Academic literature on the topic 'Diffusal population'
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Journal articles on the topic "Diffusal population"
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Isaac, Wendy-Ann P., Richard A. I. Brathwaite, and Ayub Khan. "Commelina diffusaPopulation Dynamics in Banana and Ruderal Habitats under Mechanical and Herbicide Management Regimes." International Journal of Agronomy 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/605745.
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Commelina diffusais a colonising species of banana orchard habitats in St. Vincent in the Windward Islands of the Caribbean. In the present study, the population dynamics ofC. diffusawere investigated in response to mechanical weed management with either a rotary string trimmer or glufosinate in ruderal and banana habitats. The study focused on density and size distribution of the weed over time and their response to two weed management strategies. The population dynamics ofC. diffusadiffered between the two habitats. Seedling establishment appeared to be an important factor influencing the dynamics ofC. diffusain banana orchards as there was little recruitment of seeds with less flower production compared with ruderal habitats where plants produced more flowers. Plants ofC. diffusain the banana orchard habitat had a longer growth cycle. In the banana orchard habitat, theC. diffusapopulation was greater and the plants were shorter with mechanical management than in areas treated with glufosinate. The results suggest that it is possible to manipulate the dynamics ofC. diffusain banana orchards as there is less chance of seed recruitment. Further research is necessary to refine an IPM approach for the management ofC. diffusa.
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Wilson, Rob, K. George Beck, and Philip Westra. "Combined effects of herbicides and Sphenoptera jugoslavica on diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) population dynamics." Weed Science 52, no. 3 (May 2004): 418–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/p2001-061.
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Sosnovska, Svitlana, and Ivan Danylyk. "Population structure of Carex dioica L. (Cyperaceae) in Ukraine under different growth conditions." Biodiversity Research and Conservation 46, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/biorc-2017-0006.
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Abstract The population structure of Carex dioica – a rare boggy species in Ukraine – has been studied for the first time. As a result, five types of spatial arrangement of C. dioica individuals, depending on their reproduction and living conditions, were established: scattered-diffuse, densely-diffuse, group, spotted and mosaic. Intensive vegetative propagation (often in the absence of seed reproduction) of individuals contributes to the group and spotted spatial structure of population. For low intensity of seed and vegetative reproduction, the arrangement of generative individuals turned out to be scattered-diffuse. Effective generative reproduction of a population was accompanied by a densely-diffuse distribution of individuals, and a combined type of reproduction (effective generative and vegetative) under favourable growth conditions contributes to its mosaic spatial structure. Regardless of the growth conditions, all C. dioica populations were characterised by a left-hand age spectrum which was the result of an effective vegetative renovation of individuals and a stress-tolerant type of strategy of this species. Under optimal growth conditions, the C. dioica populations were characterised by the prevalance of females compared to male ones (2:1), and under stress – a radical change in their sex ratio was observed towards a complete dominance of one of the genders. It was found that 50% of the studied C. dioica populations appeared to be thriving. Regardless of the vitality type of the population, the female individuals of this species, compared to male ones, realised their growth potential much better and, therefore, made a greater contribution to population vitality.
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Arnaboldi, Magda. "Intracluster Stellar Population." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 217 (2004): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s007418090019713x.
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I shall review the latest results for the presence of diffuse light in nearby clusters, and the evidence of ongoing star formation in an intracluster Virgo field. I shall discuss how intracluster planetary nebulae (ICPN) can be used as excellent tracers of the diffuse stellar population in nearby clusters. Their number density distribution, density profile and radial velocity distribution provide observational constraints to models for cluster formation and evolution. The preliminary comparison of the available ICPN samples with high resolution N-body models of a Virgo-like cluster in a Lambda CDM cosmology supports “harassment” as the most likely mechanism for the origin of diffuse stellar light in clusters.
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Mueller, Ulrich G., Alexander S. Mikheyev, Scott E. Solomon, and Michael Cooper. "Frontier mutualism: coevolutionary patterns at the northern range limit of the leaf-cutter ant–fungus symbiosis." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1721 (March 9, 2011): 3050–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0125.
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Tropical leaf-cutter ants cultivate the fungus Attamyces bromatificus in a many-to-one, diffuse coevolutionary relationship where ant and fungal partners re-associate frequently over time. To evaluate whether ant– Attamyces coevolution is more specific (tighter) in peripheral populations, we characterized the host-specificities of Attamyces genotypes at their northern, subtropical range limits (southern USA, Mexico and Cuba). Population-genetic patterns of northern Attamyces reveal features that have so far not been observed in the diffusely coevolving, tropical ant– Attamyces associations. These unique features include (i) cases of one-to-one ant– Attamyces specialization that tighten coevolution at the northern frontier; (ii) distributions of genetically identical Attamyces clones over large areas (up to 81 000 km 2 , approx. the area of Ireland, Austria or Panama); (iii) admixture rates between Attamyces lineages that appear lower in northern than in tropical populations; and (iv) long-distance gene flow of Attamyces across a dispersal barrier for leaf-cutter ants (ocean between mainland North America and Cuba). The latter suggests that Attamyces fungi may occasionally disperse independently of the ants, contrary to the traditional assumption that Attamyces fungi depend entirely on leaf-cutter queens for dispersal. Peripheral populations in Argentina or at mid-elevation sites in the Andes may reveal additional regional variants in ant– Attamyces coevolution. Studies of such populations are most likely to inform models of coextinctions of obligate mutualistic partners that are doubly stressed by habitat marginality and by environmental change.
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Sheley, Roger L., James S. Jacobs, and Michael F. Carpinelli. "Distribution, Biology, and Management of Diffuse Knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) and Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea maculosa)." Weed Technology 12, no. 2 (June 1998): 353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00043931.
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Diffuse knapweed, a biennial or short-lived perennial, and spotted knapweed, a perennial, are taprooted Eurasian weeds invading rangeland in the western United States and Canada. Knapweed (Centaureaspp.) invasion is associated with reductions in biodiversity, wildlife, and livestock forage, and increased erosion. Spotted knapweed grows to about 1 m and usually has purple flowers, whereas diffuse knapweed is slightly shorter, usually with white flowers. Persistent flower bracts on diffuse knapweed bear a rigid terminal spine about 8 mm long with four or five pairs of shorter lateral spines. Bracts on spotted knapweed have dark spotted tips. Knapweed management involves a combination of containing infestations and control efforts. Hand pulling in areas with small infestations can be effective for controlling spotted and diffuse knapweeds. Picloram applied at 0.28 kg ha−1provides control for about 3 yr. Effective long-term control of knapweeds requires periodic applications of picloram, which are only cost-effective on highly productive range sites with a residual grass understory. About 12 insect species have been released for knapweed biocontrol. Seed production has been reduced by 46% by insects feeding in the flower heads. Although insects have not reduced spotted knapweed densities, they may stress the weed and shift the competitive balance to associated species. Sheep grazing reduces the density of very young seedlings and may limit seedling recruitment into the population. In areas without a residual understory of desired plant species, revegetation of knapweed-infested rangeland is required. Components of any integrated weed management program are sustained effort, constant evaluation, and the adoption of improved strategies.
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Müller, H., D. Schroeder, and A. Gassmann. "AGAPETA ZOEGANA (L.) (LEPIDOPTERA: COCHYLIDAE), A SUITABLE PROSPECT FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF SPOTTED AND DIFFUSE KNAPWEED, CENTAUREA MACULOSA MONNET DE LA MARCK AND CENTAUREA DIFFUSA MONNET DE LA MARCK (COMPOSITAE) IN NORTH AMERICA." Canadian Entomologist 120, no. 2 (February 1988): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent120109-2.
