Relevant bibliographies by topics / DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT

Academic literature on the topic 'DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT'

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Published: 11 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT"

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Freeman, J. S., and S. A. Velinsky. "Comparison of the Dynamics of Conventional and Worm-Gear Differentials." Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design 111, no. 4 (December 1, 1989): 605–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3259043.

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The differential mechanism has been used for many years and a variety of unique designs have been developed for particular applications. This paper investigates the performance of both the conventional bevel-gear differential and the worm-gear differential as used in vehicles. The worm-gear differential is a design in which the bevel gears of the conventional differential are replaced by worm gear/worm wheel pairs. The resultant differential exhibits some interesting behavior which has made this differential desirable for use in high performance and off-road vehicles. In this work, an Euler-Lagrange formulation of the equations of motion of the conventional and worm-gear differentials allows comparison of their respective behavior. Additionally, each differential is incorporated into a full vehicle model to observe their effects on gross vehicle response. The worm-gear differential is shown to exhibit the desirable characteristics of a limited-slip differential while maintaining the conventional differential’s ability to differentiate output shaft speeds at all power levels.
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Esashi, Masayoshi, Hiroshi Kawai, and Kenichi Yoshimi. "Differential output type microflow sensor." Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part II: Electronics) 76, no. 8 (1993): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecjb.4420760808.

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BRUUN, ERIK. "A differential-input, differential-output current mode operational amplifier." International Journal of Electronics 71, no. 6 (December 1991): 1047–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207219108925545.

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Drung, D., J. Storm, and J. Beyer. "SQUID Current Sensor With Differential Output." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 23, no. 3 (June 2013): 1100204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2012.2227638.

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Odinokov, V. F. "Differential converter with a frequency output." Measurement Techniques 33, no. 5 (May 1990): 499–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00864446.

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Qiu, Zhao Yun, Zong Bao Zhang, Qi Tao Liu, and Guang Dong Jiang. "Research of Linear Differential Hall Sensor Modeling and Output Characteristics Experiment." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 1488–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.1488.

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The purpose of this paper is to model and study linear differential Hall sensor. A component for linear differential Hall sensor model was constructed, then a number of experiments were performed to check its output characteristics and temperature characteristics.Two Hall-components formed a linear differential Hall model,which had two independent outputs outputing differential voltage. The results show that the model significantly reduces quiescent output voltage, the signal amplitude increased 99.5%, sensitivity ≥ 40mV/mT, linearity error ≤ 0.5%, zero drift coefficient ≤0.023mV/°C.It is concluded that outputing differential voltage can prohibit common-mode interference and zero shift.The model will has self temperature compensation and nonlinear correctiion.In the future ,this model will practicaly in the current sensor.
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Tenhunen, M., T. Hämäläinen, and T. Lahtinen. "Output factors of asymmetric and dynamic wedge fields: Differential output factor." Radiotherapy and Oncology 37 (October 1995): S17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8140(96)80497-x.

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Gao, Jie, Ruobin Gong, and Fang-Yi Yu. "Subspace Differential Privacy." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, no. 4 (June 28, 2022): 3986–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i4.20315.

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Many data applications have certain invariant constraints due to practical needs. Data curators who employ differential privacy need to respect such constraints on the sanitized data product as a primary utility requirement. Invariants challenge the formulation, implementation, and interpretation of privacy guarantees. We propose subspace differential privacy, to honestly characterize the dependence of the sanitized output on confidential aspects of the data. We discuss two design frameworks that convert well-known differentially private mechanisms, such as the Gaussian and the Laplace mechanisms, to subspace differentially private ones that respect the invariants specified by the curator. For linear queries, we discuss the design of near-optimal mechanisms that minimize the mean squared error. Subspace differentially private mechanisms rid the need for post-processing due to invariants, preserve transparency and statistical intelligibility of the output, and can be suitable for distributed implementation. We showcase the proposed mechanisms on the 2020 Census Disclosure Avoidance demonstration data, and a spatio-temporal dataset of mobile access point connections on a large university campus.
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Witschel, Jonas. "On output stabilizability of differential–algebraic equations." Systems & Control Letters 165 (July 2022): 105232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sysconle.2022.105232.

