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Hertwig Bittencourt, Henrique von, Paulo Emílio Lovato, Jucinei José Comin, Marcos Alberto Lana, Miguel Angel Altieri, Murilo Dalla Costa, and José Carlos Gomes. "Effect of Winter Cover Crop Biomass on Summer Weed Emergence and Biomass Production." Journal of Plant Protection Research 53, no. 3 (July 1, 2013): 248–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jppr-2013-0037.
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Abstract A greenhouse assay was carried out to evaluate the effect of winter cover crop residues on spontaneous plants that commonly occur on summer annual fields in Southern Brazil. Dry shoot residues of rye (Secale cereale), vetch (Vicia villosa), fodder radish (Raphanus sativus), and a mix of the three species, were applied over pots that had been seeded with alexandergrass (Brachiaria plantaginea), hairy beggarticks (Bidens pilosa), wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla), and morning glory (Ipomoea grandifolia) at four different depths (0, 1, 2, or 4 cm). Plant emergence and biomass production were measured. Residues of rye reduced the emergence of B. plantaginea, while vetch diminished I. grandifolia and B. plantaginea emergence. Fodder radish reduced emergence of I. grandifolia. The mix of cover crops reduced emergence of I. grandifolia, B. plantaginea, and B. pilosa. None of the cover crops differed from the control on E. heterophylla emergence. The lowest yields in spontaneous plant shoot biomass were obtained from the cover with rye + vetch + fodder radish. The lowest values of root biomass occurred under cover with rye, fodder radish or the mix. Use of vetch residues decreased emergence of B. plantaginea and I. grandifolia, but enhanced biomass accumulation by the latter
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Matassa, Silvio, Giovanni Esposito, Francesco Pirozzi, and Stefano Papirio. "Exploring the Biomethane Potential of Different Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Biomass Residues." Energies 13, no. 13 (July 1, 2020): 3361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13133361.
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Industrial hemp stands out as a promising candidate for clean and sustainable biomass-to-bioenergy systems due to its multipurpose, high biomass yield and resource efficiency features. In this study, different hemp biomass residues (HBRs) were evaluated as a potential feedstock for renewable biomethane production through anaerobic digestion (AD). The biochemical methane potential (BMP) of the raw and pretreated fibers, stalks, hurds, leaves and inflorescences was investigated by means of batch anaerobic tests. The highest BMP was obtained with the raw fibers (i.e., 422 ± 20 mL CH4·g VS−1), while hemp hurds (unretted), making up more than half of the whole hemp plant dry weight, showed a lower BMP value of 239 ± 10 mL CH4·g VS−1. The alkali pretreatment of unretted hurds and mechanical grinding of retted hurds effectively enhanced the BMP of both substrates by 15.9%. The mix of leaves and inflorescences and inflorescences alone showed low BMP values (i.e., 118 ± 8 and 26 ± 5 mL CH4·g VS−1, respectively) and a prolonged inhibition of methanogenesis. The latter could be overcome through NaOH pretreatment in the mix of leaves and inflorescences (+28.5% methane production).
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Zheng, Youbin, Mike Dixon, and Praveen Saxena. "Greenhouse production of Echinacea purpurea (L.) and E. angustifolia using different growing media, NO3−/NH4+ ratios and watering regimes." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86, no. 3 (July 7, 2006): 809–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p05-167.
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Current field cultivation and wild-harvest methods for the medicinal plant Echinacea are struggling to meet the requirements for a high-quality, uniformly produced crop for human consumption. To help meet this challenge, the potential of using a greenhouse production system for Echinacea production was explored. Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench and angustifolia DC. var. angustifolia plants were grown in three types of greenhouse production systems: (1) deep flow solution culture (D), (2) pots with either Pro-Mix (P) or (3) sand (S). Plants were irrigated with one of three nutrient solutions containing NO3−/NH4+ ratios of 7:1, 5:1 or 3:1, respectively. The plants grown in the Pro-Mix and the sand systems were either well-watered or subjected to periodical water stress. The results obtained after 12 wk of growth showed that Echinacea root production in the greenhouse systems was comparable with or better than that in the field. Based on root and total biomass production, the Pro-Mix system was the best production system for both E. angustifolia and E. purpurea. In most cases, the NO3−/NH4+ ratio did not have significant effects on the growth of either species. When effects were seen, however, higher NO3−/NH4+ levels generally resulted in greater leaf area, root and total biomass, and a higher root/shoot ratio. Mild periodic water stress did not affect the root/shoot ratio or the root biomass in either species. The application of a periodic water stress reduced leaf area of both species, but a reduction in total biomass was only observed in E. purpurea. Key words: Echinacea, greenhouse production, hydroponic production, medicinal plant, NO3−/NH4+ ratio, water stress
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Janter Pangaduan Simanjuntak, Khaled Ali Al-attab, Eka Daryanto, Bisrul Hapis Tambunan, and Eswanto. "Bioenergy as an Alternative Energy Source: Progress and Development to Meet the Energy Mix in Indonesia." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 97, no. 1 (August 13, 2022): 85–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.97.1.85104.
