Journal articles on the topic 'Diffraction gratings'
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1
Wang, Ye, Xiuhua Fu, Yongyi Chen, Hangyu Peng, Li Qin, Yongqiang Ning, and Lijun Wang. "Optimal Design and Analysis of 4.7 μm Hybrid Deep Dielectric High Efficiency Transmission Gratings." Micromachines 13, no. 10 (October 10, 2022): 1706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13101706.
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There is currently no transmission grating with good diffraction efficiency in the 4.7 μm band. Metal gratings at this wavelength are all reflective gratings which has a diffraction efficiency of lower than 90% and lower laser damage threshold. In this paper, we bring up a design of a multi-layer transmission grating with both high diffraction efficiency and wide working wavelength band. We have proved that the transmission grating made of composite materials has an average diffraction effectiveness of more than 96% throughout the whole spectral range of 200 nm. Meanwhile, the theoretically computed transmission grating has a highest first-order diffraction efficiency of more than 99.77% at 4746 nm. This multilayer dielectric film transmission grating’s optimized design may further boost spectral beam combining power, providing a practical technique for increasing SBC power and brightness.
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Kajkowska, Marta, Miłosz Sławomir Chychłowski, Sławomir Ertman, and Piotr Lesiak. "Dual-Period Polarization-Dependent Diffraction Gratings Based on a Polymer-Stabilized Liquid Crystal." Materials 16, no. 23 (November 24, 2023): 7313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16237313.
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In this paper, we demonstrate the first ever dual-period diffraction gratings that do not require electrical tuning to obtain the effect of period change. Our method allows for multiplication of the base period by proper modification of the subsequent slits of the grating. The proposed elements are fabricated by selective photopolymerization of a composite based on a nematic liquid crystal. The gratings are formed by polymer stabilization of a liquid crystal in different orientations of the molecules in selected grating slits to allow for period manipulation. The operating principle is based on changing the phase delay introduced by the slits depending on polarization direction of incident light with respect to the director in each type of slit, which allows to change the grating’s period. The proposed technique was successfully utilized to obtain diffraction gratings with either doubling or tripling of the period.
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Zhang, G. Z. "Enhancement of diffraction efficiency for optical gratings." Canadian Journal of Physics 78, no. 5-6 (April 5, 2000): 537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p00-034.
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A method to increase the diffraction efficiency for optical gratings is proposed. Using a simple glass plate sitting parallel to the top of a grating surface, one can form an air gap between the surfaces of the grating and the glass plate to reflect a grazing-incident light beam and make diffraction through multiple reflection of the beam between the grating and glass plate surfaces. As a result, this device can efficiently enhance the grating efficiency by diffracting the input beam energy into various diffraction orders. PACS Nos.: 07.60-j, 42.25Fx, 42.40Lx, 42.79Dj, 42.40Fg
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Vorzobova, Nadezhda, and Pavel Sokolov. "Properties of Holographic Elements Based on Periodic Structures in a Wide Range of Angles of Incidence." Photonics 8, no. 12 (December 9, 2021): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8120562.
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An experimental study is carried out on the diffraction and angular selectivity properties of gratings for a wide range of angles of incidence in three-dimensional space. Results for three grating types are presented: nonslanted volume gratings, slanted volume gratings, and hybrid structures. The study encompasses a wide range of directions of radiation incidence on structures and reveals grating orientations that can provide maximal diffraction efficiency for angles of incidence of more than 70°. Obtained data are used to assess the efficiency of diffractive deflectors on the basis of the considered structures, taking into account the trajectory of the Sun as applied to solar-energy problems.
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Irzhak, D. V., M. A. Knyasev, V. I. Punegov, and D. V. Roshchupkin. "X-ray diffraction by phase diffraction gratings." Journal of Applied Crystallography 48, no. 4 (July 18, 2015): 1159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576715011607.
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The diffraction properties of phase gratings with the periodD= 1.6, 1.0 and 0.5 µm fabricated on an Si(111) crystal by e-beam lithography were studied by triple-axis X-ray diffraction. A 100 nm-thick tungsten layer was used as a phase-shift layer. It is shown that the presence of a grating as a phase-shift W layer on the surface of the Si(111) crystal causes the formation of a complicated two-dimensional diffraction pattern related to the diffraction of X-rays on the phase grating at the X-ray entrance and exit from the crystal. A model of X-ray diffraction on the W phase diffraction grating is proposed.
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Zhang, Guo Sheng, and Yan Xu. "Optimization Design of Cylinder Grating Used for Non-Contact Speed Measurement." Applied Mechanics and Materials 312 (February 2013): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.312.95.
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In order to realize the detection of diffractive light after the image segmentation using cylinder grating, the parameters of a cylinder grating was optimized using the wave optics theory. By analyzing the relation of optical path length variation with the diffraction angle of single cylinder lens diffraction, and by Fraunhofer approximation, the analytical expressions of cylinder lens diffraction was given. By setting parameters to calculate and simulate, it was found that to increase the ratio of curvature radius and grating period could effectively reduce the spatial distribution of the diffraction light intensity. For the gratings that already exist, by reducing the ratio of refractive index of the gratings material and environment, the spatial light distribution of the grating could be reduced. If the cylinder grating period is too small, the overlap part of images segmentation light diffraction intensity will increase. But it occupies smaller proportion of the total light intensity. After the optimization design of cylinder grating, the results showed that it could be used for non-contact speed measurement in the range of some parameter.
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Hania, P. R., A. Pugžlys, L. N. Lucas, J. J. D. de Jong, J. van Esch, B. Feringa, and K. Duppen. "Reaction Dynamics and Applications in Patterning of Bisthienylcyclopentene-Based Photochromic Switches." Solid State Phenomena 97-98 (April 2004): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.97-98.207.
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The structural and optical properties of the gel-forming photochromic switch 1,2-bis(2’-methyl-5’-{{((R) phenylethyl)amino}carbonyl}thienyl-3’-yl)cyclopentene are studied by means of the linear absorption and holographic grating techniques. The use of diffractive optics enables recording of holographic gratings with high long-term phase stability. The diffraction efficiency of the recorded holographic gratings approach values of 30% for low writing beam energies when diffusion is the rate determining factor. At higher writing pulse energies the competition between the diffusion and photodecomposition processes causes lower diffraction efficiencies. At irradiation doses above 10 mJ the spatial profile of the recorded gratings is strongly influenced by saturation effects. Because of the well-determined grating profile the holographic grating technique is potentially applicable for the quantitative characterisation of the diffusion process in photochromic gels.
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A.M. Nastas, M.S. Iovu, A.M. Prisacar, G.M. Triduh, V.D. Prilepov, A.L. Tolstik, and I.V. Stashkevich. "Influence of the corona discharge on the formation of the diffractive holographic gratings in the As-=SUB=-40-=/SUB=-S-=SUB=-60-x-=/SUB=-Se-=SUB=-x-=/SUB=- films." Technical Physics 68, no. 5 (2023): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/tp.2023.05.56072.285-22.
