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Journal articles on the topic 'Differentiating therapy'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 29 March 2025

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1

Mauss, Stefan, Juergen Stechel, Reinhard Willers, Guenther Schmutz, Florian Berger, and Werner O. Richter. "Differentiating hyperlipidaemia associated with antiretroviral therapy." AIDS 17, no. 2 (January 2003): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002030-200301240-00008.

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2

Akita, Sadanori, Keiji Suzuki, Hiroshi Yoshimoto, Akira Ohtsuru, Akiyoshi Hirano, and Shunichi Yamashita. "Cellular Mechanism Underlying Highly-Active or Antiretroviral Therapy-Induced Lipodystrophy: Atazanavir, a Protease Inhibitor, Compromises Adipogenic Conversion of Adipose-Derived Stem/Progenitor Cells through Accelerating ER Stress-Mediated Cell Death in Differentiating Adipocytes." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 4 (February 20, 2021): 2114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042114.

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Lipodystrophy is a common complication in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) or antiretroviral therapy (ART). Previous studies demonstrated that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated unfolded protein response (UPR) is involved in lipodystrophy; however, the detailed mechanism has not been fully described in human adipogenic cell lineage. We utilized adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) obtained from human subcutaneous adipose tissue, and atazanavir (ATV), a protease inhibitor (PI), was administered to ADSCs and ADSCs undergoing adipogenic conversion. Marked repression of adipogenic differentiation was observed when ATV was administered during 10 days of ADSC culture in adipogenic differentiation medium. Although ATV had no effect on ADSCs, it significantly induced apoptosis in differentiating adipocytes. ATV treatment also caused the punctate appearance of CCAAT-enhancer-binding (C/EBP) protein homologous protein (CHOP), and altered expression of CHOP and GRP78/Bip, which are the representation of ER stress, only in differentiating adipocytes. Administration of UPR inhibitors restored adipogenic differentiation, indicating that ER stress-mediated UPR was induced in differentiating adipocytes in the presence of ATV. We also observed autophagy, which was potentiated in differentiating adipocytes by ATV treatment. Thus, adipogenic cell atrophy leads to ATV-induced lipodystrophy, which is mediated by ER stress-mediated UPR and accelerated autophagy, both of which would cause adipogenic apoptosis. As our study demonstrated for the first time that ADSCs are unsusceptible to ATV and its deleterious effects are limited to the differentiating adipocytes, responsible target(s) for ATV-induced lipodystrophy may be protease(s) processing adipogenesis-specific protein(s).

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Waheed, Zeeshan, Muhammad Irfan, Mohammad Salih, and Ali Bin Sarwar Zubairi. "Differentiating Asthma from its mimics." Chest Disease Reports 1, no. 1 (October 26, 2011): e17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/cdr.1.191.

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All that wheezes is not asthma this adage accredited to Chevalier Jackson emphasizes the importance of differentiating asthma from its mimics, particularly if the patient is not responding to usual therapy. The above statement also warrants further diagnostic evaluation and management of non-asthma conditions that mimic asthma. We present here a case of a middle aged female who presented with severe bronchospasm, initially labeled as asthma but was resistant to usual anti-asthma therapy. After further workup she was eventually diagnosed to have esophageal achalasia.

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Waheed, Zeeshan, Muhammad Irfan, Mohammad Salih, and Ali Bin Sarwar Zubairi. "Differentiating Asthma from its mimics." Chest Disease Reports 1, no. 1 (October 26, 2011): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/cdr.2011.e17.

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<em>All that wheezes is not asthma</em> this adage accredited to Chevalier Jackson emphasizes the importance of differentiating asthma from its mimics, particularly if the patient is not responding to usual therapy. The above statement also warrants further diagnostic evaluation and management of non-asthma conditions that mimic asthma. We present here a case of a middle aged female who presented with severe bronchospasm, initially labeled as asthma but was resistant to usual anti-asthma therapy. After further workup she was eventually diagnosed to have esophageal achalasia.

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5

Danielian, Alfred, and Ankit B. Shah. "Differentiating Physiology from Pathology." Clinics in Sports Medicine 41, no. 3 (July 2022): 425–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csm.2022.02.005.

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6

Lin, Tara L., William Matsui, Milada S. Vala, Sarah Brennan, B. Douglas Smith, and Richard J. Jones. "Anti-Leukemic Effect of Maintenance Chemotherapy Is Mediated by Induction of Differentiation." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.865.865.

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Abstract The clinical benefit of maintenance therapy (prolonged post-remission low-dose therapy) has been limited to two diseases, acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), despite extensive study in many malignancies. Moreover, the mechanisms responsible for the anti-leukemic effects of maintenance therapy in both ALL and APL are unclear. Maintenance therapy in ALL consists of the low-dose cytotoxic agents methotrexate (MTX) and 6-mercaptopurine (6MP), while maintenance therapy in APL has primarily been all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA). Interestingly, the addition of low-dose MTX and 6MP to maintenance ATRA has recently been shown to improve disease-free survival in APL. These clinical results, combined with our recent data and that from others showing that low-dose cytotoxic agents are potent differentiating agents, suggest that these agents may induce the differentiation of leukemic progenitors responsible for disease relapse. Therefore, we examined the differentiating effects of ATRA and low-dose MTX and 6MP on human APL and ALL cells. The APL cell line NB4 was treated with ATRA (1 μM), MTX (0.01 μM) and 6MP (1 μM) for 48 hours and then analyzed for apoptosis, clonogenic growth and surface expression of the myeloid differentiation antigens CD11b and CD15 by flow cytometry. As expected, ATRA did not induce immediate apoptosis, but inhibited clonogenic growth associated with markedly increased expression of both myeloid antigens, consistent with induction of terminal differentiation. Both MTX and 6MP had similar effects on the NB4 cells, and, thus, similarly appeared to induce terminal differentiation rather than cytoxicity. We then examined the effects of these agents on two ALL cell lines: REH, which is derived from pediatric ALL and contains the t(12;21) chromosomal translocation producing the TEL-AML1 fusion protein, and RS4;11, which is derived from adult ALL and contains the t(4;11) chromosomal translocation producing the MLL-AF4 fusion gene. ATRA, MTX and 6MP induced upregulation of CD19 and CD38 surface antigen expression. Similar to their effects on the NB4 APL line, the agents also inhibited clonogenic growth of the ALL cells without induction of immediate apoptosis. ATRA, MTX, and 6MP produce similar effects on APL and ALL cells in vitro. These results suggest that low-dose MTX and 6MP used as maintenance therapy improve clinical outcomes in ALL and APL by inducing the terminal differentiation of leukemic progenitors responsible for disease relapse. As the addition of low-dose MTX and 6MP has improved the results of maintenance ATRA in APL, the addition of pharmacologic differentiating agents such as ATRA to MTX and 6MP may improve ALL therapy, particularly for adults.

