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Kaplan, Sandra N. "Advocacy Differentiating Differentiation." Gifted Child Today 42, no. 1 (December 18, 2018): 58–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1076217518805785.
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This column describes how to differentiate differentiation using a two-step process. Step 1 differentiates the basic curriculum to meet the general traits of the gifted and Step 2 amends the selected general differentiated elements to respond to the unique differences that represent the specific gifted students to whom the curriculum will be taught.
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Fournier, Laurent Sébastien, and Irina Sedakova. "Introduction: Differentiation of Ritual Year(s) through Time and Space." Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore 60 (2015): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/fejf2015.60.differentiation.
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S, Gnanasoundari. "Differentiation in Tholkappiyam Text and the Comparison of Text." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-18 (December 8, 2022): 322–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt224s1843.
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Without variation we cannot speak and write. Language is necessary to communicate with others. Language needs words and words are made up of letters. All these together frame a sentence. So, a sentence gets its life through differentiation. There are eight such differentiations. They are I, Odu, Ku, In, Athu, Kan and Vili. The ability to express the differentiation in the text is called ‘differentiate unconsciousness’. It is about the system that differs based on the eight-differentiation mentioned above and a series of systems that are not differentiated. The differentiation in the form of difference is changed into series of differences by differentiating the differences from the active object to the spatial object. In this case, all the words that refer to the nature of an object and its displacement are considered as verbs. Thus, it is separated and isolated and that is its differentiation. This article is based on the comparison of the text materials of Tholkappiyam written by the text editors
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Zhang, Yu, Patrick Babczyk, Andreas Pansky, Matthias Ulrich Kassack, and Edda Tobiasch. "P2 Receptors Influence hMSCs Differentiation towards Endothelial Cell and Smooth Muscle Cell Lineages." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 17 (August 27, 2020): 6210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176210.
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Background: Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have shown their multipotential including differentiating towards endothelial and smooth muscle cell lineages, which triggers a new interest for using hMSCs as a putative source for cardiovascular regenerative medicine. Our recent publication has shown for the first time that purinergic 2 receptors are key players during hMSC differentiation towards adipocytes and osteoblasts. Purinergic 2 receptors play an important role in cardiovascular function when they bind to extracellular nucleotides. In this study, the possible functional role of purinergic 2 receptors during MSC endothelial and smooth muscle differentiation was investigated. Methods and Results: Human MSCs were isolated from liposuction materials. Then, endothelial and smooth muscle-like cells were differentiated and characterized by specific markers via Reverse Transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR), Western blot and immunochemical stainings. Interestingly, some purinergic 2 receptor subtypes were found to be differently regulated during these specific lineage commitments: P2Y4 and P2Y14 were involved in the early stage commitment while P2Y1 was the key player in controlling MSC differentiation towards either endothelial or smooth muscle cells. The administration of natural and artificial purinergic 2 receptor agonists and antagonists had a direct influence on these differentiations. Moreover, a feedback loop via exogenous extracellular nucleotides on these particular differentiations was shown by apyrase digest. Conclusions: Purinergic 2 receptors play a crucial role during the differentiation towards endothelial and smooth muscle cell lineages. Some highly selective and potent artificial purinergic 2 ligands can control hMSC differentiation, which might improve the use of adult stem cells in cardiovascular tissue engineering in the future.
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Bendixsen, Synnøve. "Differentiation of Rights in the Norwegian Welfare State: Hierarchies of Belonging and Humanitarian Exceptionalism." Social Inclusion 6, no. 3 (August 30, 2018): 162–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v6i3.1520.
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Controlling mobility and borders has become a central, defining feature of the state today. Using the Norwegian welfare state as a case study, I argue that the differentiation of rights depending on status categories is an important way in which the state deals with irregular migration. It is also an integral element of border construction and how mobility is managed. How is the Norwegian welfare state differentiating the rights to work, health care, and economic welfare benefits and through which argumentations does the state legitimate these differentiations? This article argues that the practice of differentiation contributes to establishing hierarchies of belonging and enforces the nexus of welfare rights–migration management. Further, the exclusion of certain categories of people from accessing basic welfare services and, consequently, creating precarious lives, is legitimized by the discourse of humanitarian exceptionalism, through which migrants gain some support outside the welfare state system. This facilitates policies and regulations that are “tough on migration”, and produces the irregular subject as apolitical, a victim, and unwanted. The differentiation of rights and the discourses that the state uses to legitimate these differentiations are keys in the negotiation of who should be entitled to which rights in the future.
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Filvaroff, E., D. F. Stern, and G. P. Dotto. "Tyrosine phosphorylation is an early and specific event involved in primary keratinocyte differentiation." Molecular and Cellular Biology 10, no. 3 (March 1990): 1164–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.10.3.1164-1173.1990.
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Very little is known about early molecular events triggering epithelial cell differentiation. We have examined the possible role of tyrosine phosphorylation in this process, as observed in cultures of primary mouse keratinocytes after exposure to calcium or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Immunoblotting with phosphotyrosine-specific antibodies as well as direct phosphoamino acid analysis revealed that induction of tyrosine phosphorylation occurs as a very early and specific event in keratinocyte differentiation. Very little or no induction of tyrosine phosphorylation was observed in a keratinocyte cell line resistant to the differentiating effects of calcium. Treatment of cells with tyrosine kinase inhibitors prevented induction of tyrosine phosphorylation by calcium and TPA and interfered with the differentiative effects of these agents. These results suggest that specific activation of tyrosine kinase(s) may play an important regulatory role in keratinocyte differentiation.
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Filvaroff, E., D. F. Stern, and G. P. Dotto. "Tyrosine phosphorylation is an early and specific event involved in primary keratinocyte differentiation." Molecular and Cellular Biology 10, no. 3 (March 1990): 1164–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.10.3.1164.
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Very little is known about early molecular events triggering epithelial cell differentiation. We have examined the possible role of tyrosine phosphorylation in this process, as observed in cultures of primary mouse keratinocytes after exposure to calcium or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Immunoblotting with phosphotyrosine-specific antibodies as well as direct phosphoamino acid analysis revealed that induction of tyrosine phosphorylation occurs as a very early and specific event in keratinocyte differentiation. Very little or no induction of tyrosine phosphorylation was observed in a keratinocyte cell line resistant to the differentiating effects of calcium. Treatment of cells with tyrosine kinase inhibitors prevented induction of tyrosine phosphorylation by calcium and TPA and interfered with the differentiative effects of these agents. These results suggest that specific activation of tyrosine kinase(s) may play an important regulatory role in keratinocyte differentiation.
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Kremer, Antoine, Anne Zanetto, and Alexis Ducousso. "Multilocus and Multitrait Measures of Differentiation for Gene Markers and Phenotypic Traits." Genetics 145, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): 1229–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/145.4.1229.
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Multilocus measures of differentiation taking into account gametic disequilibrium are developed. Even if coupling and repulsion heterozygotes cannot be separated at the multilocus level, a method is given to calculate a composite measure of differentiation (CFst) at the zygotic level, which accounts for allelic associations combining both gametic and nongametic effects. Mean and maximum differentiations may be relevant when multilocus measures are computed. Maximum differentiation is the highest eigenvalue of the Fst matrix, whereas mean differentiation corresponds to the mean value of all eigenvalues of the Fst matrix. Gametic disequilibrium has a stronger effect on maximum differentiation than on mean differentiation and takes into account the anisotropy that may exist between within- and between-population components of disequilibria. Multilocus mean and maximum differentiation are calculated for a set of 81 Quercus petraea (sessile oak) populations assessed with eight allozyme loci and two phenotypic traits (bud burst and height growth). The results indicate that maximum differentiation increases as more loci (traits) are considered whereas mean differentiation remains constant or decreases. Phenotypic traits exhibit higher population differentiation than allozymes. The applications and uses of mean and maximum differentiations are further discussed.
