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Journal articles on the topic 'Difficult behaviours'
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1
McGuinness, Patrick, and Dave Dagnan. "COGNITIVE EMOTIONAL REACTIONS OF CARE STAFF TO DIFFICULT CHILD BEHAVIOUR." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 29, no. 3 (July 2001): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465801003034.
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The attributions parents make about the problem behaviour of their children have been shown to be important determinants of their emotional and behavioural reactions to such behaviour. However, this relationship has not been studied in carers of children in residential settings. In this paper we apply Weiner's attributional model of helping to the self-predicted behaviour of 47 carers in residential children's homes in the U.K. Participants identified causes for four children's behaviours, made attributions about these behaviours on dimensions of internality, controllability, globality and stability, reported their emotional reactions to the behaviours on the dimensions of anger and sympathy and reported their likelihood of making extra effort to help in working with these behaviours. Results showed that attributions of controllability and globality, and the emotional response of sympathy were important in predicting reported likelihood of helping. The implications of these results for carer training are discussed.
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Cerit, Kamuran, Tuğba Karataş, and Dilek Ekici. "Behaviours of healthcare professionals towards difficult patients: A structural equation modelling study." Nursing Ethics 27, no. 2 (July 17, 2019): 554–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733019858694.
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Background: Some patients are stigmatised as difficult patients by healthcare professionals. This phenomenon has great many negative consequences. The behaviours of healthcare professionals towards difficult patients are important. Objective: To explore the behaviours of all healthcare professionals towards difficult patients. Research Design: This study was based on a cross-sectional research design using structural equation modelling. Participants and Research Context: Two hundred and fifty-four healthcare professionals were involved in the study in Turkey. ‘Participant Information Form’ and the ‘Healthcare Professionals Behaviour Assessment Questionnaire For Difficult Patient’ were used to collect data from participants. Ethical Consideration: Ethical approval was obtained from Gazi University Ethics Committee for the study. Informed consent of the participants in the study was taken and the confidentiality of the participants was ensured. Findings: It was explored that the behaviours of healthcare professionals towards difficult patients were categorised into ethical, supportive and negative. The highest mean score was supportive behaviour and the least mean score was negative. According to structural equation modelling, the most important predictor of difficult encounters was an ethical dimension. One-unit increase in ethical behaviour contributed to 0.92 unit increase in positive patient behaviour. Discussion: Patients generally are perceived as ‘difficult patient’ by the healthcare professionals, so the patients’ treatment and care services are affected negatively due to healthcare professionals’ negative beliefs and attitudes. The healthcare professionals should behave supportively towards difficult patients. Conclusion: Healthcare professionals should be aware of management strategies in dealing with difficult encounters. The behaviours of healthcare professionals should be improved in a positive way and awareness of ethical dimension of difficult encounters should be increased.
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Bitsika, Vicki, Christopher F. Sharpley, and Robyn Hawkins. "A Variation on Functional Analysis in the Classroom: A Clinical Note." Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling 17, no. 1 (July 1, 2007): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/ajgc.17.1.97.
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AbstractTraditional Functional Analytic procedures rely upon the identification of one or two ‘target’ behaviours for examination via observation and analysis. From these data, multiple functions are identified for each target behaviour via antecedent-behaviour-consequence data collection. However, although these methodologies have been shown to be effective with a wide range of inappropriate behaviours in classrooms, they have limitations when the inappropriate behaviours are so many and varied that selection of one or two as ‘targets’ becomes unreliable in terms of obtaining an accurate representation of the child's overall behavioural repertoire. A variation on this procedure is described and data from a case example are presented as a suggested alternative way of obtaining the kind of data required for effective classroom management of difficult behaviour.
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Nowacek, Douglas. "SEQUENTIAL FORAGING BEHAVIOUR OF BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS, TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS, IN SARASOTA BAY, FL." Behaviour 139, no. 9 (2002): 1125–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685390260437290.
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AbstractDetailed analyses of dolphin foraging behaviour have typically been difficult due to researchers' inability to observe entire foraging sequences. Using a new observational tool I was able to observe sequences of behaviours leading to successful prey captures, including behaviours not previously described in Sarasota Bay dolphins. I defined a set of specific foraging behaviours and demonstrated their position in successful sequences by analyzing the conditional probability of their occurrence based the occurrence of a capture. The sequences of behaviours dolphins used were not deterministic, and individual dolphins displayed different behavioural repertoires. Foraging behaviours occurred at rates of up to 0.5 per minute during general activity categories commonly used in odontocete research, and the current results could assist in the interpretation of these activities.
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Ainsworth, Frank, and Patricia Hansen. "Understanding Difficult Parental Behaviours During a Child Protection Investigation." Children Australia 40, no. 1 (March 2015): 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2014.45.
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When child protection caseworkers make first contact with the parents of a child (or children) who is suspected of being at ‘significant risk of harm’ they may encounter a range of hostile, angry and aggressive verbal responses from parents. If this contact results in a child being removed from parental care, it is not unknown for these responses to escalate into attempts at verbal intimidation and loud threats of personal violence. These behaviours then get recorded in case files and in materials submitted to the Children's Court to support the case for permanent removal of a child from parental care; these behaviours being presented as evidence of the parents’ unsuitability and unwillingness to comply with demands for changes in their child rearing practices. But how should child protection caseworkers view these less-than-helpful parental responses, and how should they, in turn, respond? This article explores this issue and offers a number of ways of understanding these behaviours, and canvasses new ways for caseworkers to respond when these behaviours occur.
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Vallis, T. Michael, Sonia H. Greaven, and Des Leddin. "What Are We Going to Do with You? Gastroenterology Service Providers’ Perception of ‘Difficult to Manage’ IBD Patients." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 16, no. 2 (2002): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2002/234518.
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BACKGROUND: This paper reports the results of a systematic survey of members of a clinical gastroenterology service to determine their perceptions of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) who were deemed to function poorly and were difficult to manage clinically.OBJECTIVES: To assess objectively the defining characteristics of this perceived subgroup of patients who are encountered in virtually all gastroenterology services.METHODS: A sample of gastroenterologists and gastrointestinal surgeons (n=10), as well as gastrointestinal nurses (n=19), was surveyed regarding their beliefs about the characteristics of patients with IBD who they judged to be extremely ‘difficult to manage’. A survey was developed to assess patient characteristics (eg, symptom presentation, narcotic over-reliance, interpersonal behaviour and illness behaviour) and the emotional impact that this perceived patient group has on individual staff members as well as on the functioning of the gastrointestinal team.RESULTS: The data indicated that patients with IBD who were perceived to be poorly functioning were viewed to have high levels of dysfunctional behaviour. In particular, negative behaviours (eg, manipulative interpersonal behaviours and excessive illness behaviours) were noted. Not only were these categories of behaviours high in frequency, but survey participants also rated these categories of behaviour to be highly distinct from those of typical patients with IBD. Moreover, this perceived patient group was reported to have a negative impact on individual staff and on the gastrointestinal team, and participants confirmed that they experience significant frustration and hostility when they work with these patients.CONCLUSIONS: These data, if replicated, confirm the general clinical opinion that a small subgroup of ‘difficult to manage’ and poorly functioning patients with IBD exists. These patients appear to differ from typical patients with IBD in interpersonal characteristics more than in medical characteristics. If follow-up research, which is currently underway by the authors’ group, shows that groups of poorly functioning gastrointestinal patients and typical gastrointestinal patients actually differ in measures of illness behaviour, then novel treatment approaches to improve the clinical services that are provided to these patients can be developed.
