rayons X et des neutrons." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS063.
Full textThe ubiquitous proximity of magnetic and superconducting order in unconventional superconductors implies the importance of understanding magnetism in these materials. In this context, this thesis concerns the study of magnetism in three unconventional superconductors. The magnetic excitations in the light element copper oxychloride system Ca2CuO2Cl2 were studied as a function of doping and temperature using primarily resonant inelastic x-ray scattering. The effect of pressure on magnetism in epsilon-iron and beta-FeSe was studied using x-ray emission spectroscopy and neutron powder diffraction
Louvet, Jouen Sophie. "Étude par diffusion centrale des neutrons et des rayons X de micelles inverses et de micelles mixtes formées par des tensioactifs dérivés du sucre." Rouen, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ROUES029.
Full textBytchkov, Aleksei. "Structure et dynamique d'aluminates fondus et de verres Phosphore-Sélénium : complémentarité de la résonance magnétique nucléaire et de la diffusion des rayons X et des neutrons." Orléans, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ORLE2008.
Full textMallam, Simon. "Etude de solutions et de réseaux polymères gonflés par la diffusion de la lumière, des neutrons et des rayons X." Grenoble 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990GRE10090.
Full textCombet, Jérôme. "Désordre moléculaire dans les composés d'inclusion du tano : une approche par diffusion des rayons X et diffusion quasi élastique incohérente des neutrons." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10185.
Full textTENEGAL, FRANCOIS. "Etude des premiers stades de la cristallisation de nanopoudres sicn par spectroscopie d'absorption des rayons x au seuil k du silicium, diffusion de neutrons et de rayons x." Paris 7, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA077154.
Full textReceveur-Bréchot, Véronique. "Etude structurale et dynamique des états dénaturés de la phosphoglycérate kinase de levure par diffusion des neutrons et des rayons X." Paris 11, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA112196.
Full textJalal, Noureddine. "Etude des agregats formes par neutralisation des chaines monocarboxylees par : diffusion aux petits angles des neutrons et des rayons x." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988STR13137.
Full textJalal, Noureddine. "Etude des agrégats formés par neutralisation des chaînes monocarboxylées, par diffusion aux petits angles des neutrons et des rayons X." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37614476w.
Full textAbdelSater, Mohammad. "Microscopic view of hydrogen adsorption in size-variant nano-clay materials." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASP168.
Full textHydrogen is the carbon-free fuel par excellence because its combustion emits only water. At present, the limiting point to a massive deployment of technologies using hydrogen for energy purposes is its storage. Technologies based on sorption are among the most thoroughly explored. Little research has been done on clays for hydrogen storage, while the recent discovery of high hydrogen contents in clay-rich rocks shows their potential for it. The aim of the present study is to investigate, at the microscopic level, H₂ adsorption mechanisms on synthetic 2:1 trioctahedral smectites of nanometric dimensions, specifically Laponite, and its precursor, pre-Laponite. Starting with the hydrogen adsorption isotherms, we observed that pre-Laponite exhibits a higher H₂ sorption capacity than Laponite at 40K and 77K at 1bar. The first part of the thesis focuses on the characterization of synthesized samples. ICP-AES showed that Laponite and pre-Laponite share a similar molecular formula, while X-ray scattering revealed similar structure and that pre-Laponite exhibits reduced long-range order. IR spectroscopy points towards similar local order in both materials. X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy performed at the Si and Mg K-edges supports this conclusion.. ²⁹Si solid-state NMR provided additional insights, revealing three distinct silicon environments in both samples, with variations in signal area that correlate with differences in the edge-to-volume ratio between the two materials. Nitrogen adsorption isotherms further highlighted differences in textural properties: pre-Laponite exhibits a composite pore structure with both microporosity and macroporosity, whereas Laponite is primarily microporous with mesoporous contributions. The second part of the thesis concerns H₂ adsorption. The adsorption isotherms at 40 K were fitted with Langmuir and Freundlich contributions. Grand-Canonical Monte-Carlo simulations allowed one to infer that the Langmuir model, accounting for the strongest binding sites with monolayer saturation, describes adsorption within the interlayer, while the Freundlich model accounts for adsorption at the external surface. Inelastic neutron scattering experiments were undertaken to probe the para-to-ortho rotational transition of H₂, the energy of which is highly sensitive to its environment. At 40K, three adsorption sites were identified in pre-Laponite. The first could correspond to a hydrogen dissociation site, while the other two are physiosorption sites in the interlayer space. The pressure dependence of the 001-peak intensity in the neutron diffraction diagrams of Laponite and pre-Laponite reveals that interlayer H₂ forms a dense phase. Wide-angle neutron scattering, combined with atomistic simulations, was used to probe the structuration of D₂ (used in place of H₂ for improved signal-to-noise ratio) within this interlayer region. This thesis work contributes to a deeper understanding of H₂ adsorption mechanisms in layered clay materials, particularly highlighting the enhanced sorption capacity of pre-Laponite, and demonstrates how adsorption isotherms and neutron scattering techniques complement each other
Rolle, Aurélie Vannier Rose-Noëlle. "Nouvelles phases dérivées de Ba2In2O5 compréhension des mécanismes de substitution et de diffusion des ions oxyde /." Villeneuve d'Ascq : Université des sciences et technologies de Lille, 2007. https://iris.univ-lille1.fr/dspace/handle/1908/540.
