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1
Gupta, Vinod Kumar, Njud S. Alharbie, Shilpi Agarwal, and Vladimir A. Grachev. "New Emerging One Dimensional Nanostructure Materials for Gas Sensing Application: A Mini Review." Current Analytical Chemistry 15, no. 2 (February 19, 2019): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573411014666180319151407.
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Background: Nanomaterials have numerous potential applications in many areas such as electronics, optoelectronics, catalysis and composite materials. Particularly, one dimensional (1D) nanomaterials such as nanobelts, nanorods, and nanotubes can be used as either functional materials or building blocks for hierarchical nanostructures. 1D nanostructure plays a very important role in sensor technology. Objective: In the current review, our efforts are directed toward recent review on the use of 1D nanostructure materials which are used in the literature for developing high-performance gas sensors with fast response, quick recovery time and low detection limit. This mini review also focuses on the methods of synthesis of 1D nanostructural sensor array, sensing mechanisms and its application in sensing of different types of toxic gases which are fatal for human mankind. Particular emphasis is given to the relation between the nanostructure and sensor properties in an attempt to address structure-property correlations. Finally, some future research perspectives and new challenges that the field of 1D nanostructure sensors will have to address are also discussed.
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Yang, Ming, Xiaohua Chen, Zidong Wang, Yuzhi Zhu, Shiwei Pan, Kaixuan Chen, Yanlin Wang, and Jiaqi Zheng. "Zero→Two-Dimensional Metal Nanostructures: An Overview on Methods of Preparation, Characterization, Properties, and Applications." Nanomaterials 11, no. 8 (July 23, 2021): 1895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11081895.
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Metal nanostructured materials, with many excellent and unique physical and mechanical properties compared to macroscopic bulk materials, have been widely used in the fields of electronics, bioimaging, sensing, photonics, biomimetic biology, information, and energy storage. It is worthy of noting that most of these applications require the use of nanostructured metals with specific controlled properties, which are significantly dependent on a series of physical parameters of its characteristic size, geometry, composition, and structure. Therefore, research on low-cost preparation of metal nanostructures and controlling of their characteristic sizes and geometric shapes are the keys to their development in different application fields. The preparation methods, physical and chemical properties, and application progress of metallic nanostructures are reviewed, and the methods for characterizing metal nanostructures are summarized. Finally, the future development of metallic nanostructure materials is explored.
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Roy, Souradeep, Sourav Sain, Shikha Wadhwa, Ashish Mathur, Santosh Dubey, and Susanta S. Roy. "Electrochemical impedimetric analysis of different dimensional (0D–2D) carbon nanomaterials for effective biosensing of L-tyrosine." Measurement Science and Technology 33, no. 1 (October 27, 2021): 014002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ac2cf3.
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Abstract Electrochemical biosensors employing nano-transduction surfaces are considered highly sensitive to the morphology of nanomaterials. Various interfacial parameters namely charge transfer resistance, double layer capacitance, heterogeneous electron transfer rate and diffusion limited processes, depend strongly on the nanostructure geometry which eventually affects the biosensor performance. The present work deals with a comparative study of electrochemical impedance-based detection of L-tyrosine (or simply tyrosine) by employing carbon nanostructures (graphene quantum dots, single walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene) along with tyrosinase as the bio-receptor. Specifically, the role of carbon nanostructures (i.e. 0D, 1D and 2D) on charge transfer resistance is investigated by applying time-varying electric field at the nano-bioelectrode followed by calculating the heterogeneous electron transfer rate, double layer capacitor current and their effects on limits of detection and sensitivities towards tyrosine recognition. A theoretical model based on Randel’s equivalent circuit is proposed to account for the redox kinetics at various carbon nanostructure/enzyme hybrid surfaces. It was observed that, the 1D morphology (single walled CNTs) exhibited lowest charge transfer resistance ∼2.62 kΩ (lowest detection limit of 0.61 nM) and highest electron transfer rate ∼0.35 μm s−1 (highest sensitivity 0.37 kΩ nM−1 mm−2). Our results suggest that a suitable morphology of carbon nanostructure would be essential for efficient and sensitive detection of tyrosine.
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Basioli, Lovro, Krešimir Salamon, Marija Tkalčević, Igor Mekterović, Sigrid Bernstorff, and Maja Mičetić. "Application of GISAXS in the Investigation of Three-Dimensional Lattices of Nanostructures." Crystals 9, no. 9 (September 13, 2019): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9090479.
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The application of the grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) technique for the investigation of three-dimensional lattices of nanostructures is demonstrated. A successful analysis of three-dimensionally ordered nanostructures requires applying a suitable model for the description of the nanostructure ordering. Otherwise, it is possible to get a good agreement between the experimental and the simulated data, but the parameters obtained by fitting may be completely incorrect. In this paper, we theoretically examine systems having different types of nanostructure ordering, and we show how the choice of the correct model for the description of ordering influences the analysis results. Several theoretical models are compared in order to show how to use GISAXS in the investigation of self-assembled arrays of nanoparticles, and also in arrays of nanostructures obtained by ion-beam treatment of thin films or surfaces. All models are supported by experimental data, and the possibilities and limitations of GISAXS for the determination of material structure are discussed.
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Chen, Hsin-Yu, Yi-Hong Xiao, Lin-Jiun Chen, Chi-Ang Tseng, and Chuan-Pei Lee. "Low-Dimensional Nanostructures for Electrochemical Energy Applications." Physics 2, no. 3 (September 11, 2020): 481–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/physics2030027.
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Materials with different nanostructures can have diverse physical properties, and they exhibit unusual properties as compared to their bulk counterparts. Therefore, the structural control of desired nanomaterials is intensely attractive to many scientific applications. In this brief review, we mainly focus on reviewing our recent reports based on the materials of graphene and the transition metal chalcogenide, which have various low-dimensional nanostructures, in relation to the use of electrocatalysts in electrochemical energy applications; moreover, related literatures were also partially selected for discussion. In addition, future aspects of the nanostructure design related to the further enhancement of the performance of pertinent electrochemical energy devices will also be mentioned.
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Sousa Neto, Vicente de Oliveira, Gilberto Dantas Saraiva, A. J. Ramiro De Castro, Paulo de Tarso Cavalcante Freire, and Ronaldo Ferreira Do Nascimento. "Electrodeposition of One-Dimensional Nanostructures: Environmentally Friendly Method." Journal of Composites and Biodegradable Polymers 10 (December 28, 2022): 19–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.12974/2311-8717.2022.10.03.
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During the past decade, nanotechnology has become an active field of research because of its huge potential for a variety of applications. When the size of many established, well-studied materials is reduced to the nanoscale, radically improved or new surprising properties often emerge. There are mainly four types of nanostructures: zero, one, two and three dimensional structures. Among them, one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures have been the focus of quite extensive studies worldwide, partially because of their unique physical and chemical properties. Compared to the other three dimensional structures, the first characteristic of 1D nanostructure is its smaller dimension structure and high aspect ratio, which could efficiently transport electrical carriers along one controllable direction; as a consequence they are highly suitable for moving charges in integrated nanoscale systems. The second characteristic of 1D nanostructure is its device function, which can be exploited as device elements in many kinds of nanodevices. Indeed it is important to note that superior physical properties including superconductivity, enhanced magnetic coercivity and the unusual magnetic state of some 1D nanostructures have been theoretically predicted and some of them have already been confirmed by experiments. In order to attain the potential offered by 1D nanostructures, one of the most important issues is how to synthesize 1D nanostructures in large quantities with a convenient method. Many synthetic strategies, such as solution or vapor-phase approaches, template-directed methods, electrospinning techniques, solvothermal syntheses, self-assembly methods, etc., have been developed to fabricate different classes of 1D nanostructured materials, including metals, semiconductors, functional oxides, structural ceramics, polymers and composites. All the methods can be divided into two categories: those carried out in a gas phase (i.e., “dry processes”) and those carried out in a liquid phase (i.e., “wet processes”). The dry processes include, for example, techniques such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), pulse laser deposition (PLD), metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). In general, these gas phase processes require expensive and specialized equipments. The wet processes include sol-gel method, hydrothermal method, chemical bath deposition (CBD) and electrodeposition. Among the above mentioned methods, electrodeposition has many advantages such as low cost, environmentally friendly, high growth rate at relatively low temperatures and easier control of shape and size. Generally, there are two strategies to produce the 1D nanostructures through the electrochemical process. They are the template-assisted electrodeposition, and the template-free electrodeposition. In this chapter, we will approach the recent progress and offer some prospects of future directions in electrodeposition of 1D nanostructures. Electrodeposition is a simple and flexible method for the synthesis of one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures and has attracted great attention in recent years.