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Lingga, Doriani, and Damiana Simanjuntak. "Product Differentiation in Food-Product Markets: Evidence from the Asian Instant Noodles Industry." Agris on-line Papers in Economics and Informatics 16, no. 2 (June 30, 2024): 75–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.7160/aol.2024.160206.
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This study investigates product differentiation, both in vertical and horizontal dimensions, in the instant noodles industry. It first presents theoretical models that predict firms' product differentiation behaviour before testing the theories using the case of instant noodles industries in three Asian countries: Indonesia, India, and Japan. The vertical differentiation behaviour is examined using the ANOVA test followed by the Bonferroni correction to investigate which brands exhibit the most evident vertical differentiation behaviour. The horizontal differentiation strategy is explored using a descriptive analysis method. Using information on the selling prices and product variants of instant noodles leading brands in each country, the empirical findings confirm the models' predictions. The study claims that companies apply the principles of 'minimum differentiation' as their vertical differentiation strategy and 'maximum differentiation' when differentiating horizontally. These strategies are implemented by choosing prices close to each other and producing distinguishable variants from competitors. These findings bring the theories of product differentiation into a real-life application and provide insights into how firms in the food products industry behave in differentiating their products.
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Valtieri, M., G. Boccoli, U. Testa, C. Barletta, and C. Peschle. "Two-step differentiation of AML-193 leukemic line: terminal maturation is induced by positive interaction of retinoic acid with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (CSF) and vitamin D3 with monocyte CSF." Blood 77, no. 8 (April 15, 1991): 1804–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v77.8.1804.1804.
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Abstract The human AML-193 cell line requires exogenous granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or interleukin-3 (IL-3) for growth in liquid or semisolid medium. However, these CSFs do not stimulate the differentiation of the cell line. We show that addition of all-trans retinoic acid (RA) or 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (D3) induces AML-193 cells to differentiate into the granulocytic or monocytic lineage, respectively. On the other hand, addition of either G- or M-CSF alone exerts virtually no differentiative effect. Terminal granulocytic or monocytic differentiation was observed when AML-193 cells were treated with RA and G-CSF, or D3 and M-CSF, respectively, as evaluated by cell morphology, analysis of surface antigens, and phagocytic functions. These positive interactions indicate that the differentiating activity of G- and M-CSF on leukemic cells may be unmasked by preliminary treatment with RA and D3, respectively, ie, the physiologic inducers override the leukemic differentiation blockade and CFSs exert their differentiative activity on the unblocked leukemic cells. These preliminary observations on a single cell line may pave the way for the designing of clinical protocols combining physiologic inducer(s) and hematopoietic growth factor(s) in the treatment of acute leukemia.
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Valtieri, M., G. Boccoli, U. Testa, C. Barletta, and C. Peschle. "Two-step differentiation of AML-193 leukemic line: terminal maturation is induced by positive interaction of retinoic acid with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (CSF) and vitamin D3 with monocyte CSF." Blood 77, no. 8 (April 15, 1991): 1804–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v77.8.1804.bloodjournal7781804.
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The human AML-193 cell line requires exogenous granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or interleukin-3 (IL-3) for growth in liquid or semisolid medium. However, these CSFs do not stimulate the differentiation of the cell line. We show that addition of all-trans retinoic acid (RA) or 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (D3) induces AML-193 cells to differentiate into the granulocytic or monocytic lineage, respectively. On the other hand, addition of either G- or M-CSF alone exerts virtually no differentiative effect. Terminal granulocytic or monocytic differentiation was observed when AML-193 cells were treated with RA and G-CSF, or D3 and M-CSF, respectively, as evaluated by cell morphology, analysis of surface antigens, and phagocytic functions. These positive interactions indicate that the differentiating activity of G- and M-CSF on leukemic cells may be unmasked by preliminary treatment with RA and D3, respectively, ie, the physiologic inducers override the leukemic differentiation blockade and CFSs exert their differentiative activity on the unblocked leukemic cells. These preliminary observations on a single cell line may pave the way for the designing of clinical protocols combining physiologic inducer(s) and hematopoietic growth factor(s) in the treatment of acute leukemia.
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Alonso-Pérez, Ana, María Guillán-Fresco, Eloi Franco-Trepat, Alberto Jorge-Mora, Miriam López-Fagúndez, Andrés Pazos-Pérez, Antía Crespo-Golmar, José R. Caeiro-Rey, and Rodolfo Gómez. "Improved Protocol to Study Osteoblast and Adipocyte Differentiation Balance." Biomedicines 11, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11010031.
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Adipogenesis-osteoblastogenesis balance-rupture is relevant in multiple diseases. Current human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in vitro differentiation models are expensive, and are hardly reproducible. Their scarcity and variability make an affordable and reliable method to study adipocyte-osteoblast-equilibrium difficult. Moreover, media composition has been inconstant throughout the literature. Our aims were to compare improved differentiation lab-made media with consensus/commercial media, and to identify a cell-line to simultaneously evaluate both MSCs differentiations. Lab-made media were compared with consensus and commercial media in C3H10T1/2 and hMSC, respectively. Lab-made media were tested on aged women primary pre-osteoblast-like cells. To determine the optimum cell line, C3H10T1/2 and hMSC-TERT cells were differentiated to both cell fates. Differentiation processes were evaluated by adipocytic and osteoblastic gene-markers expression and staining. Lab-made media significantly increased consensus medium induction and overcame commercial media in hMSCs differentiation to adipocytes and osteoblasts. Pre-osteoblast-like cells only properly differentiate to adipocyte. Lab-made media promoted adipocyte gene-markers expression in C3H10T1/2 and hMSC-TERT, and osteoblast gene-markers in C3H10T1/2. Oil Red O and Alizarin Red staining supported these findings. Optimized lab-made media were better at differentiating MSCs compared to consensus/commercial media, and evidenced the adipogenic commitment of pre-osteoblast-like cells from aged-women. C3H10T1/2 is an optimum MSC line by which to study adipocyte-osteoblast differentiation balance.
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Esau, Christine, Xiaolin Kang, Eigen Peralta, Elaine Hanson, Eric G. Marcusson, Lingamanaidu V. Ravichandran, Yingqing Sun, et al. "MicroRNA-143 Regulates Adipocyte Differentiation." Journal of Biological Chemistry 279, no. 50 (October 25, 2004): 52361–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.c400438200.