Full textN° d'ordre (Lille 1) : 3660. Résumé en français et en anglais. Titre provenant de la page de titre du document numérisé. Bibliogr. à la suite de chaque chapitre.
RUSSO, DANIELA. "Etude structurale et dynamique de l'etat natif et des etats denatures de la neocarzinostatine par microcalorimetrie differentielle spectroscopies optiques et diffusion de neutrons et rayons x." Paris 11, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA112079.
Full textSapede, Daniel. "Contributions à la compréhension de la structure et de la dynamique hiérarchiques du fil de traîne de l'araignée." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011700.
Full textDans ce travail de thèse, les techniques de diffusion neutronique ont été pour la première fois utilisées pour l'étude de la soie d'araignée. La forte contribution de l'hydrogène en diffusion des neutrons ainsi que la différence des longueurs de diffusion de l'hydrogène et du deutérium ont permis de porter un regard nouveau sur les propriétés structurales et dynamiques des soies d'araignée. Ainsi les résultats appuient un modèle hiérarchique à trois phases de nanofibrilles composées de domaines cristallins et d'ordre à courte portée, contenues dans une matrice amorphe. Des expériences complémentaires de diffusion du rayonnement synchrotron suggèrent que l'eau absorbée par la matrice amorphe forme une glace amorphe à basses températures. Des expériences de diffraction de neutrons (abréviation anglaise : WANS) ont montré un pic méridional hors réseau -non observé par les expériences en rayons X (abréviation anglaise : WAXS)- attribué à une structure smectique de feuillets beta dans les domaines d'ordre à courte portée. L'échange de H2O contre D2O pour les expériences de diffusion de neutrons aux petits angles (abréviation anglaise : SANS) a permis d'observer la variation de contraste à l'intérieur des nanofibrilles et entre les nanofibrilles et la matrice. La mobilité moléculaire a été sondée par des techniques de diffusion inélastique et quasiélastique des neutrons. Il semble qu'une hiérarchie de phénomènes de relaxations décrive la soie hydratée, tandis que la soie native a un comportement vitreux à température ambiante.
Debord, Régis. "Développement d'une cellule haute pression haute température dans la presse Paris-Edimbourg pour la mesure de propriétés élastiques et de densité : application sur les oxydes de fer." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066448.
Full textKernavanois, Nolwenn. "Blocage du moment orbital et hybridation des électrons f : étude par absorption et diffusion de rayons-X et diffraction de neutrons de composés à base d'uranium et de cérium." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE10114.
Full textSaade, Christelle. "Structure and function in solution of the transmembrane protein mTSPO in different amphiphilic systems : from detergents to biomimetic environments." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASF038.