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Pan, Hui, Yuan Ping Feng, Jianyi Lin, Chuan Jun Liu, and Thye Shen Wee. "Catalyst-Free Template-Synthesis of ZnO Nanopetals at 60 °C." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7, no. 2 (February 1, 2007): 696–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.140.
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We report successful growth of a new form of ZnO nanostructures, ZnO nanopetals at low temperature. This two-dimensional nanostructure is morphologically different from nanowalls. The flat and circularly edged nanopetals intersect each other. The thickness of nanopetals is uniform and about 30 nm. The nanostructure was produced using a simple catalyst-free chemical method based on anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template. The growth temperature was 60 °C which is much lower than that required for growing ZnO nanowalls. The formation of the nanopetal network was induced by the porous alumina network on the surface of the AAO template.
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Shaalan, Nagih M. "Promising Novel Barium Carbonate One-Dimensional Nanostructures and Their Gas Sensing Application: Preparation and Characterization." Chemosensors 10, no. 6 (June 17, 2022): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10060230.
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Recently, barium carbonate-based nanomaterials have been used for sensor and catalysis applications. The sensing performance can be improved with a suitable one-dimensional nanostructure. In this regard, novel nanosized BaCO3 materials were fabricated by a one-pot designed thermal evaporation system. Ten milligrams of Ba as raw material were used to deposit BaCO3 nanostructures at a pressure of 0.85 torr and a temperature of 850 °C in a partial oxygen atmosphere of the ambient. This simple method for fabricating novel BaCO3 nanostructures is presented here. X-ray diffraction was indexed on the orthorhombic polycrystalline structure of the prepared BaCO3. The nanostructures deposited here could be described as Datura-like structures linked with nanowires of 20–50 nm in diameter and 5 µm in length. The BaCO3 nanostructure prepared by the current method exhibited a semiconductor-like behavior with an activation energy of 0.68 eV. This behavior was ascribed to the nature of the morphology, which may possess large defective points. Thus, this nanostructure was subjected to gas sensing measurements, showing high activity toward NO2 gas. The proposed sensor also underwent deep investigation toward NO2 at various gas concentrations and working. The response and recovery time constants were recorded in the ranges of 6–20 s and 30–150 s, respectively. The sensor showed its reversibility toward NO2 when the sensor signal was repeated at various cycles of various concentrations. The sensor was exposed to different levels of humidity, showing high performance toward NO2 gas at 250 °C. The sensor exhibited fast response and recovery toward NO2 gas.
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Su, Yi, Xiao Ping Zou, Xiang Min Meng, and Gong Qing Teng. "2-D ZnO Nanostructures on Aluminum by Solution Method." Advanced Materials Research 123-125 (August 2010): 607–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.123-125.607.
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Two-dimensional ZnO nanostructures with various morphologies were synthesized on aluminum by solution method at 90°C. In our experiment, 0.1M zinc chloride (ZnCl2) was used as a ZnO precursor, and different volume of ammonia solution (25％) was added to the solution. We characterize the morphology and nanostructure of 2-D ZnO nanostructures and study the growth mechanisms of these 2-D structures. It should be noted that the existence of Cl﹣ plays an important role on the formation of 2-D structures.
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Manabeng, Matshidiso, Bernard S. Mwankemwa, Richard O. Ocaya, Tshwafo E. Motaung, and Thembinkosi D. Malevu. "A Review of the Impact of Zinc Oxide Nanostructure Morphology on Perovskite Solar Cell Performance." Processes 10, no. 9 (September 7, 2022): 1803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10091803.
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Zinc oxide (ZnO) has been widely studied over the last decade for its remarkable properties in optoelectronic and photovoltaic devices because of its high electron mobility and excitonic properties. It has probably the broadest range of nanostructured forms that are also easy and cheap to synthesize using a wide variety of methods. The volume of recent work on ZnO nanostructures and their devices can potentially overshadow significant developments in the field. Therefore, there is a need for a concise description of the most recent advances in the field. In this review, we focus on the effect of ZnO nanostructure morphologies on the performance of ZnO-based solar cells sensitized using methylammonium lead iodide perovskite. We present an exhaustive discussion of the synthesis routes for different morphologies of the ZnO nanostructure, ways of controlling the morphology, and the impact of morphology on the photoconversion efficiency of a given perovskite solar cell (PSC). We find that although the ZnO nanostructures are empirically similar, one-dimensional structures appear to offer the most promise to increasing photoconversion efficiency (PCE) by their proclivity to align and form vertically stacked layers. This is thought to favor electron hopping, charge mobility, and conductivity by allowing multiple charge conduction pathways and increasing the effective junction cross-sectional area. The combined effect is a net increase in PCE due to the reduced surface reflection, and improved light absorption.
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Nicolosi, Valeria. "Processing and characterisation of two-dimensional nanostructures." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314094893.
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Low-dimensional nanostructured materials such as organic and inorganic nanotubes, nanowires and platelets are potentially useful in a number of areas of nanoscience and nanotechnology due to their remarkable mechanical, electrical and thermal properties. However difficulties associated with their lack of processability have seriously hampered both. In the last few years dispersion and exfoliation methods have been developed and demonstrated to apply universally to 1D and 2D nanostructures of very diverse nature, offering a practical means of processing the nanostructures for a wide range of innovative technologies. Among the first materials to have benefitted most from these advances are carbon nanotubes [6] and more recently graphene. Recently this work has been extended to boron nitride and a wide range of two-dimensional transition metal chalcogenides. These are potentially important because they occur in >40 different types with a wide range of electronic properties, varying from metallic to semiconducting. To make real applications truly feasible, however, it is crucial to fully characterize the nanostructures on the atomic scale and correlate this information with their physical and chemical properties. Advances in aberration-corrected optics in electron microscopy have revolutionised the way to characterise nano-materials, opening new frontiers for materials science. With the recent advances in nanostructure processability, electron microscopes are now revealing the structure of the individual components of nanomaterials, atom by atom. Here we will present an overview of very different low-dimensional materials issues, showing what aberration-corrected electron microscopy can do to answer materials scientists' questions. Particular emphasis will be given to the investigation of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), and tungsten disulfide (WS2) and the study of their structure, defects, stacking sequence, vacancies and low-atomic number individual adatoms. The analyses of the h-BN data showed that majority of nanosheets retain bulk stacking. However several of the images displayed stacking different from the bulk. Similar, to 2D h-BN, images of MoS2 and WS2 have shown the stacking previously unobserved in the bulk. This novel stacking consists of Mo/W stacked on the top each other in the consecutive layers.
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Li, Jia Ye, Jin Feng Zhu, and Qing H. Liu. "Tunable Properties of Three-Dimensional Graphene-Loaded Plasmonic Absorber Using Plasmonic Nanoparticles." Materials Science Forum 860 (July 2016): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.860.29.
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We demonstrate a three-dimensional nanostructure design by combining graphene and conventional plasmonic nanostructures, to achieve the high absorbance in the visible region. Furthermore, the peak position and bandwidth of graphene absorption spectra are tunable in a wide wavelength range through a specific structural configuration. Comparing the results of two structures which is based on different materials, Gold and Silver. The structure made of Silver present a better performance. These results imply that graphene in combination with plasmonic perfect absorbers have a promising potential for developing advanced nanophotonic devices.