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7

Mehrazin, Reza, and Matthew D. Galsky. "Systemic therapy—differentiating the achievable from the achieved." Nature Reviews Urology 12, no. 3 (January 20, 2015): 128–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrurol.2014.358.

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8

Cassinat, Bruno, Sylvie Chevret, Fabien Zassadowski, Nicole Balitrand, Isabelle Guillemot, Marie-Laurence Menot, Laurent Degos, Pierre Fenaux, and Christine Chomienne. "In vitro all-trans retinoic acid sensitivity of acute promyelocytic leukemia blasts: a novel indicator of poor patient outcome." Blood 98, no. 9 (November 1, 2001): 2862–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v98.9.2862.

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Abstract Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) blasts possess a unique sensitivity to the differentiating effects of all-transretinoic acid (ATRA). Multicenter trials confirm that the combination of differentiation and cytotoxic therapy prolongs survival in APL patients. However relapses still occur, and exquisite adaptation of therapy to prognostic factors is essential to aim at a possible cure of the disease. A heterogeneity was previously reported in the differentiation rate of patients' APL blasts, and it was postulated that this may reflect the in vivo heterogeneous outcome. In this study, it is demonstrated that patients of the APL93 trial whose leukemic cells achieved optimal differentiation with ATRA in vitro at diagnosis had a significantly improved event-free survival (P = .01) and lower relapse rate (P = .04). This analysis highlights the importance of the differentiation step in APL therapy and justifies ongoing studies aimed at identifying novel RA-differentiation enhancers.

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Callens, Celine, Séverine Coulon, Jerome Naudin, Isabelle Radford-Weiss, Nicolas Boissel, Emmanuel Raffoux, Pamella Huey Mei Wang, et al. "Targeting iron homeostasis induces cellular differentiation and synergizes with differentiating agents in acute myeloid leukemia." Journal of Experimental Medicine 207, no. 4 (April 5, 2010): 731–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20091488.

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Differentiating agents have been proposed to overcome the impaired cellular differentiation in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, only the combinations of all-trans retinoic acid or arsenic trioxide with chemotherapy have been successful, and only in treating acute promyelocytic leukemia (also called AML3). We show that iron homeostasis is an effective target in the treatment of AML. Iron chelating therapy induces the differentiation of leukemia blasts and normal bone marrow precursors into monocytes/macrophages in a manner involving modulation of reactive oxygen species expression and the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). 30% of the genes most strongly induced by iron deprivation are also targeted by vitamin D3 (VD), a well known differentiating agent. Iron chelating agents induce expression and phosphorylation of the VD receptor (VDR), and iron deprivation and VD act synergistically. VD magnifies activation of MAPK JNK and the induction of VDR target genes. When used to treat one AML patient refractory to chemotherapy, the combination of iron-chelating agents and VD resulted in reversal of pancytopenia and in blast differentiation. We propose that iron availability modulates myeloid cell commitment and that targeting this cellular differentiation pathway together with conventional differentiating agents provides new therapeutic modalities for AML.

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10

Martire, Joseph R. "Differentiating Stress Fracture From Periostitis." Physician and Sportsmedicine 22, no. 10 (October 1994): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00913847.1994.11710503.

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11

Dadheech, Nidheesh, Sanket Soni, Abhay Srivastava, Sucheta Dadheech, Shivika Gupta, Renjitha Gopurappilly, Ramesh R. Bhonde, and Sarita Gupta. "A Small Molecule Swertisin fromEnicostemma littoraleDifferentiates NIH3T3 Cells into Islet-Like Clusters and Restores Normoglycemia upon Transplantation in Diabetic Balb/c Mice." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/280392.

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Aim. Stem cell therapy is one of the upcoming therapies for the treatment of diabetes. Discovery of potent differentiating agents is a prerequisite for increasing islet mass. The present study is an attempt to screen the potential of novel small biomolecules for their differentiating property into pancreatic islet cells using NIH3T3, as representative of extra pancreatic stem cells/progenitors.Methods. To identify new agents that stimulate islet differentiation, we screened various compounds isolated fromEnicostemma littoraleusing NIH3T3 cells and morphological changes were observed. Characterization was performed by semiquantitative RT-PCR, Q-PCR, immunocytochemistry, immunoblotting, and insulin secretion assay for functional response in newly generated islet-like cell clusters (ILCC). Reversal of hyperglycemia was monitored after transplanting ILCC in STZ-induced diabetic mice.Results. Among various compounds tested, swertisin, an isolated flavonoid, was the most effective in differentiating NIH3T3 into endocrine cells. Swertisin efficiently changed the morphology of NIH3T3 cells from fibroblastic to round aggregate cell cluster in huge numbers. Dithizone (DTZ) stain primarily confirmed differentiation and gene expression studies signified rapid onset of differentiation signaling cascade in swertisin-induced ILCC. Molecular imaging and immunoblotting further confirmed presence of islet specific proteins. Moreover, glucose induced insulin release (in vitro) and decreased fasting blood glucose (FBG) (in vivo) in transplanted diabetic BALB/c mice depicted functional maturity of ILCC. Insulin and glucagon expression in excised islet grafts illustrated survival and functional integrity.Conclusions. Rapid induction for islet differentiation by swertisin, a novel herbal biomolecule, provides low cost and readily available differentiating agent that can be translated as a therapeutic tool for effective treatment in diabetes.