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Atkin, E. V., and V. V. Shumikhin. "Charge Sensitive Amplifier with Pseudo-differential Output." Russian Microelectronics 50, no. 3 (May 2021): 206–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063739721020037.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT"

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Chong, Kian Haur. "Self-calibrating differential output prediction logic /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5985.

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Zhang, Peichang. "Coherent versus differential multiple-input multiple-output systems." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2015. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/376511/.

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In recent years, Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) techniques have attracted substantial attention due to their capability of providing spatial diversity and/or multiplexing gains. Inspired by the concept of Spatial Modulation (SM), the novel concept of Space-Time-Shift-Keying (STSK) was recently proposed, which is considered to have the following advantages: 1) STSK constitutes a generalized shift keying architecture, which is capable of striking the required trade-off between the required spatial and time diversity as well as multiplexing gain and includes SM and Space Shift Keying (SSK) as its special cases. 2) Its high degree of design-freedom, the above-mentioned flexible diversity versus multiplexing gain trade-off can be achieved by optimizing both the number and size of the dispersion matrices, as well as the number of transmit and receive antennas. 3) Similar to the SM/SSK schemes, the Inter-Antenna-Interference (IAI) may be eliminated and consequently, the adoption of single-antenna-based Maximum Likelihood (ML) detection becomes realistic in STSK schemes. In this report, our investigation can be classified into two major categories, Coherent STSK (CSTSK) and Differential STSK (DSTSK) schemes. For CSTSK, since Channel State Information (CSI) is required for data detection, Channel Estimation (CE) techniques become necessary. To be more explicit, we first briefly review the conventional Training Based CE (TBCE) and Semi-Blind CE (SBCE) schemes for the CSTSK MIMO schemes. In addition, we develop a Blockof-Bits Selection Based CE (BBSBCE) algorithm for CSTSK schemes for increasing the overall system’s throughput, while improving the accuracy of the CE. Additionally, it has been widely recognised that MIMO schemes are capable of achieving a diversity and/or multiplexing gain by employing multiple Antenna Elements (AEs) at the transmitter and/or the receiver. However, it should also noted that since MIMO systems utilize multiple RF chains, their power consumption and hardware costs become substantial. Against this background, we introduce the concept of (Antenna Selection) AS and propose a simple yet efficient AS algorithm, namely the Norm-Based Joint Transmit and Receive AS (NBJTRAS) for assisting MIMO systems. For DSTSK, since no CSI is required for differential detection schemes, it also draws our attention. However, in the absence of CE, the Conventional Differential Detection (CDD) schemes usually suffer from a 3 dB performance degradation and may exhibit an error-flow when Doppler frequency is excessive. In order to mitigate this problem, we investigate Multiple-Symbol Differential Sphere Detection (MSDSD) scheme and adopt it in our DSTSK scheme to improve the system performance, while reducing the detection complexity. Furthermore, based on our MSDSD detected DSTSK scheme, we propose a DSTSK aided Multi-User Successive Relaying aided Cooperative System (MUSRC), which is capable of supporting various number of users flexibly, while covering the conventional 50% throughput loss due to the half-duplex transmit and receive constraint of practical transceivers.
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Robson, Andrew Peter. "A third order analysis of a low temperature differential Ringbom-Stirling engine." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2007. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/4167.

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Rovas, Dimitrios V. (Dimitrios Vasileios) 1975. "Reduced-basis output bound methods for parametrized partial differential equations." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16956.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 189-200).
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
An efficient and reliable method for the prediction of outputs of interest of partial differential equations with affine parameter dependence is presented. To achieve efficiency we employ the reduced-basis method: a weighted residual Galerkin-type method, where the solution is projected onto low-dimensional spaces with certain problem-specific approximation properties. Reliability is obtained by a posteriori error estimation methods - relaxations of the standard error-residual equation that provide inexpensive but sharp and rigorous bounds for the error in outputs of interest. Special affine parameter dependence of the differential operator is exploited to develop a two-stage off-line/on-line blackbox computational procedure. In the on-line stage, for every new parameter value, we calculate the output of interest and an associated error bound. The computational complexity of the on-line stage of the procedure scales only with the dimension of the reduced-basis space and the parametric complexity of the partial differential operator; the method is thus ideally suited for the repeated and rapid evaluations required in the context of parameter estimation, design, optimization, and real-time control. The theory and corroborating numerical results are presented for: symmetric coercive problems (e.g. problems in conduction heat transfer), parabolic problems (e.g. unsteady heat transfer), noncoercive problems (e.g. the reduced-wave, or Helmholtz, equation), the Stokes problem (e.g flow of highly viscous fluids), and certain nonlinear equations (e.g. eigenvalue problems).
by Dimitrios V. Rovas.
Ph.D.
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Teichman, Jeremy Alan 1975. "Bounding of linear output functionals of parabolic partial differential equations." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/50440.