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Vázquez, Alejandro, Israel López, and Idalia Gómez. "Cadmium Sulfide and Zinc Sulfide Nanostructures Formed by Electrophoretic Deposition." Key Engineering Materials 507 (March 2012): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.507.101.
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Cadmium sulfide (CdS) and zinc sulfide (ZnS) nanostructures were formed by means of electrophoretic deposition of nanoparticles with mean diameter of 6 nm and 20 nm, respectively. Nanoparticles were prepared by a microwave assisted synthesis in aqueous dispersion and electrophoretically deposited on aluminum plates. CdS thin films and ZnS one-dimensional nanostructures were grown on the negative electrodes after 24 hours of electrophoretic deposition at direct current voltage. CdS and ZnS nanostructures were characterized by means of scanning electron (SEM) and atomic force (AFM) microscopies analysis. CdS thin films homogeneity can be tunable varying the strength of the applied electric field. Deposition at low electric field produces thin films with particles aggregates, whereas deposition at relative high electric field produces smoothed thin films. The one-dimensional nanostructure size can be also controlled by the electric field strength. Two different mechanisms are considered in order to describe the formation of the nanostructures: lyosphere distortion and thinning and subsequent dipole-dipole interactions phenomena are proposed as a possible mechanism of the one-dimensional nanostructures, and a mechanism considering pre-deposition interactions of the CdS nanoparticles is proposed for the CdS thin films formation.
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Purwidyantri, Agnes, Chih-Hsien Hsu, Chia-Ming Yang, Briliant Adhi Prabowo, Ya-Chung Tian, and Chao-Sung Lai. "Plasmonic nanomaterial structuring for SERS enhancement." RSC Advances 9, no. 9 (2019): 4982–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra10656h.
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Au island over nanospheres (AuIoN) structures featuring a three-dimensional (3D) nanostructure on a two-dimensional (2D) array of nanospheres with different adhesion layers were fabricated as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates.
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Xiu, Fei, Hao Lin, Ming Fang, Guofa Dong, Senpo Yip, and Johnny C. Ho. "Fabrication and enhanced light-trapping properties of three-dimensional silicon nanostructures for photovoltaic applications." Pure and Applied Chemistry 86, no. 5 (May 19, 2014): 557–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2013-1119.
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AbstractIn order to make photovoltaics an economically viable energy solution, next-generation solar cells with higher energy conversion efficiencies and lower costs are urgently desired. Among many possible solutions, three-dimensional (3D) silicon nanostructures with excellent light-trapping properties are one of the promising candidates and have recently attracted considerable attention for cost-effective photovoltaic applications. This is because their enhanced light-trapping characteristics and high carrier collection efficiencies can enable the use of cheaper and thinner silicon materials. In this review, recent developments in the controllable fabrication of 3D silicon nanostructures are summarized, followed by the investigation of optical properties on a number of different nanostructures, including nanowires, nanopillars, nanocones, nanopencils, and nanopyramids, etc. Even though nanostructures with radial p-n junction demonstrate excellent photon management properties and enhanced photo-carrier collection efficiencies, the photovoltaic performance of nanostructure-based solar cells is still significantly limited due to the high surface recombination effect, which is induced by high-density surface defects as well as the large surface area in high-aspect-ratio nanostructures. In this regard, various approaches in reducing the surface recombination are discussed and an overall geometrical consideration of both light-trapping and recombination effects to yield the best photovoltaic properties are emphasized.
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Li, Yang, Xiao Dong Zheng, and Lin Fang Shen. "Design and Analysis of One-Dimensional Nanostructure on Amorous Silicon Solar Cell for Surface Reflectance Reduction." Advanced Materials Research 311-313 (August 2011): 1300–1304. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.311-313.1300.
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Solar cell, One-dimensional nanostructure, Surface reflectance, Plane-wave expansion Abstract. In this paper, we design a one-dimensional (1-D) a-Si nanostructure, orthogonizing the two processes to avoid their competition. Shapes of the structure include 1-D nanowire and 1-D nanocone. With the method of plane-wave expansion, the influence of different parameters on surface reflectance is systematically discussed. It is verified that, under the given geometrical parameters, 1-D nanocone solar cell will perform better than 1-D nanowire one and flat one in optical absorption enhancement.
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AOUATI, REDHA, and ABDELKADER NOUIRI. "MONTE CARLO CALCULATION FOR CATHODOLUMINESCENCE OF AlGaAs/GaAs NANOSTRUCTURE." International Journal of Nanoscience 10, no. 03 (June 2011): 373–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x11008101.
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The cathodoluminescence technique (CL) performed in the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) offers opto-electronic characterization of some nanostructures and it is a powerful tool for studying the compositional variation or band structure of three-dimensional microscale or nanoscale structures. The major problem of the CL technique is the difficulty of high spatial resolution of the low-dimensional structure. In the present paper we propose a simple Monte Carlo calculation model to describe the interaction of electron beam with Al x Ga 1-x As - GaAs nanostructure. This model takes into account the confinement phenomenon in the quantum well by an easy method. The influence of different parameters such as the thickness of barriers, Al mole fraction (x), and the diffusion length are studied. The carrier excess generated during the collision of the incident electron with the atoms of the material (random walk) is calculated taking into account the confinement phenomenon within the quantum well. The radiative recombination of electron–hole pairs is collected as a light (CL signal).
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Solozhenko, Vladimir. "Creation of nanomaterials by extreme pressure-temperature conditions." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314098064.
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Nanomaterials in the form of zero-, one- and two-dimensional nanostructures make a high-impact background for both science and technology. At the same time, the synthesis of bulk nanostructured materials remains the least-explored but challenging domain that allows combining the desired physical, chemical and mechanical properties and gives rise to nanoelectronics, nanomechanics, band-gap engineering, etc. The common methods of soft chemistry allow obtaining nanoparticles whose direct sintering unavoidably leads to the grain growth and lost of nanostructure. The extreme pressure is a parameter of choice to suppress the self-diffusion responsible for high-temperature recrystallization. The bulk nanostructured materials shows the superior fracture toughness and extremely high hardness as compared to corresponding microcrystalline bulks. The remarkable changes in physical and mechanical properties, however, do not affect the original thermal and chemical stability of the phase(s). All this opens unique opportunities for high-temperature superabrasive and electronic applications of such materials. Finally, the extreme pressure-temperature conditions are powerful and promising tool for grain-size control during direct solid-state phase transformations. The simultaneous variation of pressure and temperature makes possible to combine different nucleation, growth and aggregation regimes with high flexibility, and, therefore, to go deep into nanoscale engineering.
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Turhan, Emine Ayşe, Ahmet Engin Pazarçeviren, Zafer Evis, and Ayşen Tezcaner. "Properties and applications of boron nitride nanotubes." Nanotechnology 33, no. 24 (March 30, 2022): 242001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac5839.
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Abstract Nanomaterials have received increasing attention due to their controllable physical and chemical properties and their improved performance over their bulk structures during the last years. Carbon nanostructures are one of the most widely searched materials for use in different applications ranging from electronic to biomedical because of their exceptional physical and chemical properties. However, BN nanostructures surpassed the attention of the carbon-based nanostructure because of their enhanced thermal and chemical stabilities in addition to structural similarity with the carbon nanomaterials. Among these nanostructures, one dimensional-BN nanostructures are on the verge of development as new materials to fulfill some necessities for different application areas based on their excellent and unique properties including their tunable surface and bandgap, electronic, optical, mechanical, thermal, and chemical stability. Synthesis of high-quality boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) in large quantities with novel techniques provided greater access, and increased their potential use in nanocomposites, biomedical fields, and nanodevices as well as hydrogen uptake applications. In this review, properties and applications of one-dimensional BN (1D) nanotubes, nanofibers, and nanorods in hydrogen uptake, biomedical field, and nanodevices are discussed in depth. Additionally, research on native and modified forms of BNNTs and also their composites with different materials to further improve electronic, optical, structural, mechanical, chemical, and biological properties are also reviewed. BNNTs find many applications in different areas, however, they still need to be further studied for improving the synthesis methods and finding new possible future applications.