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Gobbi, Giuliana, Prisco Mirandola, Cecilia Carubbi, Cristina Micheloni, Chiara Malinverno, Paolo Lunghi, Antonio Bonati, and Marco Vitale. "Phorbol ester–induced PKCϵ down-modulation sensitizes AML cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis and cell differentiation." Blood 113, no. 13 (March 26, 2009): 3080–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2008-03-143784.

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AbstractDespite the relevant therapeutic progresses made in these last 2 decades, the prognosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains poor. Phorbol esters are used at very low concentrations as differentiating agents in the therapy of myeloid leukemias. Tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), in turn, is a death ligand that spares normal cells and is therefore currently under clinical trials for cancer therapy. Emerging evidence, however, suggests that TRAIL is also involved in nonapoptotic functions, like cell differentiation. PKCϵ is differentially modulated along normal hematopoiesis, and its levels modulate the response of hematopoietic precursors to TRAIL. Here, we investigated the effects of the combination of phorbol esters (phorbol ester 4-β-phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate [PDBu]) and TRAIL in the survival/differentiation of AML cells. We demonstrate here that PDBu sensitizes primary AML cells to both the apoptogenic and the differentiative effects of TRAIL via PKCϵ down-modulation, without affecting TRAIL receptor surface expression. We believe that the use of TRAIL in combination with phorbol esters (or possibly more specific PKCϵ down-modulators) might represent a significative improvement of our therapeutic arsenal against AML.

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13

Gribble, Phillip A. "Evaluating and Differentiating Ankle Instability." Journal of Athletic Training 54, no. 6 (June 1, 2019): 617–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-484-17.

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Given the prevalence of lateral ankle sprains during physical activity and the high rate of reinjury and chronic ankle instability, clinicians should be cognizant of the need to expand the evaluation of ankle instability beyond the acute time point. Physical assessments of the injured ankle should be similar, regardless of whether this is the initial lateral ankle sprain or the patient has experienced multiple sprains. To this point, a thorough injury history of the affected ankle provides important information during the clinical examination. The physical examination should assess the talocrural and subtalar joints, and clinicians should be aware of efficacious diagnostic tools that provide information about the status of injured structures. As patients progress into the subacute and return-to-activity phases after injury, comprehensive assessments of lateral ankle-complex instability will identify any disease and patient-oriented outcome deficits that resemble chronic ankle instability, which should be addressed with appropriate interventions to minimize the risk of developing long-term, recurrent ankle instability.

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Kamdar, Forum, Mohammad Nurulqadr Jameel, Paul Score, and Jianyi Zhang. "Cellular therapy promotes endogenous stem cell repair." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 90, no. 10 (October 2012): 1335–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y2012-115.

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Cellular transplantation for cardiac repair has emerged as an exciting treatment option for patients with myocardial infarction (MI) and heart failure. Animal models of post-infarction left ventricular remodeling have demonstrated an improvement in left ventricular (LV) function, decrease in scar size, and amelioration of adverse cardiac remodeling after stem cell transplantation. These beneficial effects occur despite minimal engraftment and negligible differentiation of transplanted cells. Evidence of the heart capability to self-renew continues to mount; however, the extent to which this occurs is still unclear. Although there is a specific population of cardiac stem cells capable of differentiating into cardiomyocytes, they alone are not capable of fully regenerating tissue damaged by MI. Therefore, paracrine mechanisms may be responsible for activating endogenous stem cells to promote regeneration and prevent apoptosis. These structural beneficial effects may reduce regional wall stresses, consequently leading to long-term host myocardium gene/protein expression changes, which may subsequently result in improvement in LV function.

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Kornitzer, Jeffrey, Hael F. Abdulrazeq, Mohammad Zaidi, John R. Bach, Abdul Kazi, Erin Feinstein, Howard W. Sander, and Nizar Souayah. "Differentiating Flail Limb Syndrome From Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis." American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 99, no. 10 (April 6, 2020): 895–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/phm.0000000000001438.

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16

Horn, Linda B. "Differentiating Between Vestibular and Nonvestibular Balance Disorders." Neurology Report 21, no. 1 (1997): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01253086-199721010-00006.

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Park, Hyo Eun, Donghee Kim, Hyun Sook Koh, Sungbo Cho, Jung-Suk Sung, and Jae Young Kim. "Real-Time Monitoring of Neural Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Electric Cell-Substrate Impedance Sensing." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/485173.

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Stem cells are useful for cell replacement therapy. Stem cell differentiation must be monitored thoroughly and precisely prior to transplantation. In this study we evaluated the usefulness of electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) forin vitroreal-time monitoring of neural differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). We cultured hMSCs in neural differentiation media (NDM) for 6 days and examined the time-course of impedance changes with an ECIS array. We also monitored the expression of markers for neural differentiation, total cell count, and cell cycle profiles. Cellular expression of neuron and oligodendrocyte markers increased. The resistance value of cells cultured in NDM was automatically measured in real-time and found to increase much more slowly over time compared to cells cultured in non-differentiation media. The relatively slow resistance changes observed in differentiating MSCs were determined to be due to their lower growth capacity achieved by induction of cell cycle arrest in G0/G1. Overall results suggest that the relatively slow change in resistance values measured by ECIS method can be used as a parameter for slowly growing neural-differentiating cells. However, to enhance the competence of ECIS forin vitroreal-time monitoring of neural differentiation of MSCs, more elaborate studies are needed.

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Hatton, Jennifer L., and Lisa D. Yee. "Clinical Use of PPARγLigands in Cancer." PPAR Research 2008 (2008): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/159415.