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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenously expressed 20-24 nucleotide RNAs thought to repress protein translation through binding to a target mRNA (1-3). Only a few of the more than 250 predicted human miRNAs have been assigned any biological function. In an effort to uncover miRNAs important during adipocyte differentiation, antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) targeting 86 human miRNAs were transfected into cultured human pre-adipocytes, and their ability to modulate adipocyte differentiation was evaluated. Expression of 254 miRNAs in differentiating adipocytes was also examined on a miRNA microarray. Here we report that the combination of expression data and functional assay results identified a role for miR-143 in adipocyte differentiation. miR-143 levels increased in differentiating adipocytes, and inhibition of miR-143 effectively inhibited adipocyte differentiation. In addition, protein levels of the proposed miR-143 target ERK5 (4) were higher in ASO-treated adipocytes. These results demonstrate that miR-143 is involved in adipocyte differentiation and may act through target gene ERK5.
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Wen, Aiyun, Feng You, Peng Sun, Jun Li, Dongdong Xu, Zhihao Wu, Deyou Ma, et al. "Sexually dimorphic gene expression patterns during gonadal differentiation in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus." Animal Biology 65, no. 3-4 (2015): 193–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15707563-00002470.
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The present study aims to elucidate the different expression patterns and possible roles of Doublesex and Mab-3-related transcription factor 1 (dmrt1), dmrt4, SRY-related transcription factor 9 (sox9) and cytochrome P450 aromatase 19a (cyp19a) during gonadal differentiation in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. We first analyzed the gene expression patterns in tissues using RT-PCR, which indicated dmrt1, sox9 and cyp19a were sex-related genes with sexual dimorphic expression. The quantitative expression changes of these three genes together with dmrt4 during gonadal differentiation were further examined using real-time RT-PCR. The results showed that dmrt1 was scarcely expressed in the primitive gonad and during following periods of gonadal differentiation. Its expression increased rapidly in the differentiating testis. Dmrt4 was strongly expressed in primitive gonads and much less expressed during following periods of gonadal differentiation. Its expression became strong in differentiating testes. While sox9 was highly expressed in the primitive gonad, it was expressed with fluctuations during following periods of gonadal differentiation. Cyp19a started expressing in primitive gonads, and its expression quantity fluctuated during latter periods of gonadal differentiation, but was strongly expressed in the early stage of differentiating ovaries. Results of in situ hybridization showed that dmrt4 and sox9 transcripts were both mainly localized in spermatocytes and our results suggested these four sex-related genes might be involved in gonadal differentiation through their synergistic effects in flounder.
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Anderson, Stephen A., and Ronald M. Sabatelli. "Differentiating differentiation and individuation: Conceptual and operation challenges." American Journal of Family Therapy 18, no. 1 (March 1990): 32–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01926189008250790.
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Jeníček, V. "Developing countries – trends, differentiation." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 57, No. 4 (May 4, 2011): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/77/2010-agricecon.
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Socio-economic backwardness is usually defined by common characteristics or classification. The differences between the DMEs and DCs in the case of resources (prevalence of DCs) and in the case of outputs and performance (prevalence of DMEs) is evident. The difference in the economic level and the level of living between the DCs and DMEs had deepened during the last three decades, however, it has to be pointed out again, that this difference is increasing still more slowly what can be a presage of an approaching turn (in the sense of the possible beginning of a slow decrease of this gap). While the per capita GDP indicator is regarded as one of the most important indicators of the economic level, the HDI can be regarded as the most important indicator of the given country population level of living and as such, it is hitherto rather underestimated. Similarly, the CPM indicator (as the measure of poverty), which is a composed indicator, has a higher testifying ability than a simple income level per capita in USD defined as the poverty level. It is obvious, that economic development is impossible without social development, and vice versa. Generally, the gap between the more developed developing countries, measured through the world income distribution, is then still widening. As a positive phenomenon, there can be, however, regarded the fact that deepening of this gap occurs at a lower rate. Through a more detailed analysis by the individual indicators, the most valuable from which are the indicators composed from several partial indicators (for example HDI, CPM), a certain tendencies towards the gradual improvement of the socio-economic situation in developing countries as a whole – but with the relevant differences in the individual regions of the world – can be discerned. In general, close ties have been proven between the economic growth and the growth of the population level of living, their mutual influencing and the main elements from which they are composed.
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Chrastinová, Z. "Economic differentiation in Slovak agriculture." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 54, No. 11 (December 2, 2008): 536–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/262-agricecon.
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Results of agriculture suggest that a typical feature of this industry is economical differentiation of agricultural enterprises and product sectors. In contrast to the expectations at the time of entering the market environment, a more significant levelling of economic results has not yet taken place. Just as before 1990, natural conditions are still the crucial factor of the differentiated efficiency of agriculture and its product sectors, followed by the legal form of farming, agricultural land concentration; as well as the performance of managers, i.e. the organisation and management of enterprises. The evaluation of enterprises was performed through statistical methods (Pearson´s correlation coefficient) and various relative financial and economical coefficients.
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Soifer, Victor A., Nikita V. Golovastikov, Leonid L. Doskolovich, Evgeni A. Bezus, and Dmitry A. Bykov. "Differentiation of Optical Signals with Dielectric Ridges on Top of a Slab Waveguide." Vestnik RFFI, no. 3 (July 31, 2019): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22204/2410-4639-2019-103-03-35-45.
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We propose two simple planar structures that enable spatial differentiation of the profile of optical beams propagating in a slab waveguide. The differentiator operating in transmission consists of a single subwavelength dielectric ridge on the surface of a slab waveguide. The differentiator operating in reflection consists of two grooves on the surface of a slab waveguide. In both cases the differentiation is performed at oblique incidence of the beam and is associated with the resonant excitation of the considered structures eigenmodes localized at the ridge or at the ridge between two grooves. It is shown that the required balance between the differentiation quality and the amplitude of the differentiated beam can be achieved by manipulating the quality factor of the resonance. The presented numerical simulation results demonstrate high-quality differentiation. The proposed differentiator may find application in ultrafast analog computing and signal processing systems.
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Tanimura, Ayako, Keiko Miyoshi, Taigo Horiguchi, Hiroko Hagita, Koichi Fujisawa, and Takafumi Noma. "Mitochondrial Activity and Unfolded Protein Response are Required for Neutrophil Differentiation." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 47, no. 5 (2018): 1936–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000491464.
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Background/Aims: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) are involved in hematopoietic differentiation. However, the mechanistic linkage between ER stress/UPR and hematopoietic differentiation remains unclear. Methods: We used bipotent HL-60 cells as an in vitro hematopoietic differentiation system to investigate the role of ER stress and UPR activity in neutrophil and macrophage differentiation. Results: The in vitro differentiation analysis revealed that ER stress decreased during both neutrophil and macrophage differentiations, and the activities of PERK and ATF6 were decreased and that of IRE1α was increased during neutrophil differentiation in a stage-specific manner. By contrast, the activities of ATF6 and ATF4 decreased during macrophage differentiation. When the cells were treated with oligomycin, the expression of CD11b, a myelocytic differentiation marker, and morphological differentiation were suppressed, and XBP-1 activation was inhibited during neutrophil differentiation, whereas CD11b expression was maintained, and morphological differentiation was not obviously affected during macrophage differentiation. Conclusion: In this study, we demonstrated that neutrophil differentiation is regulated by ER stress/UPR that is supported by mitochondrial ATP supply, in which IRE1α-XBP1 activation is essential. Our findings provide the evidence that mitochondrial energy metabolism may play a critical role in neutrophil differentiation.
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CAÑADAS, AGUSTIN MORENO, and ALEXANDER G. ZAVADSKIJ. "CATEGORICAL DESCRIPTION OF SOME DIFFERENTIATION ALGORITHMS." Journal of Algebra and Its Applications 05, no. 05 (October 2006): 629–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219498806001909.