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Zhu, Hongliang, Li Fan, Kaili Wang, Hao Liu, Jiawei Zhang, and Shancheng Yan. "Progress in the Synthesis and Application of Tellurium Nanomaterials." Nanomaterials 13, no. 14 (July 12, 2023): 2057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13142057.
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In recent decades, low-dimensional nanodevices have shown great potential to extend Moore’s Law. The n-type semiconductors already have several candidate materials for semiconductors with high carrier transport and device performance, but the development of their p-type counterparts remains a challenge. As a p-type narrow bandgap semiconductor, tellurium nanostructure has outstanding electrical properties, controllable bandgap, and good environmental stability. With the addition of methods for synthesizing various emerging tellurium nanostructures with controllable size, shape, and structure, tellurium nanomaterials show great application prospects in next-generation electronics and optoelectronic devices. For tellurium-based nanomaterials, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy are the main characterization methods for their morphology. In this paper, the controllable synthesis methods of different tellurium nanostructures are reviewed, and the latest progress in the application of tellurium nanostructures is summarized. The applications of tellurium nanostructures in electronics and optoelectronics, including field-effect transistors, photodetectors, and sensors, are highlighted. Finally, the future challenges, opportunities, and development directions of tellurium nanomaterials are prospected.
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Andrle, Anna, Philipp Hönicke, Grzegorz Gwalt, Philipp-Immanuel Schneider, Yves Kayser, Frank Siewert, and Victor Soltwisch. "Shape- and Element-Sensitive Reconstruction of Periodic Nanostructures with Grazing Incidence X-ray Fluorescence Analysis and Machine Learning." Nanomaterials 11, no. 7 (June 23, 2021): 1647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11071647.
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The characterization of nanostructured surfaces with sensitivity in the sub-nm range is of high importance for the development of current and next-generation integrated electronic circuits. Modern transistor architectures for, e.g., FinFETs are realized by lithographic fabrication of complex, well-ordered nanostructures. Recently, a novel characterization technique based on X-ray fluorescence measurements in grazing incidence geometry was proposed for such applications. This technique uses the X-ray standing wave field, arising from an interference between incident and the reflected radiation, as a nanoscale sensor for the dimensional and compositional parameters of the nanostructure. The element sensitivity of the X-ray fluorescence technique allows for a reconstruction of the spatial element distribution using a finite element method. Due to a high computational time, intelligent optimization methods employing machine learning algorithms are essential for timely provision of results. Here, a sampling of the probability distributions by Bayesian optimization is not only fast, but it also provides an initial estimate of the parameter uncertainties and sensitivities. The high sensitivity of the method requires a precise knowledge of the material parameters in the modeling of the dimensional shape provided that some physical properties of the material are known or determined beforehand. The unknown optical constants were extracted from an unstructured but otherwise identical layer system by means of soft X-ray reflectometry. The spatial distribution profiles of the different elements contained in the grating structure were compared to scanning electron and atomic force microscopy and the influence of carbon surface contamination on the modeling results were discussed. This novel approach enables the element sensitive and destruction-free characterization of nanostructures made of silicon nitride and silicon oxide with sub-nm resolution.
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Alharbi, Raed, and Mustafa Yavuz. "Promote Localized Surface Plasmonic Sensor Performance via Spin-Coating Graphene Flakes over Au Nano-Disk Array." Photonics 6, no. 2 (May 25, 2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics6020057.
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Although localized surface plasmonic resonance (LSPR) sensors have advantages over regular surface plasmonic resonance (SPR) sensors, such as in sensor setup, excitation method, and cost, they suffer from low performance when compared to SPR sensors, which thus limits their commercialization. Among different methods applied to promote LSPR sensor performance, metal-two-dimensional (2D) hybrid nanostructure has been shown to be an efficient improvement. However, metal-2D hybrid nanostructures may come in a complex or a simple scheme and the latter is preferred to avoid challenges in fabrication work and to be applicable in mass production. In this work, a new and simple gold-graphene hybrid scheme is proposed and its plasmonic sensing performance is numerically evaluated using the finite different time domain (FDTD) method. The proposed sensor can be fabricated by growing a Au nano-disk (ND) array on a quartz substrate and then spin-coating graphene flakes of different sizes and shapes randomly on top of and between the Au NDs. Very high sensitivity value is achieved with 2262 nm/RIU at a 0.01 refractive index change. The obtained sensitivity value is very competitive in the field of LSPR sensors using metal-2D hybrid nanostructure. This proposed sensor can be utilized in different biosensing applications such as immunosensors, sensing DNA hybridization, and early disease detection, as discussed at the end of this article.
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Buhl, Janek, Danbi Yoo, Markus Köpke, and Martina Gerken. "Two-Dimensional Nanograting Fabrication by Multistep Nanoimprint Lithography and Ion Beam Etching." Nanomanufacturing 1, no. 1 (May 19, 2021): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nanomanufacturing1010004.
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The application of nanopatterned electrode materials is a promising method to improve the performance of thin-film optoelectronic devices such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and organic photovoltaics. Light coupling to active layers is enhanced by employing nanopatterns specifically tailored to the device structure. A range of different nanopatterns is typically evaluated during the development process. Fabrication of each of these nanopatterns using electron-beam lithography is time- and cost-intensive, particularly for larger-scale devices, due to the serial nature of electron beam writing. Here, we present a method to generate nanopatterns of varying depth with different nanostructure designs from a single one-dimensional grating template structure with fixed grating depth. We employ multiple subsequent steps of UV nanoimprint lithography, curing, and ion beam etching to fabricate greyscale two-dimensional nanopatterns. In this work, we present variable greyscale nanopatterning of the widely used electrode material indium tin oxide. We demonstrate the fabrication of periodic pillar-like nanostructures with different period lengths and heights in the two grating directions. The patterned films can be used either for immediate device fabrication or pattern reproduction by conventional nanoimprint lithography. Pattern reproduction is particularly interesting for the large-scale, cost-efficient fabrication of flexible optoelectronic devices.
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Rahamathulla, Mohamed, Rohit R. Bhosale, Riyaz A. M. Osmani, Kasturi C. Mahima, Asha P. Johnson, Umme Hani, Mohammed Ghazwani, et al. "Carbon Nanotubes: Current Perspectives on Diverse Applications in Targeted Drug Delivery and Therapies." Materials 14, no. 21 (November 7, 2021): 6707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216707.
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Current discoveries as well as research findings on various types of carbon nanostructures have inspired research into their utilization in a number of fields. These carbon nanostructures offer uses in pharmacy, medicine and different therapies. One such unique carbon nanostructure includes carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which are one-dimensional allotropes of carbon nanostructure that can have a length-to-diameter ratio greater than 1,000,000. After their discovery, CNTs have drawn extensive research attention due to their excellent material properties. Their physical, chemical and electronic properties are excellent and their composites provide great possibilities for enormous nanometer applications. The current study provides a systematic review based on prior literature review and data gathered from various sources. The various research studies from many research labs and organizations were systematically retrieved, collected, compiled and written. The entire collection and compilation of this review concluded the use of CNT approaches and their efficacy and safety for the treatment of various diseases such as brain tumors or cancer via nanotechnology-based drug delivery, phototherapy, gene therapy, antiviral therapy, antifungal therapy, antibacterial therapy and other biomedical applications. The current review covers diverse applications of CNTs in designing a range of targeted drug delivery systems and application for various therapies. It concludes with a discussion on how CNTs based medicines can expand in the future.
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Almtoft, K. Pagh, J. Bøttiger, J. Chevallier, N. Schell, and R. M. S. Martins. "Influence of the substrate bias on the size and thermal stability of grains in magnetron-sputtered nanocrystalline Ag films." Journal of Materials Research 20, no. 4 (April 1, 2005): 1071–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2005.0143.