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Government policies in Indonesia have been pushing in the past decade towards 100% electrification target by end of 2020. However, many of the new energy policies are reused from previous policies designed for different objectives causing overlap in policies between the central and local governments. Local distributed generation are not fully controlled by local stakeholders and community, and with the lack of long-term planning, continuous government incentives and support, they are bound to fail due to the lack of maintenance. The use of solid biomass for household has decreased significantly due to the government support for LPG stoves that overtaken other government projects supporting biomass. Small-scale biomass research is showing good progress towards the implementation of novel methods for biomass utilization. However, majority of the medium and large-scale projects are still relying on old technologies such as direct biomass combustion in boilers rather than the more environment friendly gasification technology. Another major biomass contribution to national energy mix is through liquid biofuels. This work summarizes the current and prospective energy mix in Indonesia and the main conventional and non-conventional energy sources and their environmental concerns. This work also gathers the latest local biomass research and biomass power plant projects.
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Demirbaş, Ayhan. "Biomass Co-Firing for Coal-Fired Boilers." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 21, no. 3 (June 2003): 269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/014459803769520070.
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In this study ground biomass and pulverized coal were used for co-firing test. The tests of co-firing of coal and biomass were carried out in a bench-scale bubbling fluidized bed combustor. Biomass is an attractive and sustainable renewable fuel to supplement coal combustion in utility boilers. Coal co-firing was successful with up to a 20% biomass mix boilers. Coal and biomass fuels are quite different in composition. Ash composition for the biomass is fundamentally different from ash composition for the coal. Chlorine in the biomass may affect operation by corrosion. Ash deposits reduce heat transfer and may also result in severe corrosion at high temperatures. Biomass and coal blend combustion is a promising combustion technology; however, significant development work is required before large-scale implementation can be realized. Issues related to successful implementation of coal biomass blend combustion are identified. Co-firing of coal and biomass is an effective method of control NOx. Formation of NOx decreases with the increase of biomass fraction.
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Kaķītis, Aivars, and Imants Nulle. "BIOMASS MIXTURES AND ITS HOMOGENEITY." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (August 3, 2015): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2009vol1.1097.
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Components of mixtures have to be in required proportion and homogeneous mixed to provide good quality of briquettes or pellets. Analyzing the mixing processes several advantages for mixing biomass with an in-flow or continuous mixer was discovered. To provide better quality of in-flow mixing process an electrical charge can be applied to the particles using corona discharge. When a sharply pointed electrode is raised to a high potential, the intense electrical field at its tip ionizes the air in its immediate vicinity. To mix particles of different bulk materials, it is necessary to give a negative electrical charge to one material, and a positive electrical charge to other material particles. The electrical charge provides mixing on a small scale, and electrostatic forces drive the process towards a perfect mixture. In this article experiments of in-flow mixer equipped with electrodes of corona discharge is described. Three different rotation frequencies (20, 35 and 50 rpm) of conveyer shaft and five different voltages (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 kV) of corona electrodes were used to evaluate impact on flow direction of balk material.
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Wang, Qi Min, Hao Wang, Jia Hao, and Shuo Guo. "Coal and Wood Chips Co-Pyrolysis Study." Advanced Materials Research 960-961 (June 2014): 422–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.960-961.422.
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As a clean, renewable energy, rational use of biomss can effectively solve the problem of energy shortage and environmental pollution. Co-combustion and Co-gasification of biomass and coal are important ways of biomass utilization. Co-pyrolysis reaction is one of the most important processes in the co-combustion and co-gasification. In order to study the different mix ways of coal and wood chips affections on the co-pyrolysis process, TGA was used to study the co-pyrolysis characters of wood chips and coal mixed by different methods with mass ratio 1:1. it is founded out that there is certain interaction between wood chips and coal by the comparison of TGA curves and calculation curves. There is promoting affection at the high temperature if wood chips and coal had been mixed up. There is inhibiting affection if wood chips and coal are tiering distributed.