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Stuart, Alison E., and Douglas C. Currie. "Using caddisfly (Trichoptera) case-building behaviour in higher level phylogeny reconstruction." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 10 (October 1, 2001): 1842–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-145.
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Higher level phylogenetic analyses rarely include behavioural data, predominantly because such groups seldom have complex behaviours that are susceptible to analysis. Even when broad groups do share a complex behaviour, there is skepticism about the appropriateness of using behavioural traits in higher level phylogenetic analyses. The Integripalpia is a suborder of caddisflies and is an appropriate group to investigate the use of behaviour in higher level analyses because all larvae use a complex suite of behaviours to build portable cases. A thorough investigation of case-building in 10 families (19 exemplar genera) yielded 24 behavioural characters. A parsimony analysis produced 87 equally parsimonious trees (length = 56 steps, consistency index (CI) = 0.84, retention index (RI) = 0.88) that supported the monophyly of the integripalpian families, except for the Limnephilidae. Interfamilial relationships, although resolved, were not well supported with behaviour. Certain interfamilial relationships have also been difficult to establish reliably with morphological information, indicating a need for more characters (e.g., molecular) at this taxonomic level. This study indicates that if taxa share a complex behaviour (e.g., case building), then regardless of taxonomic level, one is likely to find shared derived behavioural characters that are useful for phylogeny reconstruction.
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Ajasllari, Jeta. "Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and Treatment of Paediatric Patients with Chronic Renal Disease." Global Journal of Psychology Research: New Trends and Issues 6, no. 2 (November 18, 2016): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjpr.v6i2.560.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention with CBT in patients with chronic renal disease. The study findings are in the context of previous researches and existing theories. Searches were done in the professional literature related to different chronic diseases and respectively with Chronic Kidney Disease in children and adolescents. Many paediatric chronic diseases are difficult to be managed because of the limitations caused by the disease itself; consequently, some of them need to be subjected to painful and difficult medical procedures as well. Respectively, for children diagnosed with CKD life changes completely because of limitations, mainly physical ones, due to the characteristics of the disease which require constant adaption as well as development of strategies to face the disease. Their behaviours must change accordingly as part of a new life of self-care. Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy is a psychological therapy, which has been investigated extensively and has been found as very effective to reduce psychological symptoms caused by the disease. This therapy integrates the modification of behaviour with the cognitive restructuring, the aim of which is to change the patient’s unhealthy behaviours through cognitive and behaviour techniques. Keywords: children; chronic kidney disease; cognitive behavioural therapy
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Allen, Kathleen, and Margot Prior. "Assessment of the Validity of Easy and Difficult Temperament through Observed Mother-Child Behaviours." International Journal of Behavioral Development 18, no. 4 (December 1995): 609–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016502549501800403.
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Forty mothers and their 7-year-old children were video-taped while interacting during the completion of five structured tasks. Half of the children had been rated as having a difficult temperament by their mothers on the Thomas and Chess Temperament Questionnaire during the previous 3 years. The other half had a stable, easy temperament according to these ratings. Observation of mother-child interactions demonstrated that the behaviour of mothers of easy and difficult children did not differ significantly, but difficult-temperament children showed significantly more negative and disputing behaviour than did easy children. Controlling and critical behaviours on the part of the mothers were particularly associated with child negativity, most notably when they occurred in the easy group. Mothers of the children in the easy group were likely to respond to child negativity with the encouragement of autonomy but this was extremely rare in the difficult group. Mothers of difficult children gave more positive encouragement to their children both before and after negative behaviour. Overall, the results indicated a different pattern of contingent responses for easy child-mother pairs, and also offered some support for the validity of mother ratings of difficult temperament.
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Fujioka, Haruna, Yasukazu Okada, and Masato S. Abe. "Bipartite network analysis of ant-task associations reveals task groups and absence of colonial daily activity." Royal Society Open Science 8, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 201637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201637.
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Social insects are one of the best examples of complex self-organized systems exhibiting task allocation. How task allocation is achieved is the most fascinating question in behavioural ecology and complex systems science. However, it is difficult to comprehensively characterize task allocation patterns due to behavioural complexity, such as the individual variation, context dependency and chronological variation. Thus, it is imperative to quantify individual behaviours and integrate them into colony levels. Here, we applied bipartite network analyses to characterize individual-behaviour relationships. We recorded the behaviours of all individuals with verified age in ant colonies and analysed the individual-behaviour relationship at the individual, module and network levels. Bipartite network analysis successfully detected the module structures, illustrating that certain individuals performed a subset of behaviours (i.e. task groups). We confirmed age polyethism by comparing age between modules. Additionally, to test the daily rhythm of the executed tasks, the data were partitioned between daytime and nighttime, and a bipartite network was re-constructed. This analysis supported that there was no daily rhythm in the tasks performed. These findings suggested that bipartite network analyses could untangle complex task allocation patterns and provide insights into understanding the division of labour.
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Kean, June. "Teacher Ethnotheories & Child Temperament: Impact on Classroom Interactions." Australasian Journal of Early Childhood 22, no. 3 (September 1997): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/183693919702200304.
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The effects of eight teachers’ ethnotheories (beliefs and values) were examined in relation to interactions in the classroom (teachers, target children) with two broad groupings of child temperament (Difficult Temperament N = 16, Easy Temperament N = 16) which were established on the basis of teachers’ ratings of child temperament using The Preschool Inventory (Billman, 1981). Temperament (individual behavioural style) was conceptualised as the manifestation of affective displays and social behaviours in context, with emotions acting as signals for interactions. Interviews were conducted with the teachers to elicit their beliefs and values, their expectations for children, and to establish their tolerance levels for the more difficult child behaviours. Sixty-four hours of classroom observations were conducted. A pattern of different positive and negative interactions emerged between the more difficult temperament group (Difficult Temperament), and those with relatively easy temperaments (Easy Temperament). Difficult Temperament children consistently gave and received from teachers more negative-valence in emotional and social behaviours, than the Easy Temperament children. Easy Temperament children displayed and were responded to with more positive-valence in emotional and social behaviours. Evidence was found for the impact of teacher tolerance levels and expectations on classroom interactions. These findings suggested that early childhood teachers need to give careful consideration to their beliefs and values in developing more effective teaching techniques for children with differing temperaments.
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Gallop, R., and F. Wynn. "The Difficult Inpatient: Identification and Response by Staff." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 32, no. 3 (April 1987): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674378703200310.