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The nanostructural evolution during heat treatments of direct-current magnetron-sputtered Ag films, deposited at room temperature at different substrate bias voltages, was experimentally studied. A growth chamber equipped with a magnetron and Kapton windows for in-situ x-ray diffraction was mounted on a six-circle goniometer at a synchrotron beam line. Bragg–Brentano x-ray diffraction was used to monitor the (111) Bragg peak during thermal annealing of the Ag films. In addition, to investigate the 〈111〉 fiber texture, one-dimensional pole figures were measured ex situ. The thermal stability of the nanostructure was sensitively dependent on the substrate bias voltage. Increasing the bias voltage resulted in significantly lower rates of grain growth, which we ascribe mainly to the formation of Ar bubbles. Furthermore, the grain size in the as-deposited films decreased with increasing bias voltage while the width of the one-dimensional pole figures increased.
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Song, Lei, Dekun Yang, Zhidan Lei, Qimeng Sun, Zhiwen Chen, and Yi Song. "A Reflectivity Enhanced 3D Optical Storage Nanostructure Application Based on Direct Laser Writing Lithography." Materials 16, no. 7 (March 27, 2023): 2668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16072668.
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To enable high-density optical storage, better storage media structures, diversified recording methods, and improved accuracy of readout schemes should be considered. In this study, we propose a novel three-dimensional (3D) sloppy nanostructure as the optical storage device, and this nanostructure can be fabricated using the 3D laser direct writing technology. It is a 900 nm high, 1 × 2 µm wide Si slope on a 200 nm SiO2 layer with 200 nm Si3N4 deposited on top to enhance reflectivity. In this study, we propose a reflected spectrum-based method as the readout recording strategy to stabilize information readout more stable. The corresponding reflected spectrum varied when the side wall angle of the slope and the azimuth angle of the nanostructure were tuned. In addition, an artificial neural network was applied to readout the stored information from the reflected spectrum. To simulate the realistic fabrication error and measurement error, a 20% noise level was added to the study. Our findings showed that the readout accuracy was 99.86% for all 120 data sequences when the slope and azimuth angle were varied. We investigated the possibility of a higher storage density to fully demonstrate the storage superiority of this designed structure. Our findings also showed that the readout accuracy can reach its highest level at 97.25% when the storage step of the encoded structure becomes 7.5 times smaller. The study provides the possibility to further explore different nanostructures to achieve high-density optical storage.
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Chu, Kuo-Hsiung, Jo-Hsiang Chen, Kuo-Bin Hong, Yu-Ming Huang, Shih-Wen Chiu, Fu-Yao Ke, Chia-Wei Sun, Tsung-Sheng Kao, Chin-Wei Sher, and Hao-Chung Kuo. "Study of High Polarized Nanostructure Light-Emitting Diode." Crystals 12, no. 4 (April 11, 2022): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12040532.
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In this study, we investigated the characteristic difference between the two different configurations of the three-dimensional shell–core nanorod LED. We achieve a degree of polarization of 0.545 for tip-free core–shell nanorod LED and 0.188 for tip core–shell nanorod LED by combining the three-dimensional (3D) structure LED with photonic crystal. The ability of low symmetric modes generated by photonic crystals to enhance degree of polarization has been demonstrated through simulations of photonic crystals. In addition, light confinement in GaN-based nanorod structures is induced by total internal reflection at the GaN/air interface. The combination of 3D core–shell nanorod LED and photonic crystals cannot only produce a light source with a high degree of polarization, but also a narrow divergence angle up to 56°. These 3D LEDs may pave the way for future novel optoelectronic components.
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Verma, Sneha, and B. M. A. Rahman. "Advanced refractive index sensor using 3-dimensional metamaterial based nanoantenna array." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2407, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2407/1/012054.
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Abstract Photonic researchers have increasingly exploiting nanotechnology. Due to the advent of numerous prevalent nanosized manufacturing methods that enable adequate shaped nanostructures to be manufactured and investigated as a method of exploiting nano-structured. Owing of the variety of optical modes, hybrid nanostructures that integrate dielectric resonators with plasmonic nanostructures also offer enormous potentials. In this work, we have explored a hybrid coupled nano-structured antenna with stacked lithium tantalate (LiTaO3)/Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) multilayer operating at infrared ranging from 400 nm-2000 nm. Here, the sensitivity response has been explored of the hybrid nano-structured array made up of the gold metal elliptical disk placed on the top of a quartz substrate and excite the different modes in both materials. It shows large electromagnetic confinement at the separation distance (d) of the dimers due to strong surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The influence of the structural dimensions is investigated to optimise the sensitivity of stacked elliptical dimers. The designed hybrid coupled nano-structure with the combination of gold (Au) and Lithium tantalate (LiTaO3) /Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) with h 1 = h 2 = 10 nm each 10 layer exhibits bulk sensitivity (S), which is the spectrum shift unit per refractive index (RI) change in the surrounding medium was calculated to be 730 and 660 nm/RIU with major axis, (a) = 100 nm, minor axis, (b) = 10 nm, separation distance (d) = 10 nm, height, (h) = 100 nm (with or without stacked). The outcomes from the proposed hybrid nanostructure have been compared with a single metallic (only gold) elliptical paired nano-structure to show a significant improvement in the sensitivity using hybrid nano-structure. Depending on these findings, we demonstrated a roughly two-fold increase in sensitivity (S) by utilising a hybrid nano linked nano-structure with respect to identical nano structure, which competes with traditional sensors with the same height, (h) based on localised surface plasmon resonances. Our innovative plasmonic hybrid nanostructures provide a framework for developing plasmonic nanostructures for use in various sensing applications.
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Kaabipour, Sina, and Shohreh Hemmati. "A review on the green and sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles and one-dimensional silver nanostructures." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 12 (January 25, 2021): 102–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.12.9.
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The significance of silver nanostructures has been growing considerably, thanks to their ubiquitous presence in numerous applications, including but not limited to renewable energy, electronics, biosensors, wastewater treatment, medicine, and clinical equipment. The properties of silver nanostructures, such as size, size distribution, and morphology, are strongly dependent on synthesis process conditions such as the process type, equipment type, reagent type, precursor concentration, temperature, process duration, and pH. Physical and chemical methods have been among the most common methods to synthesize silver nanostructures; however, they possess substantial disadvantages and short-comings, especially compared to green synthesis methods. On the contrary, the number of green synthesis techniques has been increasing during the last decade and they have emerged as alternative routes towards facile and effective synthesis of silver nanostructures with different morphologies. In this review, we have initially outlined the most common and popular chemical and physical methodologies and reviewed their advantages and disadvantages. Green synthesis methodologies are then discussed in detail and their advantages over chemical and physical methods have been noted. Recent studies are then reviewed in detail and the effects of essential reaction parameters, such as temperature, pH, precursor, and reagent concentration, on silver nanostructure size and morphology are discussed. Also, green synthesis techniques used for the synthesis of one-dimensional (1D) silver nanostructures have been reviewed, and the potential of alternative green reagents for their synthesis has been discussed. Furthermore, current challenges regarding the green synthesis of 1D silver nanostructures and future direction are outlined. To sum up, we aim to show the real potential of green nanotechnology towards the synthesis of silver nanostructures with various morphologies (especially 1D ones) and the possibility of altering current techniques towards more environmentally friendly, more energy-efficient, less hazardous, simpler, and cheaper procedures.
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Liu, Cailing, Ruibin Wang, and Ye Zhang. "Tellurium Nanotubes and Chemical Analogues from Preparation to Applications: A Minor Review." Nanomaterials 12, no. 13 (June 22, 2022): 2151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12132151.