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The role of PPARγin adipocyte differentiation has fueled intense interest in the function of this steroid nuclear receptor for regulation of malignant cell growth and differentiation. Given the antiproliferative and differentiating effects of PPARγligands on liposarcoma cells, investigation of PPARγexpression and ligand activation in other solid tumors such as breast, colon, and prostate cancers ensued. The anticancer effects of PPARγligands in cell culture and rodent models of a multitude of tumor types suggest broad applicability of these agents to cancer therapy. This review focuses on the clinical use of PPARγligands, specifically the thiazolidinediones, for the treatment and prevention of cancer.

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Ferrero, Dario, Benedetto Bruno, Patrizia Pregno, Silvia Stefani, Elvira Larizza, Giorgio Ciravegna, Annalisa Luraschi, et al. "Combined differentiating therapy for myelodysplastic syndromes: A phase II study." Leukemia Research 20, no. 10 (October 1996): 867–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0145-2126(95)00156-5.

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Prashad, Sacha L., Leylah Drusbosky, Hassan Sibai, Mark D. Minden, Stephen J. Western, Chris Biondi, Reecha Shah, et al. "Ex Vivo High-Throughput Flow Cytometry Screening Identifies Subsets of Responders to Differentiation Agents in Individual AML Patient Samples." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 5206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.5206.5206.

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Abstract Background: Prognoses for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) patients improved drastically upon the introduction of differentiation therapy with all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) in combination with conventional chemotherapy. Unfortunately, this therapeutic approach has not translated to other genetic subtypes of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) where patients demonstrate marked heterogeneity to differentiating agents. To provide improved detection of drug-induced differentiation in AML patients, we have developed a high-throughput, flow cytometry-based personalized medicine platform. Methods: Total white blood cells were isolated from each patient sample by red cell lysis, plated in serum-free media in 384-well format and incubated with drugs for 3 days. Viable cells remaining after each drug treatment were identified and quantified using cell surface marker expression, cell membrane integrity, and morphology (FSC/SSC) to determine the compound's efficacy and specificity against the blast population. Changes in cell surface marker expression and shifts in morphology indicative of blast differentiation were also evaluated with each compound. As a control for ex vivo differentiation, two APL patient samples were treated ex vivo with ATRA and we observed the blasts gaining CD66b expression indicating granulocytic differentiation. Results: A refractory AML patient was identified whose leukemic blasts exhibited a strong differentiating response to dexamethasone treatment ex vivo. This resulted in loss of CD34 expression (a marker of immature blast cells), gain of CD163 expression (a marker of monocytic/macrophage maturation) and a significant change in cellular size and granularity. After being enrolled in a clinical trial (REB: 13-6962-C) the patient was treated based on the assay for 1 week (40 mg/day) with dexamethasone. Post-treatment samples from the peripheral blood and bone marrow of the patient exhibited the same morphological and cell surface marker changes predicted by the ex vivo assay. The CD163+ cells in the patient also gained additional markers of myeloid differentiation (CD11b, CD14, CD16). After additional cytarabine and fludarabine treatment, the patient remains in remission 4 months post-treatment. Conclusions: Following this initial study, we have continued to identify subgroups of both AML and Myelodysplastic Syndrome patients where blasts differentiate in response to dexamethasone, calcitriol, ATRA or other known differentiating agents using unique cell surface markers of monocytic and myeloid maturation. Flow cytometry expression changes correlated with changes in morphology as observed by May-Grunwald Giemsa staining. In the patient described above this included an increase in cytoplasm and vacuoles consistent with monocytic/macrophage differentiation, which positively correlates with CD163 expression. We aim to apply our assay towards the identification of subgroups of AML patients who respond to differentiation therapies and develop clinical trials to combine differentiating agents with chemotherapy. This approach has the potential to extend the clinical success of APL differentiation therapy to AML patients. Disclosures Prashad: Notable Labs: Employment, Equity Ownership. Western:Notable Labs: Consultancy. Biondi:Notable Labs: Employment. Shah:Notable Labs: Employment. Liu:Notable Labs: Employment, Equity Ownership. Nguyen:Notable Labs: Employment, Equity Ownership. Warnock:Notable Labs: Employment, Equity Ownership. Quinzio:Notable Labs: Employment, Equity Ownership. De Silva:Notable Labs: Employment, Equity Ownership. Schimmer:Novartis: Honoraria. Heiser:Notable Labs: Employment, Equity Ownership.

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Prime, Morgane, J. Lucas McKay, Allison A. Bay, Ariel R. Hart, Chaejin Kim, Amit Abraham, and Madeleine E. Hackney. "Differentiating Parkinson Disease Subtypes Using Clinical Balance Measures." Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy 44, no. 1 (January 2020): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/npt.0000000000000297.

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Medhat, Dalia, Clara I. Rodríguez, and Arantza Infante. "Immunomodulatory Effects of MSCs in Bone Healing." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 21 (November 2, 2019): 5467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20215467.

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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are capable of differentiating into multilineage cells, thus making them a significant prospect as a cell source for regenerative therapy; however, the differentiation capacity of MSCs into osteoblasts seems to not be the main mechanism responsible for the benefits associated with human mesenchymal stem cells hMSCs when used in cell therapy approaches. The process of bone fracture restoration starts with an instant inflammatory reaction, as the innate immune system responds with cytokines that enhance and activate many cell types, including MSCs, at the site of the injury. In this review, we address the influence of MSCs on the immune system in fracture repair and osteogenesis. This paradigm offers a means of distinguishing target bone diseases to be treated with MSC therapy to enhance bone repair by targeting the crosstalk between MSCs and the immune system.

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Kemp, Erika L., and Jeffrey L. Crabtree. "Differentiating Fieldwork Settings: Matching Student Characteristics to Demands." Occupational Therapy In Health Care 32, no. 3 (July 3, 2018): 216–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07380577.2018.1491084.

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Guillaume, Daniel J., and Su-Chun Zhang. "Human embryonic stem cells: a potential source of transplantable neural progenitor cells." Neurosurgical Focus 24, no. 3-4 (March 2008): E3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/foc/2008/24/3-4/e2.