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Foley, Dawn Christine. "Applications of State space realization of nonlinear input/output difference equations." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16818.

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Paruchuri, Sai Tej. "Output Regulation of Systems Governed by Delay Differential Equations: Approximations and Robustness." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/98409.

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This thesis considers the problem of robust geometric regulation for tracking and disturbance rejection of systems governed by delay differential equations. It is well known that geometric regulation can be highly sensitive to system parameters and hence such designs are not always robust. In particular, when employing numerical approximations to delay systems, the resulting finite dimensional models inherit natural approximation errors that can impact robustness. This demonstrates this lack of robustness and then addresses robustness by employing versions of robust regulation that have been developed for infinite dimensional systems. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the ideas and to test the robustness of the regulator.
M.S.
Recent years have seen a surge in the everyday application of complex mechanical and electrical systems. These systems can perform complex tasks; however, the increased complexity makes it harder to control them. An example of such a system is a semi-autonomous car designed to stay within a designated lane. One of the most commonly used approaches for controlling such systems is called output regulation. In the above example, the output regulator regulates the output of the car (position of the car) to follow the reference output (the road lane). Traditionally, the design of output regulators assumes complete knowledge of the system. However, it is impossible to derive equations that govern complex systems like a car. This thesis analyzes the robustness of output regulators in the presence of errors in the system. In particular, the focus is on analyzing output regulators implemented to delay-differential equations. These are differential equations where the rate of change of states at the current time depends on the states at previous times. Furthermore, this thesis addresses this problem by employing the robust versions of the output regulators.
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Dang, Xiaoyu. "An Optimum Detector for Space-Time Trellis Coded Differential MSK." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/604515.

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ITC/USA 2007 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Third Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 22-25, 2007 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada
The accuracy of channel estimation plays a crucial role in the demodulation of data symbols sent across an unknown wireless medium. In this work a new analytical expression for the channel estimation error of a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system is obtained when the wireless medium is continuously changing in the temporal domain. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate our findings. Space-time (ST) coding using Continuous Phase Modulation (CPM) has spectral advantages relative to linear modulations. In spite of the spectral benefits, Space-Time Trellis Codes (STTC) using the CPM implementation of Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) scheme has inherent inphase and quadrature interference, when the received complex baseband signal is the input into the matchfilter to remove the shaped sinusoid pulses. In this paper a novel optimum transmitting and detecting structure for STTC-MSK is proposed. Treating the Alamouti scheme as an outer code, each STTC MSK waveform frame is immediately followed by the orthogonal conjugate waveform frame at the transmit side. At the receiver first orthogonal wave forming is applied, then a new time-variant yet simple trellis structure of the STTC-MSK signals is developed. This STTC-MSK detector is absolutely guaranteed to be I/Q interference-free and still keeps a smaller computation load compared with STTC-QPSK. Simulations are made over quasi-static AWGN fading channel. It is shown that our detector for ST-MSK has solved the I/Q interference problem and has around 2.8 dB gain compared with the Alamouti Scheme and 3.8 dB gain for bit error rate at 5 X 10^(-3) in a 2 by 1 Multiple Input Single Output system.
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Chu, D., and V. Mehrmann. "Minimum Norm Regularization of Descriptor Systems by Output Feedback." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 1998. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-199801177.