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The influence of the corona discharge on the holographic recording and the subsequence chemical etching of the recording holographic gratings in the Cr/As40S60-xSex thin film structures was investigated. It was established that applied of the positive corona discharge leads to the increase of the holographic sensitivity during the recording in the As-S-Se films, as well as to the amplification of the diffraction efficiency of the recording gratings and of the relief-phase diffractive gratings obtaining in the result of the consecutive chemical etching. Among the investigated films of the As40S60-xSex system, the best results on the application of the Argon laser irradiation (488 nm) was obtaining for the composition As40S39Se21. Applied of the corona discharge bring to the increase of the holographic sensitivity more than up two order, and of the diffraction efficiency about three order in the respect of the of the ordinary recording. Reciprocally was reached a amplification of the diffraction efficiency of the relief diffraction gratings formed in the result of the sequent chemical etching up to 30%. Keywords: chalcogenide vitreous semiconductors, holographic diffractive grating, corona discharge, diffraction efficiency, selective etching.
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N/A, N/A. "Holographic Diffraction Gratings." Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 45, no. 8 (2008): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop20084508.0081.
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Huang, Yi, Minglong Li, Pu Tu, Haodong Zhu, Junyu Xia, Guangqiang He, ZhenYu Yang, and Ming Zhao. "Multi-value phase grating fabrication using direct laser writing for generating a two-dimensional focal spot array." Journal of Optics 24, no. 5 (April 1, 2022): 055601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2040-8986/ac5dd4.
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Abstract As a beam splitter, multi-value phase grating (MVPG) has a higher diffraction efficiency than the traditional Damman grating (DG) due to its increased number of phase values within one period of the grating. In this paper, two MVPGs are numerically designed within a 120 μm × 120 μm area, which generate 4 * 4 and 5 * 5 focal spot arrays in the far field. Both gratings are fabricated by direct laser writing (DLW) technology. Their diffraction efficiencies reach 68.58% and 63.4%, respectively. To compare, DGs with the same size and focal spot arrays are designed and fabricated, whose diffraction efficiencies are tested to be 29.55% and 35.04%, respectively. The results demonstrate the better optical properties of multi-value phase gratings and the capability of DLW in three-dimensional nano-scale diffractive optical element fabrication.
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Vazhdaev, Konstantin, Marat Urakseev, Azamat Allaberdin, and Kostantin Subkhankulov. "OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES BASED ON DIFFRACTION GRATINGS FROM STANDING ELASTIC WAVES." Electrical and data processing facilities and systems 18, no. 3-4 (2022): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17122/1999-5458-2022-18-3-4-151-158.
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Relevance Currently, optoelectronic devices based on diffraction gratings from standing elastic waves are widely used. This is due to the fact that such devices are small in size, allow realtime measurements and have high accuracy, speed and reliability. A review of foreign patents and scientific and technical literature shows that in Japan, the USA, Germany and other countries, intensive work has been carried out in recent years to create optoelectronic devices as part of information-measuring systems based on the use of diffraction gratings from standing elastic waves. Such work is also carried out in Russia. Today, optoelectronic devices are widely used in various fields of industry, medicine, ecology, etc. Aim of research It is necessary to investigate the prospects of research on the development of optoelectronic devices based on diffraction gratings from standing elastic waves. It is necessary to consider the physics of processes in the field of acousto-optic interactions. It is important to give the main characteristics and possible applications of optoelectronic devices based on diffraction gratings from standing elastic waves. Research objects Light and sound waves interacting with each other when they pass through the same medium, diffraction grating, optoelectronic device. Research methods Mathematical methods of calculation and analysis. Results The need for research in the field of optoelectronic devices based on diffraction gratings from standing elastic waves is formulated. It is shown that when passing through the same medium, light and sound waves interact with each other. Light is scattered on a sound wave, as on a diffraction grating. Recommendations for the design of optoelectronic devices based on diffraction gratings from standing elastic waves are proposed. Possible areas of application of optoelectronic devices based on diffraction gratings from standing elastic waves are considered. Keywords: acousto-optics, waves, modulator, diffraction grating, optoelectronic device
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Huang, Shubin, Zeyu Peng, Shi Rui, Renfu Zhang, Rui-Tao Wen, Xing Cheng, and Liang Guo. "Design and fabrication of diffraction grating with optimized efficiency for transient grating spectroscopy." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 125112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0116176.
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Transient grating spectroscopy (TGS) based on diffraction gratings is a powerful optical method for studying the transport of energy carriers such as phonons and electrons. The diffraction grating in a TGS system is a key component to form a large-area interference pattern, i.e., transient grating, and to study the mean free path distribution of energy carriers. In this work, a design method for polarization-insensitive diffraction gratings with periods in the range 2–50 µm for TGS by a combination of rigorous coupled wave analysis and genetic algorithm was discussed. The method was tested for pump/probe wavelength of 515/532 or 1030/808 nm. Each ±1st diffraction order carries 35%–40% of the incident energy and the diffraction efficiencies of the other orders are lower than 10%. The optimized diffraction gratings were fabricated by a combination of photolithography and inductively coupled plasma etching, with the processing parameters introduced in detail, and their optical characteristics were evaluated. Finally, as a demonstration, the diffraction gratings for 1030/808 nm were applied to TGS to study the thermal transport properties of Ge. This work provides a useful guide for future applications and the development of TGS.
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SERGEEV, S. A., M. S. IOVU, and A. YU MESHALKIN. "SUPERIMPOSED EQUALLY ORIENTED DIFFRACTION GRATINGS FORMED IN As2S3 FILMS." Chalcogenide Letters 17, no. 1 (January 2020): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/cl.2020.171.25.
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Surface relief diffraction structures composed of two or three superimposed unidirectional gratings with unequal grating periods were produced using the electron beam recording and subsequent chemical etching. Diffraction patterns produced by different diffraction structures were studied. In addition to the main diffracted beams the low-intensity “ghost” diffracted beams were created by some grating structures. Their appearance was caused by a difference in spatial frequency between gratings and by summation of spatial frequencies as well. The calculated grating periods corresponding to “ghost” diffracted beams were found to agree well with those determined from diffraction patterns.
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Aji, Mahardika Prasetya, Yuvita Kiki Wulandari, Rudi Setiawan, Jotti Karunawan, and Aan Priyanto. "A unique diffraction pattern formed by a grating from a flying termite wing." Physics Education 57, no. 5 (July 28, 2022): 055026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6552/ac8139.
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Abstract In diffraction experiments, natural gratings often create uncommon diffraction patterns compared with those resulting from manufactured gratings. This study analyzed a unique diffraction pattern obtained by a grating from a flying termite wing. A ring-like diffraction pattern was formed because of the grating morphology from a flying termite wing, which consisted of horizontal- and vertical-structured slits. The mechanism of diffraction pattern formation is also provided. The distance between slits was measured using digital microscope images and a diffraction experiment, with the results coming to an agreement. Using this grating in a diffraction experiment can help educators provide an alternative diffraction experiment that supports students in studying the topic in a more complex manner.