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AbstractThe taxonomy, distribution, life history, and host plant relationships of the cochylid moth Agapeta zoegana (L.), an oligophagous, facultatively multivoltine root feeder, are discussed. The results of oviposition and larval feeding tests with 56 plant species in five families are presented and show that A. zoegana is restricted to a few closely related species of Centaurea. In Europe the moth is widely distributed and abundant in the majority of the root-feeding guilds of Centaurea maculosa Monnet de la Marck studied, with densities of 23.6 larvae per 100 roots in eastern Austria/northwestern Hungary and less than 8 larvae per 100 roots in central Hungary and the Alsace. The acceptance of target North American species (the tetraploid form of C. maculosa and the diploid Centaurea diffusa Monnet de la Marck), the damage caused, and the active searching ability rate A. zoegana as a potentially effective natural enemy of spotted and diffuse knapweed in North America. Agapeta zoegana will be especially promising as it predominantly attacks the rosette, which is, according to a recently developed population model for diffuse knapweed in Canada, the most sensitive stage determining equilibrium knapweed density. Agapeta zoegana is compatible with Pelochrista medullana Staudinger (Lepidoptera: Cochylidae), another knapweed root feeder recently introduced into North America, and will complement the seed-feeding species already established. The moth was approved for release in Canada and the USA and has been established in British Columbia since 1984 on C. diffusa.
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Lada, Elizabeth A., and Leo Blitz. "Two populations of diffuse molecular clouds." Astrophysical Journal 326 (March 1988): L69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/185125.
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Urbizu-González, Ana Lucía, Joel Flores, Edilia De la Rosa-Manzano, and Octelina Castillo-Ruíz. "Morphological differences of Turnera diffusa (Turneraceae) in two populations differing in rainfall at Northeastern Mexico." Botanical Sciences 97, no. 1 (March 13, 2019): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.2041.
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<p><strong>Background. </strong>Plant morphology is the expression of a set of characteristics in response to environmental conditions and therefore to the availability of resources.</p><p><strong>Questions. </strong>Are the populations of <em>Turnera diffusa</em> morphologically different due to climatic factors?</p><p><strong>Species studied.</strong> <em>Turnera diffusa</em>, known as “damiana”.</p><p><strong>Study site and dates. </strong>Jaumave and Güémez in Tamaulipas, Mexico; during October 2013 and April 2014.</p><p><strong>Methods. </strong>Abiotic characteristics of study sites and morphological traits of the plants were evaluated, as well as the exposure of the plants to light, and the flowering; 15 random transects of 100 m<sup>2</sup> each were made in each site. A multivariate analysis with linear discriminant functions was applied to determine possible differences between the two populations considering the morphological variables.</p><p><strong>Results. </strong>The population of <em>T. diffusa</em> of Güémez did present higher branch density and bigger leaves than those of Jaumave, which can be related to the greater precipitation that is received in that locality in comparison with Jaumave. <em>T. diffusa</em> plants with higher height were found under natural shade conditions and flowering is a condition that seems to be unrelated to the exposure. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Conclusions. </strong>Populations of <em>Turnera diffusa</em> of Jaumave and Güémez were morphologically different.</p>
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Turner, Susan J., Colin C. Fleming, Brendan P. Moreland, and Trevor J. G. Martin. "Variation in hatch among pathotypes of the potato cyst nematodes, Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida, in response to potato root diffusate from Solanum spp. I. Preliminary assessments to establish optimal testing conditions." Nematology 11, no. 5 (2009): 749–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854109x411005.
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Abstract Potato cyst nematodes (PCN) hatch in response to the presence of root diffusate produced by host plants. Potato root diffusate (PRD) contains hatching factors that stimulate differential hatch between the two PCN species (Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida) throughout the growing season. In order to clarify the role of PRD in wild potato clones resistant to PCN, a series of trials established optimal test conditions using a range of PCN populations on a representation of Solanum species (Solanum sanctae-rosae, S. sparsipilum, S. gourlayi, S. acaule, S. oplocense). Dilution tests showed that half strength PRD consistently stimulated highest levels of nematode hatch. PCN populations were treated with PRD collected weekly throughout the trials, mimicking the natural release of chemical stimulants from growing potato roots. Whilst the G. rostochiensis Ro1 population showed no variation in hatch, other populations displayed differences in hatch in the presence of the different Solanum PRD. This may reflect the different coevolutionary histories of nematodes and their Solanum hosts in South America.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Diffusal population"
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Гончар, Кирило Романович. "Високотемпературна нітроцементація цирконію." Bachelor's thesis, КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського, 2019. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/28151.
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В роботі досліджено можливість одночасного насичення цирконію в продуктах розкладу оксалату амонію.
Теоретично розраховано та експе-риментально підтверджено співвідношення компонентів рівноважного складу реакційного середовища для нанесення комплексних покриттів методом дифузійного насичення азотом, вуглецем та киснем за участю водню. Склад як газової так і конденсованої фази залежить від складу та співвідношення реа-гентів в насичуючій суміші;
Формування комплексних покрит-тів на основі сполук цирконію ZrN, ZrO2, та ZrС з високою твердістю та добрим зчепленням з ос-новою можна вважати позитивним досягненням даного дослідження. Такі покриття можуть бути перспе-ктивними при використанні в медичній, хімічній промисловості та атомній енергетиці.In this work the possibility of simul-taneous saturation of zirconium in products of decomposition of am-monium oxalate has been investigat-ed. The ratio of components of the equi-librium composition of the reaction medium to the application of com-plex coatings by diffusion saturation with nitrogen, carbon and oxygen with the participation of hydrogen has been theoretically calculated and experimentally confirmed. The com-position of both the gas and the con-densed phase depends on the com-position and ratio of reagents in the saturated mixture . Calculated reaction formation nitride ZrN, oxide ZrO2, zirconium carbide ZrC with hydrogen and the reaction between each of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon and hydrogen. Thermody-namic probability of formation of carbides, nitrides and oxides decreas-es with increasing temperature;
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Powell, Robert David. "Diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) : reproductive thresholds, population ecology and responses to the introduction of the buprestid beetle Sphenoptera jugoslavica." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29265.
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Diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa), like other semelparous perennials, was found to have a minimum size requirement for flowering. This critical size conditions the plant's phenotypic response to variation in growth conditions. Experimentally crowded rosettes grew slowly, failed to reach the critical size and did not flower in the following season, whereas uncrowded rosettes grew rapidly, reached the critical size in a single year and flowered in the next. The proportion of plants that flowered and subsequently died in both field and experimental populations decreased with individual crowding. The effect of interference-related growth reduction was therefore to accentuate gaps in the population's spatial pattern. Interference-related mortality of seedlings and rosettes acted in the opposite direction. The three interference-related processes of recruitment, pre-reproductive and post-reproductive mortality determine the fine scale spatial pattern of the population, and its density. There is no theoretical basis for interpreting a shift toward regularity as evidence for interference.
A model, proposed to explain the apparent ubiquity of critical size-dependent switching to reproductive development in semelparous perennials, shows that this adaptation maximizes the intrinsic rate of increase of semelparous species subject to high juvenile mortality followed by low rosette mortality, seasonality, and extensive variability in rosette growth rates. The model suggests that biological control organisms might be chosen strategically to disrupt selection for the critical size.
Age-structured field populations exhibit considerable spatial variation in density. To determine whether that variation could account for a significant proportion of the variability in rosette growth rates under field conditions, the growth rates of individual plants were observed and regressed against a series of 'crowding indices'. Two methods of delimiting a sample of neighbours for this purpose were compared. 'Circular sampling' defines neighbours as plants within a specified radius of a focal plant; 'polygonal sampling' defines neighbours as plants that share a boundary when the ground is partitioned into Dirichlet polygons. A simulation study of the sampling characteristics of the two methods in relation to the degree of aggregation in the population showed that polygon samples are statistically preferable in aggregated populations, but the two methods performed about equally, accounting for approximately 25% of the variance in the growth rates of rosettes in the field.