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Matalkah, Faris, A. G. N. D. Darsanasiri, Saqib Abideen, Anagi Balachadra, and Parviz Soroushian. "Alkali-Activation of Non-Wood Biomass Ash: Effects of Ash Characteristics on Concrete Performance." Civil Engineering Journal 3, no. 5 (May 30, 2017): 365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2017-00000097.
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Combustion of biomass is increasingly practiced for power generation. Unlike coal ash, the combustion ashes of biomass do not offer significant value in Portland cement concrete production. An experimental study was conducted in order to assess the value of the combustion ashes of different non-wood biomass types towards production of alkali activated binders for concrete production. The results indicated that concrete materials with a desired balance of fresh mix workability, set time and compressive strength can be produced used alkali activated non-wood biomass ash binders. Correlations were drawn between the concrete engineering properties and different non-wood biomass ash characteristics. It was found that statistically significant relationships exist between the concrete properties and the non-wood biomass ash degree of crystallinity and solubility. These two ash characteristics were also found to be correlated. It was concluded that the suitability of non-wood biomass ash for use in production of alkali activated concrete can be assessed based on its degree of crystallinity.
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Suárez-Macías, Jorge, Juan María Terrones-Saeta, Francisco Javier Iglesias-Godino, and Francisco Antonio Corpas-Iglesias. "Development of Cold In-Place Recycling with Bitumen Emulsion and Biomass Bottom Ash." Crystals 11, no. 4 (April 7, 2021): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11040384.
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Power generation from biomass is one of the most promising energy sources available today. However, this industry has a series of wastes derived from its activity, mainly biomass fly ash and biomass bottom ash. Biomass bottom ash is a waste that has no current use and, in most cases, is deposited in landfills. In turn, road construction is one of the activities that produces the most pollution, as it requires huge amounts of raw materials. Therefore, this research proposes the use of biomass bottom ashes, in an unaltered form, for the formation of cold in-place recycling with bitumen emulsion. This type of mixture, which is highly sustainable owing to the use of a high percentage of waste, was made with reclaimed asphalt pavement, biomass bottom ash, water, and bitumen emulsion. To this end, the grading curve of the materials was analyzed, different bituminous mixtures were made with varying percentages of emulsion and water, and the mechanical properties of the mixtures were analyzed. At the same time, the same type of mix was made with reclaimed asphalt pavement and commercial limestone aggregate, in order to compare the results. The tests showed a better mechanical behavior of the bituminous mixes made with biomass bottom ash, maintaining physical properties similar to those of conventional mixes. In short, it was confirmed that the production of this type of mix with biomass bottom ash was feasible, creating sustainable materials that reuse currently unused waste and avoid landfill disposal.
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Burgel, Lisa, Jens Hartung, Daniele Schibano, and Simone Graeff-Hönninger. "Impact of Different Phytohormones on Morphology, Yield and Cannabinoid Content of Cannabis sativa L." Plants 9, no. 6 (June 8, 2020): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9060725.
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The impact of exogenously applied plant growth regulators (PGR), 1-naphthalenaecetic acid (NAA), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), and a mixture of both (NAA/BAP-mix), was investigated in regard to plant height, length of axillary branches, number of internodes, biomass yield and cannabinoid content of three different phytocannabinoid-rich (PCR) Cannabis genotypes. The results showed that total plant height was significantly reduced under the application of NAA (28%), BAP (18%), and NAA/BAP-mix treated plants (15%). Axillary branch length was also significantly reduced by 58% (NAA) and 30% (NAA/BAP-mix). BAP did not significantly reduce the length of axillary branches. The number of internodes was reduced by NAA (19%), BAP (10%), and the NAA/BAP-mix (14%) compared to the untreated control. NAA application influenced the plant architecture of the tested cv. KANADA beneficially, resulting in a more compact growth habitus, while inflorescence yield (23.51 g plant−1) remained similar compared to the control (24.31 g plant−1). Inflorescence yield of v. 0.2x and cv. FED was reduced due to PGR application while cannabinoid content remained stable. Overall, the application of PGR could be used on a genotype-specific level to beneficially influence plant architecture and optimize inflorescence yield per unit area and thus cannabinoid yield, especially in the presence of space limitations under indoor cultivation.