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Mateev, G., L. Nedelchev, D. Nazarova, L. Nikolova, B. Ivanov, V. Strijkova, and E. Stoykova. "Polarization properties of two-dimensional polarization holographic gratings inscribed in azopolymer thin films." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2487, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2487/1/012011.
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Abstract Azopolymers are efficient photoanisotropic materials and for this reason are commonly used for inscription of polarization-selective diffraction gratings by polarization holography. More often however, the characteristics of one-dimensional (1D) gratings are studied. Here, we present real time diffraction efficiency kinetics and polarization properties of two-dimensional (2D) polarization holographic gratings, each of them obtained by overlapping two perpendicular 1D gratings. The gratings are consecutively inscribed using as recording medium the azopolymer poly[1-[4-(3-carboxy-4-hydroxyphenylazo)benzenesulfonamido]-1,2-ethanediyl, sodium salt], or PAZO. To record the gratings, He-Cd laser (λ = 442 nm) was used with left and right circular polarizations (LCP and RCP) of the recording beams. Our results show that the volume polarization grating has lower influence on the polarization properties of the 2D grating than the surface relief scalar grating.
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Tutt, James H., Randall L. McEntaffer, Hannah Marlowe, Drew M. Miles, Thomas J. Peterson, Casey T. DeRoo, Frank Scholze, and Christian Laubis. "Diffraction Efficiency Testing of Sinusoidal and Blazed Off-Plane Reflection Gratings." Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation 05, no. 03 (September 2016): 1650009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2251171716500094.
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Reflection gratings in the off-plane mount have the potential to enhance the performance of future high resolution soft X-ray spectrometers. Diffraction efficiency can be optimized through the use of blazed grating facets, achieving high-throughput on one side of zero-order. This paper presents the results from a comparison between a grating with a sinusoidally grooved profile and two gratings that have been blazed. The results show that the blaze does increase throughput to one side of zero-order; however, the total throughput of the sinusoidal gratings is greater than the blazed gratings, suggesting the method of manufacturing the blazed gratings does not produce precise facets. The blazed gratings were also tested in their Littrow and anti-Littrow configurations to quantify diffraction efficiency sensitivity to rotations about the grating normal. Only a small difference in the energy at which efficiency is maximized between the Littrow and anti-Littrow configurations is seen with a small shift in peak efficiency towards higher energies in the anti-Littrow case. This is due to a decrease in the effective blaze angle in the anti-Littrow mounting. This is supported by PCGrate-SX V6.1 modeling carried out for each blazed grating which predicts similar response trends in the Littrow and anti-Littrow orientations.
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Wang, Xiaolong, Dimitrios Kazazis, Li-Ting Tseng, Alex P. G. Robinson, and Yasin Ekinci. "High-efficiency diffraction gratings for EUV and soft x-rays using spin-on-carbon underlayers." Nanotechnology 33, no. 6 (November 15, 2021): 065301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac328b.
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Abstract We report on the fabrication and characterization of high-resolution gratings with high efficiency in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and soft x-ray ranges using spin-on-carbon (SOC) underlayers. We demonstrate the fabrication of diffraction gratings down to 20 nm half-pitch (HP) on Si3N4 membranes with a bilayer of hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) and spin-on-carbon and show their performance as a grating mask for extreme ultraviolet interference lithography (EUV-IL). High-resolution patterning of HSQ is possible only for thin films due to pattern collapse. The combination of this high-resolution resist with SOC circumvents this problem and enables the fabrication of high aspect ratio nanostructures. Rigorous coupled-wave analysis shows that the bilayer gratings exhibit higher diffraction efficiency than what is feasible with a grating made of HSQ. We also demonstrate a simple and accurate method to experimentally measure the diffraction efficiency of high-resolution gratings by measuring the relative ratio of the dose-to-clear curves of the photoresist. The measured diffraction efficiencies are in good agreement with the theoretically predicted values. Furthermore, we verify our calculations and measurements by printing line/space patterns in chemically amplified resists down to 10 nm HP with both HSQ and bilayer grating masks using EUV-IL. The improved diffraction efficiency of the bilayers is expected to have applications not only in gratings for interference lithography, but also in Fresnel zone plates and gratings for spectroscopy in the EUV and soft x-ray ranges.
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Lei, Lihua, Lijie Liang, Liqin Liu, Yaoqiong Shen, Yuqing Guan, Yujie Zhang, Wenzhe Zou, Chuangwei Guo, and Yunxia Fu. "A Study on Length Traceability and Diffraction Efficiency of Chromium Gratings." Photonics 11, no. 3 (March 4, 2024): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics11030233.
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Measurement traceability is a prerequisite for achieving accurate and reliable results as well as technical standardization. The period of Chromium (Cr) gratings fabricated by atomic lithography can be directly traced back to natural constants. Applying the Cr grating to grating interferometry can achieve nanometer measurement traceability. This research aims to analyze the diffraction efficiency characteristics of self-traceable Cr gratings to provide a theoretical basis for the fabrication and application of Cr gratings. In this regard, we establish the theoretical model of the laser beam incident angle and grating diffraction efficiency using the rigorous coupled-wave method. Then, we analyze the influence of the laser beam incident angle on grating diffraction efficiency by simulation, verify the accuracy of the theoretical model, and finally build a measurement system for grating diffraction efficiency. Through experiments, we find that the diffraction efficiency of the grating shows a rapid increase to reach a stable maximum value followed by a decrease, when a laser beam with a wavelength of 405 nm is incident on the surface of a self-traceable grating in Transverse Magnetic (TM) polarization and the incident angle changes within an effective range. The experimental results are consistent with the trend of theoretical calculation results.
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Nastas, Andrian M., Mikhail S. Iovu, Igor N. Agishev, Ilya V. Gavrusenok, Elena A. Melnikova, Ihar V. Stashkevitch, and Alexei L. Tolstik. "Formation of holographic diffraction gratings in thin films of chalcogenide glassy semiconductors." Journal of the Belarusian State University. Physics, no. 3 (October 5, 2021): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-2243-2021-3-4-11.
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The paper presents a study of the formation of holographic diffraction gratings in thin films of chalcogenide glassy semiconductors. The recording process of holographic gratings at the argon-laser radiation wave length 488 nm and the process of chemical etching that enables the formation of а relief holographic grating are analysed. The optimum conditions for the formation of diffraction gratings in films of arsenic sulfide As2S3 are defined. It is shown that at the 488 nm wave length of an argon laser the optimum exposure comes to ∼5–8 J/cm2. At the recording stage a quasi-phase (relief-phase) grating is formed, with the diffraction efficiency on the order of a few per cent. Etching of the exposed sample with a solution of NaOH alkali in deionised water and isopropanol makes it possible to increase considerably the relief depth and to improve the diffraction efficiency of a thin diffraction grating approximately up to 20 % for the red spectral region, and to approach the maximal value ∼34 % for the near infra-red region. The results of the study considered look promising for the creation of relief holographic gratings which are essential in present-day optical instrument building (production of spectral devices, holographic sights, and the like).