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This paper discusses the findings of a pilot study of the phenomenology of the “difficult” psychiatric inpatient. Twenty-five nurses and 12 psychiatric residents were asked to identify and describe the behaviours or characteristics of patients they found difficult. In addition, subjects were asked to describe behaviours and feelings they experienced when treating or caring for a specific difficult patient. Content analysis revealed similar diagnostic categories of patients identified as difficult. While feelings of incompetence and lack of control were aroused in both nurses and residents their expression and identified origins pointed to some interesting differences. Nurses’ responses were more personalized and affect-laden. Residents tended to blame the system and remain more objective.
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Lawrence, A. B. "The application of electronics to the study of animal behaviour." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1990 (March 1990): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600018808.
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Animal behaviour is increasingly seen as a useful tool in animal production. However, behavioural observations are time costly, and it is difficult to ensure precision and repeatability of measurement.An alternative to observation is to use electronics to automatically record behaviour and two such applications are illustrated:The first system developed at Edinburgh records drinker and chain-related activity, two common abnormal behaviours in pregnant sows. Water flow meters record drinker use. Chain behaviour is monitored by supplying each sow with a vertically hanging chain to which is attached piezo-electric ‘wire’. Electrical activity is generated from the flow meter or the piezo-electric wire as the sow manipulates the drinker or the chain, and is read by a micro-computer at 60 seconds intervals. The system estimates water use and circadian patterns of drinker and chain activity for 16 sows. Applications include recording the development of these two behaviours in response to variations in variables such as feeding regime.
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Van Der Zee, Sophie, Paul Taylor, Ruth Wong, John Dixon, and Tarek Menacere. "A liar and a copycat: nonverbal coordination increases with lie difficulty." Royal Society Open Science 8, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 200839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200839.
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Studies of the nonverbal correlates of deception tend to examine liars' behaviours as independent from the behaviour of the interviewer, ignoring joint action. To address this gap, experiment 1 examined the effect of telling a truth and easy, difficult and very difficult lies on nonverbal coordination. Nonverbal coordination was measured automatically by applying a dynamic time warping algorithm to motion-capture data. In experiment 2, interviewees also received instructions that influenced the attention they paid to either the nonverbal or verbal behaviour of the interviewer. Results from both experiments found that interviewer–interviewee nonverbal coordination increased with lie difficulty. This increase was not influenced by the degree to which interviewees paid attention to their nonverbal behaviour, nor by the degree of interviewer's suspicion. Our findings are consistent with the broader proposition that people rely on automated processes such as mimicry when under cognitive load.
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Bell, Alison M., and Nadia Aubin-Horth. "What can whole genome expression data tell us about the ecology and evolution of personality?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1560 (December 27, 2010): 4001–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0185.
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Consistent individual differences in behaviour, aka personality, pose several evolutionary questions. For example, it is difficult to explain within-individual consistency in behaviour because behavioural plasticity is often advantageous. In addition, selection erodes heritable behavioural variation that is related to fitness, therefore we wish to know the mechanisms that can maintain between-individual variation in behaviour. In this paper, we argue that whole genome expression data can reveal new insights into the proximate mechanisms underlying personality, as well as its evolutionary consequences. After introducing the basics of whole genome expression analysis, we show how whole genome expression data can be used to understand whether behaviours in different contexts are affected by the same molecular mechanisms. We suggest strategies for using the power of genomics to understand what maintains behavioural variation, to study the evolution of behavioural correlations and to compare personality traits across diverse organisms.
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Kokocińska, Agata, and Tadeusz Kaleta. "The role of ethology in animal welfare." Roczniki Naukowe Polskiego Towarzystwa Zootechnicznego 12, no. 1 (March 31, 2016): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.6981.
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Knowledge of the behaviour of a species makes it possible to ensure the well-being of animals raised in farm conditions, because when we know the behavioural standard we can guarantee that at least the animals’ minimum needs will be met. Observation of animal behaviour is the first element in assessing their physical and psychological comfort. The main objective is to maximize production while at the same time maintaining animal welfare. However, this is often difficult and economic considerations come into conflict with the comfort and needs of the animals. The elements of knowledge of behaviour, in addition to ethology, i.e. the science dealing with animal behaviour, also include zoosemiotics and cognitive science, which explain of the occurrence of specific behaviours in terms of biology and physiology.
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Humphreys, Rosalind K., and Graeme D. Ruxton. "Adaptive suicide: is a kin-selected driver of fatal behaviours likely?" Biology Letters 15, no. 2 (February 2019): 20180823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0823.
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While several manipulated host behaviours are accepted as extended phenotypes of parasites, there remains debate over whether other altered behaviours in hosts following parasitic invasion represent cases of parasite manipulation, host defence or the pathology of infection. One particularly controversial subject is ‘suicidal behaviour’ in infected hosts. The host-suicide hypothesis proposes that host death benefits hosts doomed to reduced direct fitness by protecting kin from parasitism and therefore increasing inclusive fitness. However, adaptive suicide has been difficult to demonstrate conclusively as a host adaptation in studies on social or clonal insects, for whom high relatedness should enable greater inclusive fitness benefits. Following discussion of empirical and theoretical works from a behavioural ecology perspective, this review finds that the most persuasive evidence for selection of adaptive suicide comes from bacteria. Despite a focus on parasites, driven by the existing literature, the potential for the evolution of adaptive suicidal behaviour in hosts is also considered to apply to cases of infection by pathogens, provided that the disease has a severe effect on direct fitness and that suicidal behaviour can affect pathogen transmission dynamics. Suggestions are made for future research and a broadening of the possible implications for coevolution between parasites and hosts.
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Ellis, Sarah LH. "Recognising and assessing feline emotions during the consultation: History, body language and behaviour." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 20, no. 5 (April 30, 2018): 445–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x18771206.
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Practical relevance: Crucial to successful treatment of problem behaviour and optimising the welfare of the individual cat is determining which underpinning emotion(s) are involved in the presentation of the behaviour. Feline emotions are not feelings per se, but motivational-emotional systems that are responsible for instinctual emotional arousal. Often different interventions are required to alleviate different negative emotional motivations. Clinical challenges: Identifying different emotional motivations and the arousal level associated with them solely from observations of behaviour and body language is a difficult task because, as with any species, the behavioural repertoire of the domestic cat is finite and the same behaviour may occur with the activation of different emotional systems. In addition, cats, like people, may experience more than one emotion at the same time or switch quickly between emotional motivations, and this further complicates identification. The behavioural assessment of pain is also notoriously difficult in cats. Evidence base: This review draws on the published literature where available and, where there is a paucity of research, on hypotheses derived from observations of professionals in the field. Global importance: Being able to recognise and assess feline emotional motivations in order to address problem behaviours and improve welfare is important for all veterinarians who see cats.
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Bradshaw, John. "Normal feline behaviour: … and why problem behaviours develop." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 20, no. 5 (April 30, 2018): 411–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x18771203.