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It is presented a complete categorical description of one of the main differentiation algorithms for representations of posets with involution — Differentiation II — constructed originally by the second author at the end of the 80's on the base of the matrix approach. A similar categorical description of some simpler additional differentiations is given as well.
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Cianfarani, Stefano, Daniela Germani, Paola Rossi, Anna Spagnoli, and Delio Mercanti. "Do insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) modulate the IGF-I growth promoting and differentiating effects in human neuroblastoma cells?" European Journal of Endocrinology 135, no. 6 (December 1996): 716–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1350716.
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Cianfarani S, Germani D, Rossi P, Spagnoli A, Mercanti D. Do insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) modulate the IGF-I growth promoting and differentiating effects in human neuroblastoma cells? Eur J Endocrinol 1996;135:716–23. ISSN 0804–4643 The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are known to stimulate both the proliferation and differentiation of neuroblastoma cells, but the role of the IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) has not yet been established. In this study, human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells have been treated with IGF-I and its potent analogue des (1–3) IGF-I alone or following preincubation with a differentiating agent such as 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Cell proliferation and differentiation were evaluated. Conditioned medium was tested for the presence of IGFBPs by ligand blotting. The SH-SY5Y cell proliferation was maximally stimulated by des (1–3) IGF-I. The TPA-induced differentiation of SH-SY5Y, evaluated by assessment of cell morphology and GAP-43 expression as a biochemical marker of differentiation, was potentiated by nanomolar concentrations of des (1–3) IGF-I and, to a smaller extent, IGF-I. Conditioned medium showed the presence of a major IGFBP band with an approximate molecular weight of 32.5 kD and a very faint band of approximately 24 kD. The IGFBP immunoblotting results suggest that the predominant band might represent IGFBP-2. Our data represent a first demonstration of the presence of IGFBPs in conditioned medium of human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. The finding that the potent IGF-I analogue des (1–3) IGF-I with reduced affinity for IGFBPs induce major effects on cell growth and differentiation suggests that the IGFBPs may play an active role in the neuronal response to the proliferative and differentiative effects of IGF-I. Stefano Cianfarani, Laboratory of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Paediatrics, "Tor Vergata" University, via di Tor Vergata 135, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Miyahara, Hiroaki, Manabu Natsumeda, Junichi Yoshimura, Yukihiko Fujii, Akiyoshi Kakita, Yasushi Iwasaki, and Mari Yoshida. "MBRS-32. TOPOISOMERASE II β INDUCES NEURONAL, BUT NOT GLIAL, DIFFERENTIATION IN MEDULLOBLASTOMA." Neuro-Oncology 22, Supplement_3 (December 1, 2020): iii404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noaa222.546.
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Abstract BACKGROUND We previously reported that Gli3, which was a downstream molecule of Sonic Hedgehog signal, induced neuronal and/or glial differentiation in some types of medulloblastoma (desmoplastic/nodular medulloblastoma and medulloblastoma with extensive nodularity), and patients of medulloblastoma with neuronal differentiation showed favorable prognosis, but those with glial differentiation tended to show miserable prognosis (Miyahara H, Neuropathology, 2013). This time, we focused on Topoisomerase II β (Top2β), which was reported to induce neuronal differentiation and inhibit glial differentiation, and examined the expression of Top2β in medulloblastomas with neuronal and glial differentiations. METHODS We assessed the expression of Top2β, NeuN, and GFAP using triple fluorescent immunostaining method in medulloblastoma samples with both neuronal and glial differentiations. Furthermore, the expression of Top2β, H3K4me2, and H3K27me3 were also assessed, because Top2βwas positively or negatively regulated by H3K4me2 and H3K27me3, respectively. RESULTS Many large nuclei in the nodules, in which differentiated cells were seen, was visualized by Top2β. The Top2β signals were seen in NeuN+ cells but not GFAP+ cells. H3K4me2 signals were visualized in Top2β+ large nuclei, but H3K27me3 and NeuN+ large nuclei were distributed independently. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that Top2β may be a molecule associated with neuronal, but not glial, differentiation of medulloblastoma cells. Drugs targeting histone modification enzymes such as EZH2 inhibitors are possible therapeutic targets as a differentiation-inducing therapy for medulloblastoma.
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Park, Jin-Ho, Eun-Byeol Koh, Young-Jin Seo, Hye-Seong Oh, Ju-Yeong Won, Sun-Chul Hwang, and June-Ho Byun. "Tiron Has Negative Effects on Osteogenic Differentiation via Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Human Periosteum-Derived Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 22 (November 14, 2022): 14040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214040.
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Tiron is a potent antioxidant that counters the pathological effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production due to oxidative stress in various cell types. We examined the effects of tiron on mitochondrial function and osteoblastic differentiation in human periosteum-derived cells (hPDCs). Tiron increased mitochondrial activity and decreased senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity in hPDCs; however, it had a detrimental effect on osteoblastic differentiation by reducing alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and alizarin red-positive mineralization, regardless of H2O2 treatment. Osteoblast-differentiating hPDCs displayed increased ROS production compared with non-differentiating hPDCs, and treatment with tiron reduced ROS production in the differentiating cells. Antioxidants decreased the rates of oxygen consumption and ATP production, which are increased in hPDCs during osteoblastic differentiation. In addition, treatment with tiron reduced the levels of most mitochondrial proteins, which are increased in hPDCs during culture in osteogenic induction medium. These results suggest that tiron exerts negative effects on the osteoblastic differentiation of hPDCs by causing mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Robson, L. G., and S. M. Hughes. "The distal limb environment regulates MyoD accumulation and muscle differentiation in mouse-chick chimaeric limbs." Development 122, no. 12 (December 1, 1996): 3899–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.122.12.3899.
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Differentiation of muscle and cartilage within developing vertebrate limbs occurs in a proximodistal progression. To investigate the cues responsible for regulating muscle pattern, mouse myoblasts were implanted into early chick wings prior to endogenous chick muscle differentiation. Fetal myogenic cells originating from transgenic mice carrying a lacZ reporter were readily detected in vivo after implantation and their state of differentiation determined with species-specific antibodies to MyoD and myosin heavy chain. When mouse myogenic cells are implanted at the growing tip of early stage 21 limbs MyoD expression is suppressed and little differentiation of the mouse cells is detected initially. At later stages ectopically implanted mouse cells come to lie within muscle masses, re-express MyoD and differentiate in parallel with differentiating chick myoblasts. However, if mouse cells are implanted either proximally at stage 21 or into the limb tip at stage 24, situations in which mouse cells encounter endogenous differentiating chick myoblasts earlier, MyoD suppression is not detected and a higher proportion of mouse cells differentiate. Mouse cells that remain distal to endogenous differentiating myogenic cells are more likely to remain undifferentiated than myoblasts that lie within differentiated chick muscle. Undifferentiated distal mouse cells are still capable of differentiating if explanted in vitro, suggesting that myoblast differentiation is inhibited in vivo. In vitro, MyoD is suppressed in primary mouse myoblasts by the addition of FGF2 and FGF4 to the culture media. Taken together, our data suggest that the inhibition of myogenic differentiation in the distal limb involves MyoD suppression in myoblasts, possibly through an FGF-like activity.