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Tellurium (Te), the most metallic semiconductor, has been widely explored in recent decades owing to its fantastic properties such as a tunable bandgap, high carrier mobility, high thermal conductivity, and in-plane anisotropy. Many references have witnessed the rapid development of synthesizing diverse Te geometries with controllable shapes, sizes, and structures in different strategies. In all types of Te nanostructures, Te with one-dimensional (1D) hollow internal structures, especially nanotubes (NTs), have attracted extensive attention and been utilized in various fields of applications. Motivated by the structure-determined nature of Te NTs, we prepared a minor review about the emerging synthesis and nanostructure control of Te NTs, and the recent progress of research into Te NTs was summarized. Finally, we highlighted the challenges and further development for future applications of Te NTs.
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Fan, You Hua, Ze Jun Chen, La Yun Deng, and Hong Chen. "Fabrication and Characterization of CuO Micro-Dimensional Structures for Superhydrophobic Surface." Advanced Materials Research 936 (June 2014): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.233.
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A superhydrophobic copper oxygen (CuO) surface with hierarchical micro- and nanostructure was obtained by hydrothermally synthesized. The CuO surface was endowed with superhydrophobic property by modifying with stearic acid, which was referred to the STA-modified CuO film. The surface morphological study showed that different structures, such as petal-shaped, bulk-shaped, carambola-shaped CuO and cauliflower-shaped particles distributed on the copper substrate under the different synthesis conditions. The water contact angle and sliding angle of the as-prepared CuO surface were 157 ± 2.3º and 3º, respectively.
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Paschen, Timo, Michael Förster, Michael Krüger, Christoph Lemell, Georg Wachter, Florian Libisch, Thomas Madlener, Joachim Burgdörfer, and Peter Hommelhoff. "Two-color phase-controlled photoemission from a zero-dimensional nanostructure." EPJ Web of Conferences 205 (2019): 05004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920505004.
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We demonstrate that multi-photon photoemission including above-threshold multiphoton orders from a nanotip can be coherently controlled with the optical phase between two light fields. By focusing 74 fs drive pulses at 1560 nm and their second harmonic at 780 nm onto the tip and changing the optical phase between the two colors, we observe an emission current modulation of up to 97.5 %. Additionally, electron energy spectra reveal a homogeneous modulation of all multiphoton orders. Hence, the electron current can be strongly increased (by a factor of 3.7) or almost completely turned off due to interference between two different quantum channels in the material. We argue that the extremely high degree of coherence evidenced by this near-unity current modulation depth is due to the confinement of the local field enhancement at the nanotip. The nano-rod effect allows to apply large DC fields, adding a further degree of freedom to investigate the modulation contrast of the photoemitted electron yield. We show that for an increasing DC electric field a non-cooperative distribution of electron emission leads to a decrease in modulation contrast.
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Yuan, Kun, Meng-Yang Li, Yan-Zhi Liu, and Ren-Zhong Li. "Design and Prediction of a Novel Two-Dimensional Carbon Nanostructure with In-Plane Negative Poisson’s Ratio." Journal of Nanomaterials 2019 (February 25, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8618159.
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The intrinsic negative Poisson’s ratio effect in 2-dimensional nanomaterials have attracted a lot of research interests due to its superior mechanical properties, and new mechanisms have emerged in the nanoscale. In this paper, we designed a novel graphyne-like two-dimensional carbon nanostructure with a “butterfly” shape (GL-2D-1) and its configuration isomer with a “herring-bone” form (GL-2D-2) by means of density functional theoretical calculation and predicted their in-plane negative Poisson’s ratio effect and other mechanical properties. Both GL-2D-1 and GL-2D-2 present a significant negative Poisson’s ratio effect under different specific strains conditions. By contrast, GL-2D-2 presents a much stronger negative Poisson’s ratio effect and mechanical stability than does GL-2D-1. It is hoped that this work could be a useful structural design strategy for the development of the 2D carbon nanostructure with the intrinsic negative Poisson’s ratio.
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Liang, Yuan-Chang, and Tsun-Hsuan Li. "Controllable morphology of Bi2S3 nanostructures formed via hydrothermal vulcanization of Bi2O3 thin-film layer and their photoelectrocatalytic performances." Nanotechnology Reviews 11, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 284–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0016.
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Abstract Bi2S3 nanostructures with various morphologies were synthesized through hydrothermal vulcanization at different sulfur precursor (thiourea) concentrations. A 100 nm thick sputter-deposited Bi2O3 thin-film layer on a fluorine-doped tin oxide glass substrate was used as a sacrificial template layer. The etching of the Bi2O3 sacrificial template layer and the regrowth of Bi2S3 crystallites during hydrothermal vulcanization produced the different Bi2S3 nanostructure morphologies. The lowest sulfur precursor concentration (0.01 M) induced the formation of Bi2S3 nanosheets, whereas the Bi2S3 nanoribbons and nanowires were formed with increased sulfur precursor concentrations of 0.03 and 0.1 M, respectively. These results indicate that sputter-deposited Bi2O3 thin-film layers can be effectively used to form low-dimensional Bi2S3 crystals with controllable morphologies. Among the various Bi2S3 samples, the Bi2S3 nanosheets exhibited superior photoactive ability. The higher active surface area, surface defect density, light absorption capacity, and photo-induced charge separation ability of Bi2S3 nanosheets explain their superior photoelectrocatalytic degradation ability of rhodamine B dyes.
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Pu, Xinxin, Xueping Sun, Shaobo Ge, Jin Cheng, Shun Zhou, and Weiguo Liu. "Grayscale Image Display Based on Nano-Polarizer Arrays." Micromachines 13, no. 11 (November 11, 2022): 1956. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13111956.
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Optical metasurfaces have shown unprecedented capabilities to control the two-dimensional distributions of phase, polarization, and intensity profiles of optical waves. Here, a TiO2 nanostructure functioning as a nano-polarizer was optimized considering that an anisotropic nanostructure is sensitive to the polarization states of incident light. We demonstrate two metasurfaces consisting of nano-polarizer arrays featured with different orientations, which can continuously manipulate the intensity distribution of the output light cell by cell according to Malus law and clearly display the detailed information of the target image. These metasurfaces have potential application in ultracompact displays, high-density optical information storage, and many other related polarization optics fields.
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Abouelamaiem, Dina Ibrahim, Guanjie He, Ivan Parkin, Tobias P. Neville, Ana Belen Jorge, Shan Ji, Rongfang Wang, Maria-Magdalena Titirici, Paul R. Shearing, and Daniel J. L. Brett. "Synergistic relationship between the three-dimensional nanostructure and electrochemical performance in biocarbon supercapacitor electrode materials." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 2, no. 4 (2018): 772–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7se00519a.
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Different characterization techniques were used to analyse the chemically activated carbons in (i) one dimensional analysis including MIP and BET, (ii) two dimensions including SEM and TEM and (iii) three dimensional X-ray CT. This structure has been directly linked to the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors for the first time.
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Galdámez-Martinez, Andres, Guillermo Santana, Frank Güell, Paulina R. Martínez-Alanis, and Ateet Dutt. "Photoluminescence of ZnO Nanowires: A Review." Nanomaterials 10, no. 5 (April 29, 2020): 857. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10050857.
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One-dimensional ZnO nanostructures (nanowires/nanorods) are attractive materials for applications such as gas sensors, biosensors, solar cells, and photocatalysts. This is due to the relatively easy production process of these kinds of nanostructures with excellent charge carrier transport properties and high crystalline quality. In this work, we review the photoluminescence (PL) properties of single and collective ZnO nanowires and nanorods. As different growth techniques were obtained for the presented samples, a brief review of two popular growth methods, vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) and hydrothermal, is shown. Then, a discussion of the emission process and characteristics of the near-band edge excitonic emission (NBE) and deep-level emission (DLE) bands is presented. Their respective contribution to the total emission of the nanostructure is discussed using the spatial information distribution obtained by scanning transmission electron microscopy−cathodoluminescence (STEM-CL) measurements. Also, the influence of surface effects on the photoluminescence of ZnO nanowires, as well as the temperature dependence, is briefly discussed for both ultraviolet and visible emissions. Finally, we present a discussion of the size reduction effects of the two main photoluminescent bands of ZnO. For a wide emission (near ultra-violet and visible), which has sometimes been attributed to different origins, we present a summary of the different native point defects or trap centers in ZnO as a cause for the different deep-level emission bands.