The buprestid beetle Sphenoptera jugoslavica is the third insect established in Canada as a potential biological control for diffuse knapweed. The beetle population at the release site in British Columbia was monitored, and experiments were conducted to determine the beetle's effects on its host. S. jugoslavica reduces the survivorship of seedlings and rosettes, delays reproduction, and finally reduces seed output. Under favorable conditions the beetle can contribute to a significant reduction in knapweed population growth. Its effectiveness at the release site is limited by a phenological requirement for arrested plant growth during the oviposition period which leads to large fluctuations in the size of the beetle population, and only intermittent damage to the knapweed population.Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
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Spencer, Rosa Kelly. "Testing hypotheses about diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) using stable isotope and aDNA analysis of late medieval British populations." Thesis, Durham University, 2008. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1339/.
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This thesis explores two of the major hypotheses associated with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) - that DISH is related to diet, and that DISH is genetically linked. Using rib and tooth samples of individuals with and without DISH from both monastic and non-monastic sites, this study attempts to investigate these theories by using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis to assess diet, and mtDNA analysis to assess maternal relatedness.
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Mounier, Morgane. "Apport des méthodes de survie nette dans le pronostic des lymphomes malins non hodgkiniens en population générale." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10120/document.
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L'étude de la survie nette des patients atteints de cancer en population générale permet d'apprécier l'efficience globale du système de soin d'un pays. La survie nette se définit comme la survie qui serait observée si la seule cause de décès possible était le cancer. Ce concept est fondamental dans les comparaisons entre zones géographiques et/ou périodes de diagnostic dont l'intérêt est d'estimer les variations spécifiques de la mortalité due au cancer. Le concept de survie nette permet de prendre en compte les éventuelles différences de mortalité naturelle entre les groupes comparés. Actuellement, seuls deux outils estiment la survie nette sans biais : l'estimateur non paramétrique de Pohar-Perme et la modélisation paramétrique ajustée sur certaines covariables (essentiellement l'âge). Par ailleurs, les outils paramétriques s'étant perfectionnés, de nouveaux modèles flexibles permettent de modéliser les effets complexes des variables sur la mortalité. Ce travail repose sur la modélisation du taux de mortalité en excès à la suite d'un lymphome malin non hodgkinien, en se basant sur le modèle proposé par Remontet et al. et sur la nécessité de modéliser conjointement les effets complexes des covariables (telles que le temps de suivi, l'année de diagnostic et l'âge) sur la mortalité à l'aide d'une stratégie de modélisation adaptée. L'effet des variables est restitué sur la survie nette mais aussi sur le taux de mortalité en excès ce qui représente un élément nouveau dans les études de survie. Deux applications ont été menées sur des bases de données collaboratives de population : d'une part sur les données françaises du réseau FRANCIM à la suite d'un diagnostic de lymphome folliculaire entre 1995 et 2010 et, d'autre part, sur les données européennes d'EUROCARE-5 après un lymphome folliculaire ou un lymphome B diffus à grandes cellules diagnostiqué entre 1996 et 2004. Les résultats montrent que la dynamique du taux de mortalité en excès au cours du temps de suivi varie en fonction du sous-type de lymphome, de l'âge et de la zone géographique. Les tendances de cette dynamique en fonction de l'année de diagnostic sont également différentesThe net survival of cancer patients in population studies is the most relevant indicator to assess the overall efficiency of the healthcare system of a country. Net survival is defined as the survival that would be observed if the sole cause of death were cancer. This concept is crucial in comparative studies (between geographical areas and/or periods of diagnosis) that estimate specific variations of cancer-related deaths. Net survival takes into account potential differences in mortality patterns between groups. Currently, two methods provide unbiased estimations of net survival: the non-parametric estimator of Pohar-Perme and the parametric model adjusted on specific covariates (mainly, the age at diagnosis). Moreover, new improved parametric tools, such as flexible models, can model the complex covariate effects on mortality. In this work, we modeled the excess mortality rate after a non Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosis, with a model developed by Remontet et al. In addition, we used an appropriate model-building-strategy to model jointly the complex effects of some covariates (such as the time elapsed since diagnosis, the year of diagnosis, and age) on the excess mortality. Finally, this approach allowed for the covariate effects on the net survival and on the excess mortality rate. We applied this method to two different collaborative databases: first on the French database FRANCIM (1995 to 2010) to study the excess mortality after diagnosis of follicular lymphoma, then on the European data of EUROCARE-5 (1996 to 2004) to study the excess mortality after diagnosis of follicular lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. According to the results, the dynamics of the excess mortality rate varies over the time elapsed since diagnosis according to the lymphoma subtype, the age, and the geographical area. The trends of these dynamics over the years of diagnosis are different too
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Le, Goaziou Marie-France. "L'hypovitaminose D dans les populations adultes jeunes qui consultent le médecin généraliste : Lien avec les douleurs musculo-squelettiques diffuses et chroniques." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00980001.
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Ces pages font un état des lieux des travaux réalisés au sein du département de médecine générale de 2004 à 2011 sur l'hypovitaminose D, sa fréquence, ses facteurs de risques, son lien avec les douleurs musculo-squelettiques diffuses et chroniques chez les adultes jeunes. De ces travaux et de la revue de la litéérature, il ressort quelques notions importantes et méconnues. Les personnes qui cnsultent un médecin généraliste ont des taux sérique de vitamine D beaucoup plus bas que les taux trouvés dans les groupes de volontaires sains recrutés pour les grandes études comme Suvimax ou l'enquête nationale nutrition santé (ENNS). Les taux retrouvés dans nos travaux sont identiques à ceux trouvés dans les populations émigrées des pays développés et dans les populations des pays où le soleil est évité, mais nos populations, elles, sont ordinaires hommes comme femmes.Les facteurs de risques de l'hypovitaminose sont retouvés dasn nos populations : les vêtements couvrants, le phototype, l'obésité, pas d'exposition solaire, pas de sport en extérieur, pas de vacances au soleil, la CMU marqueur de précarité. Une des conséquences sont des douleurs musculaires et osseuses, chronqiues, diffuse avec une moindre qualité de vie physique. Le traitement des déficits améliore les patients douloureux que nous avons trouvé très carencés. Ces patient consomment beaucoup de soisns et leur prise en charge pourrait réduire d'au moins 50 % leur consommation de soins. Il y a urgence à prendre en considération ce p^roblème de santé publique car 100% des consultants adultés âgés entre 18 et 50 ans, homme et femme, douloureux chroniques, ont un déficit (vitamine D <20 ng/ml ou 50 nmol/l), et plus de 25% ont un déficit sévère (vitamine D <10 ng/l ou 25 nmol/l).
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Le, Goaziou Marie-France. "L’hypovitaminose D dans les populations adultes jeunes qui consultent le médecin généraliste : Lien avec les douleurs musculo-squelettiques diffuses et chroniques." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10255/document.