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Nitkiewicz, Tomasz, and Agnieszka Ociepa-Kubicka. "Impact of Supply Chain Solutions on Environmental Performance of Biomass Use – LCA-based Research Case." Valahian Journal of Economic Studies 8, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/vjes-2017-0007.
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Abstract The article presents the activities of selected company - biomass manufacturer and user - with regard to environmental impact of biomass supply chain solutions. The biomass production facility of Biomass User Company is one of the most modern plant in Central Europe. It uses wooden and agricultural biomass to produce heat in biomass-fired steam boiler. The objective of the paper is to investigate the environmental impact with the use of life cycle assessment method. In our study, we define different scenarios for biomass transportation, concerning its supply as well as distribution. Life cycle assessment method is used to estimate environmental impact and to perform sensitivity analysis on transport modes, fuel mix structure and destination of self-cropped biomass. LCA ReCiPe endpoint indicator is used to measure environmental performance. As the results show, transport efforts are not significant factor while environmental impacts are concerned but are rather impact intensive type of activity and should be addressed with company environmental policies.
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Kharel, Tulsi P., Ammar B. Bhandari, Partson Mubvumba, Heather L. Tyler, Reginald S. Fletcher, and Krishna N. Reddy. "Mixed-Species Cover Crop Biomass Estimation Using Planet Imagery." Sensors 23, no. 3 (January 31, 2023): 1541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031541.
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Cover crop biomass is helpful for weed and pest control, soil erosion control, nutrient recycling, and overall soil health and crop productivity improvement. These benefits may vary based on cover crop species and their biomass. There is growing interest in the agricultural sector of using remotely sensed imagery to estimate cover crop biomass. Four small plot study sites located at the United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Crop Production Systems Research Unit farm, Stoneville, MS with different cereals, legumes, and their mixture as fall-seeded cover crops were selected for this analysis. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used at all four study sites. Cover crop biomass and canopy-level hyperspectral data were collected at the end of April, just before cover crop termination. High-resolution (3 m) PlanetScope imagery (Dove satellite constellation with PS2.SD and PSB.SD sensors) was collected throughout the cover crop season from November to April in the 2021 and 2022 study cycles. Results showed that mixed cover crop increased biomass production up to 24% higher compared to single species rye. Reflectance bands (blue, green, red and near infrared) and vegetation indices derived from imagery collected during March were more strongly correlated with biomass (r = 0–0.74) compared to imagery from November (r = 0.01–0.41) and April (r = 0.03–0.57), suggesting that the timing of imagery acquisition is important for biomass estimation. The highest correlation was observed with the near-infrared band (r = 0.74) during March. The R2 for biomass prediction with the random forest model improved from 0.25 to 0.61 when cover crop species/mix information was added along with Planet imagery bands and vegetation indices as biomass predictors. More study with multiple timepoint biomass, hyperspectral, and imagery collection is needed to choose appropriate bands and estimate the biomass of mix cover crop species.
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MARTINEZ-ECHEVARRIA ROMERO, MARIA JOSE, Gema García-Travé, Mª Carmen Rubio-Gámez, Fernando Moreno-Navarro, and Domingo Pérez-Mira. "Valorization of vinasse as binder modifier in asphalt mixtures." DYNA 82, no. 194 (December 21, 2015): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v82n194.44432.
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The reutilization of waste generated by industrial processes has become a majorenvironmental objective in scientific and technical research. In the construction sector, there is a broad range of techniques for the exploitation of different types of waste, which can then be used as a replacement for raw materials. This paper presents the results of a study of vinasse, a by-product of biomass ethanol, andanalyzes its viability as a bitumen modifier in asphalt mixes. For this purpose, four AC-16S asphalt mixes were evaluated for moisture sensitivity, plastic deformation, stiffness, and fatigue. The mix formulas were the following: (Mix 1) 50/70 bitumen; (Mix 2) 50/70 bitumen modified with 10% vinasse; (Mix 3) rubber bitumen; (Mix 4) rubber bitumen modified with 10% vinasse. The results of this study showed that bitumen modified with vinasse improved the mechanical performance of the AC-16S mix and also contributed to the valorization of vinasse waste.