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✓ The primary therapeutic goal of embryonic stem cell (ESC) research is cell replacement therapy. During the last decade, great strides have been made in developing in vitro protocols for differentiating human ESCs into neuroepithelial progenitors. More recent progress has been made in further directing them into becoming cells with specialized regional and neurotransmitter identities, such as midbrain dopaminergic and spinal motor neurons. Along with directed differentiation, other current efforts are aimed at efficient enrichment, avoidance of immune rejection, demonstration of functional integration, genetic modification to regulate neurotransmitter and factor release, directed axon growth, in vivo cell tracking, and measures to ensure safety. This review will focus on the potential of ESCs as a source of transplantable cells for use in cell replacement therapy.

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Ferguson, Bruce. "The Importance of Bian Zheng (Pattern Differentiation) in TCVM." American Journal of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine 3, no. 1 (February 1, 2008): 67–69. https://doi.org/10.59565/fzsp4218.

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Bian Zheng is a system of Pattern Differentiation unique to TCVM used to make a TCVM diagnosis. Bian Zheng is not equivalent to a Western Biomedical diagnosis. A canine clinical case of inflammatory bowel disease is used as an example of differentiating between Bian Zheng and Western Biomedical diagnosis. Treating a disease which was non-responsive to conventional Western therapy on the basis of Bian Zheng led to a complete resolution of clinical signs and a positive outcome. The approach to making the correct Bian Zheng is discussed.

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Takahashi, Nobushige, Osamu Takahashi, Ryosuke Ushijima, Rie Umebayashi, and Junji Nishikawa. "A Tip for Differentiating Between Sensory and Muscle Action Potentials." American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 96, no. 12 (December 2017): e228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/phm.0000000000000749.

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ATSTUPĖNAITĖ, Vaida, Algidas BASEVIČIUS, Adrijus KRIMELIS, Artūras INČIŪRA, and Daiva VAITKIENĖ. "Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of cervical cancer." Acta medica Lituanica 18, no. 4 (October 1, 2011): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.6001/actamedica.v18i4.1866.

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Background. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW–MRI) has been employed in the diagnostics of malignant tumors of abdomen and pelvis relatively recently. Nowadays, there exists a particular interest in adaptation DW–MRI for assessing the response of tumors to chemoradiaton therapy. The aim of our study was to compare the mean value of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in a healthy cervix, cancer-affected cervix and a cervix after chemoradiation therapy, as well as to identify the ADC range typical of cervical cancer. Materials and methods. The study enrolled 108 female patients who underwent pelvic MRI in the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas Clinics Hospital in 2008–2010. The study group consisted of 65 patients in whom cervical cancer had been clinically suspected and confirmed by biopsy before MRI examination. All these patients underwent pelvic MRI twice: before the chemoradiation therapy and 6 months after the therapy. The control group consisted of 43 patients in whom cervical cancer had been not suspected and MRI was performed because of other pelvic diseases. Results. The mean ADC value of the study group (0.658 ± 0.118 × 10–3 mm2/s) was lower than of the control group (1.171 ± 0.143 × 10–3 mm2/s) (t = 20.315, p = 0.03). The ADC threshold value of 0.945 × 10–3 mm2/s was defined, differentiating the cancer-affected cervical tissue from the normal. The mean ADC value of the patients who responded to chemoradiation therapy (1.111 ± 0.138 × 10–3 mm2/s) increased and in those who did not respond it remained lower (0.733 ± 0.073 × 10–3 mm2/s) (t = 9.518, p = 0.04). The ADC threshold value of 0.830 × 10–3 mm2/s was defined, differentiating the residual tumor tissue from the healthy cervical tissue after chemoradiation therapy. Conclusions. The ADC value in the case of cervical cancer was significantly lower than in the non-affected cervical tissue. The ADC value increases after effective chemoradiation therapy and becomes closer to the coefficient value of non-affected cervical tissue, but still remains lower. The 0.945 × 10–3 mm2/s ADC threshold was detected while differentiating between cancer-affected and normal cervical tissues, while the ADC threshold was 0.830 × 10–3 mm2/s when differentiating between residual tumor tissue and healthy cervical tissue after chemoradiation therapy at a high sensitivity and specificity. Keywords: diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, apparent diffusion coefficient, cervical cancer, chemoradiation therapy

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Ghila, Luiza, Yngvild Bjørlykke, Thomas Aga Legøy, Heidrun Vethe, Kenichiro Furuyama, Simona Chera, and Helge Ræder. "Bioinformatic Analyses of miRNA–mRNA Signature during hiPSC Differentiation towards Insulin-Producing Cells upon HNF4α Mutation." Biomedicines 8, no. 7 (June 27, 2020): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8070179.

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Mutations in the hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) gene affect prenatal and postnatal pancreas development, being characterized by insulin-producing β-cell dysfunction. Little is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to β-cell failure as result of HNF4α mutation. In this study, we compared the miRNA profile of differentiating human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) derived from HNF4α+/Δ mutation carriers and their family control along the differentiation timeline. Moreover, we associated this regulation with the corresponding transcriptome profile to isolate transcript–miRNA partners deregulated in the mutated cells. This study uncovered a steep difference in the miRNA regulation pattern occurring during the posterior foregut to pancreatic endoderm transition, defining early and late differentiation regulatory windows. The pathway analysis of the miRNAome–transcriptome interactions revealed a likely gradual involvement of HNF4α+/Δ mutation in p53-mediated cell cycle arrest, with consequences for the proliferation potential, survival and cell fate acquisition of the differentiating cells. The present study is based on bioinformatics approaches and we expect that, pending further experimental validation, certain miRNAs deregulated in the HNF4α+/Δ cells would prove useful for therapy.

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Cañal-Bruland, Rouwen, Merel Mooren, and Geert J. P. Savelsbergh. "Differentiating Experts' Anticipatory Skills in Beach Volleyball." Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 82, no. 4 (December 2011): 667–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2011.10599803.

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Koeffler, H. Phillip. "Is there a role for differentiating therapy in non-APL AML?" Best Practice & Research Clinical Haematology 23, no. 4 (December 2010): 503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beha.2010.09.014.