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Ces pages font un état des lieux des travaux réalisés au sein du département de médecine générale de 2004 à 2011 sur l'hypovitaminose D, sa fréquence, ses facteurs de risques, son lien avec les douleurs musculo-squelettiques diffuses et chroniques chez les adultes jeunes. De ces travaux et de la revue de la litéérature, il ressort quelques notions importantes et méconnues. Les personnes qui cnsultent un médecin généraliste ont des taux sérique de vitamine D beaucoup plus bas que les taux trouvés dans les groupes de volontaires sains recrutés pour les grandes études comme Suvimax ou l'enquête nationale nutrition santé (ENNS). Les taux retrouvés dans nos travaux sont identiques à ceux trouvés dans les populations émigrées des pays développés et dans les populations des pays où le soleil est évité, mais nos populations, elles, sont ordinaires hommes comme femmes.Les facteurs de risques de l'hypovitaminose sont retouvés dasn nos populations : les vêtements couvrants, le phototype, l'obésité, pas d'exposition solaire, pas de sport en extérieur, pas de vacances au soleil, la CMU marqueur de précarité. Une des conséquences sont des douleurs musculaires et osseuses, chronqiues, diffuse avec une moindre qualité de vie physique. Le traitement des déficits améliore les patients douloureux que nous avons trouvé très carencés. Ces patient consomment beaucoup de soisns et leur prise en charge pourrait réduire d'au moins 50 % leur consommation de soins. Il y a urgence à prendre en considération ce p^roblème de santé publique car 100% des consultants adultés âgés entre 18 et 50 ans, homme et femme, douloureux chroniques, ont un déficit (vitamine D <20 ng/ml ou 50 nmol/l), et plus de 25% ont un déficit sévère (vitamine D <10 ng/l ou 25 nmol/l)Hypovitaminosis D is common in populations which consult GP's. Manu studies have been conducted which revealed high prevalence of severe hypovitaminosis in young people. risk factors were covered clothes, high BMI, dark phottype, precarity, no sunhbathing, no sun holidays, no sport outdoor. Quality of life was correlated with vitamin D levels. Patients with chronic musculo skeletal pains had very low level of vitamin D < 10 ng/ml for 25%. The supplementation cured the pains for more than 50 % of the patients and decreased the consumption of medicines and care. It will be be very important to consider this problem of public health for young people
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Vauchelet, Nicolas. "Modélisation mathématique du transport diffusif de charges partiellement quantiques." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00135114.
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Le travail de la thèse concerne la modélisation et l'analyse mathématique du transport d'électrons confinés dans une nanostructure
dans le but d'implémenter des simulations numériques. Dans de tels
dispositifs nanométriques, les ordres de grandeurs ne jouent pas le
même rôle dans chaque direction. Les électrons peuvent être
extrêmement confinés dans une ou plusieurs directions. Un modèle
quantique est nécessaire pour décrire le confinement. Dans la
direction non confinée, le transport est supposé de nature classique.
Nous proposons alors un système couplé quantique/classique.
Les collisions intervenant lors du transport induisent un régime
diffusif des porteurs de charges. Le modèle diffusif est obtenu grâce
à une limite de diffusion d'un modèle cinétique. L'analyse
mathématique de cette limite de diffusion et du modèle diffusif couplé
sont présentées. Une simulation numérique du transport dans un
nanotransistor est obtenue avec ce modèle.
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Conteville, Laurie. "Analyse de la stabilité des réseaux d'oscillateurs non linéaires, applications aux populations neuronales." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00904403.
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Il est bien connu que la synchronisation de l'activité oscillatoire dans les réseaux de neurones joue un rôle important dans le fonctionnement du cerveau et pour le traitement des informations données pas les neurones. Cette thèse porte sur l'analyse de l'activité de synchronisation en utilisant des outils et des méthodes issues de la théorie du contrôle et de la théorie de la stabilité. En particulier, deux modèles ont été étudiés pour décrire l'activité oscillatoire des réseaux de neurones : le modèle de Kuramoto et le modèle de Hindmarsh-Rose. Une partie de ce manuscript est consacrée à l'étude du modèle de Kuramoto, qui est un des systèmes les plus simples utilisé pour modéliser un réseau de neurones, avec une connexion complète (all-to-all). Il s'agit d'un modèle classique qui est utilisé comme une version simplifiée d'un réseau de neurones. Nous construisons un système linéaire qui conserve les informations sur les fréquences naturelles et sur les gains d'interconnexion du modèle original de Kuramoto. Les propriétés de stabilité de ce modèle sont ensuite analysées et nous montrons que les solutions de ce nouveau système linéaire convergent vers un cycle limite périodique et stable. Finalement, nous montrons que contraint au cycle limite, les dynamiques du système linéaire coïncident avec le modèle de Kuramoto. Dans une seconde partie, nous avons considéré un modèle de réseau de neurones plus proche de la réalité d'un point de vue biologique, mais qui est plus complexe que le modèle de Kuramoto. Plus précisément, nous avons utilisé le modèle de Hindmarsh-Rose pour décrire la dynamique de chaque neurone que nous avons interconnecté par un couplage diffusif (c'est à dire linéaire). A partir des propriétés de semi-passivité du modèle de Hindmarsh- Rose, nous avons analysé les propriétés de stabilité d'un réseau hétérogène de Rindmarsh-Rose. Nous avons également montré que ce réseau est pratiquement synchronisé pour une valeur suffisamment grande du gain d'interconnexion. D'autre part, nous avons caractérisé le comportement limite des neurones synchronisés et avons établi une approximation de ce comportement par une moyenne des dynamiques de tous les neurones.
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Cicholas, Anna Karen. "Der natürliche Wnt-Antagonist SFRP4 in der Wachstumsregulation von diffusen großzelligen B-Zell-Lymphomen." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0028-8715-6.
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Die heterogene Biologie der diffusen großzelligen B-Zell-Lymphome (DLBCL) und die daraus resultierenden Unterschiede in Therapieansprechen und Prognose stellen ein wesentliches Problem in der aktuellen Therapie von DLBCL dar. Anomalien im kanonischen Wnt-Signalweg und seinen natürlichen Antagonisten wie secreted frizzled-related proteins (SFRPs) sind für verschiedene solide und hämatologische Malignome als wichtige Bestandteile der Tumorgenese und Tumorprogression identifiziert worden. Vorarbeiten unserer Arbeitsgruppe lieferten Hinweise für die Bedeutung von Wnt3a und SFRP4 in der Regulation von DLBCL. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde untersucht, welche Rolle dem Protein SFRP4 in der Wachstumsregulation von diffusen großzelligen B-Zell-Lymphomen zukommt.
Die Synthese von SFRP4 wurde in den als Modellzelllinien genutzten humanen DLBCL-Zelllinien nachgewiesen. Unter Verwendung von rekombinantem humanen SFRP4 sowie einer mittels lentiviraler shRNA erzeugten Expressionsreduktion von SFRP4 konnte gezeigt werden, dass SFRP4 zu einer Expansionshemmung sowie zu einer reduzierten Klonogenität bei DLBCL-Zellen führt. Als Ursache für diese Effekte konnte die Inhibition des kanonischen Wnt-Signalwegs durch SFRP4 identifiziert werden.
SFRP4 wurde hinsichtlich seiner Bedeutung für die Ausprägung der Side Population (SP), einer Tumorzellsubpopulation mit repopulativem Potenzial, in DLBCL-Zellen untersucht. Dabei wurde sowohl durch exogene Zugabe als auch durch Reduktion von SFRP4 auf Transkriptebene die Bedeutsamkeit von SFRP4 für die SP-Regulation gezeigt. Untersuchungen zur differentiellen SFRP4-Expression sowie SFRP4-Promotormethylierung in Side Population versus non-Side Population wiesen epigenetische Mechanismen in der Regulation des SP-Phänotyps nach. Das DNA-demethylierende Medikament 5-Azacytidine reduzierte in DLBCL-Zelllinien Expansion sowie Klonogenität. Darüber hinaus beeinflusste 5-Azacytidine den kanonischen Wnt-Signalweg und den SFRP4-Gehalt der DLBCL-Zellen.
Die Bedeutung von Exosomen als interzelluläre Kommunikatoren, die Wnt-Proteine transportieren, wurde unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von SFRP4 evaluiert. Sowohl SFRP4 als auch Wnt3a waren in der Exosomen- und der Mikrovesikelfraktion von DLBCL-Zellen nachweisbar. Die Exosomen waren in der Lage, den kanonischen Wnt-Signalweg an den Zielzellen zu aktivieren und Einfluss auf die Side Population zu nehmen.