Full textTSPO is a small, ubiquitous, translocator membrane protein composed of five transmembrane α-helices. In mammals, it is primarily located in the outer mitochondrial membrane, where it is believed to play a role in cholesterol transport and steroid synthesis pathways. This protein has significant pharmacological interest due to its affinity for various ligands used as markers of inflammation in neuroimaging. The only known atomic structure of mammalian TSPOs is the NMR structure (2MGY.PDB) of mouse TSPO (mTSPO). However, this structure is controversial as it was obtained by refolding the protein using a high concentration of DPC and in the presence of the ligand (R)-PK11195, that stiffens it significantly. In the absence of ligand, the structure of mTSPO is too flexible to be resolved by NMR. Furthermore, to date, no amphiphilic condition has allowed the crystallization of mammalian TSPOs, with and without ligand, unlike bacterial TSPOs.The aim of the present study is to determine, using a structure/function approach, the effect of different amphiphilic environments on the structure of apo-mTSPO (i.e. without the ligand). We investigated mTSPO's structure in solution at different scales using radiation scattering and optical spectroscopy techniques. Small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering (SAXS, SANS), combined with size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), contrast variation in SANS, and ab initio modeling, allowed us to obtain the conformation of the entire mTSPO/amphiphile complex and to specifically probe those of the protein and the amphiphilic belt within the complex. The quantity of amphiphile molecules associated with mTSPO, measured by MALS, allowed the validation of the proposed models. The effect of the environment on ligand affinity was measured by microscale thermophoresis (MST).The apo-mTSPO, produced by a recombinant way in E.coli bacteria inclusion bodies, is partially unfolded following its extraction by SDS. We show that the protein refolds in DPC, both locally (significant increase of content and interactions of α-helices and in tryptophan fluorescence) and three-dimensionally, with a more extended "apo" conformation than the NMR structure 2MGY.PDB. Adding DMPC phospholipids to create a partially biomimetic environment of mixed DMPC:DPC bicelles further structures apo-mTSPO: the quantity and interactions of α-helices, as well as tryptophan fluorescence, increase significantly. This refolding is associated with a significant increase in the protein's affinity for the ligand (R)-PK11195 (0.9 μM) compared to that in DPC (70 μM) and SDS (no affinity). Thus, we demonstrate the relevance of using DMPC:DPC bicelles for studying membrane proteins in solution and confirm the crucial role of lipids in the structure and function of mTSPO. Finally, we show that this environment is favorable for the crystallization of apo-mTSPO and for reconstituting the protein in DMPC nanodiscs.To compare these results with a protein expressed under native conditions, we developed a new protocol for producing mTSPO in yeast cells. We managed to purify the protein in “apo” condition in DDM, a detergent known for solubilizing properly folded proteins, while retaining associated membrane lipids.This thesis work (i) contributes to a better understanding of the structure/function of mTSPO in different amphiphilic environments to determine optimal conditions for higher-resolution structural studies, and (ii) provides a significant methodological contribution to the study of membrane proteins in solution
Houssaini, Saoud. "Localisation et stabilité de l'hydrogène dans le système multicouche silicium/silicium hydrogène." Nancy 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991NAN10366.
Full textLejeune, Elise. "Synthèse, caractérisation et mise en œuvre de copolymères diblocs amphiphiles : vers des assemblages à dynamique stimulable." Le Mans, 2010. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2010/2010LEMA1023.pdf.
Full textAn Amphiphilic Diblock Copolymer is a copolymer based on a hydrophobic block and a hydrophilic one. When dissolved in water, the hydrophobic blocks self-assemble within aggregates which can lead to a range of different structures (spheres, cylinders, lamellae). Despite their chemical similarity with molecular surfactants, amphiphilic diblock copolymers behave differently in aqueous solution. They exhibit slower kinetic of exchange between aggregates and non associated chains (unimers) and are mostly described as “frozen” since there is no dynamic equilibrium with the unimers. This has been attributed to the glassy nature of the core in the case of polystyrene-block-polyacrylic acid (PS-b-PAA) diblock copolymers for example (TgPS~100°C). However, with a soft hydrophobic block, such as poly(n-butyl acrylate) (TgPnBA~-55°C), the aggregates are also frozen. A key parameter to consider seems to be the interaction parameters ? either between both blocks and/or between the hydrophobic block and the solvent. Indeed, a dynamic exchange of the unimers between aggregates requires the hydrophobic block to go through the hydrophilic corona and then through the aqueous solution. The aim of this work was then to decrease this interaction parameter to transform frozen aggregates into dynamic ones. Our strategy was to incorporate hydrophilic units into the hydrophobic block in a controlled manner and to study the consequences on the self-assembling properties of the diblocks. We worked with P(nBA)-b-PAA block copolymers in which we incorporated AA units in the PnBA block. The synthesis of those copolymers was achieved by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) in 3 steps: first nBA and tBA were copolymerized to lead to a macroinitiator which was then engaged in a second polymerization to form a PtBA block. Finally the AA units were obtained by a selective acidolysis of the tBA units to obtain P(nBA-co-AA)-b-PAA copolymers. Secondly, the organization of the diblocks was studied in bulk using DSC measurement and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Then, the influence of an external stimulus, the ionization degree of the AA units, was studied. Titration experiments were performed to verify that all the AA units could be ionized, including those contained in the moderately hydrophobic P(nBA-co-AA) block. Finally, we studied the influence of different parameters such as the chemical structure, the pH and the ionic strength, on the self-assembly of those copolymers in aqueous solution. We used different techniques, especially light scattering (LS) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), to determine whether the aggregates are dynamic or not
Rolle, Aurélie. "Nouvelles phases dérivées de Ba2In2O5 : compréhension des mécanismes de substitution et de diffusion des ions oxyde." Lille 1, 2005. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2005/50376-2005-Rolle.pdf.