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Zakirullin, R. S. "Diffraction in grating optical filters with angular-selective light transmission." Computer Optics 44, no. 3 (June 2020): 343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2412-6179-co-654.
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The effect of diffraction on the directional light transmittance of grating optical filters designed for smart windows is studied. The filter has an angular selective light transmission due to two thin-film gratings formed by "non-transmissive" (absorptive, reflective or scattering) parallel strips on the surfaces of a single or double glazed window. Methods are considered for calculating the op-timal slope angle of two filter’s gratings, their relative position on the opposite window surfaces and the widths of the strips of both gratings to minimize light transmission on a specific date and time of day for a given latitude and longitude of the building and azimuth of the window. A meth-od has been developed for calculating the diffraction at the input and output gratings of the filter with regard for a complex movement of the Sun relative to the window and a corresponding change in the incidence angle of the solar beams on the gratings. To evaluate a decrease in the light transmittance of the filter due to diffraction, an additional factor is introduced into the calcu-lation equation. Geometric parameters of the filters and diffraction are calculated. The values of the diffraction factor are 0.9999992 and 0.9999998 for single or double glazed windows, respec-tively, i.e., the influence of diffraction on the light transmittance of the grating filter can be ne-glected.
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Jaroszewicz, Zbigniew, Eugeniusz Czech, and Tomasz Osuch. "Diffractive gratings with varying period’s shape." Photonics Letters of Poland 11, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v11i2.904.
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The aim of this short review is to recall various designs of diffraction gratings when the condition of the period’s identity is relaxed and to mention resulting thus some of their applications. Among others the apodization function can be implemented as a variable diffraction efficiency due to the gradual change of the period’s shape. Another possible application is the passive achromatization of the diffraction efficiency of the blazed gratings by randomizing their blaze angle. Full Text: PDF ReferencesP. Jacquinot and B. Roizen-Dossier, "II Apodisation", Prog. Opt. 3, 29 (1964). CrossRef H. Bartelt, "Computer-generated holographic component with optimum light efficiency", Appl. Opt. 23, 1499 (1984). CrossRef H. Bartelt, "Applications of the tandem component: an element with optimum light efficiency", Appl. Opt. 24, 3811 (1985). CrossRef N. Château, D. Phalippou, and P. Chavel, "A method for splitting a gaussian laser beam into two coherent uniform beams", Opt. 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Träger, ed., 2nd ed. (Springer, 2012), pp. 454-461. DirectLink Y. Arieli et al. "Design of diffractive optical elements for multiple wavelengths", Appl. Opt. 37, 6174 (1998). CrossRef Y. Arieli et al. "Design of a diffractive optical element for wide spectral bandwidth", Opt. Lett. 23, 823 (1998). CrossRef B.H. Kleemann, M. Seeßelberg, and J. Ruoff, "Design concepts for broadband high-efficiency does", J. Eur. Opt. Soc. Rapid 3, 08015 (2008). CrossRef T. Gühne and J. Barth, "Strategy for design of achromatic diffractive optical elements with minimized etch depths", Appl. Opt. 52, 8419 (2013). CrossRef H. Lajunen, J. Turunen, and J. Tervo, "Design of polarization gratings for broadband illumination", Opt. Express 13, 3055 (2005). CrossRef H. Lajunen, J. Tervo, and J. Turunen, "High-efficiency broadband diffractive elements based on polarization gratings", Opt. Lett 29, 803 (2004). CrossRef J. Pietarinen, T. Vallius, and J. Turunen, "Wideband four-level transmission gratings with flattened spectral efficiency", Opt. Express 14, 2583 (2006). CrossRef Y. Wang, Y. Kanamori, and K. Hane, "Pitch-variable blazed grating consisting of freestanding silicon beams", Opt. Express 17, 4419 (2009). CrossRef G. Minguez-Vega et al. "Diffraction efficiency achromatization by random change of the blaze angle", Proc. SPIE 4829, 1033 (2002). CrossRef E. Czech et al. "Diffraction Efficiency Achromatization of Blazed Gratings", EOS Topical Meeting on Diffractive Optics 2010, paper 2491. DirectLink E. Czech et al. "Analiza dokładności pomiaru, względnego rozkładu egzytancji widmowej źródeł światła, dokonanego przy użyciu spektroradiometru kompaktowego", Prz. Elektrotech. 91, 171 (2015) (in Polish). CrossRef
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Yamamoto, Hiroyuki, Keiji Obara, Shohei Higashihara, Yuki Obama, Takeshi Yamao, and Shu Hotta. "Spectrally-Narrowed Emissions from Organic Crystals Having a One-Dimensional Grating on Their Surface." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 16, no. 4 (April 1, 2016): 3312–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2016.12281.
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We have succeeded in directly engraving one-dimensional diffraction gratings on the surface of organic semiconducting oligomer crystals by using focused ion beam (FIB) lithography and laser ablation (LA) methods. The FIB method enabled us to shape the gratings with varying periods down to ∼150 nm. With the LA method a large-area grating with a ∼500-nm period was readily accessible. All the above crystals indicated spectrally-narrowed emission (SNE) lines even in the case of shallow groove depths ∼2–4 nm. In particular, we definitively observed the SNE pertinent to the first-order diffraction with the crystal having the diffraction grating of a 148.3-nm average period. The present results indicate utility of the built-in gratings that can directly be fabricated on the surface of the crystals.
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Zeng, Li Jiang, Lei Shi, and Li Feng Li. "Fabrication of Large Grating by Monitoring the Latent Fringe Pattern." Key Engineering Materials 437 (May 2010): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.437.56.
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Contemporary chirped-pulse-amplified high-power laser systems rely on meter-sized diffraction gratings for pulse compression. Fabricating large gratings is a bottle-neck problem. We developed a multiple-holographic-exposure method to fabricate large monolithic gratings. In consecutive exposures, the attitude of the photoresist-coated substrate is monitored and adjusted by using two interferometers with a He-Ne laser, and the relative position between the substrate and the exposure interference fringes is adjusted by using the interference fringes between the diffraction orders of the latent grating with the exposure beams as the incident beams. A mosaic grating with a size of 80×50 mm2 was fabricated, and the wavefront aberration of the 1st-order diffraction wavefront in the mosaic area is better than /10 PV @633 nm.
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Maystre, Daniel. "Diffraction gratings." Scholarpedia 7, no. 6 (2012): 11403. http://dx.doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.11403.
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Galantu, Jiri. "The Wear Analysis of Chisel-Edge Ruling Tool for Diffraction Gratings." Advanced Materials Research 772 (September 2013): 389–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.772.389.
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The wear analysis of chisel-edge ruling tool for diffraction gratings is very complex because of following two reasons that one is the wear distribution on edge after grating ruling is too minute so that hard to find and measured by conventional equipment like microscope, and the other is the effect of wear on the groove depth, pitch, ridge, blaze angle, non-blaze angle, groove bottom angle and diffraction efficiency of gratings. In order to determine what extent of wear is can be ignored, this paper had go on brief approximate test study on wear analysis of chisel-edge ruling tool for diffraction gratings which ruling echelle gratings groove density of 79 gr/mm, and analyzed the variation of groove depth, pitch, ridge, blaze angle, non-blaze angle, groove bottom angle and diffraction efficiency along with ruling distance, and found the microscale tool wear on chisel-edge ruling tool, finally determined this extent of tool wear cannot effect ruling echelle gratings groove density of 79 gr/mm .