Insgesamt wurde für SFRP4 erstmalig eine hemmende Wirkung auf das Wachstum von DLBCL-Zellen demonstriert. Weiterführende Studien können adressieren, inwiefern die aufgezeigten Mechanismen der Wachstumsmodulation von DLBCL-Zellen durch SFRP4 in therapeutischen Anwendungen genutzt werden können.
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Major, Jorge Nuno Resende. "Target mediated disposition of rituximab in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a population pharmacokinetic analysis." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/52507.
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Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2020, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia.O linfoma difuso de grandes células B é atualmente, um dos tipos mais comuns dos linfomas não Hodgkin. É uma malignidade muito agressiva das células B que consiste na rápida proliferação das mesmas. Este linfoma, representa cerca de 30%-60% dos linfomas não Hodgkin. Um dos fármacos mais utilizados no tratamento desta doença é o Rituximab, um anticorpo monoclonal que tem como alvo específico o antigénio CD20 expresso na superfície das células B normais e células linfoides B neoplásicas. No entanto, embora este medicamento já tenha mostrado resultados muito bons no tratamento do linfoma difuso de grandes células B, é possível melhorar o uso clínico do Rituximab através de um tratamento mais individualizado. Neste trabalho, foram aplicados os princípios da modelagem farmacocinética populacional a fim de investigar as tendências farmacocinéticas do Rituximab numa determinada população. O objetivo era caracterizar a farmacocinética deste fármaco utilizando o modelo TMDD, aproximações Quasi-equilibrium e Quasi steady-state, o modelo de ligação irreversível, e ainda, os modelos que têm como base a concentração e a taxa de eliminação dependentes do tempo. A principal função dos modelos que exibem TMDD é descrever os processos biológicos nos quais a ligação do fármaco ao alvo influencia significativamente a farmacodinâmica e a farmacocinética. A abordagem para este estudo foi utilizar o software NONMEM 7.3 de modo a obtermos o melhor modelo. Neste estudo, foram incluídos 29 pacientes que tenham sido recentemente diagnosticados com linfoma difuso de grandes células B. Todos receberam 8 ciclos da terapêutica R-CHOP a cada 3 semanas. Depois de testar todos os modelos descritos acima e comparar o seu objective function value (OFV) e o Akaike’s information criterion (AIC), concluímos que o melhor modelo e o que descreve melhor os dados farmacocinéticos nesta população foi um modelo Quasi steady-state. Além disto, após chegarmos ao modelo ideal, analisámos a associação entre o ksyn e a progressão da doença, e também, simulámos as concentrações de Rituximab e de recetor livres no organismo, para este modelo. O próximo passo para desenvolver este estudo seria analisar os efeitos das restantes covariáveis específicas de cada doente, para desenvolver um modelo completo que possa ser usado para prever os parâmetros farmacocinéticos de um doente.
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is nowadays, one of the most common types of Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL). It is a very aggressive malignancy of B-cells that consists in the rapid proliferation of the same. It represents around 30%-60% of NHL. One of the usual drugs to treat this disease is Rituximab, which is a monoclonal antibody that targets specifically to the CD20 antigen, expressed on the surface of normal B cells and neoplastic B lymphoid cells. However, although this drug has already shown very good results in DLBCL treatment, it is possible to improve the clinical use of Rituximab through more individualized treatment. In the combining experience, we applied the principals of population pharmacokinetic modelling in order to investigate the Rituximab's pharmacokinetic trends in the given population. The aim was to characterize Rituximab pharmacokinetics (PK) using target mediated drug disposition (TMDD) modeling, Quasi-equilibrium and Quasi steady-state approximations, Irreversible binding model and Concentration and time dependent elimination rate. The objective of these models which exhibit target-mediated drug disposition is describing biological processes in which drug-target binding significantly influences both pharmacodynamics (PD) and pharmacokinetics (PK). Our approach in this study was using NONMEM 7.3 software to achieve the best model. In this study 29 patients with newly diagnosed DLBCL were included. All of them received 8 cycles of R-CHOP regimen every 3 weeks. After testing all of the above mentioned models and comparing their objective function value (OFV) and Akaike’s information criterion (AIC), we concluded that the best model which most adequately describes the pharmacokinetic data in this population was a Quasi steady-state model. Furthermore, after achieving the optimal base model, we studied the association between ksyn and disease progression, and simulated the concentrations of free Rituximab and free target for this model. The next step to develop this study would be to analyze the effects of the remaining patient specific covariates in order to develop a full model which could be used to predict PK parameters in individual patient.
Com o patrocínio da Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana.
Books on the topic "Diffusal population"
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Vallat, Colette. Rome et ses borgate (1960-1980): Des marques urbaines à la ville diffuse. [Rome]: École française de Rome, 1995.
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Walterbos, Reinirus Antonius Maria, 1957- and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. The massive stellar population in the diffuse ionized gas of M33. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.
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van Rooy, Bertus. English in South Africa. Edited by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199777716.013.017.
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South African English (SAfE) traces its roots to the 1820 British settlers. From here, it spread to the descendants of Indian indentured labourers, who later shifted to English as home language. English diffused as second language to the indigenous African population and speakers of Afrikaans, and today occupies an important position as language of government, education, business, and the media. SAfE has borrowed vocabulary from Afrikaans, ancestral Indian languages, and in recent years also from other South African languages. Phonetically, SAfE has raised front vowels, the short front /i/ has allophones that range from high front in KIN to centralized in PIN, and a back vowel realization of START. Non-native varieties display various degrees of vowel contrast reduction. The modal must is used more extensively than in other varieties of English, while Black SAfE also uses the progressive aspect for a wider timespan than just temporariness.
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Martel, Catherine de, and Julie Parsonnet. Stomach Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0031.
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Stomach cancer is the fifth most common incident cancer worldwide and the third leading cause of cancer death. Almost half of the world’s cases occur in Asia, with 42% in China alone. Although the incidence and mortality rates from stomach cancer are decreasing, the global disease burden remains high. Moreover, the absolute number of cases continues to rise because of population aging. Adenocarcinomas comprise over 90% of gastric malignancies. The adenocarcinomas are further classified according to anatomic location (cardia vs. non-cardia), histology (e.g., intestinal or diffuse, signet ring or non-signet ring) and most recently by molecular classification. Adenocarcinomas in the body and antrum of the stomach are usually caused by chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori); the incidence of these tumors is decreasing worldwide. Cardia tumors have epidemiological characteristics more similar to those of esophageal adenocarcinoma; the incidence of these tumors is increasing, particularly in high-income Western countries.
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Aisiku, Imoigele, and Claudia S. Robertson. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0341.
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Although medical management of traumatic brain injury (TBI) may have improved in developed countries, TBI is still a major cause of mortality and morbidity. The demographics are skewed towards the younger patient population, and affects males more than females, but in general follow a bimodal distribution with peaks affecting young adults and the elderly. As a result, the loss of functional years is devastating. Pathology due to brain trauma is a complex two-hit phenomenon, frequently divided into ‘primary’ and ‘secondary’ injury. Hypoxia, ischaemia, and inflammation all play a role, and the importance of each component varies between patients and in an individual patient over time. The initial injury may increase intracranial pressure and reduce cerebral perfusion due to the presence of mass lesions or diffuse brain swelling. Further secondary insults, such as hypotension, reduced cerebral perfusion pressure, hypoxia, or fever may exacerbate swelling and inflammation, and further compromise cerebral perfusion. Although there are currently no specific effective treatments for TBI, an improved understanding of the pathophysiology may eventually lead to treatments that will reduce mortality and improve long-term functional outcome.
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Oscar-Berman, Marlene, Trinity A. Urban, and Avram J. Holmes. Effects of Alcoholism on Neurological Function and Disease in Adulthood. Edited by Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381708.013.22.