Full textDOLOC-VASILIU, LIDA. "Etude par diffusion des neutrons et des rayons x des proprietes structurales et magnetiques des cuprates supraconducteurs a base de bismuth bi#2sr#2ca#n#-#1cu#no#2#n#+#4#+#y." Paris 11, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA112380.
Full textDebord, Régis. "Développement d'une cellule haute pression haute température dans la presse Paris-Edimbourg pour la mesure de propriétés élastiques et de densité : Application sur les oxydes de fer." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00189118.
Full textRat, Evelyne. "Comportement des vibrations acoustiques des milieux désordonnés dans le domaine du térahertz." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20137.
Full textDutta, Rajesh. "Etude in situ, par diffraction des rayons X et diffusion neutronique sur monocristaux, de la complexité structurale de l'oxyde fortement corrélé Pr2-xSrxNiO4+δ." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0754/document.
Full textNon-stoichiometric oxides from the Ruddlesden-Popper series, such as Pr2NiO4+δ, can be hole-doped by substituting strontium to praseodymium or by oxygen insertion. This leads to complex structural ordering involving oxygen-, charge- and spin ordering. The complex phase diagram of Pr2-xSrxNiO4+δ was explored using X-ray (laboratory and synchrotron) as well as neutron diffractions. For the doped phase of highest oxygen content (Pr2NiO4.25), we could evidence an incommensurate structure with satellite reflections of 6th order, yielding a very complex diffraction pattern of up to four twin-individuals and eight incommensurate domains. Checkerboard-type charge ordering was identified already at ambient temperature, while stripe charge ordering was observed below 170 K by synchrotron and neutron diffraction; incommensurate spin ordering appears below 99 K. This thesis reveals the existence of many complex oxygen and electronically ordered phases going along with small variations of the oxygen/strontium stoichiometry
Stocker, Pierre. "Ordre et désordre de couches minces: A/ préfusion de surface de films minces de méthane physisorbés sur graphite, étudiée par diffusion de neutrons: B / épitaxie de disiliciure de fer er de cobalt Si(111) : étudiée par diffusion de rayons X." Aix-Marseille 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AIX22056.
Full textPasquier, Coralie. "Interactions et structures dans les solutions hautement concentrées de protéines globulaires : étude du lysosyme et de l'ovalbumine." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1S172/document.
Full textConcentrated phases of proteins are the subject of numerous studies aiming at identifying and characterizing the interactions and phase transitions at play, using the large corpus of knowledge in the field of concentrated colloids. Those concentrated phases of proteins have, in addition, a great importance in various fields, such as food industry, pharmaceutical industry and medicine. The establishment of equations of state relating osmotic pressure (Ð) and volume fraction (Φ) is an efficient way of characterization of the interactions between the components of a system. We applied this method to solutions of two globular proteins, lysozyme and ovalbumin, spanning volume fractions ranging from a dilute phase ( Φ < 0,01) to a concentrated, solid phase ( Φ > 0,62). The equations of state, coupled to other methods (SAXS, numerical simulations), enabled us to show that the two proteins carry a very different behavior when submitted to concentration and that their complexity is beyond that of colloids. Relating equations of state and interfacial behavior of these two proteins also showed points of convergence and enabled us to formulate a new hypothesis which explains some of the results obtained in the study of adsorption of proteins at the air-water interface
Guille, Véronique. "Étude de la structure des solutions asphalténiques et d'un résidu sous vide Safaniya." Nancy 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NAN10049.
Full textWe have examined a Safaniya Vacuum Re sidue (VR) and its fraction s (asphaltenes, resins, aromatics and saturates). Ln order to describe the macrostructure of these cornplex colloidal systems, we used different characterisation techniques : small angle X-ray and neutron scattering (SAXS and SANS), rheology and electron microscopy. Scattering techniques allows us to precise the model for asphaltenes and resins in solution. These macromolecules are polydisperse disk-like particles with thickness and diameter which are respectively close to 1 and 10 nm. The average molecular weight is equal to 106 000 for asphaltenes and 3 300 for resins. We have shown that SAXS is more sensitive to the scattering of the aromatic part of the molecule. Adding n-heptane induces first a desolvation of the molecules and then an aggregation up to f flocculation. These solutions present large heterogeneities due to concentration fluctuations. A huge difference in the chemical composition of the different asphaltene molecules can explain these fluctuations. These heterogeneities are stable as a function of temperature; this means that exist strong molecular interactions. Ultracentrifugation gives two different fractions which contain different chemical structures. More or less aromatic. Solutions, in good solvent, of these two fractions are homogeneous but a mixture of these two fractions exhibits heterogeneities. SAXS gives information about the structure of VR. We have observed the presence of large density fluctuations up to 300°C. Rheological measurements confirm threedimensional organisation
Gaudin, Zineb. "Etude des films de Langmuir de copolymères PS-b-PAA et formation de nanostructures inorganiques par réduction des ions argent à leur voisinage." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066143/document.