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Goray L. I., Berezovskaya T. N., Mokhov D. V., Sharov V. A., Shubina K. Yu., Pirogov E. V., and Dashkov A. S. "Blazed Diffraction Gratings on Si --- First Results." Technical Physics 92, no. 13 (2022): 2097. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/tp.2022.13.52229.81-21.
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Using direct laser lithography and wet etching of polished vicinal Si(111) wafers, a technology was developed and diffraction gratings 500 grooves/mm with a blaze angle of 4o were fabricated. The manufacturing process of a reflective Si-grating with the triangular profile (sawtooth) can be divided into four main steps: (1) obtaining a pattern of a protective mask for grooves etching; (2) anisotropic etching of grooves in KOH solution; (3) etching to smooth the grating profile and polish the surface of working facets; (4) coating to increase reflectivity. The samples obtained were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy methods to determine the shape of the groove profile and roughness: the shape turned out to be close to the ideal triangular, and the RMS roughness was less than 0.3 nm. Using PCGrateTM software and taking into account the measured real groove profile, the diffraction efficiency of gratings operating in classical and conical mounts in soft-X-ray and extreme ultraviolet radiation has been simulated. The obtained efficiency values are close to the record ones for the corresponding spectral range and the Au-coating of the grating. Keywords: diffraction grating, wet etching technology of Si, sawtooth groove profile, AFM, SEM, diffraction efficiency modelling.
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Montero-Orille, Carlos, Xesús Prieto-Blanco, Héctor González-Núñez, and Jesús Liñares. "A Polygonal Model to Design and Fabricate Ion-Exchanged Diffraction Gratings." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 7, 2021): 1500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041500.
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We propose a simple polygonal model to describe the phase profile of ion-exchanged gratings. This model enables the design of these gratings, as well as the characterization of the ion-exchange process itself. Several ion-exchanged gratings were fabricated to validate the model and to characterize the process involved in their fabrication. From this characterization, we show the practical utility of the model by designing and fabricating both a grating that removes the zero order and a three splitter. The performance of these two elements was good, although the first one stood out especially because only 0.5% of the power remained in the zero order after diffraction. This polygonal model could be useful to design more complex diffractive elements.
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Millett, Ronald, Jamie Ramsey, Przemek Bock, Julie Nkanta, Henry Schriemer, Trevor J. Hall, and Serge Bidnyk. "Synthesis of Planar Reflective Gratings for Silicon Interconnects." Advances in Optical Technologies 2008 (May 21, 2008): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/315724.
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The design and simulations of planar reflective gratings for building optical interconnects in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) were studied for a range of silicon core thicknesses of 0.1 to 10 μm. The verticality of the grating facets has been shown to be the main contributing factor to the cumulative crosstalk in thick silicon cores. The dispersion property of the slab was found to limit the minimal thickness of the core for polarization-insensitive gratings. The effects of polarization-dependent confinement on optical crosstalk were studied. The findings were used to design and simulate a polarization-insensitive 18-channel coarse wavelength division demultiplexer (CWDM) with a free spectral range of over 600 nm. The CWDM demultiplexer uses a 1.7 μm silicon core and combines a shallow-etch tapered rib structure and multimode silicon channels to produce box-like passbands for integrated receiver applications. The diffraction grating was constructed using double astigmatic point design with phase-corrected grating facets to reduce astigmatism. Optical properties of the planar gratings have been simulated using quasivectorial diffraction grating theory. The simulation results confirm that there is high diffraction efficiency and low optical crosstalk over the entire range of operation. Applications of planar silicon gratings to the synthesis of silicon interconnects are discussed.
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Wen, Han, Andrew A. Gomella, Ajay Patel, Douglas E. Wolfe, Susanna K. Lynch, Xianghui Xiao, and Nicole Morgan. "Boosting phase contrast with a grating Bonse–Hart interferometer of 200 nanometre grating period." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 372, no. 2010 (March 6, 2014): 20130028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2013.0028.
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We report on a grating Bonse–Hart interferometer for phase-contrast imaging with hard X-rays. The method overcomes limitations in the level of sensitivity that can be achieved with the well-known Talbot grating interferometer, and without the stringent spectral filtering at any given incident angle imposed by the classic Bonse–Hart interferometer. The device operates in the far-field regime, where an incident beam is split by a diffraction grating into two widely separated beams, which are redirected by a second diffraction grating to merge at a third grating, where they coherently interfere. The wide separation of the interfering beams results in large phase contrast, and in some cases absolute phase images are obtained. Imaging experiments were performed using diffraction gratings of 200 nm period, at 22.5 keV and 1.5% spectral bandwidth on a bending-magnetic beamline. Novel design and fabrication process were used to achieve the small grating period. Using a slitted incident beam, we acquired absolute and differential phase images of lightly absorbing samples. An advantage of this method is that it uses only phase modulating gratings, which are easier to fabricate than absorption gratings of the same periods.
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Titov, Sergey A., Vitold E. Pozhar, and Vladimir A. Lomonov. "Experimental Evaluation of the Structure of Dynamic Diffraction Gratings in Acousto-Optic Devices." Light & Engineering, no. 06-2022 (December 2022): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33383/2022-079.
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The method of studying of dynamic diffraction gratings formed in acousto-optic devices is presented. Using a receiving scanning acoustic microscope, acousto-optic modulators of the same shape made of quartz glass and crystalline quartz were studied. Grating shape blurring effects and appearing of spurious gratings due to wave re-reflection were observed. It is shown that the grating structure demonstrates high correspondence to the theoretical shape in quartz glass whereas differences associated with material anisotropy are visible in crystalline quartz. The connection between the structure of dynamic gratings and characteristics of acousto-optic devices is discussed.
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Stinson, Victoria Paige, Uma Subash, Menelaos K. Poutous, and Tino Hofmann. "Towards Two-Photon Polymerization-Compatible Diffractive Optics for Micro-Mechanical Applications." Micromachines 14, no. 7 (June 27, 2023): 1319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14071319.
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Diffractive optics are structured optical surfaces that manipulate light based on the principles of interference and diffraction. By carefully designing the diffractive optical elements, the amplitude, phase, direction, and polarization of the transmitted and reflected light can be controlled. It is well-known that the propagation of light through diffractive optics is sensitive to changes in their structural parameters. In this study, a numerical analysis is conducted to evaluate the capabilities of slanted-wire diffraction gratings to function opto-mechanically in the infrared spectral range. The slanted wire array is designed such that it is compatible with fabrication by two-photon polymerization, a direct laser-writing approach. The modeled optical and mechanical capabilities of the diffraction grating are presented. The numerical results demonstrate a high sensitivity of the diffracted light to changes in the slant angle of the wires. The compressive force by which desired slant angles may be achieved as a function of the number of wires in the grating is investigated. The ability to fabricate the presented design using two-photon polymerization is supported by the development of a prototype. The results of this study suggest that slanted-wire gratings fabricated using two-photon polymerization may be effective in applications such as tunable beam splitting and micro-mechanical sensing.