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Schlough, Kathleen, Kerryn Andre, Marley Owen, Lindsey Adelstein, Mary Claire Hartford, Bernadette Javier, and Rachel Kern. "Differentiating Between Idiopathic Toe Walking and Cerebral Palsy." Pediatric Physical Therapy 32, no. 1 (January 2020): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pep.0000000000000659.

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Tampin, B., K. Briffa, and H. Slater. "Differentiating nociceptive and neuropathic components of clinical pain presentations matters!" Manual Therapy 25 (September 2016): e52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2016.05.069.

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Wettasinghe, M. C., S. Perera, and N. D. Wickramasinghe. "Pulmonary artery filling defects - Not all are pulmonary emboli." Sri Lanka Journal of Medicine 32, no. 2 (December 31, 2023): 82–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljm.v32i2.418.

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Differentiating pulmonary artery sarcoma from pulmonary artery emboli is challenging since the clinical presentation and imaging features of both conditions are often similar. Timely differentiation of the two conditions is important as delayed diagnosis often results in the progression of pulmonary artery sarcoma leading to poor prognosis and unnecessary anticoagulant therapy. We describe a case of a middle-aged male, who was initially diagnosed with pulmonary embolism, but later diagnosed with a pulmonary artery sarcoma. The case report emphasizes the importance of early imaging findings, which may raise the suspicion prompting further assessment of alternative diagnoses such as pulmonary artery sarcoma.

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LYDEN, KATE, DINESH JOHN, PHILIPPA DALL, and MALCOLM H. GRANAT. "Differentiating Sitting and Lying Using a Thigh-Worn Accelerometer." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 48, no. 4 (April 2016): 742–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000000804.

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ROSS, GWYNETH B., BRITTANY DOWLING, NIKOLAUS F. TROJE, STEVEN L. FISCHER, and RYAN B. GRAHAM. "Objectively Differentiating Movement Patterns between Elite and Novice Athletes." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 50, no. 7 (July 2018): 1457–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000001571.

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Ogrodniczuk, John S., William E. Piper, Anthony S. Joyce, Rene Weideman, Mary McCallum, Hassan F. Azim, and John S. Rosie. "Differentiating Symptoms of Complicated Grief and Depression among Psychiatric Outpatients." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 48, no. 2 (March 2003): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370304800204.

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Objective: This study examined whether dimensions of complicated grief (CG) could be distinguished from dimensions of depression and whether these dimensions were differentially affected by group psychotherapy for CG. Method: A total of 398 psychiatric outpatients who had experienced one or more significant death losses provided ratings on standard measures of grief and depression. Factor analysis of the 56 items from these measures was used to explore the possibility that grief and depression symptoms would form separate dimensions of distress. Subsamples of the patients also participated in 1 of 2 forms of short-term group therapy for CG. Repeated-measures analysis of variance and calculation of effect sizes were performed to examine changes in the dimensions following treatment. Results: The grief items formed 3 distinct clusters representing different dimensions of CG. None of the depression items loaded highly on these grief dimensions. The depression items formed 2 distinct clusters. Two of the grief dimensions demonstrated the most improvement following group therapy that addressed CG. There was also evidence for differential effectiveness of the 2 forms of group therapy. Conclusions: When assessing psychiatric patients who have death losses, clinicians should consider different types of grief reactions. Different types of grief reactions may be responsive to different treatments. In the absence of depressive symptoms, clinicians should not assume the absence of CG.

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Berkowska, Klaudia, Aoife Corcoran, Małgorzata Grudzień, Agnieszka Jakuszak, Michał Chodyński, Andrzej Kutner, and Ewa Marcinkowska. "Investigating the Role of VDR and Megalin in Semi-Selectivity of Side-Chain Modified 19-nor Analogs of Vitamin D." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 17 (August 26, 2019): 4183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20174183.

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1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3) is implicated in many cellular functions, including cell proliferation and differentiation, thus exerting potential antitumor effects. A major limitation for therapeutic use of 1,25D3 are potent calcemic activities. Therefore, synthetic analogs of 1,25D3 for use in anticancer therapy should retain cell differentiating potential, with calcemic activity being reduced. To obtain this goal, the analogs should effectively activate transcription of genes responsible for cell differentiation, leaving the genes responsible for calcium homeostasis less active. In order to better understand this phenomenon, we selected a series of structurally related 19-nor analogs of 1,25D (PRI-5100, PRI-5101, PRI-5105, and PRI-5106) and tested their activities in blood cells and in cells connected to calcium homeostasis. Affinities of analogs to recombinant vitamin D receptor (VDR) protein were not correlated to their pro-differentiating activities. Moreover, the pattern of transcriptional activities of the analogs was different in cell lines originating from various vitamin D-responsive tissues. We thus hypothesized that receptors which participate in transport of the analogs to the cells might contribute to the observed differences. In order to study this hypothesis, we produced renal cells with knock-out of the megalin gene. Our results indicate that megalin has a minor effect on semi-selective activities of vitamin D analogs.

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Mathur, Ankit, and Daman Saluja. "Abstract 264: Differentiation therapy: Esculetin as a potent agent to alter cellular plasticity of leukemic & solid tumor stem cells." Cancer Research 84, no. 6_Supplement (March 22, 2024): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2024-264.