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Practical relevance: Cats are descended from a solitary, territorial ancestor, and while domestication has reduced their inherited tendency to be antagonistic towards all animals larger than their typical prey, they still place more reliance on the security of their territory than on psychological attachments to people or other cats, the exact opposite to dogs. Many feline problem behaviours stem from perceived threats to this security, often due to conflicts with other cats. Others are more developmental in origin, often caused by inadequate exposure to crucial stimuli, especially people, during the socialisation period. Strongly aversive events experienced at any age can also contribute. A third category comprises normal behaviour that owners deem unacceptable, such as scratching of furniture. Evidence base: This review identifies three areas in which basic research is inadequate to support widely employed concepts and practices in feline behavioural medicine. First, classification of cats’ problem behaviours relies heavily on approaches derived from studies of their behavioural ecology and, to some extent, extrapolation from canine studies. Few studies have focused on cats in the home, the environment in which most behavioural disorders are expressed. Secondly, cats’ chemical senses (olfactory and vomeronasal) are far more sensitive than our own, making it difficult for owners or clinicians to fully comprehend the sensory information upon which they base their behaviour. Thirdly, although the concept of psychological distress is widely invoked as an intervening variable in behavioural disorders, there are still no reliable measures of distress for pet cats in the home. Global importance: Psychological distress of some kind is the primary cause of many of the behavioural problems presented to clinicians, but surveys indicate that many more cats display the same clinical signs without their owners ever seeking help. The welfare of this ‘invisible’ group could be improved by veterinarians taking a more proactive approach to educating their clients about the behavioural needs of pet cats.
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Boots, Samantha B., Marika Tiggemann, and Nadia Corsini. "Maternal responses to difficult food request scenarios: Relationships with feeding style and child unhealthy snack intake." Journal of Health Psychology 23, no. 13 (October 6, 2016): 1732–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105316669584.
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This study sought to identify parent-feeding behaviours in real-life difficult feeding situations through the use of a set of scenarios. These were then used to examine links between parent feeding and child snack intake. Mothers of children aged 2–7 years ( n = 611) completed an online survey containing five snack food request scenarios, two commonly used parent-feeding scales (Restriction and Covert Control), and reported on their child’s snack intake. Results showed that parent-feeding styles (restrictive or covert) translated into specific behaviours in response to the scenarios. These parent behaviours predicted children’s intake of unhealthy snack food over and above the feeding style.
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Hogan, Lindsay A., Clive J. C. Phillips, Allan Lisle, Alan B. Horsup, Tina Janssen, and Steve D. Johnston. "Remote monitoring of the behaviour and activity of captive southern hairy-nosed wombats (Lasiorhinus latifrons)." Australian Mammalogy 31, no. 2 (2009): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am09023.
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The nocturnal nature of wombats makes it difficult to learn about their behavioural ecology and activity rhythms in the wild. A facility was established at Rockhampton Zoo to house 12 adult southern hairy-nosed wombats in order to monitor their behaviour by means of video surveillance and provide detailed information on their activity patterns using movement-sensitive radio-transmitters. After one year of monitoring it was established that the wombats spent, on average, as a proportion of total time 69.9% sleeping, 8.8% lying resting, 5.2% feeding, 5.2% exploring, 4.3% performing stereotyped behaviour, 2.5% sitting resting and 4.1% in other activities. Feeding, lying resting and sleeping varied with season by ~5%. Temporal patterns were bimodal for 8 of the 12 behaviours described, with most ‘active’ behaviours being expressed between 1800 and 2000 hours and 0200 and 0500 hours. The activity pattern was characterised by a strong circadian rhythm, with most activity occurring nocturnally. Within active periods there was an alternating rhythm of active and rest periods and activity peaks at the beginning and end of each night. Comprehensive and reliable information on the behavioural ecology, as well as captive management, of southern hairy-nosed wombats was obtained from the remote video and radio-transmitter recordings.
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Smith, Kirsten A., Felicity L. Bishop, Hajira Dambha-Miller, Mohana Ratnapalan, Emily Lyness, Jane Vennik, Stephanie Hughes, et al. "Improving Empathy in Healthcare Consultations—a Secondary Analysis of Interventions." Journal of General Internal Medicine 35, no. 10 (July 14, 2020): 3007–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-05994-w.
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Abstract A recent systematic review of randomised trials suggested that empathic communication improves patient health outcomes. However, the methods for training healthcare practitioners (medical professionals; HCPs) in empathy and the empathic behaviours demonstrated within the trials were heterogeneous, making the evidence difficult to implement in routine clinical practice. In this secondary analysis of seven trials in the review, we aimed to identify (1) the methods used to train HCPs, (2) the empathy behaviours they were trained to perform and (3) behaviour change techniques (BCTs) used to encourage the adoption of those behaviours. This detailed understanding of interventions is necessary to inform implementation in clinical practice. We conducted a content analysis of intervention descriptions, using an inductive approach to identify training methods and empathy behaviours and a deductive approach to describe the BCTs used. The most commonly used methods to train HCPs to enhance empathy were face-to-face training (n = 5), role-playing (n = 3) and videos (self or model; n = 3). Duration of training was varied, with both long and short training having high effect sizes. The most frequently targeted empathy behaviours were providing explanations of treatment (n = 5), providing non-specific empathic responses (e.g. expressing understanding) and displaying a friendly manner and using non-verbal behaviours (e.g. nodding, leaning forward, n = 4). The BCT most used to encourage HCPs to adopt empathy behaviours was “Instruction on how to perform behaviour” (e.g. a video demonstration, n = 5), followed by “Credible source” (e.g. delivered by a psychologist, n = 4) and “Behavioural practice” (n = 3 e.g. role-playing). We compared the effect sizes of studies but could not extrapolate meaningful conclusions due to high levels of variation in training methods, empathy skills and BCTs. Moreover, the methods used to train HCPs were often poorly described which limits study replication and clinical implementation. This analysis of empathy training can inform future research, intervention reporting standards and clinical practice.
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Hudson, Alan, Patrick Wilken, Roland Jauernig, and Gary Radler. "Regionally Based Teams for the Treatment of Challenging Behaviour: A Three-year Outcome Study." Behaviour Change 12, no. 4 (December 1995): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s081348390000406x.
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In 1990, 13 regionally based Behaviour Intervention Support Teams (BISTs) were established in Victoria to assist agencies providing support to persons with an intellectual disability who exhibited challenging behaviour. A primary function of the BISTs was to conduct intensive interventions for clients with severe challenging behaviours. The outcomes of the interventions conducted by eight of these teams were monitored over the period from 1991 to 1993. During this time, a total of 134 such interventions were completed by the teams. Many outcome measures were used for each intervention. These included direct observational measures of the challenging behaviours, measures of skill acquisition by the clients, and satisfaction with the results by caregivers. It was concluded that the interventions resulted in a high rate of success (approximately 75%). Additionally, it was concluded that the use of regionally based specialist teams was an effective way of treating severe challenging behaviours that had previously proven difficult to manage.