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We study the regularization problem for linear, constant coefficient descriptor systems $E x^. = AX + Bu, y_1 = Cx, y_2=\Gamma x^.$ by proportional and derivative mixed output feedback. Necessary and sufficient conditions are given, which guarantee that there exist output feedbacks such that the closed-loop system is regular, has index at most one and $E +BG\Gamma$ has a desired rank, i.e. there is a desired number of differential and algebraic equations. To resolve the freedom in the choice of the feedback matrices we then discuss how to obtain the desired regularizing feedback of minimum norm and show that this approach leads to useful results in the sense of robustness only if the rank of E is decreased. Numerical procedures are derived to construct the desired feedbacks gains. These numerical procedures are based on orthogonal matrix transformations which can be implemented in a numerically stable way.
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Chetham, Scott Matthew. "Measurement of cardiac output by multifrequency bioimpedance." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2003.

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Books on the topic "DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT"

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Blewitt, Nigel. The differential behaviour of regional employment and output. [s.l.]: typescript, 1993.

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Grossman, Robert. The realization of input-output maps using bialgebras. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1989.

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Grossman, Robert. The realization of input-output maps using bialgebras. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1989.

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G, Larson Richard, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. The realization of input-output maps using bialgebras. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1989.

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Borjas, George J. Market responses to interindustry wage differentials. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2000.

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T, Patera Anthony, Peraire Jaume, and Langley Research Center, eds. A posteriori finite element bounds for sensitivity derivatives of partial-differential-equation outputs. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1998.

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Serakos, Demetrios. Generalized Adjoint Systems. Springer, 2015.

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Serakos, Demetrios. Generalized Adjoint Systems. Springer, 2015.

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Serakos, Demetrios. Generalized Adjoint Systems. Springer, 2015.

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Lancellotti, Patrizio, and Bernard Cosyns. Systemic Disease and Other Conditions. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713623.003.0017.

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This chapter describes the effect of various activities on the heart and associated disorders. It details the echocardiographic findings of athlete’s heart and differential diagnosis. It considers pregnancy which induces several haemodynamic changes: increase in heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and decrease in systemic vascular resistance. Several echocardiographic changes may also present in normal pregnancy and these must be recognized. Echocardiography should be performed in each pregnant woman with cardiac signs or symptoms to search for new cardiac disease occurring during pregnancy and especially peripartum cardiomyopathy. Pregnancy is well tolerated by most woman with cardiac disease. Pregnancy in contraindicated in woman with pulmonary hypertension. Although the heart is not the principal affected organ in systemic disease there is some involvement. This chapter also details the echo findings of a range of systemic diseases including amyloidosis, connective tissue disease, endocrine disease, and HIV.
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Book chapters on the topic "DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT"

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Delchamps, David F. "Linear Differential Equations: Existence and Uniqueness Theorems." In State Space and Input-Output Linear Systems, 31–49. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3816-4_3.

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García-Planas, María Isabel, and Sonia Tarragona. "Functional Output-Controllability of Time-Invariant Singular Linear Systems." In Advances in Differential Equations and Applications, 169–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06953-1_17.

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van der Schaft, A. J. "Representing a nonlinear input-output differential equation as an input-state-output system." In Open Problems in Mathematical Systems and Control Theory, 239–43. London: Springer London, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0807-8_45.

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Lindquist, Anders, and Vladimir A. Yakubovich. "Optimal Damping of Forced Oscillations in Discrete-time Systems by Output Feedback." In Stochastic Differential and Difference Equations, 203–31. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1980-4_16.

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Wu, Ligang, and Zidong Wang. "Dynamic Output Feedback Control of Differential and Discrete LRPs." In Filtering and Control for Classes of Two-Dimensional Systems, 235–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13698-1_11.

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Paunonen, Lassi. "The Infinite-dimensional Sylvester Differential Equation and Periodic Output Regulation." In Spectral Theory, Mathematical System Theory, Evolution Equations, Differential and Difference Equations, 515–31. Basel: Springer Basel, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-0297-0_31.

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Baumann, Manuel, Jan Heiland, and Michael Schmidt. "Discrete Input/Output Maps and their Relation to Proper Orthogonal Decomposition." In Numerical Algebra, Matrix Theory, Differential-Algebraic Equations and Control Theory, 585–608. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15260-8_21.

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Chen, Bor-Sen. "Robust Observer-Based Output Feedback Control Design of Large Flexible Structures." In Robust Engineering Designs of Partial Differential Systems and Their Applications, 173–95. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003229230-10.