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Maruf, Md Nasimul Islam. "A Novel Method for Analyzing Highly Renewable and Sector-Coupled Subnational Energy Systems—Case Study of Schleswig-Holstein." Sustainability 13, no. 7 (March 31, 2021): 3852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073852.
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The energy transition requires an integration of different energy carriers, including electricity, heat, and transport sectors. Energy modeling methods and tools are essential to provide a clear insight into the energy transition. However, the methodologies often overlook the details of small-scale energy systems. The study states an innovative approach to facilitate subnational energy systems with 100% renewable penetration and sectoral integration. An optimization model, the “Open Sector-coupled Energy Model for Subnational Energy Systems” (OSeEM–SN), was developed under the Open Energy Modeling Framework (Oemof). The model is validated using the case study of Schleswig-Holstein. The study assumes three scenarios representing 25%, 50%, and 100% of the total available biomass potentials. OSeEM–SN reaches feasible solutions without additional offshore wind investment, indicating that it can be reserved for supplying other states’ energy demand. The annual investment cost varies between 1.02 and 1.44 bn €/year for the three scenarios. The electricity generation decreases by 17%, indicating that, with high biomass-based combined heat and power plants, the curtailment from other renewable plants can be decreased. Ground source heat pumps dominate the heat mix; however, their installation decreases by 28% as the biomass penetrates fully into the energy mix. The validation confirms OSeEM–SN as a beneficial tool to examine different scenarios for subnational energy systems.
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Pontes, Danila Morena Fidéles, Vera Lex Engel, and John A. Parrotta. "Forest Structure, Wood Standing Stock, and Tree Biomass in Different Restoration Systems in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest." Forests 10, no. 7 (July 15, 2019): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10070588.
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Reliable estimates of tree growth and wood yield are fundamental to support the management of restored forests and better reconcile the objectives of recovering biodiversity with the provision of ecosystem services. In this study, wood standing volumes and tree biomass stocks were estimated in different ecological restoration systems and at two sites with contrasting soil fertility, in order to evaluate the potential trade-offs between biodiversity and forest production. At each site, a complete randomized block design, with three replications of six treatments, was established in 1997–1998: direct seeding (DIRS), high-diversity tree plantation (HDIV), modified “Taungya” agroforestry system (AFS), mixed plantation with timber and firewood species (MIX), managed agroforestry system (AFSm) and managed mixed plantation (MIXm). We inventoried all trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 5 cm in 450 m2 per treatment per plot, 19–20 years after establishment, using site-specific allometric models. Significant site effects were found for tree height, tree density and wood volume. Restoration systems (treatments) affected forest structure and forest productivity. Higher wood stock and biomass tree were observed in the less complex system (DIRS), while AFSm and HDIV reconciled higher species richness and diversity with good wood volume yields and tree biomass.
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Shahzad, Khurram, Mohammad Rehan, Muhammad Imtiaz Rashid, Nadeem Ali, Ahmed Saleh Summan, and Iqbal Muhammad Ibrahim Ismail. "Sustainability Evaluation of Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production from Slaughterhouse Residues Utilising Emergy Accounting." Polymers 14, no. 1 (December 29, 2021): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14010118.
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High raw material prices and rivalry from the food industry have hampered the adoption of renewable resource-based goods. It has necessitated the investigation of cost-cutting strategies such as locating low-cost raw material supplies and adopting cleaner manufacturing processes. Exploiting waste streams as substitute resources for the operations is one low-cost option. The present study evaluates the environmental burden of biopolymer (polyhydroxyalkanoate) production from slaughtering residues. The sustainability of the PHA production process will be assessed utilising the Emergy Accounting methodology. The effect of changing energy resources from business as usual (i.e., electricity mix from the grid and heat provision utilising natural gas) to different renewable energy resources is also evaluated. The emergy intensity for PHA production (seJ/g) shows a minor improvement ranging from 1.5% to 2% by changing only the electricity provision resources. This impact reaches up to 17% when electricity and heat provision resources are replaced with biomass resources. Similarly, the emergy intensity for PHA production using electricity EU27 mix, coal, hydropower, wind power, and biomass is about 5% to 7% lower than the emergy intensity of polyethylene high density (PE-HD). In comparison, its value is up to 21% lower for electricity and heat provision from biomass.