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Madden, Joah R., and Tim H. Clutton-Brock. "Experimental peripheral administration of oxytocin elevates a suite of cooperative behaviours in a wild social mammal." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1709 (October 6, 2010): 1189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1675.
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The evolution and expression of different forms of cooperative behaviour (e.g. feeding, guarding, sentinel duties, etc.) are usually studied independently, with few studies considering them as a single syndrome. However, studies investigating individuals' investment across a suite of different behaviours reveal that they are correlated, suggesting a single mechanism determining the evolution and expression of cooperative behaviours. A hormonal mechanism could achieve this, and one possibility is oxytocin (OT), which affects several prosocial or alloparental behaviours independently. We show, using a double-blind experiment, that peripheral administration of OT to social, free-living meerkats Suricata suricatta elevates a suite of cooperative behaviours. Treated individuals increase their contributions to communal, cooperative activities (digging, guarding, pup-feeding and associating with pups) and decrease initiation of aggressive interactions, compared with a saline control. This suggests that different forms of cooperative behaviour form a single syndrome with a common causal basis. If our peripherally administered OT acts in the same way as the naturally released hormone, then a general tendency to prosociality may be modulated by this hormonal system. Therefore, it may be difficult for an individual to decouple expression of cooperative behaviours that provide the practitioner with benefits from those that provide the recipient with benefits. It may also explain why social species typically exhibit a suite of cooperative behaviours, without having to invoke independent evolution of each.
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Adeleke, Akinniyi A., Ayodeji Onifade, and Bayo Opadiran. "Difficult patron behaviours and handling strategies in private university libraries in Nigeria." Library Progress (International) 34, no. 2 (2014): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2320-317x.2014.00005.1.
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Connell, K. A., U. Munro, and F. R. Torpy. "Daytime behaviour of the grey-headed flying fox Pteropus poliocephalus Temminck (Pteropodidae: Megachiroptera) at an autumn/winter roost." Australian Mammalogy 28, no. 1 (2006): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am06002.
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The grey-headed flying fox (Pteropus poliocephalus Temminck) is a threatened large fruit bat endemic to Australia. It roosts in large colonies in rainforest patches, mangroves, open forest, riparian woodland and, as native habitat is reduced, increasingly in vegetation within urban environments. The general biology, ecology and behaviour of this bat remain largely unknown, which makes it difficult to effectively monitor, protect and manage this species. The current study provides baseline information on the daytime behaviour of P. poliocephalus in an autumn/winter roost in urban Sydney, Australia, between April and August 2003. The most common daytime behaviours expressed by the flying foxes were sleeping (most common), grooming, mating/courtship, and wing spreading (least common). Behaviours differed significantly between times of day and seasons (autumn and winter). Active behaviours (i.e., grooming, mating/courtship, wing spreading) occurred mainly in the morning, while sleeping predominated in the afternoon. Mating/courtship and wing spreading were significantly higher in April (reproductive period) than in winter (non-reproductive period). Grooming was the only behaviour that showed no significant variation between sample periods. These results provide important baseline data for future comparative studies on the behaviours of flying foxes from urban and ?natural? camps, and the development of management strategies for this species.
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Reid, Jane, and Ken Catchpole. "Patient safety: a core value of nursing - so why is achieving it so difficult?" Journal of Research in Nursing 16, no. 3 (May 2011): 209–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1744987110393454.
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Patient safety in the perioperative setting is determined by many interdependent factors including reliable systems, good teamwork, psychological safety, optimal communications and most crucially shared vision and goals. The necessary organizational, environmental and behavioural conditions for quality care are not new and were in fact known to Florence Nightingale as much as 150 years ago. As noted by Nightingale, and something that remains unchanged today, the greatest threat to patient safety are the frailties of the human condition, complacent attitudes and unconscious behaviours. Recognizing that error is normal and somewhat inevitable, given the complexity of modern surgery, is undoubtedly the first step to mitigating error and harm, and the basis from which to tackle variability and sub-optimal conditions to deliver quality improvement.
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Tennakoon, Lakshika, Dominic Fannon, Victor Doku, Seamus O'Ceallaigh, William Soni, Mar Santamaria, Elizabeth Kuipers, and Tonmoy Sharma. "Experience of caregiving: relatives of people experiencing a first episode of psychosis." British Journal of Psychiatry 177, no. 6 (December 2000): 529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.177.6.529.
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BackgroundThere has been relatively little research on caregivers of people experiencing their first episode of psychosis.AimsTo investigate dimensions of caregiving and morbidity in caregivers of people with first-episode psychosis.MethodCaregivers of 40 people with first-episode psychosis were interviewed at home about their experience of caregiving, coping strategies and distress.ResultsCaregivers used emotional and practical strategies to cope with participants' negative symptoms and difficult behaviours and experienced more worry about these problems. They increased supervision when the participants displayed difficult behaviours. Twelve per cent of caregivers were suffering from psychiatric morbidity as defined by the General Health Questionnaire. Those living with the participant had more frequent visits to their general practitioner.ConclusionsAt first-episode psychosis, caregivers are already having to cope with a wide range of problems and are developing coping strategies. Caregivers worried most about difficult behaviours and negative symptoms in participants.
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Fryczyńska, Marzena, and Alena Ivanova. "The impact of networking behaviours and individual social capital related to work on perceived career satisfaction and its prospects: The case of Poland." Journal of East European Management Studies 24, no. 2 (2019): 324–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0949-6181-2019-2-324.
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Social networks are an important variable which explain career issues such as career satisfaction, success, development and employment. However, research is often conducted separately from different theoretical perspective, i.e. social capital, social network analysis or networking, such that the comparison of findings across studies is difficult. The major question posed by our research concerns how employees' networking behaviours (behavioural perspective) and the individual social capital related to work (resource-based) influence the quality of careers. The discussion draws upon a survey carried out among employees (N=373) with a usage of American and Dutch research tools adapted to Polish conditions. Explanatory factor analysis followed to appoint adequate networking behaviours. Descriptive statistical and correlation analyses were then performed between variables in order to test the formulated hypotheses. The results of the study show that networking behaviour is a good predictor of career satisfaction and prospects, while individual social capital related to work is only related to career prospects. The influence of individual social capital related to work on career prospects is weaker than the influence of networking behaviours on career prospects. Thus, the behavioural perspective provides more explanations of career issues than the resources perspective. This paper contributes to the prior literature on individual social capital, networking behaviours and career issues by explaining how two different perspectives of social network influence career satisfaction and prospects. The value of the research is the usage of independent variables representing two different theoretical perspectives to test their impact on dependent variables i.e. career satisfaction and career prospects. The paper concludes with implications for further research and provides some hints for employees and organisations focused on successful work and career.
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Dosen, Anton, and Johan De Groef. "What is normal behaviour in persons with developmental disabilities?" Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities 9, no. 5 (September 7, 2015): 284–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/amhid-05-2015-0027.