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BARNOY, Sivia, Lia SUPINO-ROSIN, and Nechama S. KOSOWER. "Regulation of calpain and calpastatin in differentiating myoblasts: mRNA levels, protein synthesis and stability." Biochemical Journal 351, no. 2 (October 10, 2000): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3510413.
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Calpain (Ca2+-dependent intracellular protease)-induced proteolysis has been considered to play a role in myoblast fusion to myotubes. We found previously that calpastatin (the endogenous inhibitor of calpain) diminishes transiently during myoblast differentiation. To gain information about the regulation of calpain and calpastatin in differentiating myoblasts, we evaluated the stability and synthesis of calpain and calpastatin, and measured their mRNA levels in L8 myoblasts. We show here that µ-calpain and m-calpain are stable, long-lived proteins in both dividing and differentiating L8 myoblasts. Calpain is synthesized in differentiating myoblasts, and calpain mRNA levels do not change during differentiation. In contrast, calpastatin (though also a long-lived protein in myoblasts), is less stable in differentiating myoblasts than in the dividing cells, and its synthesis is inhibited upon initiation of differentiation. Inhibition of calpastatin synthesis is followed by a diminution in calpastatin mRNA levels. A similar calpastatin mRNA diminution is observed upon drug-induced inhibition of protein translation. On the other hand, transforming growth factor β (which inhibits differentiation) allows calpastatin synthesis and prevents the diminution in calpastatin mRNA. The overall results suggest that at the onset of myoblast differentiation, calpastatin is regulated mainly at the level of translation and that an inhibition of calpastatin synthesis leads to the decrease in its mRNA stability. The existing calpastatin then diminishes, resulting in decreased calpastatin activity in the fusing myoblasts, allowing calpain activation and protein degradation required for fusion.
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Eijken, M., M. Hewison, M. S. Cooper, F. H. de Jong, H. Chiba, P. M. Stewart, A. G. Uitterlinden, H. A. P. Pols, and J. P. T. M. van Leeuwen. "11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Expression and Glucocorticoid Synthesis Are Directed by a Molecular Switch during Osteoblast Differentiation." Molecular Endocrinology 19, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 621–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/me.2004-0212.
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Abstract 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) plays an important role in the prereceptor regulation of corticosteroids by locally converting cortisone into active cortisol. To investigate the impact of this mechanism on osteoblast development, we have characterized 11β-HSD1 activity and regulation in a differentiating human osteoblast cell line (SV-HFO). Continuous treatment with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone induces differentiation of SV-HFO cells during 21 d of culture. Using this cell system, we showed an inverse relationship between 11β-HSD1 activity and osteoblast differentiation. 11β-HSD1 mRNA expression and activity were low and constant in differentiating osteoblasts. However, in the absence of differentiation (no dexamethasone), 11β-HSD1 mRNA and activity increased strongly from d 12 of culture onward, with a peak around d 19. Promoter reporter studies provided evidence that specific regions of the 11β-HSD1 gene are involved in this differentiation controlled regulation of the enzyme. Functional implication of these changes in 11β-HSD1 is shown by the induction of osteoblast differentiation in the presence of cortisone. The current study demonstrates the presence of an intrinsic differentiation-driven molecular switch that controls expression and activity of 11β-HSD1 and thereby cortisol production by human osteoblasts. This efficient mechanism by which osteoblasts generate cortisol in an autocrine fashion to ensure proper differentiation will help to understand the complex effects of cortisol on bone metabolism.
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Dungy, Camille T. "Differentiation." Ecotone 10, no. 1 (2014): 14–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ect.2014.0021.
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Tukey, Lori. "Differentiation." Phi Delta Kappan 84, no. 1 (September 2002): 63–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003172170208400113.
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Ulmschneider, Bryne, Bree K. Grillo-Hill, Marimar Benitez, Dinara R. Azimova, Diane L. Barber, and Todd G. Nystul. "Increased intracellular pH is necessary for adult epithelial and embryonic stem cell differentiation." Journal of Cell Biology 215, no. 3 (November 7, 2016): 345–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201606042.
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Despite extensive knowledge about the transcriptional regulation of stem cell differentiation, less is known about the role of dynamic cytosolic cues. We report that an increase in intracellular pH (pHi) is necessary for the efficient differentiation of Drosophila adult follicle stem cells (FSCs) and mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). We show that pHi increases with differentiation from FSCs to prefollicle cells (pFCs) and follicle cells. Loss of the Drosophila Na+–H+ exchanger DNhe2 lowers pHi in differentiating cells, impairs pFC differentiation, disrupts germarium morphology, and decreases fecundity. In contrast, increasing pHi promotes excess pFC cell differentiation toward a polar/stalk cell fate through suppressing Hedgehog pathway activity. Increased pHi also occurs with mESC differentiation and, when prevented, attenuates spontaneous differentiation of naive cells, as determined by expression of microRNA clusters and stage-specific markers. Our findings reveal a previously unrecognized role of pHi dynamics for the differentiation of two distinct types of stem cell lineages, which opens new directions for understanding conserved regulatory mechanisms.
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Scott, Robert E. "Differentiation, differentiation/gene therapy and cancer." Pharmacology & Therapeutics 73, no. 1 (January 1997): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0163-7258(96)00120-9.
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Kassem, Moustapha, Basem M. Abdallah, and Hamid Saeed. "Osteoblastic cells: Differentiation and trans-differentiation." Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 473, no. 2 (May 2008): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2008.03.028.
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Obidjonov, J. O. "The essence of differentiated tariffs and foreign experience in their implementation." E3S Web of Conferences 216 (2020): 01179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021601179.
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The article describes the approaches to improving the systems for differentiating electricity tariffs: reducing their regional differentiation; refusal from cross-subsidization by categories of consumers and by reliability; introduction of tariff differentiation by levels of electricity supply reliability.
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Park, Hyo Eun, Donghee Kim, Hyun Sook Koh, Sungbo Cho, Jung-Suk Sung, and Jae Young Kim. "Real-Time Monitoring of Neural Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Electric Cell-Substrate Impedance Sensing." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/485173.
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Stem cells are useful for cell replacement therapy. Stem cell differentiation must be monitored thoroughly and precisely prior to transplantation. In this study we evaluated the usefulness of electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) forin vitroreal-time monitoring of neural differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). We cultured hMSCs in neural differentiation media (NDM) for 6 days and examined the time-course of impedance changes with an ECIS array. We also monitored the expression of markers for neural differentiation, total cell count, and cell cycle profiles. Cellular expression of neuron and oligodendrocyte markers increased. The resistance value of cells cultured in NDM was automatically measured in real-time and found to increase much more slowly over time compared to cells cultured in non-differentiation media. The relatively slow resistance changes observed in differentiating MSCs were determined to be due to their lower growth capacity achieved by induction of cell cycle arrest in G0/G1. Overall results suggest that the relatively slow change in resistance values measured by ECIS method can be used as a parameter for slowly growing neural-differentiating cells. However, to enhance the competence of ECIS forin vitroreal-time monitoring of neural differentiation of MSCs, more elaborate studies are needed.
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Kargu, Wranj, and Garren Batceor. "POWDER PARTICLE SHAPE AND SIZE DIFFERENTIATION." International Journal Of Multidisciplinary Research And Studies 05, no. 02 (March 9, 2022): 01–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.33826/ijmras/v05i02.4.