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Zhang, Qing, Pei Wen Hao, Xin Qu, Chun Wang, and Rui Xia Li. "Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Gadolinium Oxide Nanostructure via Facile Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 182-183 (June 2012): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.182-183.265.
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A facile method to selectively synthesize nano-scaled Gd2O3 with different morphology such as nanosheres and nanorods has been developed in our report. The precursors GdOHCO3 can be prepared by a two-step hydrothermal process via homogeneous generation of hydroxide ions through the hydrolysis of urea, and the formation of different morphology structures were obtained under different reaction temperatures. After further heating treatment, a transformation from GdOHCO3 to cubic Gd2O3 takes place. The morphology and size of nano Gd2O3 strongly depend on that of the precursors GdOHCO3. The X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were employed to characterize the as-obtained low-dimensional nanostructures. And the effects of hydrothermal temperature, solvent and urea concentration on the morphologies of the products were also studied.
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Gadomsky, O. N., and A. S. Kunitsyn. "Optical holography of nanostructure diatomic objects for different polarizations of the external wave and dimensional resonances." Optics and Spectroscopy 92, no. 1 (January 2002): 142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1446591.
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Ćurić, Mladjen, Miloš Lompar, Djordje Romanic, Linda Zou, and Haoran Liang. "Three-Dimensional Modelling of Precipitation Enhancement by Cloud Seeding in Three Different Climate Zones." Atmosphere 10, no. 6 (May 29, 2019): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10060294.
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This study numerically investigates precipitation enhancement from cumuliform clouds in three different climate regions: (1) Arid climate of the United Arab Emirates (UAE); (2) maritime climate of Thailand; and (3) continental climate of Serbia. Recently developed core/shell sodium chloride (NaCl)/titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanostructure (CSNT) aerosol was tested as a precipitation enhancer in all three climate regions. Previous experimental studies in cloud chambers and idealized numerical simulations demonstrated that CSNT is a significantly more effective precipitation enhancer than the traditional NaCl. Here, CSNT and NaCl seeding agents are incorporated into the WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) model microphysics with explicate treatment of aerosol. Our results show that CSNT is a profoundly more effective precipitation enhancer in the case of arid climate characterized with low humidity. The accumulated surface precipitation in the arid test was 1.4 times larger if CSNT seeding agent was used instead of NaCl. The smallest difference in the effectiveness between CSNT and NaCl was observed in the maritime case due to their similar activation properties at high values of relative humidity.
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Žurauskienė, Nerija. "Engineering of Advanced Materials for High Magnetic Field Sensing: A Review." Sensors 23, no. 6 (March 8, 2023): 2939. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23062939.
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Advanced scientific and industrial equipment requires magnetic field sensors with decreased dimensions while keeping high sensitivity in a wide range of magnetic fields and temperatures. However, there is a lack of commercial sensors for measurements of high magnetic fields, from ∼1 T up to megagauss. Therefore, the search for advanced materials and the engineering of nanostructures exhibiting extraordinary properties or new phenomena for high magnetic field sensing applications is of great importance. The main focus of this review is the investigation of thin films, nanostructures and two-dimensional (2D) materials exhibiting non-saturating magnetoresistance up to high magnetic fields. Results of the review showed how tuning of the nanostructure and chemical composition of thin polycrystalline ferromagnetic oxide films (manganites) can result in a remarkable colossal magnetoresistance up to megagauss. Moreover, by introducing some structural disorder in different classes of materials, such as non-stoichiometric silver chalcogenides, narrow band gap semiconductors, and 2D materials such as graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides, the possibility to increase the linear magnetoresistive response range up to very strong magnetic fields (50 T and more) and over a large range of temperatures was demonstrated. Approaches for the tailoring of the magnetoresistive properties of these materials and nanostructures for high magnetic field sensor applications were discussed and future perspectives were outlined.
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Aït Hocine, Nourredine, Pascal Médéric, and Hanaya Hassan. "Influence of mixing energy on the solid-state behavior and clay fraction threshold of PA12/C30B® nanocomposites." Journal of Polymer Engineering 39, no. 6 (July 26, 2019): 565–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2018-0307.
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Abstract This study focuses on the influence of mixing energy on the solid-state behavior and clay fraction threshold of nanocomposites. Thus, three polyamide12/clay (PA12/C30B®) nanocomposites exhibiting different nanostructures were prepared from three sets of processing conditions. Then, thermal and dynamical viscoelastic properties of these nanocomposites were analyzed, in relationship with the material nanostructure and processing conditions. For the first time, the solid-state properties of the nanocomposites revealed the existence of a critical specific mixing mechanical energy. Below this critical value, an increase of mechanical energy refines the structure, improving some end-use properties of the nanocomposite. Above this value, a high mixing energy supply is necessary in order to significantly modify the structure. They also highlighted that the clay fraction threshold, which is commonly attributed to the formation of a three-dimensional percolated network, decreases with increasing specific mixing energy, less significantly when this energy is superior to its critical value.
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Vinnikov, N. A., A. V. Dolbin, and M. V. Khlistyuck. "Hydrogen sorption by nanostructures at low temperatures (Review article)." Low Temperature Physics 49, no. 5 (May 1, 2023): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/10.0017811.
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The features of hydrogen sorption by a wide range of nanostructures — fullerite C60, carbon nanotubes, graphene structures, nanodispersed carbon, including Pd-containing nanoclusters, ordered silicon-oxide-based nanostructures (the MCM-41 family) and silicon-oxide aerogel — have been reviewed. Special attention is given to the sorption characteristics of carbon nanostructures that have been exposed to various modifying treatments (oxidation, gamma-ray irradiation in gas atmosphere, action of pulsed high frequency gas discharge). Two mechanisms of physical low-temperature sorption of hydrogen have been revealed to predominate in such nanostructures in different temperature intervals. At the lowest temperatures (8–12 K), the sorption can actually proceed without thermal activation: it is realized through the tunnel motion of hydrogen molecules along the nanostructure surfaces. The periodic structure of the potential relief, allowed by the surface frame of carbon and silicon-oxide nanostructures, along the rather low interpit barriers are beneficial for the formation of low-dimensional (including quantum) hydrogen-molecule systems practically without thermally activated diffusion. In such nanostructures, the hydrogen diffusion coefficients are actually independent of temperature at 8–12 K. At higher temperatures (12–295 K), a thermally activated mechanism of hydrogen diffusion prevails. The periodic structure of fullerite C60 contains periodic interstitial cavities, separated by rather low potential barriers. Their sizes are sufficient to accommodate impurity hydrogen molecules and, thus, allow diffusion processes, which can also have a tunnel nature. It is shown that gamma-irradiation and high-frequency gas discharge processing increase markedly the quantity of hydrogen strongly bonded to carbon nanostructures.
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Boyko, I. V., and A. M. Gryschyk. "The Influence of Dimensional Static and Dynamic Charge on the Spectral Parameters and Active Dynamic Conductivity of Resonanse Tunnelling Structures with Constant Electric Field." Фізика і хімія твердого тіла 17, no. 1 (March 15, 2016): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.17.1.21-30.
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In the model of effective masses and rectangular potentials obtained self-consistent solution of Poisson and Schrödinger equations for different concentrations of electrons.
It has been calculated spectral parameters and active dynamic conductivity for three-well nanostructure as active band of experimental quantum cascade laser.
It has been established, that space charge deforms shape dependence of transmission factor of electron energy from Lorentzian shape to quasi-Lorentzian, shifting their maximum value to the high energy region and increasing the lifetimes of electronic quasistationary states.
It was shown, that with increasing concentration of electrons energy of laser radiation in quantum transitions and decreases, and the total value of active dynamic conductivity increases so, that it increases the partial contribution component of conductivity, determined by electron flux, directed opposite to the exit of nanostructure.