Full textWe studied the copolymer PS-b-PAA Langmuir films and the formation of non-organic nanostructures by reduction of silver ions Ag+ in their neighborhood. On the one hand, we have precisely determined the structure of these copolymers at the air-water interface for different pH with many complementary techniques (isothermal, ?-A, neutron reflectivity, grazing-incidence x-ray scattering). This study proved that the classic interpretation of these isotherms should be reconsidered and we emphasized the major role played by the spreading solvent. This (solvent) is partially absorbed by the surface after the deposit and the mixed copolymer-solvent monolayer is created by the surface nanostructure. These nanostructures have a well-defined typical size. When the PAA chains are neutral, the pseudo-surface observed on the isotherms correspond to the reversible expulsion of the solvent to a subphase which induces a reorganization of the nanostructures. In the case of charged PPA chains, the isotherm does not show the flat surface. This is due to the electrostatic repulsion between these chains. The compression of the film induces the ?dive? of a part of the monolayer ? copolymer and solvent ? towards the volume. On the other hand, we studied the behavior of these charged copolymer films in the presence of silver ions Ag+ in the before and after reduction. We showed that the presence of ions Ag+ ions induces the collapse of the PAA chains at the interface. The ions reduction by surface x-rays radiolysis produces silver colloids following a ?bi-continuous? 2D structure with a typical length scale. However, the photo-chemical reduction does not seem to produce homogenous and dense layers of colloids
Muller, François. "Interaction et structure de copolymères neutres-chargés dissymétriques en solution aqueuse." Phd thesis, Université de la Rochelle, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00001847.
Full textGaudin, Zineb. "Etude des films de Langmuir de copolymères PS-b-PAA et formation de nanostructures inorganiques par réduction des ions argent à leur voisinage." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2014PA066143.pdf.
Full textWe studied the copolymer PS-b-PAA Langmuir films and the formation of non-organic nanostructures by reduction of silver ions Ag+ in their neighborhood. On the one hand, we have precisely determined the structure of these copolymers at the air-water interface for different pH with many complementary techniques (isothermal, ?-A, neutron reflectivity, grazing-incidence x-ray scattering). This study proved that the classic interpretation of these isotherms should be reconsidered and we emphasized the major role played by the spreading solvent. This (solvent) is partially absorbed by the surface after the deposit and the mixed copolymer-solvent monolayer is created by the surface nanostructure. These nanostructures have a well-defined typical size. When the PAA chains are neutral, the pseudo-surface observed on the isotherms correspond to the reversible expulsion of the solvent to a subphase which induces a reorganization of the nanostructures. In the case of charged PPA chains, the isotherm does not show the flat surface. This is due to the electrostatic repulsion between these chains. The compression of the film induces the ?dive? of a part of the monolayer ? copolymer and solvent ? towards the volume. On the other hand, we studied the behavior of these charged copolymer films in the presence of silver ions Ag+ in the before and after reduction. We showed that the presence of ions Ag+ ions induces the collapse of the PAA chains at the interface. The ions reduction by surface x-rays radiolysis produces silver colloids following a ?bi-continuous? 2D structure with a typical length scale. However, the photo-chemical reduction does not seem to produce homogenous and dense layers of colloids
Lory, Pierre-François. "Dynamique de réseau et conductivité thermique dans les alliages métalliques complexes." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAY042/document.