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The separation of particles in keeping with shape is important for improving the standard of powder products. the form of a particle significantly affects its bulk properties. Various kinds of shape separators reported up to now are reviewed during this paper to supply useful information when choosing the foremost effective one, and also the separation mechanism and features are compared. Problems within the further development of the technique are explained.
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Bielik, P., Ľ. Gurčík, and M. Rajčániová. "Micro-economic analysis of firms differentiation." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 49, No. 5 (March 1, 2012): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5394-agricecon.
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After liberalisation established new relations in Slovak economy, it seemed that problems of agricultural companies differentiation would disappear. But the economic results of our companies confirm the existence of this problem. In the pre-reform period, agricultural production intensity was considered as a main factor of economic differentiation. Transformation of economy after 1990 changed the methodological approach to business performance evaluation. The interest was shifted towards the value evaluation comparing businesses with regard to financial indicators. These methods enable to classify enterprises into bonity classes and to set their sequence according to performance.
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Kšicová, K., M. Dušková, and R. Karpíšková. "Differentiation of Lactobacillus species by ARDRA." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 31, No. 2 (April 18, 2013): 180–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/125/2012-cjfs.
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The Lactobacillus species by 16S Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis (16S-ARDRA) was identified. Lactobacilli are bacteria often found in foodstuffs of both animal and vegetable origins. On one hand, they play an important role in the food spoilage and, on the other hand, they are used as starter cultures in food fermentation processes. The species-specific identification by traditional biochemical methods is time consuming and not always fully effective. Therefore, more efficient techniques are searched for. We focused on rapid identification of Lactobacillus isolates from different habitats. Forty-nine collection strains and isolates belonging to the genus Lactobacillus were discriminated. ARDRA was carried out with two restriction endonucleases. For the comparison of similarity, the Jaccard coefficient and clustering by the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) were used. The percentages of similarity between profiles varied from 22% to 100% (AluI) and from 27% to 100% (MspI). This method proved applicable to the differentiation of 10 species.
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Matthews, K. R., and K. Gull. "Evidence for an interplay between cell cycle progression and the initiation of differentiation between life cycle forms of African trypanosomes." Journal of Cell Biology 125, no. 5 (June 1, 1994): 1147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.125.5.1147.
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Successful transmission of the African trypanosome between the mammalian host blood-stream and the tsetse fly vector involves dramatic alterations in the parasite's morphology and biochemistry. This differentiation through to the tsetse midgut procyclic form is accompanied by re-entry into a proliferative cell cycle. Using a synchronous differentiation model and a variety of markers diagnostic for progress through both differentiation and the cell cycle, we have investigated the interplay between these two processes. Our results implicate a relationship between the trypanosome cell cycle position and the perception of the differentiation signal and demonstrate that irreversible commitment to the differentiation occurs rapidly after induction. Furthermore, we show that re-entry into the cell cycle in the differentiating population is synchronous, and that once initiated, progress through the differentiation pathway can be uncoupled from progress through the cell cycle.
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Tatara, Raine, Katsutoshi Ozaki, Lekuni Oh, Keiko Hatanaka, Akiko Meguro, Haruko Matsu, Kazuya Sato, Tadashi Nagai, Kazuo Muroi, and Keiya Ozawa. "Mesenchymal Stem Cells Inhibit Th17 Differentiation through PGE2 Production." Blood 114, no. 22 (November 20, 2009): 3633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.3633.3633.
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Abstract Abstract 3633 Poster Board III-569 Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess an immunomodulatory function and show promise as a cell therapy for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). In a phase II study in Europe, injections of MSCs caused 60-70% overall response rate, with longer survival of complete responder. In contrast to its clinical efficacy, the molecular mechanism(s) underlying immunomodulation by MSCs has not been fully established. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor growth factor-b1 (TGF-b1), and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase have been reported to mediate the immunomodulatory function of MSCs, and we reported evidence that nitric oxide is also a mediator (Blood 2007, 109, 228). Th17 is a recently recognized differentiation category, in which CD4 cells produce IL-17. It has been reported that Th17 is crucial for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (a model of the human disease, multiple sclerosis) and is also thought to be important in other autoimmune diseases. Regulatory T cells (Treg) are another newly recognized differentiation category, in which CD4 T cells have high levels of Foxp3 expression and suppress T cell proliferation. It has been reported that Th17 and Treg can be induced by incubation with TGF-b1 and IL-6 or IL-21, and TGF-b1 and IL-2, respectively, and that these two differentiations are in a reciprocal relationship. Whereas the role of Th17 in GVHD is still controversial, Treg has been reported to suppress GVHD in a mouse model. To elucidate the molecular mechanism(s) of the immunomodulatory function of MSCs, we herein sought to identify the effects of MSCs on these relatively new differentiations. MSCs inhibit Th17 differentiation even in conditions in which growth is not completely inhibited. Interestingly, an inhibitor of prostaglandin production, indomethacin, and an inhibitor of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, 1-methyltryptophan, partially restore Th17 differentiation, whereas inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase do not. These results suggest that PGE2 and depletion of tryptophan, but not nitric oxide, mediate inhibitory effects of MSCs on Th17. Additionally, we found that MSCs produced PGE2 when co-cultured with CD4 T cells in Th17 differentiation condition and PGE2 per se suppresses Th17 differentiation. Thus, our results suggest that MSCs block Th17 differentiation through PGE2 prodction. In contrast to Th17 differentiation, Treg differentiation was not significantly inhibited by MSCs. However, MSCs still inhibited proliferation of T cells under these conditions, and T cell proliferation was restored by the addition of indomethacin. These results suggest that MSCs inhibit proliferation but not Treg differentiation through PGE2 production. The mechanism by which PGE2 differentially regulates these differentiations is unknown and remains an area for further investigation. Disclosures: Ozawa: Alexion: Research Funding.
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Polonsky, Michal, Jacob Rimer, Amos Kern-Perets, Irina Zaretsky, Stav Miller, Chamutal Bornstein, Eyal David, et al. "Induction of CD4 T cell memory by local cellular collectivity." Science 360, no. 6394 (June 14, 2018): eaaj1853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaj1853.
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Cell differentiation is directed by signals driving progenitors into specialized cell types. This process can involve collective decision-making, when differentiating cells determine their lineage choice by interacting with each other. We used live-cell imaging in microwell arrays to study collective processes affecting differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into memory precursors. We found that differentiation of precursor memory T cells sharply increases above a threshold number of locally interacting cells. These homotypic interactions involve the cytokines interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-6, which affect memory differentiation orthogonal to their effect on proliferation and survival. Mathematical modeling suggests that the differentiation rate is continuously modulated by the instantaneous number of locally interacting cells. This cellular collectivity can prioritize allocation of immune memory to stronger responses.
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Yu, Qing, Batu Erman, Avinash Bhandoola, Susan O. Sharrow, and Alfred Singer. "In Vitro Evidence That Cytokine Receptor Signals Are Required for Differentiation of Double Positive Thymocytes into Functionally Mature CD8+ T Cells." Journal of Experimental Medicine 197, no. 4 (February 17, 2003): 475–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20021765.