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Abstract Background The “Differentiation therapy” has been emerging as a promising and more effective strategy against acute leukemia relapses. Objective In extension to the revolutionising therapeutic outcomes of All Trans Retinoic Acid (ATRA) to induce terminal differentiation of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemic (APL) blast cells, we decipher the potential effect of a natural compound “Esculetin” to serve as a differentiating agent in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) as well as solid tumour cells. Underlaying role of Wnt signaling pathways in esculetin mediated blast cell differentiation was also evaluated. Methods Human acute myeloid leukemic cells (Kasumi-1) with t(8;21/AML-ETO) translocation were used as a model system. Growth inhibitory and cytotoxic activity of esculetin were analysed using growth kinetics and MTT assay. Morphological alterations, cell scatter characteristics, NBT reduction assay and cell surface marker expression pat- terns were analysed to detect terminally differentiated phenotypes. We employed RT2profiler PCR array system for the analysis of transcriptome profile of Wnt signaling components. Calcium inhibitors (TMB8 and Amlodipine) and Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) were used to modulate the Wnt signaling axes. To investigate whether esculetin exerts the similar effects on the invasive solid tumour cancer stem cells subset, we used a cellular model system of colon carcinoma HCT116 cells reflecting EMT phenotype. Results We illustrate cytotoxic as well as blast cell differentiation potential of esculetin on Kasumi-1 cells. Morphological alterations akin to neutrophilic differentiation as well as the corresponding acquisition of myeloid lineage markers indicate terminal differentiation potential of esculetin in leukemic blast cells. Exposure to esculetin also resulted in downregulation of canonical Wnt axis while upto ~ 21 fold upregulation of non-canonical axis associated genes. Esculetin also showed potential to revert the CSC marker expressions and concurrent EMT consistent with reduced functional aggressiveness in colon cancer cells. Conclusions Our study highlights the importance of selective use of calcium pools as well as “axis shift” of the canonical to non-canonical Wnt signaling upon esculetin treatment which might abrogate the inherent proliferation to release maturation arrest and induce the differentiation in leukemic blast cells as well as CSC stem cells. The current findings provide further therapeutic interventions to consider esculetin as a potent differentiating agent to counteract relapses. Citation Format: Ankit Mathur, Daman Saluja. Differentiation therapy: Esculetin as a potent agent to alter cellular plasticity of leukemic & solid tumor stem cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 264.

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Chou, Chung-Hsing, Hueng-Chuen Fan, and Dueng-Yuan Hueng. "Potential of Neural Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Parkinson’s Disease." Parkinson's Disease 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/571475.

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Neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation is an emerging strategy for restoring neuronal function in neurological disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), which is characterized by a profound and selective loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Adult neurogenesis generates newborn neurons that can be observed at specialized niches where endothelial cells (ECs) play a significant role in regulating the behavior of NSCs, including self-renewal and differentiating into all neural lineage cells. In this minireview, we highlight the importance of establishing an appropriate microenvironment at the target site of NSC transplantation, where grafted cells integrate into the surroundings in order to enhance DA neurotransmission. Using a novel model of NSC-EC coculture, it is possible to combine ECs with NSCs, to generate such a neurovascular microenvironment. With appropriate NSCs selected, the composition of the transplant can be investigated through paracrine and juxtacrine signaling within the neurovascular unit (NVU). With target site cellular and acellular compartments of the microenvironment recognized, guided DA differentiation of NSCs can be achieved. As differentiated DA neurons integrate into the existing nigrostriatal DA pathway, the symptoms of PD can potentially be alleviated by reversing characteristic neurodegeneration.

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Khatoonabadi, Ahmad Reza, Mahshid Aghajanzadeh, Saman Maroufizadeh, Zahra Vahabi, and Armin Safaeian. "Developing a Persian Verbal Fluency Test and Comparing the Results Between Healthy Persian Speakers and Persian Speakers Patients With Alzheimer Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment." Iranian Rehabilitation Journal 19, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 387–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/irj.19.4.1518.1.

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Objectives: Phonemic and semantic fluency tasks are used for verbal fluency (VF) evaluation. The present study aimed to select the most appropriate semantic categories and the most frequent phonemes of Persian as items for the VF test. Then, we determine the test results in differentiation between cognitively intact people and those with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer Disease (AD). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 120 people (60 cognitively intact, 30 with AD, and 30 with MCI) in two phases. In phase one, linguists determine the most frequent phonemes at the beginning of Persian words and the most frequent semantic categories based on a survey. In phase two, the verbal fluency test was administered to cognitively intact people and those with cognitive impairment (patients with AD and MCI). One-way ANOVA and multiple linear regression were used for statistical analysis. Results: The normal subjects scored significantly higher in all phonemic and semantic fluency tasks than the patients with AD and people with MCI (P<0.05). Regarding the phonemic VF task, the phonemes /sh/, /s/, and then /a/ were better in differentiating the MCI and AD groups from the normal group. Regarding the semantic VF task, the animals’ category was better differentiated the MCI and AD groups from the normal group. Discussion: Comparing frequent phonemes and semantic categories of Persian across three groups of normal, AD, and MCI showed that some phonemes and semantic categories can be more differentiating in the VF task. However, it is a preliminary validation study, and this topic needs more investigation in the future.

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Granlund, Mats, Patrik Arvidsson, Anna Niia, Eva Björck-Åkesson, Rune Simeonsson, Gregor Maxwell, Margareta Adolfsson, Lilly Eriksson-Augustine, and Mia Pless. "Differentiating Activity and Participation of Children and Youth with Disability in Sweden." American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 91 (February 2012): S84—S96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/phm.0b013e31823d5376.

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Molinaro, Alessandro, Daniela Zanta, Maria Luisa Moleti, Fiorina Giona, Valentino Conter, Carmelo Rizzari, Andrea Biondi, and Anna Maria Testi. "Challenging management of severe differentiation syndrome in pediatric acute promyelocytic leukemia treated with ATRA/ATO." Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases 14, no. 1 (February 27, 2022): e2022027. http://dx.doi.org/10.4084/mjhid.2022.027.

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The ATRA/ATO combination treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) represents a paradigm of successful targeted and chemotherapy-free treatment in oncology. This therapeutic strategy is aimed at sparing patients from chemotherapy toxicity, while maintaining an excellent survival with a low risk of relapse. Main induction treatment-related complications are differentiation syndrome (DS) and hyperleukocytosis, which is related to DS and its severity. In the period December 2019 – December 2020, 8 children with newly diagnosed APL underwent induction therapy with ATRA/ATO in our center. In patients with WBC≥10x109/L two doses of Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin (GO) were added. In case of severe DS or hyperleukocytosis the differentiating agents were discontinued, high dose dexamethasone (DXM) and/or hydroxyurea (HU) were recommended. Five patients presented WBC<10x109/L ; all developed hyperleukocytosis and three also had DS and were initially treated with HU and DXM; due to unsatisfactory control of the symptoms GO was added in two of them.. One of the three patients with presenting WBC≥10x109/L, developed pseudotumor cerebri and another one DS. The supportive treatment was effective in all cases. Our experience shows that patients, treated with ATRA/ATO only, may develop marked hyperleukocytosis and severe DS, which may be unresponsive to discontinuation of differentiating agents and administration of HU and DXM and may benefit from the use of GO. Adequate intensive support therapy is crucial to rescue patients with severe DS.