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Alcoholism is associated with disparate and widespread negative consequences for brain anatomy and function. Consistent with a diffuse neurobiological profile, alcoholism is marked by a heterogeneous mix of cognitive and emotional abnormalities. Alcohol use disorders arise through diverse origins and follow an uncertain clinical course, with severity and consequences depending on many factors. The identification of specific alcoholism-related deficits is constrained both by methodological techniques employed and the distinct populations studied. To understand alcoholism-related alterations in brain structure and function, it is critical to consider the influence of contextual factors on clinical course. The optimal approach for understanding alcohol use disorders leverages a variety of scientific methodologies and clinical settings. The resulting confluence of data can provide evidence linking alterations in neurobiology with behavioral and neuropsychological effects of alcoholism. Critically, these data may help determine the degree to which abstinence and treatment facilitate the reversal of brain atrophy and dysfunction.
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Delval, Anne-Sophie. L’internationalisation des écoles hôtelières suisses. Attirer les étudiant·e·s fortuné·e·s du monde entier. Éditions Alphil-Presses universitaires suisses, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33055/alphil.03179.
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Au début du xxe siècle déjà, certaines écoles en gestion hôtelière suisses attiraient des étudiant·e·s venu·e·s de l’étranger, bénéficiant en leur sein d’une offre éducative alors unique au monde. Ce phénomène a amené la Suisse à devenir un acteur majeur dans la formation des cadres de l’industrie hôtelière mondiale. Aujourd’hui, le pays compte une vingtaine d’établissements privés, parmi lesquels domine la prestigieuse École hôtelière de Lausanne. Un univers assez peu connu où paradoxalement, ces formations professionnalisantes – a priori peu valorisées par rapport aux filières universitaires – sont très prisées par une population fortunée, prête à venir en Suisse et à payer le prix fort. Dans cet ouvrage, l’auteure revient sur la genèse et la transformation des écoles hôtelières helvétiques ; elle propose une description fine et instructive de leur fonctionnement, de leur positionnement à l’international, de leurs publics ; elle expose leurs discours et stratégies qui visent la construction d’une réputation à diffuser à travers le monde, afin de susciter l’inscription de milliers d’étudiant·e·s chaque année. Au-delà d’analyser les spécificités de ces cursus, l’auteure questionne les acteurs présents et les échelons territoriaux existants dans ce qui est appelé « l’internationalisation de l’enseignement ». Sont investigués : les relations entre le local et le mondial, les mobilités transnationales et les rapports de pouvoir entre institutions. Éclairant les effets de la mondialisation sur la sphère académique et professionnelle, ce livre révèle en outre les inégalités d’accès aux formations internationales les plus valorisées selon les origines sociales des étudiant·e·s.
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Hopkins, Ramona O., and James C. Jackson. Neurocognitive impairment after critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0382.
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More than 5 million individuals are admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) in North America annually. Due to improvements in treatment, increasing numbers of these individuals survive and go on to develop long-term neurocognitive impairment in a variety of cognitive domains. As evidence from over two dozen studies demonstrates, neurocognitive impairment occurs in up to two-thirds of individuals. While it may be particularly common in those with pre-existing vulnerabilities, even patients who are young with robust health prior to critical illness are at risk of post-ICU neurocognitive impairment. While neurocognitive impairment may improve over time and even dissipate in a subset of ICU survivors, neurocognitive impairment is often permanent and, in some cases may be progressive. As commonly occurs in the context of acquired brain injury, the neurocognitive impairment observed after critical illness is typically diffuse, although domains including memory, attention, and executive functioning are often particularly impaired. This impairment is sufficiently severe to negatively impact daily functioning. Although the risk factors and mechanisms undergirding neurocognitive impairment have yet to be fully elucidated, potential contributors include inflammation, hypoxia, and delirium. While one way to impact on the prevalence and incidence of cognitive impairment after critical illness is to attempt to modify key ‘in-hospital’ risk factors, another approach involves the use of post-ICU cognitive rehabilitation, which is increasingly being successfully employed with other impaired medical populations.
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Akande, Dapo, Jaakko Kuosmanen, Helen McDermott, and Dominic Roser, eds. Human Rights and 21st Century Challenges. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824770.001.0001.
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The world faces significant and interrelated challenges in the twenty-first century which threaten human rights in a number of ways. This book examines the relationship between human rights and three of the largest challenges of the twenty-first century: conflict and security, environment, and poverty. Technological advances in fighting wars have led to the introduction of new weapons which threaten to transform the very nature of conflict. In addition, states confront threats to security which arise from a new set of international actors not clearly defined and which operate globally. Climate change, with its potentially catastrophic impacts, features a combination of characteristics which are novel for humanity. The problem is caused by the sum of innumerable individual actions across the globe and over time, and similarly involves risks that are geographically and temporally diffuse. In recent decades, the challenges involved in addressing global and national poverty have also changed. For example, the relative share of the poor in the world population has decreased significantly while the relative share of the poor who live in countries with significant domestic capacity has increased strongly. Overcoming these global and interlocking threats constitutes this century’s core political and moral task. This book examines how these challenges may be addressed using a human rights framework. It considers how these challenges threaten human rights and seeks to reassess our understanding of human rights in the light of these challenges. The analysis considers both foundational and applied questions. The approach is multidisciplinary and contributors include some of the most prominent lawyers, philosophers, and political theorists in the debate. The authors not only include leading academics but also those who have played important roles in shaping the policy debates on these questions. Each Part includes contributions by those who have served as Special Rapporteurs within the United Nations human rights system on the challenges under consideration.
Book chapters on the topic "Diffusal population"
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O’Dell, C. R. "The Orion Nebula: Structure, Dynamics, and Population." In Kinematics and Dynamics of Diffuse Astrophysical Media, 267–80. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0926-0_44.
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Strong, A. W. "Source population synthesis and the Galactic diffuse gamma-ray emission." In The Multi-Messenger Approach to High-Energy Gamma-Ray Sources, 35–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6118-9_8.
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Wagenblast, R. "Interpretation of the level population distribution or highly rotationally excited H2 molecules in diffuse clouds." In Astrochemistry of Cosmic Phenomena, 157–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2761-5_36.
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Glass, Bertram, and Marie José Kersten. "Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma and Primary Mediastinal Lymphoma." In The EBMT/EHA CAR-T Cell Handbook, 67–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94353-0_12.
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AbstractThe outcome of patients with large B cell lymphoma (LBCL) who did not respond to a classical immunochemotherapy regimen at any time or relapsed within 1 year following chemoimmunotherapy is poor. The Scholar-One-Study showed long-term event-free survival for less than 20% of these patients (Crump et al. 2017). The introduction of chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy (CAR-T) is a substantial advancement for these patients, offering long-term remission and a curative prospect for 30 to 40% of patients (summarized in Table 12.1), (Abramson et al. 2020; Neelapu et al. 2017; Schuster et al. 2019b). To date, in Europe, two products (axicabtagene ciloleucel and tisagenlecleucel) have been licenced by the European Medical Agency, and a third product (lisocabtagene maraleucel) will become available in 2021. All these products are licenced for patients who have failed at least two prior lines of systemic therapy. This initially defines, however broad, a range of possible situations in which the application of CART is indicated. The following considerations may help to further define the patient population that should be offered CAR-T cells as the next line of treatment. Studies addressing the potential benefit of CAR-T cells compared to high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation for second-line treatment of LBCL have been fully recruited, but the results are still pending.
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Greenberg, J. Mayo, and Aigen Li. "Evolution and Emission of Cold, Warm and Hot Dust Populations in Diffuse and Molecular Clouds." In New Extragalactic Perspectives in the New South Africa, 118–34. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0335-7_14.
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Pollack, Detlef. "Political Culture." In The Handbook of Political, Social, and Economic Transformation, 591–96. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829911.003.0065.