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CD4+8+ double positive (DP) thymocytes differentiate into CD4+ and CD8+ mature T cells in response to TCR signals. However, TCR signals that are initiated in DP thymocytes are unlikely to persist throughout all subsequent differentiation steps, suggesting that other signals must sustain thymocyte differentiation after TCR signaling has ceased. Using an in vitro experimental system, we now demonstrate that cytokine receptor signals, such as those transduced by IL-7 receptors, are required for differentiation of signaled DP thymocytes into functionally mature CD8+ T cells as they: (a) up-regulate Bcl-2 expression to maintain thymocyte viability; (b) enhance CD4 gene silencing; (c) promote functional maturation;and (d) up-regulate surface expression of glucose transporter molecules, which improve nutrient uptake and increase metabolic activity. IL-7Rs appear to be unique among cytokine receptors in maintaining the viability of newly generated CD4−8+ thymocytes, whereas several different cytokine receptors can provide the trophic/differentiative signals for subsequent CD8+ thymocyte differentiation and maturation. Thus, cytokine receptors provide both survival and trophic/differentiative signals with varying degrees of redundancy that are required for differentiation of signaled DP thymocytes into functionally mature CD8+ T cells.
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Wu, Tangting, Jiancheng Li, Xinyu Xu, Hui Wei, Kaifa Kuang, and Yongqi Zhao. "Gravity Field Model Determination Based on GOCE Satellite Point-Wise Accelerations Estimated from Onboard Carrier Phase Observations." Remote Sensing 11, no. 12 (June 14, 2019): 1420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11121420.
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GPS-based, satellite-to-satellite tracking observations have been extensively used to elaborate the long-scale features of the Earth’s gravity field from dedicated satellite gravity missions. We proposed compiling a satellite gravity field model from Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) satellite accelerations directly estimated from the onboard GPS data using the point-wise acceleration approach, known as the carrier phase differentiation method. First, we composed the phase accelerations from the onboard carrier phase observations based on the sixth-order seven-point differentiator, which can eliminate the carrier phase ambiguity for Low Earth Orbiter (LEO). Next, the three-dimensional (3D) accelerations of the GOCE satellite were estimated from the derived phase accelerations as well as GPS satellite ephemeris and precise clock products. Finally, a global gravity field model up to the degree and order (d/o) 130 was compiled from the 71 days and nearly 2.5 years of 3D satellite accelerations. We also recovered three gravity field models up to d/o 130 from the accelerations derived by differentiating the kinematic orbits of European Space Agency (ESA), Graz, and School of Geodesy and Geomatics (SGG), which was the orbit differentiation method. We analyzed the accuracies of the derived accelerations and the recovered gravity field models based on the carrier phase differentiation method and orbit differentiation method in time, frequency, and spatial domain. The results showed that the carrier phase derived acceleration observations had better accuracy than those derived from kinematic orbits. The accuracy of the recovered gravity field model based on the carrier phase differentiation method using 2.5 years observations was higher than that of the orbit differentiation solutions for degrees greater than 70, and worse than Graz-orbit solution for degrees less than 70. The cumulative geoid height errors of carrier phase, ESA-orbit, and Graz-orbit solutions up to degree and order 130 were 17.70cm, 21.43 cm, and 22.11 cm, respectively.
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Harahap, Kartini. "Concept and Prototype Design Differentiation Strategy Application (Case Study on Restaurants at Medan Plaza Fair, Medan City)." Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen dan Bisnis 8, no. 2 (August 2, 2022): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/jimb.v8i2.14685.
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The study aims to design application concepts and prototypes of differentiation strategies in achieving competitive advantage in restaurants using a design thinking model (a case study on a restaurant at Medan Plaza Fair Medan City), related to the problem of restaurants that must be able to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic situation amid of a highly competitive environment. The study used a descriptive qualitative approach and used purposive random sampling for sampling. The type of data used is primary and secondary data with data collection through interviews, observation and documentation. Data analysis uses value chain analysis, and design thinking models. The results showed that the conceptual design in building the application of a differentiation strategy to achieve competitive advantage in restaurants consisted of four data pillars, namely (i)identification, (ii) analysis of potential sources of differentiation, (iii)creating differentiation, and (iv)restaurant value chains.The prototype built on the application of a restaurant's differentiation strategy consists of five differentiations, namely: (i)product differentiation, (ii)service differentiation, (iii)place differentiation, (iv)personnel differentiation, and (v)channel differentiation.This research is expected to be able to build an application of competitive strategy through an effective differentiation strategy, making it easier for restaurant business people to develop and define differentiation strategies in achieving competitive advantage and provide opportunities for restaurant businesses to always innovate in strategies that are adaptive to any changes in the dynamic and complex environment.
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Schneider, Felix, Isabell Metz, Sharof Khudayberdiev, and Marco B. Rust. "Functional Redundancy of Cyclase-Associated Proteins CAP1 and CAP2 in Differentiating Neurons." Cells 10, no. 6 (June 17, 2021): 1525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10061525.
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Cyclase-associated proteins (CAPs) are evolutionary-conserved actin-binding proteins with crucial functions in regulating actin dynamics, the spatiotemporally controlled assembly and disassembly of actin filaments (F-actin). Mammals possess two family members (CAP1 and CAP2) with different expression patterns. Unlike most other tissues, both CAPs are expressed in the brain and present in hippocampal neurons. We recently reported crucial roles for CAP1 in growth cone function, neuron differentiation, and neuron connectivity in the mouse brain. Instead, CAP2 controls dendritic spine morphology and synaptic plasticity, and its dysregulation contributes to Alzheimer’s disease pathology. These findings are in line with a model in which CAP1 controls important aspects during neuron differentiation, while CAP2 is relevant in differentiated neurons. We here report CAP2 expression during neuron differentiation and its enrichment in growth cones. We therefore hypothesized that CAP2 is relevant not only in excitatory synapses, but also in differentiating neurons. However, CAP2 inactivation neither impaired growth cone morphology and motility nor neuron differentiation. Moreover, CAP2 mutant mice did not display any obvious changes in brain anatomy. Hence, differently from CAP1, CAP2 was dispensable for neuron differentiation and brain development. Interestingly, overexpression of CAP2 rescued not only growth cone size in CAP1-deficient neurons, but also their morphology and differentiation. Our data provide evidence for functional redundancy of CAP1 and CAP2 in differentiating neurons, and they suggest compensatory mechanisms in single mutant neurons.
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Ye, Danna, Tong Li, Philip Heraud, and Rangsun Parnpai. "Effect of Chromatin-Remodeling Agents in Hepatic Differentiation of Rat Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem CellsIn VitroandIn Vivo." Stem Cells International 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3038764.
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Epigenetic events, including covalent histone modifications and DNA methylation, play fundamental roles in the determination of lineage-specific gene expression and cell fates. The aim of this study was to determine whether the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (DNMTi) 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC) and the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) trichostatin A (TSA) promote the hepatic differentiation of rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rBM-MSCs) and their therapeutic effect on liver damage. 1 μM TSA and 20 μM 5-aza-dC were added to standard hepatogenic medium especially at differentiation and maturation steps and their potential function on hepatic differentiationin vitroandin vivowas determined. Exposure of rBM-MSCs to 1 μM TSA at both the differentiation and maturation steps considerably improved hepatic differentiation. TSA enhanced the development of the hepatocyte shape, promoted the chronological expression of hepatocyte-specific markers, and improved hepatic functions. In contrast, treatment of rBM-MSCs with 20 μM 5-aza-dC alone or in combination with TSA was ineffective in improving hepatic differentiationin vitro. TSA and/or 5-aza-dC derived hepatocytes-like cells failed to improve the therapeutic potential in liver damage. We conclude that HDACis enhance hepatic differentiation in a time-dependent manner, while DNMTis do not induce the hepatic differentiation of rBM-MSCsin vitro. Theirin vivofunction needs further investigation.