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Dessie, Wubliker, Xiaofang Luo, Jiachen Tang, Wufei Tang, Meifeng Wang, Zuodong Qin, and Yimin Tan. "Towards Full Utilization of Biomass Resources: A Case Study on Industrial Hemp Residue and Spent Mushroom Substrate." Processes 9, no. 7 (July 12, 2021): 1200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9071200.
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This was early-stage, proof-of-concept research on the full utilization of biomass resources. The current study considered industrial hemp residue (IHR) and spent mushroom substrate (SMS) to demonstrate the initial upstream steps towards the total valorization of biomass. Accordingly, different pretreatment methods such as autohydrolysis, thermal hydrolysis, and thermochemical hydrolysis methods were employed against individual and various mix ratios of IHR and SMS. To this end, raw materials, hydrolysates, and residual solids were analyzed to gain some insights, identify gaps, and suggest future research directions in this area. Implementation of the full utilization of biomass resources is, in fact, not only a matter of transforming the resources into valuable products, but it is also a plausible waste management strategy in the quest towards the development of a circular bioeconomy and sustainable future.
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Marianna, Pozzi, Giuseppe Muliere, Francesco Mezzera, Fabrizio Fattori, Alice Dénarié, Mario Motta, and Livio Mazzarella. "Decarbonization of the heating sector from a system point of view: the case study of the Lombardy Region." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2385, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2385/1/012014.
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Abstract This work aims at defining the optimal technological mix which minimizes the total cost of the energy system in 2030 in the Lombardy region, in northern Italy. The goal is reached through a bottom-up model built on a linear optimization problem considering different technical and economic inputs and constraints. Civil sector is one of the sectors to focus on for the decarbonization process. Different areas, types of buildings and thermal systems are included in the model to consider the peculiarities of the available solutions in each context. The overall technological mix is constraint by a CO2 emission limit. For the civil sector the more the emission is constrained, the higher is the penetrations of electric heat pumps, coupled with envelope retrofit, (10% of the total thermal energy demand) and of district heating (18%), while natural gas boilers decrease (66%). Biomass boilers reach a maximum penetration of 29% in mountain areas. District heating is relevant in areas with available sources (max 29%). Natural gas boilers coupled with air conditioners have an important role and they reach a maximum penetration of 89% in certain areas. Electric heat pumps are quite homogeneous through the areas for residential buildings.
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Woodyard, Andrew J., Josie A. Hugie, and Dean E. Riechers. "Interactions of Mesotrione and Atrazine in Two Weed Species with Different Mechanisms for Atrazine Resistance." Weed Science 57, no. 4 (August 2009): 369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-08-175.1.
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The joint activity of mesotrione and atrazine can display synergistic effects on the control of both triazine-sensitive and site-of-action-based triazine-resistant (TR) broadleaf weeds. The first objective of this study was to evaluate a PRE application of atrazine followed by a POST application of mesotrione for potential interactions in both site-of-action-based TR redroot pigweed and metabolism-based atrazine-resistant (AR) velvetleaf. Results from these sequential experiments demonstrated that synergism was detected in reducing biomass of the TR redroot pigweed but not in the AR velvetleaf with metabolism-based resistance. The second objective was to evaluate the joint activity of mesotrione and atrazine in a tank-mix application in the AR velvetleaf biotype. Greenhouse studies with the AR biotype indicated that synergism resulted from a tank mix with a constant mesotrione rate of 3.2 g ai ha−1in mixture with atrazine ranging from 126 to 13,440 g ai ha−1. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging also revealed a synergistic interaction on the AR biotype when 3.2 g ha−1of mesotrione was applied with 126 g ha−1of atrazine beginning 36 h after treatment and persisting through 72 h.
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Nunes, Leonel J. R., Margarida Casau, João C. O. Matias, and Marta Ferreira Dias. "Assessment of Woody Residual Biomass Generation Capacity in the Central Region of Portugal: Analysis of the Power Production Potential." Land 11, no. 10 (October 5, 2022): 1722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11101722.
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Biomass is an alternative energy source with high potential to contribute to the global energy mix and to countries’ energetic independence. The case of Portugal is particularly relevant, given its biomass availability. Thus, the quantification of woody residual biomass is assumed to be urgent. To achieve the objective of quantifying residual woody biomass, various available data were used, namely the Land Cover and Soil Use Map (COS 2018), from which areas occupied by different categories were selected as being the most relevant. Then, based on coefficients previously established, the amounts of residual woody biomass were determined, namely for maritime pine forests, eucalyptus forests, scrubland, vineyards, olive groves, and orchards. Then, the potential for generating electricity was estimated. It was found that for the hypothetical scenario of the total conversion of the recently closed Pêgo coal power plant to biomass, the available amounts of residual woody biomass in the country would not be sufficient to ensure the operation. On the other hand, if the power plant only worked as a backup unit, the available quantities could ensure its operation and contribute to creating a value chain for residual woody biomass of forest and agricultural origin within a circular economy and sustainable development approach.