Full textComplex metallic alloys are long range ordered materials, characterized by large cells, comprising several hundreds of atoms and cluster building blocks. A key property of CMAs is the low lattice thermal conductivity (1.3 W/m. K), which suggests a potential application for CMAs for thermoelectricity. Despite recent advances structure determination, the nature of the phonons modes remains an open question: do the clusters playing a role? Are there critical modes? To tackle this problem, my PhD project aims to understand the vibrational modes at atomic scale and the relation to lattice thermal conductivity in o-Al13Co4 which is an approximant of the quasicrystal, decagonal phase AlNiCo and the clathrate Ba8Ge40.3Au5.25. In this worked we have used Inelastic Neutron and X-ray Scattering experiments and atomic scale simulations, based on density functional theory and empirical pair potentials.A detailed analysis of the results of inelastic scattering experiments on monocrystals for the acoustic branches have shown, for the first time, a finite lifetime for acoustic phonons when they interact with the low-lying dispersion-less excitations due to atoms in the cluster. In both systems, we observe that when an acoustic branch flattens near the zone boundary, the phonon lifetime is a few picoseconds. The phonon lifetime is approximately independent of temperature like the lattice thermal conductivity. Lattice and molecular dynamics simulations with DFT and empirical, oscillating pair potentials show that the finite phonon lifetime is an anharmonic effect, due to structural disorder, explaining the weak temperature of the phonon lifetime. For o-Al13Co4, we have calculated the thermal conductivity with the Green-Kubo method based on equilibrium MD simulations. For Ba8Ge40.3Au5.25 we have developed a phenomenological model based on individual phonon modes. In conclusion, we have demonstrated how structural complexity affects thermal conductivity through the lattice dynamics
Babin, Jerome. "Synthèse et auto-assemblage de copolymères amphiphiles en étoile de type "miktoarm"." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00173489.
Full textLeon, Vincent. "Etude des effets de confinement dans la silice mésoporeuse et dans certaines nanostructures carbonées." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00107124.
Full textPerché, Thierry. "Etude des phases lyotropes et de la micellisation dans des systèmes binaires tensioactif/solvant polaire non aqueux." Rouen, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ROUES018.
Full textLiu, Yazhao. "Photo-responsive systems in aqueous solution : from model polyelectrolytes to polyelectrolyte-surfactant complexes." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021STRAE007.
Full textThis thesis aims at designing, synthesizing and characterizing model photo-responsive systems in aqueous solution. These systems are based on polyelectrolytes (PEs) and surfactants. The photo-sensitivity arises from the presence of azobenzene (Azo) groups that undergo a transition from a trans to a cis isomer. We first considered a hydrophilic PE on which we grafted Azo groups. This system forms globular aggregates in solution due to chains collapse and intermolecular associations. The size of the aggregates varies under UV irradiation. It also depends on the molar mass of the PEs and the Azo content. We then considered surfactants in which Azo groups have been introduced (Azo-surfactants). We studied their complexation with oppositely charged PEs. These systems show a pearl necklace organization. The PEs decorate the micelles and penetrate inside (co-micellisation). Under UV irradiation, the size of the pearls decreases without really modifying the general organization of the complexes. Finally, we were interested in the self-assembly of Azo-surfactants and co-surfactants. This mixture leads to the formation of wormlike micelles and the creation of a gel. Under UV irradiation, a gel - fluid transition is observed. The origin of this phenomenon is linked to a morphological transition of the micellar aggregates (wormlike micelles - globular micelles)
Bonnevide, Marine. "Nanocomposites élastomère-nanoparticules de silice greffées : de la synthèse aux mécanismes de dispersion." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0354.
Full textThe addition of nanometric fillers into a polymer matrix significantly improves its use properties. Optimization of nanocomposite reinforcement is related to the filler dispersion state in the matrix as well as to the filler/filler and filler/matrix interactions. In the tire industry, numerous studies have been devoted to these parameters in order to understand and control the reinforcement of elastomeric matrices such as Styrene Butadiene Rubber by silica nanoparticles. On an industrial scale, functional polymer or coupling agents such as bis(triethoxysilyl)propyl tetrasulfide are used to improve the dispersion of silica particles in elastomers and strengthen the matrix. However, it is difficult to control the grafting density and to modulate some parameters that may influence the dispersion state and interactions e.g. the nature and molar mass of the polymer chains covalently attached to the surface. To address these limitations, in this project we propose to synthesize silica nanoparticles grafted with polyisoprene, polybutadiene and statistical poly(butadiene-co-styrene) chains using the “grafting from” method associated to nitroxide mediated polymerization. In this aim, an alkoxyamine is grafted onto the nanoparticle surface in two steps by keeping the colloidal stability of the particles. After optimizing grafting parameters and polymerize the different monomers, the obtained grafted nanoparticles are characterized in terms of molar mass, microstructure, grafting density and gyration radius of the grafted chains. Their dispersion state is evaluated in solution as well as in matrices of various molecular weight and composition after the elaboration of nanocomposites
Romoli, Filippo. "Méthodes de cristallographie communes par rayons X et neutrons pour l'étude de réactions enzymatiques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAV062.