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Barchielli, Alberto. "Input and output channels in quantum systems and quantum stochastic differential equations." In Quantum Probability and Applications III, 37–51. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0078053.

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Niu, Zhongfeng, Siwei Sun, Yunwen Liu, and Chao Li. "Rotational Differential-Linear Distinguishers of ARX Ciphers with Arbitrary Output Linear Masks." In Advances in Cryptology – CRYPTO 2022, 3–32. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15802-5_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT"

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Bidare, Srinivas R. "Multi-output differential technologies." In AIP Conference Proceedings Volume 387. ASCE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.52080.

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Mor´n, Emmanuel Garcia, and Daishi Alfredo Murano Labastida. "Input-Output Stability for Differential Neural Networks." In 2011 IEEE Electronics, Robotics and Automotive Mechanics Conference (CERMA). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cerma.2011.16.

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Ting Zhu and Paul D. Franzon. "An enhanced macromodeling approach for differential output drivers." In 2009 IEEE International Behavioral Modeling and Simulation Conference (BMAS 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bmas.2009.5338889.

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Chipipop, Boonruk, Roungsan Chaisricharoen, and Boonchareon Sirinaovakul. "A Novel Balanced Differential-Pair Multi-Output CMOS CCCII." In 2008 3rd IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciea.2008.4582538.

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Kamper, Michael, and Georg Fischer. "Optimized output baluns for wideband differential class D PAs." In 2017 IEEE Topical Conference on RF/Microwave Power Amplifiers for Radio and Wireless Applications (PAWR). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pawr.2017.7875580.

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Grizzle, J., M. Di Benedetto, and C. Moog. "Computing the differential output rank of a nonlinear system." In 26th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control. IEEE, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.1987.272728.

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Huang, Chiau-Ling, and Yi-Hsin Pang. "Filtering power divider for differential input and output signals." In 2013 Asia Pacific Microwave Conference - (APMC 2013). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apmc.2013.6695149.

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Kaewdang, Khanittha, and Wanlop Surakampontorn. "Class AB differential input/output current-controlled current amplifier." In 2013 International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems (ISPACS). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ispacs.2013.6704632.

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Rivera-Escobar, C., F. Silva-Del-Rosario, M. Silva, and I. Padilla-Cantoya. "Multiple stage capacitor multiplier using dual-output differential amplifiers." In 2013 IEEE 4th Latin American Symposium on Circuits and Systems (LASCAS). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lascas.2013.6519076.

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Tanwani, Aneel, Bernard Brogliato, and Christophe Prieur. "On output regulation in systems with differential variational inequalities." In 2014 IEEE 53rd Annual Conference on Decision and Control (CDC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2014.7039863.

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Reports on the topic "DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT"

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Pearson, A. E. On Structure Determination for Polynomial Input-Output Differential Systems,. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada160225.

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Mabuchi, Hideo. Approximation of Quantum Stochastic Differential Equations for Input-Output Model Reduction. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1007427.

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Bustelo, Monserrat, Pablo Egana-delSol, Laura Ripani, Nicolas Soler, and Mariana Viollaz. Automation in Latin America: Are Women at Higher Risk of Losing Their Jobs? Inter-American Development Bank, August 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002566.

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New technological trends, such as digitization, artificial intelligence and robotics, have the power to drastically increase economic output but may also displace workers. In this paper we assess the risk of automation for female and male workers in four Latin American countries Bolivia, Chile, Colombia and El Salvador. Our study is the first to apply a task-based approach with a gender perspective in this region. Our main findings indicate that men are more likely than women to perform tasks linked to the skills of the future, such as STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics), information and communications technology, management and communication, and creative problem-solving tasks. Women thus have a higher average risk of automation, and 21% of women vs. 19% of men are at high risk (probability of automation greater than 70%). The differential impacts of the new technological trends for women and men must be assessed in order to guide the policy-making process to prepare workers for the future. Action should be taken to prevent digital transformation from worsening existing gender inequalities in the labor market.
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Hertel, Thomas, and Padma Swaminathan. Introducing Monopolistic Competition into the GTAP Model. GTAP Technical Paper, September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.tp06.