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Pacheco, Rui, and Carla Silva. "Global Warming Potential of Biomass-to-Ethanol: Review and Sensitivity Analysis through a Case Study." Energies 12, no. 13 (July 1, 2019): 2535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12132535.
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In Europe, ethanol is blended with gasoline fuel in 5 or 10% volume (E5 or E10). In USA the blend is 15% in volume (E15) and there are also pumps that provide E85. In Brazil, the conventional gasoline is E27 and there are pumps that offer E100, due to the growing market of flex fuel vehicles. Bioethanol production is usually by means of biological conversion of several biomass feedstocks (first generation sugar cane in Brazil, corn in the USA, sugar beet in Europe, or second-generation bagasse of sugarcane or lignocellulosic materials from crop wastes). The environmental sustainability of the bioethanol is usually measured by the global warming potential metric (GWP in CO2eq), 100 years time horizon. Reviewed values could range from 0.31 to 5.55 gCO2eq/LETOH. A biomass-to-ethanol industrial scenario was used to evaluate the impact of methodological choices on CO2eq: conventional versus dynamic Life Cycle Assessment; different impact assessment methods (TRACI, IPCC, ILCD, IMPACT, EDIP, and CML); electricity mix of the geographical region/country for different factory locations; differences in CO2eq factor for CH4 and N2O due to updates in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports (5 reports so far), different factory operational lifetimes and future improved productivities. Results showed that the electricity mix (factory location) and land use are the factors that have the greatest effect (up to 800% deviation). The use of the CO2 equivalency factors stated in different IPCC reports has the least influence (less than 3%). The consideration of the biogenic emissions (uptake at agricultural stage and release at the fermentation stage) and different allocation methods is also influential, and each can make values vary by 250%.
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Marlida, Yetti, Harnentis, Azizah, Yuliaty Shafan Nur, Frederick Adzitey, Norliza Julmohammad, and Nurul Huda. "The possibility of a halal mix probiotic medium for the cultivation of Lactobacillus plantarum N16 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 16 (July 4, 2022): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5219/1713.
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This study aimed to determine the effects of interaction between media type (halal mix preparation) and culture mixtures of Lactobacillus plantarum N16 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (probiotics). A completely randomised factorial design (CRFD) consisting of 2 factors and three replications was used, where factor A was a mixture of Lactobacillus plantarum N16 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae at a ratio of 1:1 (A1); 1:2 (A2) and 2:1 (A3) and factor B was the type of growth media, that is, control (B1), whey tofu, molasses, and fish waste flour (B2), and coconut water, onggok flour and shrimp waste flour (B3). The variables measured were viability, cell biomass, and pH. The results showed interactions between factors A and B, which were significantly different (p <0.05) in terms of viability, cell biomass, and pH. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the mixture of Lactobacillus plantarum N16 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae at a ratio of 2:1 (A3), using coconut water, onggok flour, and shrimp waste flour (B3) as medium and incubated at 36 °C for 24 hours was the best medium. It had a 2.37 viability, 42.33 mg/ml biomass cell, and a pH of 2.37.
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Duca, Daniele, Giuseppe Toscano, Andrea Pizzi, Giorgio Rossini, Sara Fabrizi, Giulia Lucesoli, Andrea Servili, Valeria Mancini, Gianfranco Romanazzi, and Chiara Mengarelli. "Evaluation of the characteristics of vineyard pruning residues for energy applications: effect of different copper-based treatments." Journal of Agricultural Engineering 47, no. 1 (March 8, 2016): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2016.497.