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Political culture studies presuppose that the stability of political order considerably depends upon cultural support of the population. In the event of political and economic transformation political culture studies raise the question whether internalized value orientations can change as quickly as political and economic structures to be conducive for the stabilization of the new political order. In order to answer the question of how far political orders in the countries of East Central and Eastern Europe are culturally legitimized, this chapter draws a distinction between the evaluation of the performance of the political system (specific support) and the evaluation of democracy as an idea and value (diffuse support). As far as the idea of democracy is concerned, the majority of the populations in the countries in East and Central East Europe appreciate democracy; as far as its current performance is concerned, they are, however, dissatisfied with democracy.
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Manni, Franz, and John Nerbonne. "Linguistic Diversity and Human Migrations in Gabon." In Human Migration, 99–114. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190945961.003.0009.
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Gabon is an African country located very close to the homeland of Bantu languages (Cameroon). Starting about 5,000 years ago, Bantu-speaking populations diffused into almost all sub-Saharan Africa. By processing with computational linguistic methods (Levenshtein distance) two independently collected lexical data sets recording the pronunciation of 88 and 158 words in more than 50 linguistic varieties spoken in Gabon, we obtained a numerical classification of the major linguistic groups. We compared this classification to those available based on historical linguistics methods (cognate-sharing defined by experts), and found them to overlap, which indicates that the two methods capture the same signal of linguistic difference (and relatedness). To focus on the historical relatedness between major linguistic clusters, we controlled for the linguistic similarity related to contact, proportional to geographic vicinity, and suggested that the first Bantu-speaking groups to people Gabon where those speaking KOTA-KELE (B20) languages. The other varieties concern five different immigration waves (B10, B30, B40, B50-B60-B70—Guthrie nomenclature) that penetrated Gabon later in history. To conclude, we suggest a peopling scenario that incorporates available paleoclimatic, archaeological, and population genetic evidence.
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Rostow, W. W. "The Framework." In The Great Population Spike and After. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195116915.003.0005.
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The title of this book, The Great Population Spike and After: Reflections on the 21st Century, requires some explanation. The Great Spike is illustrated in the figure that serves as the book's frontispiece.1 The figure plots the rate of growth of global population from 8000 B.C. to 8000 A.D. In highly stylized form, it exhibits an average growth rate of zero except for the period between 1776 and 2176. In that interval, the spike occurs: the growth rate rises to a bit over 2% per annum in 1976, and then falls to zero again in the next century. Falling growth rates for the global population, the downward part of the spike, are already upon us. I should emphasize the word "stylized." The world's population growth rate was evidently not static at zero from 8OOOB.C. to the middle of the eighteenth century, nor will it remain static for the 8,000 years after the spike. It will fluctuate with the vicissitudes of history. But despite the illustration's oversimplicity, its message is significant. Figure 1.1 shows, in absolute terms, the leveling off of the global population, which will take place gradually. Global population will attain, according to present estimates, an absolute level of about 10 billion people as opposed to about 790 million in the mid-18th century. This rise, along with the rise in income per capita, is a rough measure of what the Industrial Revolution has achieved since the 18th century, but the industrialization of the globe also set in motion forces that will bring about a decline in the rate of increase in population. The demographic transition decrees that after a certain point the birth rate will fall as income per capita rises. These negative forces will come to dominate the 21st century. Thus, this book concentrates on the period from the 1990s to around 2050, set against the background of the past several centuries. It deals, in effect, with both sides of the Great Spike. It is suffused, however, with the proposition that the 21st century, if it proves relatively peaceful, will soon face a period in which a rising population and effective demand in the presently developing nations will strain technologies and existing resources, followed by a long period in which the Industrial Revolution will have been largely diffused around the world.
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Iyer, Vivek N. "Obstructive Lung Diseases." In Mayo Clinic Internal Medicine Board Review, 741–46. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190464868.003.0073.
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An estimated 1 in 3,000 to 1 in 4,000 persons in the general population have a diagnosis of interstitial lung disease (ILD), and ILDs account for about 15% of all consultations for general pulmonologists. These diseases encompass a group of heterogeneous lung conditions characterized by diffuse involvement of the lung parenchyma and pulmonary interstitium. By convention, infections, pulmonary edema, lung malignancies, and emphysema are excluded, but they should be carefully considered as part of the differential diagnosis.
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Neglia, Danilo, and Juhani Knuuti. "Assessment of coronary artery disease: nuclear myocardial perfusion imaging in specific patient populations." In ESC CardioMed, edited by Philipp Kaufmann, 593–600. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0125.
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The use of nuclear myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) for the assessment of coronary artery disease (CAD) may have advantages in specific patient populations. While in asymptomatic individuals it is in general not recommended, it can be considered to detect myocardial ischaemia and CAD in specific patients at high risk such as patients with diabetes. In patients with angina but without obstructive CAD, MPI and in particular positron emission tomography (PET), is considered the reference imaging modality to evaluate the presence and extent of coronary microvascular dysfunction. Quantitation by PET, and more recently by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), of myocardial blood flow and flow reserve is able to stratify the prognostic risk in this population. This is one of the reasons why SPECT and in particular PET have a specific application to recognize suspected CAD in women. In fact, even if women frequently have less anatomical obstructive disease than men, they are not necessarily protected from ischaemic cardiovascular events, possibly because of higher prevalence of diffuse endothelial/microvascular coronary dysfunction. In the growing elderly population with higher prevalence of obstructive CAD, stress nuclear MPI (with pharmacological vasodilatation in patients unable to adequately exercise) is particularly useful for its high sensitivity to diagnose significant CAD and its ability to stratify the risk and indicate possible revascularization. Similarly, nuclear MPI is particularly useful in patients with angina and chronic kidney disease who have a higher probability of obstructive CAD. On the other hand, no data exist that demonstrate a clinical benefit for screening asymptomatic patients with chronic kidney disease by MPI imaging.
Conference papers on the topic "Diffusal population"
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Haberl, F. "The X-ray source populations of the magellanic clouds." In X-RAY ASTRONOMY: Stellar Endpoints,AGN, and the Diffuse X-ray Background. AIP, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1434659.
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Hoopes, Charles G., and René A. M. Walterbos. "The massive stellar population in the diffuse ionized gas of M33." In The ultraviolet universe at low and high redshift. AIP, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.53784.
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Hasegawa, K., M. Umemura, T. Suwa, Hajime Susa, Marcel Arnould, Sydney Gales, Tohru Motobayashi, Christoph Scheidenberger, and Hiroaki Utsunomiya. "Impacts of diffuse UV radiation on the secondary Population III star formation." In TOURS SYMPOSIUM ON NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND ASTROPHYSICS—VII. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3455910.
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Sugizaki, M. "The population of faint X-ray sources in the galaxy and their contribution to the galactic ridge X-ray emission." In X-RAY ASTRONOMY: Stellar Endpoints,AGN, and the Diffuse X-ray Background. AIP, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1434784.
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Dong, X. Neil, Daniel M. Sparkman, Huijie Leng, Harry R. Millwater, and Xiaodu Wang. "Probabilistic Prediction of Microdamage Progression in Bone." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-192653.
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Age-related bone fractures are a major health concern to the elderly population. In addition to the loss of bone mass, the deterioration of bone quality is another major reason for such fractures. The decline of bone quality is manifested with the accumulation of microdamage in bone with age [1]. Two major types of microdamage have been observed in bone tissue: linear microcracks and diffuse damage [2]. Linear microcracks are individual cracks at a size of microns or larger and are usually visible under an optical microscope. On the other hand, diffuse damage is detectable only by staining and consists of an extensive network of fine, ultrastructural-level defects. The mechanisms for the formation of these two distinct types of microdamage in bone are still unclear. In this study, probabilistic finite element models of mineral-collagen composites were used to study the progression of microdamage in bone, thereby exploring the conditions under which linear microcracks and diffuse damage are produced in bone.