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Liman, Christopher D., Thomas A. Germer, Daniel F. Sunday, Dean M. DeLongchamp, and R. Joseph Kline. "Modeling the polarized X-ray scattering from periodic nanostructures with molecular anisotropy." Journal of Applied Crystallography 50, no. 6 (November 3, 2017): 1677–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160057671701408x.
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There is a need to characterize nanoscale molecular orientation in soft materials, and polarized scattering is a powerful means to measure this property. However, few approaches have been demonstrated that quantitatively relate orientation to scattering. Here, a modeling framework to relate the molecular orientation of nanostructures to polarized resonant soft X-ray scattering measurements is developed. A variable-angle transmission measurement called critical-dimension X-ray scattering enables the characterization of the three-dimensional shape of periodic nanostructures. When this measurement is conducted at resonant soft X-ray energies with different polarizations to measure soft material nanostructures, the scattering contains convolved information about the nanostructure shape and the preferred molecular orientation as a function of position, which is extracted by fitting using inverse iterative algorithms. A computationally efficient Born approximation simulation of the scattering has been developed, with a full tensor treatment of the electric field that takes into account biaxial molecular orientation, and this approach is validated by comparing it with a rigorous coupled wave simulation. The ability of various sample models to generate unique best fit solutions is then analyzed by generating simulated scattering pattern sets and fitting them with an inverse iterative algorithm. The interaction of the measurement geometry and the change in orientation across a periodic repeat unit leads to distinct asymmetry in the scattering pattern which must be considered for an accurate fit of the scattering.
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Chen, Hao Long, Zin Ching Liou, and Shian Jang Lin. "Oxygen Plasma Induced ZnO-CuO Nanostructure Growth on a Brass Substrate by Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Jet." Materials Science Forum 688 (June 2011): 186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.688.186.
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A convenient method for direct and large-area growth of one-dimensional (1-D) CuO and ZnO nanostructures on a conductive brass substrate has been developed. The ZnO and CuO nanostructures have been simultaneously induced and growth on a brass (70Cu-30Zn alloy) substrate by using an atmospheric-pressure plasma jet (APPJ) with pure oxygen as the reaction gas in an ambient environment. Various one-dimensional (1-D) nanostructures such as nano-particles, nanowires, nanobelts, nanocombs, and nanosheets have been in situ grown on the brass substrates under different plasma treatment times. The plasma power of 150W and scanning speed of sample stage 1 mm/sec with different treating times were used in plasma surface treatment processing. The nano-scaled ZnO and CuO formation and its structure were characterized by means of grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that the nano-scaled CuO and ZnO growth process was as follows: nano-particles, nano-crystal clusters then nano-crystal columns with increasing plasma treatment times. The growth of nano-scaled oxide formed in sequence that CuO was first grew on the brass substrate then ZnO. The morphologies of nano-scaled ZnO resembled bulbs and long-legged tetrapods. However, the morphologies of nano-scaled CuO were likely bulbs and flake nanostructures. This approach could prepare CuO and ZnO nanostructures on a brass substrate without size limitations. The possible growth mechanisms and structure of nano-scaled CuO and ZnO are discussed in this paper. The simplicity of the preparation procedure and the potential technological of the product were be interested in this study.
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Shen, Tianyi, Qiwen Tan, Zhenghong Dai, Nitin P. Padture, and Domenico Pacifici. "Arrays of Plasmonic Nanostructures for Absorption Enhancement in Perovskite Thin Films." Nanomaterials 10, no. 7 (July 9, 2020): 1342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10071342.
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We report optical characterization and theoretical simulation of plasmon enhanced methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI 3 ) thin-film perovskite solar cells. Specifically, various nanohole (NH) and nanodisk (ND) arrays are fabricated on gold/MAPbI 3 interfaces. Significant absorption enhancement is observed experimentally in 75 nm and 110 nm-thick perovskite films. As a result of increased light scattering by plasmonic concentrators, the original Fabry–Pérot thin-film cavity effects are suppressed in specific structures. However, thanks to field enhancement caused by plasmonic resonances and in-plane interference of propagating surface plasmon polaritons, the calculated overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the solar cell is expected to increase by up to 45.5%, compared to its flat counterpart. The role of different geometry parameters of the nanostructure arrays is further investigated using three dimensional (3D) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations, which makes it possible to identify the physical origin of the absorption enhancement as a function of wavelength and design parameters. These findings demonstrate the potential of plasmonic nanostructures in further enhancing the performance of photovoltaic devices based on thin-film perovskites.
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Komenami, Takuki, Akihiro Yoshimura, Yasunari Matsuno, Mari Sato, and Chikara Sato. "Network of Palladium-Based Nanorings Synthesized by Liquid-Phase Reduction Using DMSO-H2O: In Situ Monitoring of Structure Formation and Drying Deformation by ASEM." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 9 (May 5, 2020): 3271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21093271.
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We developed a liquid-phase synthesis method for Pd-based nanostructure, in which Pd dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solutions was precipitated using acid aqueous solution. In the development of the method, in situ monitoring using atmospheric scanning electron microscopy (ASEM) revealed that three-dimensional (3D) Pd-based nanonetworks were deformed to micrometer-size particles possibly by the surface tension of the solutions during the drying process. To avoid surface tension, critical point drying was employed to dry the Pd-based precipitates. By combining ASEM monitoring with critical point drying, the synthesis parameters were optimized, resulting in the formation of lacelike delicate nanonetworks using citric acid aqueous solutions. Precipitation using HCl acid aqueous solutions allowed formation of 500-nm diameter nanorings connected by nanowires. The 3D nanostructure formation was controllable and modifiable into various shapes using different concentrations of the Pd and Cl ions as the parameters.
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Li, Qi Ming, Hong Liang Zhang, Fang Li, and Hern Kim. "Controlled Synthesis of CeO2 Nanostructure via Electrospinning and Chemical Etching." Advanced Materials Research 622-623 (December 2012): 811–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.622-623.811.
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Combining the versatility of electrospinning and chemical etching technique enables selective controlled synthesis of CeO2nanostructure. The as-prepared CeO2material exhibits one- or two- dimensional microstructure based on different processing conditions. XRD and EDX characterization demonstrated that SrFeO3crystal particles as template can be introduced into the bulk of CeO2nanofiber using co-electrospinning to optimize related nanostructures. SEM images showed that the electrospun nanofiber of ceria can be transformed into nanoparticles, nanofibers or porous films according to treatment conditions.
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Shah, Kwok Wei, Ghasan Fahim Huseien, and Harn Wei Kua. "A State-of-the-Art Review on Core–Shell Pigments Nanostructure Preparation and Test Methods." Micro 1, no. 1 (July 9, 2021): 55–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/micro1010006.
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Uses of novel technologies for improving the durability and lifespan of the construction materials have emerged as viable solutions toward the sustainable future wherein the coating industry plays a significant role in economy growth and better livelihoods. Thus, the continual innovation of various technologies to introduce diverse market products has become indispensable. Properties of materials like color stability under UV, elevated temperatures and aggressive environments, and skid and abrasion resistance are the main challenges faced by commercial coating materials, leading to more demand of natural materials as sustainable agents. Lately, nanostructured core–shell pigments with unique compositions have widely been utilized in composite materials to enhance their properties. Core–shell particles exhibit smart properties and have immense benefits when combined with building materials. Based on these facts, we comprehensively overviewed the state-of-the-art research of core–shell nanomaterials in terms of their preparation and performance evaluation methods, as well as feasible applications. The first part of this article discusses effective shell materials, including most common silica and titanium oxides. In addition, nanotechnology enabling the production and patterning of low-dimensional materials for widespread applications is emphasized. The second part deals with various potential core materials used to achieve core–shell nanostructures. The third part of this paper highlights some interesting mechanisms of core–shell structures in the modified systems that display high stability, durability, efficiency, and eco-friendliness. Finally, different applications of these core–shell nanostructures are underscored together with their test methods to evaluate their performances.