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Belhumeur, P., J. Lanoix, Y. Blais, D. Forget, A. Steyaert, and D. Skup. "Action of spontaneously produced beta interferon in differentiation of embryonal carcinoma cells through an autoinduction mechanism." Molecular and Cellular Biology 13, no. 5 (May 1993): 2846–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.13.5.2846-2857.1993.
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In the current study, we have addressed the role of interferons (IFNs) in controlling the differentiation of pluripotent P19 embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells. Blocking IFN activity in the culture medium of differentiating cells with antibodies leads to a strong decrease in the degree of differentiation. The antibodies are active for a relatively short time. During this time, IFN-beta mRNA can be detected in the differentiating cells, as can increases of IFN stimulation response element-binding activity and NF-KB. The timing of IFN action also coincides with the accumulation of cytoplasmic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and with a drop in dsRNA unwindase-modificase activity. A model for the involvement of autoinduction of IFN by intracellular dsRNA in the control of differentiation in this system is presented.
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Belhumeur, P., J. Lanoix, Y. Blais, D. Forget, A. Steyaert, and D. Skup. "Action of spontaneously produced beta interferon in differentiation of embryonal carcinoma cells through an autoinduction mechanism." Molecular and Cellular Biology 13, no. 5 (May 1993): 2846–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.13.5.2846.
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In the current study, we have addressed the role of interferons (IFNs) in controlling the differentiation of pluripotent P19 embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells. Blocking IFN activity in the culture medium of differentiating cells with antibodies leads to a strong decrease in the degree of differentiation. The antibodies are active for a relatively short time. During this time, IFN-beta mRNA can be detected in the differentiating cells, as can increases of IFN stimulation response element-binding activity and NF-KB. The timing of IFN action also coincides with the accumulation of cytoplasmic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and with a drop in dsRNA unwindase-modificase activity. A model for the involvement of autoinduction of IFN by intracellular dsRNA in the control of differentiation in this system is presented.
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Clark, Allison J., Kathryn M. Doyle, and Patrick O. Humbert. "Cell-intrinsic requirement for pRb in erythropoiesis." Blood 104, no. 5 (September 1, 2004): 1324–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2004-02-0618.
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Abstract Retinoblastoma (Rb) and family members have been implicated as key regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation. In particular, accumulated data have suggested that the Rb gene product pRb is an important controller of erythroid differentiation. However, current published data are conflicting as to whether the role of pRb in erythroid cells is cell intrinsic or non–cell intrinsic. Here, we have made use of an in vitro erythroid differentiation culture system to determine the cell-intrinsic requirement for pRb in erythroid differentiation. We demonstrate that the loss of pRb function in primary differentiating erythroid cells results in impaired cell cycle exit and terminal differentiation. Furthermore, we have used coculture experiments to establish that this requirement is cell intrinsic. Together, these data unequivocally demonstrate that pRb is required in a cell-intrinsic manner for erythroid differentiation and provide clarification as to its role in erythropoiesis.
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Kiepe, Daniela, Sonia Ciarmatori, Anke Haarmann, and Burkhard Tönshoff. "Differential expression of IGF system components in proliferating vs. differentiating growth plate chondrocytes: the functional role of IGFBP-5." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 290, no. 2 (February 2006): E363—E371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00363.2005.
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The growth plate is an important target tissue for insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), but little is known about the regulation of the IGF system during the developmental sequence of chondrocytes. We therefore examined the expression profile of IGF system components in proliferating vs. differentiating growth plate chondrocytes by use of two cell culture models of the growth cartilage. In rat growth plate chondrocytes in primary culture, IGF-I expression increased twofold during the process of differentiation. IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) expression showed a biphasic pattern of with a twofold increase at the onset of differentiation and a downregulation in late differentiating chondrocytes to 25% of baseline levels; the expression patterns of IGFBP-2, -4 and -6 were not dependent on the developmental stage. In IGF- and IGFBP-3-deficient RCJ3.1C5.18 (RCJ) mesenchymal chondrogenic cells, IGFBP-2 and -6 synthesis declined by 50% during differentiation. IGFBP-5 expression was markedly upregulated during the process of differentiation in both cell culture models. Although IGFBP-5 overexpression did not have an IGF-independent effect on RCJ cell differentiation, it promoted IGF-I-enhanced differentiation of these cells. A potential mechanism for this effect is the specific increase of Akt phosphorylation in IGFBP-5-overexpressing cells in the presence of IGF-I, indicating an increased activity of the phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase pathway. These data suggest that the developmental stage of the chondrocyte is an important determinant of IGF and IGFBP expression and imply a functional role for IGFBP-5 for upregulating IGF action during chondrocyte differentiation in vivo.
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Figueroa, Angélica, Ana Cuadrado, Jinshui Fan, Ulus Atasoy, George E. Muscat, Pura Muñoz-Canoves, Myriam Gorospe, and Alberto Muñoz. "Role of HuR in Skeletal Myogenesis through Coordinate Regulation of Muscle Differentiation Genes." Molecular and Cellular Biology 23, no. 14 (July 15, 2003): 4991–5004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.23.14.4991-5004.2003.
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ABSTRACT In this report, we investigate the role of the RNA-binding protein HuR during skeletal myogenesis. At the onset of myogenesis in differentiating C2C12 myocytes and in vivo in regenerating mouse muscle, HuR cytoplasmic abundance increased dramatically, returning to a predominantly nuclear presence upon completion of myogenesis. mRNAs encoding key regulators of myogenesis-specific transcription (myogenin and MyoD) and cell cycle withdrawal (p21), bearing AU-rich regions, were found to be targets of HuR in a differentiation-dependent manner. Accordingly, mRNA half-lives were highest during differentiation, declining when differentiation was completed. Importantly, HuR-overexpressing C2C12 cells displayed increased target mRNA expression and half-life and underwent precocious differentiation. Our findings underscore a critical function for HuR during skeletal myogenesis linked to HuR's coordinate regulation of muscle differentiation genes.
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Zubova, Svetlana V., Yaroslav V. Radzyukevich, Sergey V. Grachev, and Isabela R. Prokhorenko. "Effect of Various Agents on the Direction of THP-1 Cell Differentiation." Serbian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research 19, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjecr-2018-0029.
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AbstractThe ability of physiological (1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, retinoic acid) and non-physiological (various LPS) agents and their combinations to influence the direction of promonocytic THP-1 cell differentiation was studied.The differentiating activity of the agents was evaluated by the expression and the ratio of surface receptors (TLR4, CD11b, and CD14) as well as by the change in THP-1 cell phagocytic activity of different degree of differentiation by Flow cytometry.The THP-1 cell differentiation by VD3 was shown to lead probably to the formation of classical monocytes.Summarizing we can conclude that VD3 induces the THP-1 cells differentiation with the formation of classical monocytes and the sequence of 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and non-toxic LPS R. capsulatus PG causes the THP-1 cells differentiation with the formation of inflammatory or intermediate monocytes.