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This technical paper documents one approach to incorporating monopolistic competition into the GTAP model. In this framework, consumer preferences are heterogeneous, leading to an apparent "love of variety" in the aggregate utility function for each region. The more heterogeneous are preferences, the smaller the elasticity of substitution in the aggregate utility function, and the greater the value placed on the addition of new varieties. The same is true for firms, which experience lower unit costs for differentiated, intermediate inputs, as the number of varieties on offer increases. In order to meet the diverse needs of consumers, firms differentiate their products through research and development (R&D) as well as advertising activities. These costs are assumed to be invariant to the total volume of sales for a given variety of product. With production occurring at constant returns to scale, this gives rise to declining average total costs. A zero profits equilibrium in this model is characterized by firms marking up their price over marginal costs by an amount sufficient to cover the fixed costs associated with establishing a new variety in the marketplace. Since the optimal markup is itself determined by the elasticity of substitution among varieties, this establishes a direct relationship between fixed costs and the degree of preference heterogeneity. The main differences between the monopolistically competitive sectors and the traditional GTAP sectors may be summarized as follows: We introduce two new variables: n, the number of firms in the industry and qof, the output per firm. Minimum expenditure and unit costs are declining in n. Average total costs are declining in output per firm. Unlike the Armington specification, foreign and domestic firms compete directly in the representative consumer's utility function. We illustrate this framework with a 2 commodity/3 region example in which we eliminate US antidumping duti
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5

Dimaranan, Betina, Thomas Hertel, and Roman Keeney. OECD Domestic Support and the Developing Countries. GTAP Working Paper, January 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp19.

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This paper aims to shed light on the potential interests of developing countries in reforms to domestic support for agriculture in the OECD economies. In order to accomplish this goal, we begin by reviewing the literature on the impacts of domestic support on key variables, including farm income, in the OECD economies themselves. We then proceed to revise the standard GTAP model of global trade, based on recent work at the OECD, in order to permit it to better capture these impacts. A series of stylized simulations are subsequently offered to illustrate the differential impacts of alternative types of domestic support. These suggest the possibility of policy re-instrumentation, whereby farm income is stabilized in the face of cuts to overall support levels by shifting the mix of subsidies away from the more trade-distorting instruments which also tend to be ineffective tools for boosting farm incomes. We then explore in considerable detail the mechanisms by which OECD agricultural reforms affect developing country welfare. The primary channel for such effects works through the terms of trade which in turn depend in part on whether a country is a net exporter or a net importer of the affected OECD products. Long term support for agricultural program commodities in OECD countries, coupled with relative taxation in many developing countries, has left the latter increasingly dependent on imports of these subsidized products. This has, in turn, made them more vulnerable to agricultural reforms that raise these prices. As a result, we find that an across-the-board, 50% cut in all domestic support for OECD agriculture leads to welfare losses for most of the developing regions, as well as for the combined total group of developing countries. The 50% cut in domestic support also results in large declines in farm incomes in Europe, and, to a lesser degree, North America. This makes such a reform package an unlikely political event. An alternative approach to reforming agricultural policies in the OECD would be to focus on broad-based reductions in market price support. This has already been occurring in the EU, in particular, where domestic support has increasingly replaced border measures. As demonstrated in this paper, the basic economic principles of agricultural support policies suggest that a shift from market price support to land-based payments could generate a “win-win” outcome whereby farm incomes are maintained and world price distortions are reduced. This is the direction charted by the OECD in its recent “Positive Reform Agenda” for agriculture. We formally examine such an agricultural reform scenario, implementing a 50% cut in market price support for OECD agriculture, with a compensating set of land payments designed to maintain farm income in each of the member economies. This comprehensive reform scenario results in increased welfare for most developing countries, with gains on other commodities offsetting the terms of trade losses from higher program crop prices. We conclude that developing countries will be well advised to focus their efforts on improved market access to the OECD economies, while permitting these wealthy economies to continue – indeed even increase – domestic support payments. Provided these increased domestic support payments are not linked to output or variable inputs, the trade-distorting effects are likely to be small, and they can be a rather effective way of offsetting the potential losses that would otherwise be sustained by OECD farmers. This type of policy re-instrumentation will increase the probability that such reforms will be deemed politically acceptable in the OECD member economies, while simultaneously increasing the likelihood that such reforms will also be beneficial to the developing economies.
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