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Sunil, D., Arthur W. McQuade, and Harry D. Gafney. "Photodeposition of Diffraction Gratings in Glass." Applied Spectroscopy 52, no. 7 (July 1998): 1014–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702981944670.
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Line patterns with spacings ranging from 10 to 50 μm have been achieved by 488 nm photolysis of porous glasses impregnated with Fe(CO)5. Photolysis was accomplished with a focused Ar+ laser impinging onto a sample mounted on a computer-controlled X-Y stage programmed to create a line pattern. The photodeposited grating was tested by generating a diffraction pattern with a He–Ne laser, which was then used to calculate the grating line spacings. The measured line spacings were found to be in excellent agreement with the spacings defined by the computer-driven stage. Consolidation of the porous glass occurs at 1200 °C, and decreases the sample volume as much as 35%. Line spacing decreases in direct proportion to the decrease in the dimension perpendicular to the grating lines of the sample and consolidation yields gratings that are capable of diffracting light, stable under a variety of conditions, and unaffected by high laser powers.
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Cu, Duy Thanh, Tien Dat Pham, Vu Tuan Hung Le, Meng Chi Li, Hung Pin Chen, and Chien Cheng Kuo. "Design of a High-Efficiency Multilayer Dielectric Diffraction Grating with Enhanced Laser Damage Threshold." Nanomaterials 12, no. 12 (June 7, 2022): 1952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12121952.
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Diffraction gratings are becoming increasingly widespread in optical applications, notably in lasers. This study presents the work on the characterization and evaluation of Multilayer Dielectric Diffraction Gratings (MDG) based on the finite element method using Comsol MultiPhysics software. The optimal multilayer dielectric diffraction grating structure using a rectangular three-layer structure consisting of an aluminum oxide Al2O3 layer sandwiched between two silicon dioxide SiO2 layers on a multilayer dielectric mirror is simulated. Results show that this MDG for non-polarized lasers at 1064 nm with a significantly enhanced −1st diffraction efficiency of 97.4%, reaching 98.3% for transverse-electric (TE) polarization and 96.3% for transverse-magnetic (TM) polarization. This design is also preferable in terms of the laser damage threshold (LDT) because most of the maximum electric field is spread across the high LDT material SiO2 for TE polarization and scattered outside the grating for TM polarization. This function allows the system to perform better and be more stable than normal diffraction grating under a high-intensity laser.
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Bošnjaković, Dejan, Marko Gregorc, Hui Li, Martin Čopič, Valentina Domenici, and Irena Drevenšek-Olenik. "Mechanical Manipulation of Diffractive Properties of Optical Holographic Gratings from Liquid Crystalline Elastomers." Applied Sciences 8, no. 8 (August 9, 2018): 1330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8081330.
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An appealing property of optical diffractive structures from elastomeric materials is a possibility to regulate their optical patterns and consequently also their diffractive features with mechanical straining. We investigated the effect of strain on diffraction characteristics of holographic gratings recorded in a monodomain side-chain liquid crystalline elastomer. The strain was imposed either parallel or perpendicular to the initial alignment direction of the material. At temperatures far below the nematic–paranematic phase transition, straining along the initial alignment affects mainly the diffraction pattern, while the diffraction efficiency remains almost constant. In contrast, at temperatures close to the nematic–paranematic phase transition, the diffraction efficiency is also significantly affected. Straining in the direction perpendicular to the initial alignment strongly and diversely influences both the diffraction pattern and the diffraction efficiency. The difference between the two cases is attributed to shear–stripe domains, which form only during straining perpendicular to the initial alignment and cause optical diffraction that competes with the diffraction from the holographic grating structure.
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Chuang, Wei Ching, Chi Ting Ho, Yi Ru Lian, Ching Kong Chao, Ruey Fang Shyu, and Wei Chih Wang. "Transducing Mechanical Forces Using a Polymer Optical Grating Sensor." Materials Science Forum 505-507 (January 2006): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.505-507.91.
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A new means of transducing mechanical force using a diffractive Bragg grating based polymeric sensor is presented. The diffraction gratings are successfully fabricated on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer using the holographic interference and micromolding technique. The micro MTS tensile test incorporated with the Raman experiment showed that a relationship between the load and the observed diffraction pattern shift could be obtained. The results show an excellent correlation between the optical measurements and load with a sensitivity of 0.05N.
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Li, Y., and Li Jiang Zeng. "Analyzing the Grating Profile Parameters Based on Scanning-Electron Microscope Images." Key Engineering Materials 381-382 (June 2008): 299–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.381-382.299.
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Measuring grating profiles is very helpful for the analysis of specifications of gratings and improvement of grating fabrication techniques. We analyzed grating grooves by digitizing the scanning-electron microscope (SEM) images. Some kinds of filter and arithmetic were developed to extract the contour line of grating profile. In order to analyze the diffraction efficiency affected by the shape of grating profile, the calculated diffraction efficiency based on the SEM image and measured diffraction efficiency based on experiment was compared and analyzed.
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Jark, Werner. "On the advantages of operation in second-order diffraction of blazed gratings in soft X-ray monochromators." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26, no. 5 (August 23, 2019): 1587–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577519009421.
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The fact that a diffraction grating can provide twofold-smaller bandwidth when operated in second-order diffraction is long known and applied routinely in the laboratory for spectroscopy in the visible and ultraviolet spectral range. A similar routine operation in monochromators for the soft X-ray range is not reported yet. This study will thus address the feasibility of efficient diffraction of soft X-rays in the second order at reflection gratings when operated at grazing angles of incidence. The related systematic study could make profitable use of a recently introduced simple analytical equation for the prediction of the diffraction efficiency of blazed gratings with an ideal sawtooth profile. The predictions are then verified by use of rigorous calculations. The principle finding is that, by operation of gratings with lower groove densities, and thus with higher efficiencies, in higher order diffraction, one can extend the tuning in existing instruments with mechanical/optical limitations to larger photon energies. The performance in terms of transmission and spectral resolving power can be very similar to the performance of a grating with a larger groove density, which would otherwise have to be used for accessing the same energy range. This would allow operation of a single highly efficient grating over a larger photon energy interval at a modern synchrotron radiation source, e.g. from 0.3 to 2.2 keV. Without any requirement for a sophisticated grating exchange scheme, a related instrument promises to be sufficiently stable for the needs imposed by the improvements in source point stability at diffraction-limited storage rings.
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Goray, Leonid I. "Rigorous accounting diffraction on non-plane gratings irradiated by non-planar waves." Journal of Optics 24, no. 2 (January 4, 2022): 025601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2040-8986/ac4438.