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Purpose – Annoying and bothersome behaviours among persons with developmental disabilities (DD) is a relatively frequent phenomenon. However, not all behaviour that is difficult to accept in its surroundings should be seen as abnormal or problem behaviour (PB). Some of these behaviours may be an expression of a person’s psychosocial needs and may be considered as adaptive and normal. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Authors attempt to discuss relevant issues in persons with DD which have an impact on their behaviour, intending in this way to define criteria for a reliable differentiation between normal and abnormal behaviour and psychiatric disorders. Findings – Differentiating between normal and abnormal may be a difficult task for a professional treating persons with DD because of the lack of adequate criteria for such differentiation. The problem becomes even more complex when one attempts to differentiate between PB and psychiatric disorder. By approaching the subject from a developmental perspective and by determining the level of the person’s emotional development, insight in subjective person’s experiences was achieved. On the ground of a “good practice” the authors made schemata outlining criteria for differentiation between these constructs. Originality/value – The application of these schemata in the practice made it easier to establish appropriate diagnoses and was favourable for the planning of adequate treatment and support of persons with DD and mental health problems.
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Lancaster, Peter, Tim S. Jessop, and Devi Stuart-Fox. "Testing the independent effects of population and shelter density on behavioural and corticosterone responses of tree skinks." Australian Journal of Zoology 58, no. 5 (2010): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo10056.
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In animals, social organisation and behaviour can respond to variation in key ecological factors including population and resource density. As these two factors covary, their relative importance is difficult to estimate using field studies. Consequently, we conducted two manipulative experiments varying levels of either population or shelter density to separate their effects on solitary, affiliative and agonistic behaviour and physiology in the social tree skink, Egernia striolata. We used focal observations and plasma concentrations of the hormone corticosterone to measure behavioural and physiological responses to these manipulations. Aggressive behaviours occurred more frequently at high skink density, with males at high density exhibiting social stress, as indicated by increased levels of corticosterone. Skinks at low densities showed greater affiliative behaviour, spending more time basking as pairs. Changes in shelter density influenced exploratory behaviours, with males at low shelter densities exploring enclosures more than those at high shelter densities. Skinks sheltered as pairs more frequently at low shelter density, even after taking into account differences in frequency of pair sheltering expected by chance alone, suggesting that low shelter availability promotes pair behaviour. Corticosterone levels increased over time at low shelter density, which may have been a result of thermal stress coupled with a lack of microclimate variation in comparison to high shelter density. These results suggest that population and resource density are key factors that can independently influence social behaviour and endocrinology, and consequently social organisation, in different ways.
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Neitzel, Carin, and Anne Dopkins Stright. "Parenting behaviours during child problem solving: The roles of child temperament, mother education and personality, and the problem-solving context." International Journal of Behavioral Development 28, no. 2 (March 2004): 166–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650250344000370.
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Child temperament, parent openness to experience, conscientiousness, and education, and parent a priori assessments of the task were examined in relation to parenting behaviours during child problem solving. Mothers and their children (73 dyads) were visited the summer before kindergarten. Mothers’ cognitive, emotional, and autonomy support were coded as they provided assistance during four child problem-solving tasks. Mothers with more education provided more metacognitive information. Before education was considered, it appeared that mothers who perceived their children as difficult and who were less open to experiences were less likely to regulate task difficulty, encourage their children’s efforts, and encourage their children’s active role in problem solving. However, more educated mothers regulated task difficulty, encouraged their children’s efforts, and encouraged their children’s active role more when they perceived their children as difficult than when they perceived their children as easy. More educated mothers also were likely to regulate task difficulty and encourage their children’s active role regardless of their openness. Children perceived as difficult were most likely to be rejected and also were particularly likely to be rejected if the mother was highly conscientious. Conscientious mothers were likely to be overly controlling. When mothers perceived the task negatively they were less likely to provide metacognitive information, regulate task difficulty, and encourage the child’s active role; and were more likely to be overcontrolling and rejecting.
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Pendyala, Pranavi, Aviva Munshi, and Anoushka Mehra. "Vehicular Security Drowsy Driver Detection System." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 10, no. 5 (June 30, 2021): 206–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.e2751.0610521.
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Detecting the driver's drowsiness in a consistent and confident manner is a difficult job because it necessitates careful observation of facial behaviour such as eye-closure, blinking, and yawning. It's much more difficult to deal with when they're wearing sunglasses or a scarf, as seen in the data collection for this competition. A drowsy person makes a variety of facial gestures, such as quick and repetitive blinking, shaking their heads, and yawning often. Drivers' drowsiness levels are commonly determined by assessing their abnormal behaviours using computerised, nonintrusive behavioural approaches. Using computer vision techniques to track a driver's sleepiness in a non-invasive manner. The aim of this paper is to calculate the current behaviour of the driver's eyes, which is visualised by the camera, so that we can check the driver's drowsiness. We present a drowsiness detection framework that uses Python, OpenCV, and Keras to notify the driver when he feels sleepy. We will use OpenCV to gather images from a webcam and feed them into a Deep Learning model that will classify whether the person's eyes are "Open" or "Closed" in this article.
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Hirschovits-Gerz, Tanja. "How Finns Perceive Obstacles to Recovery from Various Addictions." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 30, no. 1-2 (February 2013): 87–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nsad-2013-0007.
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Aims This article examines how Finns perceive obstacles to overcoming various substance and behavioural addictions. Design A random population survey (n=740) was conducted in the autumn of 2007. The survey included questions on five types of barriers to recovery: the properties of the substance or behaviour, the personal properties of the individual, the significance of the environment, the effect of difficult living conditions, and the prejudices and negative expectations of other people. Results The individual and the substances or behaviours as such were considered bigger obstacles to recovery than contextual factors such as the environment, living conditions or attitudes and prejudices. The substances were considered bigger obstacles to recovery than behaviours not involving psychoactive substances. The personal properties of the individual were considered a moderately big obstacle in all forms of addictions, while prejudices were believed to restrict the recovery possibilities the least. Conclusion The result reflects people's overall tendency to explain other people's unpleasant or troublesome behaviour with clear-cut and definable factors. The obstacles to recovery are located in the individual and substances and not so much in socio-cultural factors. The reduction of dependence problems could succeed better if, in addition to the individual factors, attention were directed at the environmental factors that feed and maintain these problems.
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Kasper, Claudia, David Ribeiro, André M. de Almeida, Catherine Larzul, Laurence Liaubet, and Eduard Murani. "Omics Application in Animal Science—A Special Emphasis on Stress Response and Damaging Behaviour in Pigs." Genes 11, no. 8 (August 11, 2020): 920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11080920.