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Zhang, Zhenqing, Yunli Jia, Xiaoniu Miao, Weifeng Huang, Chao Wang, Zhijun Yuan, Wenchao Jiang, Zhiyuan Li, Liandi Chen, and Andy Tsun. "Abstract 6115: Development of functionally differentiating anti-CD73 antibodies for cancer therapy." Cancer Research 82, no. 12_Supplement (June 15, 2022): 6115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-6115.

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Abstract Background: Although the discovery and development of first-generation of immune checkpoint inhibitors (towards PD1 and CTLA-4) was a major milestone for cancer therapy, current clinical response rates are still considered very limited. Combination treatments are predicted to improve on these current immunotherapies including the targeting of the adenosine pathway (CD39, CD73 or A2AR), which has shown a lot of promise in preclinical and early clinical studies. CD73 is an ecto-5′-nucleotidase which transforms adenosine monophosphate (AMP) to adenosine. Adenosine is a soluble immunosuppressive metabolite that can suppress natural killer cells and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. Blockade of CD73-mediated conversion of AMP to adenosine may therefore recover anti-tumor immunity through preventing the enrichment of adenosine in the tumor microenvironment. Method: In this campaign, two humanized and Fc-silenced IgG antibodies were generated named 7002-01 and 7002-04. The target binding epitopes of these candidates were revealed by binning experiments through bio-layer interferometry. Cell binding experiments were tested on human and cynomolgus CD73 overexpression CHO cell lines by flow cytometry. Cellular CD73 enzyme inhibition experiments were tested using A375, MDA-MB-231, H2030 and BT549 tumor cell lines via the CellTiter-Glo method. Soluble CD73 enzymatic tests were carried out on patient sera or recombinant CD73 protein using a similar method. T cell proliferation assays were performed using PBMC. In vivo efficacy studies were tested in B-NDG B2M-KO mice that were injected subcutaneously with A375 tumor cells and human PBMC. Results: Two candidates, 7002-01 and 7002-04, were selected based on their functional activity, that recognize different non-overlapping binding epitopes on CD73. Both candidates selectively bind to and can inhibit the activities of both membrane-bound and soluble human CD73 to high levels and seem to maintain inhibition at high dose-ranges without a hook effect. Both candidates can potently rescue adenosine-mediated T cell regulation. Additionally, 7002-01 and 7002-04 have combination synergy or additive effects for CD73 inhibition on soluble CD73, tumor cell lines that express CD73, and PBMC. 7002-01 and 7002-04 have single-agent anti-tumor efficacy and combination synergy with anti-PD1 antibodies in mice. 7002-01 has a typical antibody-like PK profile when rhesus monkeys were administered with a single intravenous dose at 25 or 50 mg/kg. No drug-related toxicities have been observed in GLP toxicity studies with dosages at 50, 250, and 500 mg/kg (QW, 4 weeks). Conclusion: Highly differentiating anti-CD73 antibodies were discovered that show maximal inhibition of both membranous and soluble CD73 without hook effects at high concentrations. 7002-01 was chosen as the lead molecule for its better overall activity profile and should be entering clinical trials by early 2022. Citation Format: Zhenqing Zhang, Yunli Jia, Xiaoniu Miao, Weifeng Huang, Chao Wang, Zhijun Yuan, Wenchao Jiang, Zhiyuan Li, Liandi Chen, Andy Tsun. Development of functionally differentiating anti-CD73 antibodies for cancer therapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 6115.

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Ahmed, Mariyam, Henny Alice Westra, and Michael J. Constantino. "Early therapy interpersonal process differentiating clients high and low in outcome expectations." Psychotherapy Research 22, no. 6 (November 2012): 731–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2012.724538.

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Oktar, Nezih, Tayfun Dalbasti, and Berna Yilmaz. "Local therapy of recurrent anaplastic gliomas with a differentiating agent of bucladesine." Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 99 (July 1997): S230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0303-8467(97)82344-x.

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Dadfarmay, Sina, Robert Berkowitz, Bernard Kim, and Rama Bindu Manchikalapudi. "Differentiating Pulmonary Arterial and Pulmonary Venous Hypertension and the Implications for Therapy." Congestive Heart Failure 16, no. 6 (October 21, 2010): 287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7133.2010.00192.x.

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Oreshkina, Yelena Vladimirovna. "TO THE ISSUE OF DIFFERENTIATING THE NOTIONS «ART THERAPY» AND «ART PEDAGOGY»." Вестник Восточно-Сибирского государственного института культуры 144 (November 28, 2022): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31443/2541-8874-2022-3-23-123-131.

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Kolhe, Kailash, and Vishal Sharma. "Editorial: Differentiating Gastrointestinal Tuberculosis and Crohn's Disease—Antitubercular Therapy, Corticosteroids or Both." Journal of Gastrointestinal Infections 12, no. 01 (January 2022): 009–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1757398.

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Robinson, Jeffery R. "Lower Extremity Pain of Lumbar Spine Origin: Differentiating Somatic Referred and Radicular Pain." Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy 11, no. 4 (October 2003): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/106698103790825519.

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Buckner, Samuel L., Scott J. Dankel, Kevin T. Mattocks, Matthew B. Jessee, J. Grant Mouser, Brittany R. Counts, Gilberto C. Laurentino, and Jeremy P. Loenneke. "Differentiating Swelling and Hypertrophy Following Repeated Bouts of Resistance Exercise." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 49, no. 5S (May 2017): 765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000519037.01773.79.

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