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Abstract The modified boundary integral equation method (MIM) is considered a rigorous theoretical application for the diffraction of cylindrical waves by arbitrary profiled plane gratings, as well as for the diffraction of plane/non-planar waves by concave/convex gratings. This study investigates 2D diffraction problems of the filiform source electromagnetic field scattered by a plane lamellar grating and of plane waves scattered by a similar cylindrical-shaped grating. Unlike the problem of plane wave diffraction by a plane grating, the field of a localised source does not satisfy the quasi-periodicity requirement. Fourier transform is used to reduce the solution of the problem of localised source diffraction by the grating in the whole region to the solution of the problem of diffraction inside one Floquet channel. By considering the periodicity of the geometry structure, the problem of Floquet terms for the image can be formulated so that it enables the application of the MIM developed for plane wave diffraction problems. Accounting of the local structure of an incident field enables both the prediction of the corresponding efficiencies and the specification of the bounds within which the approximation of the incident field with plane waves is correct. For 2D diffraction problems of the high-conductive plane grating irradiated by cylindrical waves and the cylindrical high-conductive grating irradiated by plane waves, decompositions in sets of plane waves/sections are investigated. The application of such decomposition, including the dependence on the number of plane waves/sections and radii of the grating and wave front shape, was demonstrated for lamellar, sinusoidal and saw-tooth grating examples in the 0th and −1st orders as well as in the transverse electric and transverse magnetic polarisations. The primary effects of plane wave/section partitions of non-planar wave fronts and curved grating shapes on the exact solutions for 2D and 3D (conical) diffraction problems are discussed.
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Colquitt, D. J., R. V. Craster, T. Antonakakis, and S. Guenneau. "Rayleigh–Bloch waves along elastic diffraction gratings." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 471, no. 2173 (January 2015): 20140465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2014.0465.
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Rayleigh–Bloch (RB) waves in elasticity, in contrast to those in scalar wave systems, appear to have had little attention. Despite the importance of RB waves in applications, their connections to trapped modes and the ubiquitous nature of diffraction gratings, there has been no investigation of whether such waves occur within elastic diffraction gratings for the in-plane vector elastic system. We identify boundary conditions that support such waves and numerical simulations confirm their presence. An asymptotic technique is also developed to generate effective medium homogenized equations for the grating that allows us to replace the detailed microstructure by a continuum representation. Further numerical simulations confirm that the asymptotic scheme captures the essential features of these waves.
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Nalivaiko, Valery I., and Marina A. Ponomareva. "RECORDING OF DIFFRACTION GRATINGS WITH AN ACTIVE STABILIZATION SCHEME OF INTERFERENCE FIELD." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 8, no. 1 (July 8, 2020): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2020-8-1-146-152.
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The paper describes a modernized optoelectronic system for stabilizing the interference pattern during exposure of a holographic grating. The results of applying the extreme control system to stabilize the interference field when recording holographic gratings of high optical quality are presented. Thin chalcogenide layers of the composition As2S3 were used as the recording medium. When using the stabilization system, a monotonic increase in the diffraction efficiency of the gratings from the recording time is observed and a low level of spurious scattering is recorded for the recorded gratings. The scheme was experimentally tested when recording holographic gratings up to 60x60 mm2 in size and exposure time up to 30 minutes. The use of an active stabilization scheme will make it possible to record large-size gratings using low-power lasers without the use of additional complex systems for protecting optical circuits from vibration.
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Zhang, Shan Wen, and Jian Xin Ying. "Optimization of the Two Parameters of Classical Blaze Grating in Littrow Mount." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 1332–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.1332.
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On the base of electromagnetic theory of gratings, we analyse the effects of both of two important parameters of classical blaze grating in Littrow mount to diffraction efficiency, and the two parameters are optimized for obtaining highest diffraction efficiency. It is presented that not only blaze angle but apex angle affect diffraction efficiency. The investigation has been performed on the design and fabrication of classical blaze grating which has high diffraction efficiency.
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Emoto, Akira, Hiroshi Ono, and Nobuhiro Kawatsuki. "One-Dimensional Multiplexed Anisotropic Gratings in Photoreactive Polymer Liquid Crystals." Advanced Materials Research 11-12 (February 2006): 355–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.11-12.355.
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One-dimensional multiplexed anisotropic gratings were fabricated in photoreactive polymer liquid crystals (PPLCs), and the diffraction properties were characterized. Based on the holographic technique, the overwriting process is combined with the highly-stable and –controllable molecular alignment of the PPLCs. As a result, 1st- and 2nd-order diffraction intensities variable gratings dependent on the polarization direction of probe beam were obtained without significant changing their total diffraction intensity. The multiplexed gratings can be used as polarization-selective diffractive optical elements.
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Shvyd'ko, Yuri. "Diffraction gratings with two-orders-of-magnitude-enhanced dispersion rates for sub-meV resolution soft X-ray spectroscopy." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 27, no. 5 (July 30, 2020): 1227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577520008292.
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Diffraction gratings with large angular dispersion rates are central to obtaining high spectral resolution in grating spectrometers operating over a broad spectral range from infrared to soft X-ray domains. The greatest challenge is of course to achieve large dispersion rates in the short-wavelength X-ray domain. Here it is shown that crystals in non-coplanar asymmetric X-ray Bragg diffraction can function as high-reflectance broadband soft X-ray diffraction gratings with dispersion rates that are at least two orders of magnitude larger than those that are possible with state-of-the-art man-made gratings. This opens new opportunities to design and implement soft X-ray resonant inelastic scattering (RIXS) spectrometers with spectral resolutions that are up to two orders of magnitude higher than what is currently possible, to further advance a very dynamic field of RIXS spectroscopy, and to make it competitive with inelastic neutron scattering. Examples of large-dispersion-rate crystal diffraction gratings operating near the 930 eV L 3 absorption edge in Cu and of the 2.838 keV L 3-edge in Ru are presented.
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Kawakami, Yusuke, Man He, and Yeong Hee Cho. "Design of high-performance holographic gratings using siloxane-containing mesogenic compounds." Pure and Applied Chemistry 78, no. 10 (January 1, 2006): 1835–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200678101835.
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Fine holographic gratings were fabricated using siloxane- and mesogen-containing compounds. A grating with 40 % diffraction efficiency was formed with 10 wt % non-liquid-crystalline 4-methoxyphenyl 4-[4-(pentamethyldisiloxanyl)butoxy]benzoate and trimethylolpropane triacrylate. 4-Methoxyphenyl 4-[4-(1,1,3,3,5,5,5-heptamethyltrisiloxan-1-yl)butoxy]-benzoate gave 50 % diffraction efficiency and angular selectivity of 5°. Siloxane-containing liquid-crystalline compounds were also effective in fabricating fine gratings. These compounds induced distinct phase separation over a concentration range from 6 to 20 wt % in the formation of holographic gratings. The use of ring-opening polymerizable bifunctional epoxides as one of the reactive cross-linking matrix components, together with penta- or tetra-acrylate initiated by 3,3'-carbonylbis(7-diethylaminocoumarin)diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate, greatly improved the diffraction efficiency. Fine gratings with 70 and 78 % diffraction efficiency and angular selectivity of 5° were formed with 10 wt % 4-cyano-4'-[(5-heptamethyltrisiloxan-1-yl)pentyloxy]-biphenyl and 4-cyanophenyl 4-[(5-heptamethyltrisiloxan-1-yl)pentyloxy]benzoate using pentaerythritol pentaacrylate-neopentylglycol diglycidyl ether-tripropylene glycol diacrylate (4:5:1) as the polymer matrix component.