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Increasing stress resilience of livestock is important for ethical and profitable meat and dairy production. Susceptibility to stress can entail damaging behaviours, a common problem in pig production. Breeding animals with increased stress resilience is difficult for various reasons. First, studies on neuroendocrine and behavioural stress responses in farm animals are scarce, as it is difficult to record adequate phenotypes under field conditions. Second, damaging behaviours and stress susceptibility are complex traits, and their biology is not yet well understood. Dissecting complex traits into biologically better defined, heritable and easily measurable proxy traits and developing biomarkers will facilitate recording these traits in large numbers. High-throughput molecular technologies (“omics”) study the entirety of molecules and their interactions in a single analysis step. They can help to decipher the contributions of different physiological systems and identify candidate molecules that are representative of different physiological pathways. Here, we provide a general overview of different omics approaches and we give examples of how these techniques could be applied to discover biomarkers. We discuss the genetic dissection of the stress response by different omics techniques and we provide examples and outline potential applications of omics tools to understand and prevent outbreaks of damaging behaviours.
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Dadich, Ann. "Learning for the frontline: how fire-fighters integrate learnt behaviours with difficult contexts." International Journal of Learning and Change 6, no. 1/2 (2012): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijlc.2012.045859.
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Pigliardo, C., L. Bird, S. Andrews, R. French, and A. L. Browne. "Staff perceptions and management of difficult and aggressive behaviours among acute trauma patients." Injury Extra 40, no. 8 (August 2009): 142–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2009.03.031.
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Goß, Karin, Dante Gatteschi, and Lapo Bogani. "The emergence of complex behaviours in molecular magnetic materials." Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, no. 34 (2014): 18076–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cp01413h.
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Swanepoel, Annie. "Fifteen-minute consultation: The angry child." Archives of disease in childhood - Education & practice edition 104, no. 1 (May 25, 2018): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2017-314020.
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Children who present with difficult behaviours due to underlying anger are commonly presented to paediatricians for help and advice. This paper gives a basic structure of how to approach the subject, by exploring whether the problems occur at home, school or both, and analysing the behaviour by focusing on antecedents, behaviour and consequences. It is important to find the underlying causes in order to know what to recommend, as this can vary from medication, anger management strategies, school-based interventions, parenting programmes or family therapy.
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Ainsworth, Frank, and Patricia Hansen. "Understanding the Behaviour of Children in Care before and after Parental Contact." Children Australia 42, no. 1 (February 9, 2017): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2016.50.
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It is not uncommon to hear foster carers and child protection case workers comment about a child's behaviour both before and after parental contact. Frequently these comments are negative, the view being expressed that contact should be reduced because the children get upset at seeing their parents for a limited time, and then at having to separate from them. The child's resultant distress seems too difficult to manage for foster carers. Some foster parents even go so far as to suggest that parental contact should completely cease. This article sets out the rationale for parent–child contact after a Children's Court has ruled that there is “no realistic possibility of restoration” of a child to parental care. In doing so, the article revisits many of the old arguments put forward for reducing parent contact. However, alternative ways of approaching children's difficult behaviours both pre- and post-contact are also proposed to suggest different ways of managing these behaviours. The legislation and child protection practice in New South Wales provides the frame of reference for this article.
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Metaxas, Melinda J. "Are the Most Effective Approaches towards Helping Students with Emotional Behavioural Disorders (EBDs) Predisposed and Trait Based?" Psychiatry International 2, no. 1 (March 21, 2021): 85–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/psychiatryint2010007.
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Trait emotional intelligence (EI) may prove to be most valuable as an approach for dealing with others’ behaviours/emotions via its related psychological processes. Personality trait theory posits that an individual’s level of EI affects their cognitive-affective-behavioural reaction towards students with emotional behavioural disorders (EBDs) and influences the level of difficult behaviour. EI would be an essential element in fostering supportive interactions with students as a way of preventing and/or managing disruptive behaviours. The author explores which individuals are more predisposed to discriminate against EBD students using an attribution model framework and identifies the most effective and supportive EI traits. Two hundred and sixty-one teachers from 51 Victorian schools completed self-report questionnaires, including the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire. A quantitative survey methodology used vignettes (depicting a student with either mild or severe EBD symptoms), with 50/50 surveys randomly distributed. Teacher EI predicted the behaviour towards students with EBDs, whilst bypassing or biasing conscious thought processing. Combinations of EI traits were identified that produced the most desirable outcomes, demonstrating EI’s propensity to direct reactions towards a more effective or dysfunctional helping approach. The findings suggest that the most effective approaches towards helping EBD students are the innate dispositional reactions that establish the necessary psychological foundations for any successful interaction or outcome. The development of an assessment tool (Assessment Screen for Emotionally Intelligent Teachers (ASET)) lays a sound foundation for profiling teachers with these ideal qualities.
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Bannister, H., R. Brandle, and K. Moseby. "Antipredator behaviour of a native marsupial is relaxed when mammalian predators are excluded." Wildlife Research 45, no. 8 (2018): 726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18060.
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Context Predator-controlled environments can lead to prey species losing costly antipredator behaviours as they exploit their low-risk environment, creating a ‘predator-naïve’ population. If individuals lacking suitable antipredator behaviours are used as source populations for reintroductions to environments where predators are present, their behaviour could result in high post-release predation. In contrast, animals sourced from environments with predators (‘predator-exposed’) may show effective antipredator behaviours and thus higher survival post-release. Aims The aim was to compare the antipredator behaviour of brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) at predator-exposed and predator-naïve source populations, and then compare post-release survival after their reintroduction to a low predator environment. Methods Data were collected from possums at two sites, one with and one without mammalian predators. The behavioural responses of possums to a spotlighter, their willingness to use supplementary feeders at ‘safe’ and ‘risky’ heights, whether they avoided predator odour at traps and their general willingness to enter traps were recorded. Key results Predator-naïve possums showed weaker antipredator responses, were often found at ground level, engaged with novel objects, did not avoid predator scents and utilised different habitats regardless of associated predation risk. In contrast, predator-exposed possums had higher antipredator responses, chose connected trees, were rarely found at ground level and were generally difficult to capture. Post-translocation survival was high for both source populations. Predator-naïve-sourced female possums began to avoid predator urine (feral cat; Felis catus) 12 months after translocation. Conclusions Our research demonstrates that environmental predation risk can predict prey naïvety in brushtail possums. Some aspects of prey naïvety behaviour appear to be able to change in response to altered predation risk. Implications With many threatened species now existing only in feral predator-free areas, these results have implications for future reintroductions into unbounded areas where feral predators are present, and for the management of fenced reserves. The addition of a small number of predators to fenced reserves may aid in retaining antipredator behaviours in fenced prey populations.
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Leon, Florin. "Stabilization Methods for a Multiagent System with Complex Behaviours." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2015 (2015): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/236285.
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The main focus of the paper is the stability analysis of a class of multiagent systems based on an interaction protocol which can generate different types of overall behaviours, from asymptotically stable to chaotic. We present several interpretations of stability and suggest two methods to assess the stability of the system, based on the internal models of the agents and on the external, observed behaviour. Since it is very difficult to predict a priori whether a system will be stable or unstable, we propose three heuristic methods that can be used to stabilize such a system during its execution, with minimal changes to its state.