Full textThe importance of X-ray diffraction techniques for the determination of macromolecular structure in relation to biological function can be easily grasped when looking at the number of depositions in the Protein Data Bank (http://www.rcsb.org/pdb). Although over 100,000 X-ray structures now exist in the database, the study of biological macromolecules with neutron diffraction techniques has been more limited. However those studies that have been performed clearly illustrate that neutron macromolecular crystallography can provide powerful complementary information to that gained from X-ray studies, and major developments have occurred in the recent past both for sample preparation (notably deuteration techniques) and for instrumentation.This work describes the application of techniques that strongly implement both neutron and X-ray diffraction techniques. In particular, the use of neutron crystallography and in crystallo spectroscopic analysis applied on selected biological targets was developed for a number of key systems. The optimization of protocols and the development of new tools to perform high-resolution joint neutron and X-rays macromolecular crystallography, has been explored. In this context a novel crystallographic mounting system, totally compatible with joint neutron and X-ray diffraction techniques, was developed in order to perform the desired experiments.UV-vis and Raman in crystallo spectroscopy has been applied to monitor reaction product formation directly in crystals. Some methodology on large crystal growth and freezing has been performed in order to acquire sufficient data to establish a protocol that could be routinely applied for neutron cryogenic diffraction experiments. The methods and the technology developed inside this project led to the determination of a novel neutron crystal structure of trypsin in complex with the substrate suc-AAPR-pNa, with data collection performed at cryogenic temperature.Further, we focussed our attention on two specific proteins involved in the production of trehalose in the microorganism Deinococcus radiodurans - the maltooligosyltrehalose trehalosynthase (MTSase) and the maltooligosyltrehalose trehalohydrolase (MTHase) enzymes. These two enzymes are able to breakdown soluble starch and linear polysaccharides into trehalose, which is a disaccharide known for its protective properties of proteins and cell membranes. Dr-MTSase catalyzes an intramolecular transglycosylation in order to transform maltopentaose into maltotriosyltrehalose, while Dr-MTHase recognises and cleaves specifically maltotriosyltrehalose substrates in order to release trehalose. The novel structure of Dr-MTSase has been determined in its apo form and in complex with different sugar substrates; furthermore the enzymatic characterization and description of its reaction mechanism are reported. Finally the growth of large perdeuterated crystals and the spectroscopic analysis of substrate binding of Dr-MTHase in complex with maltopentaose, have been performed in preparation of a forthcoming neutron diffraction experiment
Cozic, Solenn. "Étude des propriétés électriques et structurales de verres de sulfures au lithium pour électrolytes de batteries tout-solide." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1S054/document.
Full textThe energy storage market is in constant growth for both portable and stationary applications. To satisfy the requirements of various applications (electronic devices, hybrid-electric vehicles, renewable energy storage…), always more efficient, more compact and lightweight batteries have to be developed. Then, thanks to their high energy densities, batteries using Li metal anodes are the most promising to complete this challenge. However, the use of conventional liquid electrolytes raises safety issues, mainly related to the flammability of the organic liquid. In this thesis, glassy materials, exhibiting great interest towards developing solid electrolytes are considered and might enable the development of safe and efficient all-solid-state batteries. Here, Li-sulfide glasses, attractive for their ionic conduction properties, have been studied and characterized. The ionic conduction properties of glasses are still misunderstood and controversial, the structural investigation of glasses is of great interest in order to get a better understanding of structure-properties relationship. Then, the short and intermediate range order of prepared glasses have been investigated by the mean of various complementary structural analysis techniques. Finally, glassy materials are usually quite easy to shape. Thus, studied glasses in this thesis can also be used as thin-film electrolytes in microbatteries. First tests of sputtering of conducting thin-films have been performed by RF magnetron sputtering and constitute a first step in order to design microbatteries
Dahab, Hassan-Dahab. "Synthèse, cristallochimie et propriétés physiques de nickelates de terre rare (La, Nd) de structure dérivée de la perovskite à degré d’oxydation inusuel." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0047.