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Ashkar, Rana, V. O. de Haan, A. A. van Well, R. Dalgliesh, J. Plomp, M. R. Fitzsimmons, W. L. Schaich, and Roger Pynn. "Comparison of dynamical theory and phase-object approximation for neutron scattering from periodic structures." Journal of Applied Crystallography 44, no. 5 (September 8, 2011): 958–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889811032730.
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Dynamical theory (DT) calculations have been successfully developed to explain neutron spin-echo resolved grazing-incidence scattering from diffraction gratings. The theory, without any adjustable parameters, has been shown in previous publications to accurately reproduce the sensitivity of the spin-echo polarization signal to sample specifications and scattering geometry. The phase-object approximation (POA), which is computationally less demanding than the DT, has also been used to analyze neutron spin-echo polarization data obtained from diffraction gratings. In this paper, POA and DT calculations are compared for neutron scattering from various diffraction gratings in different geometrical settings. POA gives a good description of the data for transmission cases, where the neutron beam is incident at large angles to the average grating surface. However, for the grazing-incidence reflection cases that were studied, the POA does not fit the data using the independently determined dimensions of the measured gratings. On the other hand, the good agreement between dynamical theory and the data from gratings with known profiles paves the way for its use to extract profile information from periodic samples with unknown structures.
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Liu, Zhenwu, Li Zhong, Suping Liu, and Xiaoyu Ma. "975 nm multimode semiconductor lasers with high-order Bragg diffraction gratings." Journal of Semiconductors 45, no. 3 (March 1, 2024): 032401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-4926/45/3/032401.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The 975 nm multimode diode lasers with high-order surface Bragg diffraction gratings have been simulated and calculated using the 2D finite difference time domain (FDTD) algorithm and the scattering matrix method (SMM). The periods and etch depth of the grating parameters have been optimized. A board area laser diode (BA-LD) with high-order diffraction gratings has been designed and fabricated. At output powers up to 10.5 W, the measured spectral width of full width at half maximum (FWHM) is less than 0.5 nm. The results demonstrate that the designed high-order surface gratings can effectively narrow the spectral width of multimode semiconductor lasers at high output power.
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Hu, Huakui, Xiaomeng Zhang, Hailiang Li, and Changqing Xie. "Self-standing quasi-random-dots fork gratings for single-order diffraction." Journal of Applied Physics 132, no. 22 (December 14, 2022): 223105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0129269.
Full textAbstract:
Due to the orbital angular momentum it carries, the vortex beam generated by forked gratings is an important way to investigate physics and probe matter. However, unwanted high-order diffractions inherently introduced by traditional fork gratings may be overlaid on useful first-order diffraction, leading to errors in subsequent decomposition of the spectrum. Here, we present a single optical element with a sinusoidal transfer function, termed as quasi-random-dots fork gratings, which can effectively suppress high-order diffractions. The biggest advantage of quasi-random-dots fork gratings is that it can achieve single-order diffraction with a planar structure that can only be achieved by sinusoidal fork gratings with a three-dimensional structure. Therefore, it is a much simpler process to fabricate. Both simulation and experimental results confirm that quasi-random-dots fork gratings can effectively eliminate diffractions of second order and higher orders, and only 0th and ±1st orders are retained. In addition, the helical phase structure of vortex beams with multiple topological charges is also demonstrated. This optical element has potential applications in the field of particle manipulation and imaging.
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Odinokov, Sergey, Maria Shishova, Michael Kovalev, Alexander Zherdev, and Dmitrii Lushnikov. "Phase Imbalance Optimization in Interference Linear Displacement Sensor with Surface Gratings." Sensors 20, no. 5 (March 6, 2020): 1453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20051453.
Full textAbstract:
In interferential linear displacement sensors, accurate information about the position of the reading head is calculated out of a pair of quadrature (sine and cosine) signals. In double grating interference schemes, diffraction gratings combine the function of beam splitters and phase retardation devices. Specifically, the reference diffraction grating is located in the reading head and regulates the phase shifts in diffraction orders. Measurement diffraction grating moves along with the object and provides correspondence to the displacement coordinate. To stabilize the phase imbalance in the output quadrature signals of the sensor, we propose to calculate and optimize the parameters of these gratings, based not only on the energetic analysis, but along with phase relationships in diffraction orders. The optimization method is based on rigorous coupled-wave analysis simulation of the phase shifts of light in diffraction orders in the optical system. The phase properties of the reference diffraction grating in the interferential sensor are studied. It is confirmed that the possibility of quadrature modulation depends on parameters of static reference scale. The implemented optimization criteria are formulated in accordance with the signal generation process in the optical branch. Phase imbalance and amplification coefficients are derived from Heydemann elliptic correction and expressed through the diffraction efficiencies and phase retardations of the reference scale. The phase imbalance of the obtained quadrature signals is estimated in ellipticity correction terms depending on the uncertainties of influencing parameters.
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Одиноков, С. Б., М. В. Шишова, А. Ю. Жердев, М. С. Ковалев, М. Л. Галкин, and В. Ю. Венедиктов. "Моделирование фазовых сдвигов света в порядках дифракционных решеток интерференционного датчика линейных перемещений." Журнал технической физики 127, no. 9 (2019): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/os.2019.09.48205.112-19.
Full textAbstract:
Phase shifts of light in the orders of diffraction gratings for the interference sensor of linear displacements are considered. The use of a phase diffraction grating with given geometrical parameters of the surface relief makes it possible to stabilize the phase relationships in the optical signals and, as a result, in the final signals taken from the displacement sensor. Based on mathematical modeling data, technically feasible parameters of the surface relief of diffraction gratings are proposed to create the required phase shifts between the diffracted beams and quadrature modulation signals and to achieve the required measurement accuracy with nanometric resolution.
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Cao, Jianjun, Yuan Sun, Yan Kong, and Weiying Qian. "The Sensitivity of Grating-Based SPR Sensors with Wavelength Interrogation." Sensors 19, no. 2 (January 19, 2019): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19020405.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, we derive the analytical expression for the sensitivity of grating-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors working in wavelength interrogation. The theoretical analysis shows that the sensitivity increases with increasing wavelength and is saturated beyond a certain wavelength for Au and Ag gratings, while it is almost constant for Al gratings in the wavelength range of 500 to 1000 nm. More importantly, the grating period (P) and the diffraction order (m) dominate the value of sensitivity. Higher sensitivity is possible for SPR sensors with a larger grating period and lower diffraction order. At long wavelengths, a simple expression of P/|m| can be used to estimate the sensor sensitivity. Moreover, we perform experimental measurements of the sensitivity of an SPR sensor based on an Al grating to confirm the theoretical calculations.