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Estry, D. W., and J. C. Mattson. "DIRECT BINDING OF FIBRINOGEN-GOLD PROBES DOES NOT DISCLOSE THE ENTIRE POPULATION OF BOUND FIBRINOGEN ON ADHERENT PLATELETS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643526.
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The binding characteristics of fibrinogen to adherent platelets were determined using both direct protein-gold labeling and an immunogold procedure. The binding of colloidal gold-fibrinogen was studied in whole mounts of contact activated, gel filtered platelets by transmission electron microscopy. There was a transition from minimal binding of fibrinogen in dendritic platelets to marked zonal binding in fully spread platelets. The pattern of direct fibrinogen binding in fully spread platelets appeared to orient itself with the underlying filamentous cytoskeleton, a pattern that is consistant with that previously reported by us and others. In contrast, when bound fibrinogen was assayed using a rabbit anti-fibrinogen antibody, the pattern of bound fibrinogen was diffuse and strong labeling was present in both early dendritic forms as well as late fully spread platelets. To further confirm these observations the direct labeling technique was combined with the immunogold labeling procedure using two different sized gold probes. Platelets previously incubated with fibrinogen-gold (20 nm) were fixed, incubated with rabbit anti-human fibrinogen and then with gold conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (10 nm). The morphologic organization of the direct label was unchanged. However, the immunogold technique demonstrated a diffuse binding pattern over the entire cytoplasmic veil including areas previously unlabeled by the direct technique. This suggested that in addition to fibrinogen receptors identified by direct labeling, there are other receptors that either already contain bound fibrinogen, compete for released fibrinogen more affectively, or represent membrane bound granule fibrinogen that is exposed rather than released and rebound and is therefore identified only by the immunogold labeling procedure.
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Barsi, Dario, Carlo Costa, Carlo Cravero, and Gianluca Ricci. "Aerodynamic Design of a Centrifugal Compressor Stage Using an Automatic Optimization Strategy." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-26465.
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In this paper a 3D optimization process for the aerodynamic design of a centrifugal multistage compressor stage is presented using the commercial software NUMECA/Design3D. The exercise, starting from a given single stage configuration with vaned diffuser, consists in the automatic design of the vaned diffuser with a return channel in order to obtain a repetitive compressor stage for multistage compressor architecture. The design process uses the meta-model approach coupled to 3D Navier-Stokes simulations; the optimization algorithm drives the automatic design process to minimize a prescribed goal function. Only the design condition has been considered and the effect of the starting DoE population on the optimization process has been investigated. In the paper a critical analysis on the design process using the meta-model approach is performed and the most crucial issues to set up a best practice for the effective use of such technology are discussed in some detail.
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Stanfield, J. Ryan, Richard K. Wampler, Jingchun Wu, James Stewart, Trevor A. Snyder, and James W. Long. "Design of a Miniature Pump for Chronic Mechanical Circulatory Support Using Computational Fluid Dynamics and Flow Visualization." In 2017 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2017-3422.
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Ventricular assist devices (VADs) have become an accepted method of treating end-stage heart failure over the last few decades. In recent years, the use of rotary blood pumps (RBPs) as continuous flow VADs has surged ahead, and virtually eliminated the use of pulsatile-flow or volume-displacement pumps for implantable, chronic mechanical circulatory support (MCS). As the use of RBPs has become commonplace for the treatment of end-stage heart failure, the need for an implantable right-side MCS device for adults [1] and implantable MCS for the pediatric population has increased. Development of an implantable device specific to these populations includes unique challenges of anatomic placement and fixation. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is the use of numerical methods and algorithms to solve and analyze problems involving fluid flow. CFD has become a standard tool when designing RBPs, as it can calculate pressure-flow characteristics for a given rotary impeller speed. Additionally, through calculation of shear forces, CFD can also predict hemocompatibility by means of constitutive equations derived from empirical data. Particle image velocimetry (PIV), also known as flow visualization, is an optical measurement technique used to obtain velocity in fluids, which can be employed experimentally to verify CFD-based predictions of flow field. PIV also permits more rapid investigation of the RBP operativing range and transient conditions than can be achieved with CFD due to computational requirements. We have developed a RBP platform for chronic use with CFD to optimize hemodynamic performance. The miniaturized device includes unique inlet geometry with a rotating impeller and a vaned-diffuser in a 7mm axial hydraulic diameter. The design scheme separates the bearing and motor region from the primary flow path to further improve hemocompatibility and reduce the pump size without compromising the hydraulic capacity. Here we report CFD and PIV results of our device geometry optimized for right-sided MCS.
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Gibson, Elizabeth Grace, Nicholas S. Selvo, Olivia Campagne, Amar Gajjar, and Clinton F. Stewart. "Abstract 1357: Population pharmacokinetic analysis of crizotinib in children with progressive/recurrent high-grade and diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2021; April 10-15, 2021 and May 17-21, 2021; Philadelphia, PA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-1357.
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Snyder, Trevor A., Phillip Coghill, Kooroush Azartash-Namin, Jingchun Wu, J. Ryan Stanfield, and James W. Long. "Design of an Implantable Blood Pump for Mechanical Circulatory Support in Pediatric Patients." In 2017 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2017-3520.
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While the use of pulsatile- and continuous-flow ventricular assist devices (VADs) has become widely accepted as an acceptable treatment for end-stage heart failure in adults over the last three decades, the technology development for pediatric-specific patients is lagging behind that of adult devices. Only one pulsatile-flow VAD has been approved for use in pediatric patients in the U.S., just five years ago [1]. One continuous-flow device was approved specific to this population under Humanitarian Device Exemption (HDE), but is not in clinical use today [2]. As continuous-flow rotary blood pumps (RBPs) have become commonplace for mechanical circulatory support (MCS) in adults due to smaller size and greater reliability, significant resources have gone into the development of RBPs for pediatric use [3]. Further, RBPs designed for adult MCS have been used off-label in pediatric patients [4]. Development of an implantable device specific to a pediatric population includes challenges of anatomic placement and fixation. We have developed a RBP for adult MCS specific to right heart failure using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and flow visualization [5]. The miniaturized device includes a rotating impeller and a vaned-diffuser in a 7 mm axial hydraulic diameter. As seen in Figure 1, the hydrodynamic characteristics suitable for a right-VAD (RVAD) may also be suitable for pediatric patients. Currently, the only approved device is placed extracorporeal due to size constraints in the intended population [1]. This report shows results of computational simulations for anatomic fit and fluid flow studies of our device geometry in pediatric patients.
Reports on the topic "Diffusal population"
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Deb, Partha, Anjelica Gangaram, and Hoda Khajavi. Can Diffuse Delivery System Reforms Improve Population Health? A Study of the State Innovation Models Initiative. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26360.
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Xin, Wu, and Xue Tao. The efficacy and safety of neuromodulation in refractory epilepsy: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.4.0042.
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Review question / Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety of different neuromodulation applied to the refractory epilepsy and provide a better choice for clinical practice. Condition being studied: Epilepsy is a frequent neurologic illness defined by bursts of hypersynchronized neural network activity that afflict about 1% of the global population. Unfortunately, roughly 30% of people with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) continue to experience seizures despite three anti-seizure drugs. In most cases, resective surgery, as the first-line treatment for DRE, is considered a curative therapy for achieving long-term seizure-free status, but about half of patients are not candidates for surgery due to a variety of factors such as multiple/diffuse/widespread seizure foci, epileptic foci arising from eloquent, primary generalized epilepsy, or patients unwilling to undergo surgery. Neuromodulation, albeit palliative, is an important alternative treatment for these individuals to prevent or decrease ictal episodes, which can affect the nervous system in a variety of ways.