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Iorga, Magdalena, Raluca Iurcov, and Beatrice-Gabriela Ioan. "Online Medical Learning and Ethical Behaviour During the COVID-19 Pandemic." Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Bioethica 65, no. 1-2 (December 30, 2020): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbbioethica.2020.06.
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"The practice of unethical behaviours has been shown to be closely related to previous experience in adopting such behaviours. Many studies have identified that the observation of unprofessional behaviours in peers by the lack of reaction from teachers encourages students to adopt such behaviours that will be maintained throughout life. That is why the need for ethical training of medical students is necessary, especially since the adoption of online activity during COVID-19 pandemic that facilitates unethical behaviours, such as simulating attendance at classes, cheating the assessments, etc., which are much more difficult to prove. Keywords: medical students, ethics, medical education, COVID-19, pandemic, teachers, university. "
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Dhakal, Shankar. "Surviving in Difficult EFL Classroom: Teachers’ Perspectives and Coping Strategies." Journal of NELTA 20, no. 1-2 (May 4, 2018): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nelta.v20i1-2.19773.
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English language teachers often encounter with the situations in which they are faced with defiance, aggression and multiple verbal and physical abuses in their classroom. Moreover, they have pressures of unrealistic expectations and blamed for complex failures of students and the whole system, which makes their survival in difficult classroom even more difficult. So, this is a small-scale research study that investigates EFL teachers’experiences and the perspectives on the difficult classroom situations. The study reveals that teachers are not the only responsible persons for students’ unexpected behaviours; but there are several other reasons to contribute to it. Journal of NELTA, Vol 20 No. 1-2, December 2015 , Page: 16-26
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Slavík, Ondřej, Pavel Horký, and Marie Wackermannová. "How does agonistic behaviour differ in albino and pigmented fish?" PeerJ 4 (April 18, 2016): e1937. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1937.
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In addition to hypopigmentation of the skin and red iris colouration, albino animals also display distinct physiological and behavioural alterations. However, information on the social interactions of albino animals is rare and has mostly been limited to specially bred strains of albino rodents and animals from unique environments in caves. Differentiating between the effects of albinism and domestication on behaviour in rodents can be difficult, and social behaviour in cave fish changes according to species-specific adaptations to conditions of permanent darkness. The agonistic behaviours of albino offspring of pigmented parents have yet to be described. In this study, we observed agonistic behaviour in albino and pigmented juvenileSilurus glaniscatfish. We found that the total number of aggressive interactions was lower in albinos than in pigmented catfish. The distance between conspecifics was also analysed, and albinos showed a tendency towards greater separation from their same-coloured conspecifics compared with pigmented catfish. These results demonstrate that albinism can be associated with lower aggressiveness and with reduced shoaling behaviour preference, as demonstrated by a tendency towards greater separation of albinos from conspecifics.
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Fukui, Atsumi, and Bruce Westmore. "To See or Not to See: The Debate over Pornography and its Relationship to Sexual Aggression." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 28, no. 4 (December 1994): 600–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679409080783.
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The role played by pornography in the generation of thoughts, feelings, impulses and behaviours in its viewers has long been a topic of debate and controversy. The uncertainty about its potential effects on human behaviour, especially its relationship to sexual aggression, has stimulated the recent debate with the possibility of tighter censorship laws being implemented throughout this country. A review of the topic from a number of different perspectives fails to establish that pornography in its purely erotic form has any significant detrimental effect on human behaviour. More difficult to determine are its effects on psychological development. If behavioural disturbances do occur following exposure to such material, they occur in the context of an individual who shows more global disturbances of personality. The current debate regarding pornography provides an opportunity to address in a broader social context issues perhaps more significant for our society: the relationships between men and women, and the roles and recognition provided to each of the sexes.
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Whiting, SD. "Dive times for foraging dugongs in the Northern Territory." Australian Mammalogy 23, no. 2 (2001): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am01167.
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THERE are few published studies of dive times of dugongs (Dugong dugon). Direct observations are problematic because D. dugon are shy and difficult to observe in the wild from boats without creating observer effects. Time Depth Recorders (TDR?s) can record dive and surface times during dive behaviour, but there are no published data as yet for D. dugon using this technology. Although studies on dive times using Time Depth Recorders (TDR?s) result in larger data sets, their results are difficult to relate to particular behaviours such as foraging. This paper provides submergence and surface interval times for D. dugon obtained by direct observations in Darwin Harbour. Direct observations, although time consuming, can produce important information related to the ecology of D. dugon.
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Zhang, W. H., G. M. Mei, X. J. Wu, and L. Q. Chen. "A Study on Dynamic Behaviour of Pantographs by Using Hybrid Simulation Method." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 219, no. 3 (May 1, 2005): 189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440905x8880.
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To study the dynamic behaviour of pantographs, a hybrid simulation method has been used. A special test facility, which is used to simulate the dynamic performance of a pantograph when it runs through the overhead line, is established and described in this paper. As the catenary is difficult to be modelled by a hardware test facility indoor, a mixed theoretical-experimental technique is used in test facility. On the basis of the set-up of hybrid simulation test device of the pantograph-catenary system, the dynamic behaviours of four types of pantographs running along the overhead equipment at different running speeds are examined and compared. Meanwhile, the dynamic parameters such as mass, stiffness, and damping of four pantographs are measured using the hybrid simulation test facility. On the basis of these parameters, the dynamic behaviours of the four pantographs are analysed.
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Phelps, Steve. "Managing the deep and difficult challenges." APPEA Journal 50, no. 2 (2010): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj09073.
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Deep and difficult is an often-used euphemism for those petroleum objectives that are continuing to grow into an increasingly large fraction of companies’ exploration portfolios, now the easy conventionals are in their twilight years. Based on six years of experience of such plays and prospects in the likes of Libya, Nigeria, Brazil, the Gulf of Mexico and more, the challenges may be categorised in several dimensions: capabilities for definition; operational well execution; and, the success engineering stretch (which refers to the requirement to envisage development engineering in that uncomfortable zone beyond what is currently deliverable with today’s technology). The ability to define the deep and difficult is addressed in two ways, with the aid of example projects from Shell’s portfolio. The sub-salt seismic imaging revolution in the Gulf of Mexico of the past three years has introduced some interesting paradigm challenges regarding velocity manipulation and image integrity (consciously choosing prospects and well locations that are not on the best image). Staff competencies and the organisational behaviours required to accept such paradigm challenges are also discussed. Operational well execution is discussed with respect to examples of well design challenges in some high cost markets and hostile borehole operating environments. It is demonstrated that ensuring objective depths are reached and gathering sufficient data in borehole evaluation programmes are frequently more difficult than planned. It is concluded that to make the deep and difficult genuinely viable parts of your portfolio, mixing the cocktail of aspiration and stretch with equal parts of technology delivery and flawless execution needs to be in the hands of skilled bartenders.