Full textThis work, which is part of a collaboration between the ICMCB and the Néel Institute, focuses on nickelates (RE1-xSrxNiO2 or RE = La and Nd) in the form of powder (bulk samples). Within this thesis, I present the synthesis and chemical design of these new materials using an innovative chemical route, including soft chemistry (citrate – nitrate route), synthesis under high oxygen pressure (PO2 < 650 bars) (RENiO3 phases) at high temperature (T = 900°C) and finally topochemical reduction using calcium hydride CaH2 at low temperature (T<300°C), with the aim of stabilizing Ni(+I) in a square planar environment (RENiO2). The physicochemical characterization of the as-synthetized compounds via laboratory X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy coupled to an EDX probe evidenced an intrinsic solubility limit of the Sr atoms. We then studied the intrinsic physical properties of the synthesized materials, not only by different laboratory techniques, such as electrical transport measurements, specific heat and magnetic susceptibility, but also using complementary measurements in large scale facilities instruments: XRD under physical pressure at the ESRF, elastic and inelastic neutron diffraction at the ILL and at ISIS for the study of magnetic excitations and magnetic order. We have established the crystal field diagram and the possible presence of an intrinsic magnetic order in NdNiO2 and Nd1-xSrxNiO2. Finally, new phases of the RENiO2.5 type have been synthetized. An original crystal structure that stabilizes three valence states of nickel has been proposed for the compound NdNiO2.5. The latter presents a ferrimagnetic order around 270 K
Robbes, Anne-sophie. "Nanocomposites à base de particules magnétiques : synthèse et contribution de la dispersion des charges et de la conformation des chaines sur les propriétés de renforcement." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA112201/document.
Full textThe mechanical properties of polymeric nanocomposite films can be considerably enhanced by the inclusion of inorganic nanoparticles due to two main effects: (i) the local structure of fillers dispersion and (ii) the potential modification of the chains conformation and dynamics in the vicinity of the filler/polymer interface. However, the precise mechanisms which permit to correlate these contributions at nanometric scale to the macroscopic mechanical properties of the materials are actually poorly described. In such a context, we have synthesized model nanocomposites based on magnetic nanoparticles of maghemite γ-Fe2O3 (naked or grafted with a polystyrene (PS) corona by radical controlled polymerization) dispersed in a PS matrix, that we have characterized by combining small angle scattering (X-Ray and neutron) and transmission electronic microscopy. By playing on different parameters such as the particle size, the concentration, or the size ratio between the grafted chains and the ones of the matrix in the case of the grafted fillers, we have obtained nanocomposite films a large panel of controlled and reproducible controlled filler structures, going from individual nanoparticles or fractal aggregates up to the formation of a connected network of fillers. By applying an external magnetic field during the film processing, we succeeded in aligning the different structures along the direction of the field and we obtained materials with remarkable anisotropic reinforcement properties. The conformation of the chains of the matrix, experimentally determined thanks to the specific properties of neutron contrast of the system, is not affected by the presence of the fillers, whatever their confinement, the dispersion the fillers or their chemical state surface. The alignment of the fillers along the magnetic field has allowed us to describe precisely the evolution of the reinforcement modulus of the materials with the structural reorganization of the fillers and the chains at the local scale under stretching, and thus to highlight the key role played by the fillers reorganization under stretching on the nanocomposite reinforcement mechanisms
Cristiglio, Viviana. "Caractérisation structurale d'aluminates fondus : expérience et modélisation." Orléans, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ORLE2008.
Full textBrusselle, Damien. "Auto-assemblage de métallacarboranes en solution aqueuse : un nouveau type de tensioactif." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20094/document.
Full textMetallacarboranes are anionic clusters composed of boron, carbon and hydrogen with a metallic cation sandwiched at the heart of this cluster (Co3+ in general) and highly stable in thermic and chemical point of view. These entities are trivially represented by the Greek letter "theta" where the poles are considered hydrophobic and have a negative charge delocalized and counter-balanced by an acidic proton. This high stability as well as the various properties gives a particular interest in applications such as the co-extraction of Cs and Sr in nuclear waste or in medicine for their ability to inhibit HIV protease by its hydrogen bonds. The chemistry of boron is relatively rich; a synthesis of some derivatives was performed in laboratory. It is possible to substitute specifically hydrogen by iodine or chlorine atoms or change the metallic heart by other atom as Fe3+, respectively forming diiodo- COSAN (I2COSAN), dichloro-COSAN (Cl2COSAN) and ferrabisdicarbollide (FESAN) anions. Metallacarboranes are also considered as a new class of surfactant where a first study of their self-assembly has been performed. The results of one of them, cobaltabisdicarbollide or COSAN, have shown an effect at the surface tension and theses clusters formed spontaneously vesicles in dilute regime (from 0.5 mmol/L) and by Coulomb interactions, they form micelles at higher concentration (after 15 mmol/L). But they offer more surprise by the formation of lyotropic phases in aqueous solution. Indeed, these phases, clearly identified by X-ray scattering techniques and microscopy, showed temperature and concentration dependence where a phase diagram was established for the I2COSAN in particular. Therefore, the thesis is focused on the understanding of the phenomena controlling the aggregation of these curious compounds