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The role of biomass for increasing renewable energy sources mix is considered fundamental, despite some negative environmental impact of first-generation biofuels. The use of biomass obtained in a more sustainable way, as represented by agricultural wastes, should be favoured. The Mediterranean area and Italy in particular offer a large amount of vineyard pruning residues that can be converted into bioenergy. Since vineyards are exposed to treatments based on copper (Cu) and zinc, these metals last in wood residues during pruning and accumulate in the soil. In this study an evaluation of the concentrations of copper and other heavy metals in grapevine pruning wastes, when treated with common plant protection products, was carried out. The study was also extended to the soil, being potentially mixed to the biomass in the case of mechanical collection of pruning residues. The grapevine residues free of impurities that were collected during this study have typical values of copper in pruning wood, varying from 8.5 mg kg<sup>–1</sup> when treated with low Cu product, to 19.2 mg kg<sup>–1</sup> when treated with high Cu product. It was observed that contaminations during pruning with soil could increase the amount of copper in the residues. More in detail, every percentage point of soil that winds up on pruning residues involves an increase of 1 mg of Cu every kg of biomass. For this reason, we recommend the use of appropriate systems for the harvest of grapevine residues, particularly mechanical systems that avoid soil lifting. Moreover, we suggest the use of pruning residues preferably in large-scale power plants with appropriate emission filters instead of small-scale domestic boilers.
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Diab, H. G., S. Hu, and D. M. Benson. "Suppression of Rhizoctonia solani on Impatiens by Enhanced Microbial Activity in Composted Swine Waste-Amended Potting Mixes." Phytopathology® 93, no. 9 (September 2003): 1115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2003.93.9.1115.
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Peat moss-based potting mix was amended with either of two composted swine wastes, CSW1 and CSW2, at rates from 4 to 20% (vol/vol) to evaluate suppression of pre-emergence damping-off of impatiens (Impatiens balsamina) caused by Rhizoctonia solani (anastomosis group-4). A cucumber bioassay was used prior to each impatiens experiment to monitor maturity of compost as the compost aged in a curing pile by evaluating disease suppression toward both Pythium ultimum and R. solani. At 16, 24, 32, and 37 weeks after composting, plug trays filled with compost-amended potting mix were seeded with impatiens and infested with R. solani to determine suppression of damping-off. Pre-emergence damping-off was lower for impatiens grown in potting mix amended with 20% CSW1 than in CSW2-amended and nonamended mixes. To identify relationships between disease suppression and microbial parameters, samples of mixes were collected to determine microbial activity, biomass carbon and nitrogen, functional diversity, and population density. Higher rates of microbial activity were observed with increasing rates of CSW1 amendment than with CSW2 amendments. Microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen also were higher in CSW1-amended mixes than in CSW2-amended potting mixes 1 day prior to seeding and 5 weeks after seeding. Principal component analysis of Biolog-GN2 profiles showed different functional diversities between CSW1- and CSW2-amended mixes. Furthermore, mixes amended with CSW1 had higher colony forming units of fungi, endospore-forming bacteria, and oligotrophic bacteria. Our results suggest that enhanced microbial activity, functional and population diversity of stable compost-amended mix were associated with suppressiveness to Rhizoctonia damping-off in impatiens.
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Kanevce, Gligor, Aleksandar Dedinec, and Aleksandra Dedinec. "Optimal usage of biomass for energy purposes toward sustainable development - a case of Macedonia." Thermal Science 20, suppl. 1 (2016): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci160208057k.
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One of the main goals for sustainable development of a country is providing sustainable energy resources, which means satisfying the current needs for energy without compromising the future generations. Moreover, sustainable energy resources primarily involve greater inclusion of renewable energy sources. The biomass is the most widely used renewable energy source, mainly because of its relatively low price and its availability. However, in order for the biomass to stay a renewable energy source, it must be used rationally and with a plan, which primarily requires a detailed analysis of the current situation and resources. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to calculate the optimal utilization of biomass in energy purposes, taking into account the sustainable development of a country. As an example, in this paper Macedonia is considered. A detailed analysis of the data sources related to biomass is made and several different indicators that describe the current situation in Macedonia are presented. Furthermore, several scenarios are defined in this paper in order to calculate the optimal share of biomass in the overall energy mix in Macedonia for the next 20 years, using the MARKAL model.
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Muhamad Amin, Muhamad Amin, Mugi Erwinda Mugi Erwinda, Maschlahatun Nissa Maschlahatun Nissa, Daruti D. Nindarwi Daruti D Nindarwi, Woro H. Setyantini Woro H Setyantini, Ahmad S. Mubarak Ahmad S Mubarak, Patmawati Patmawati, et al. "Fatty Acids Profiles and Growth Performances of Artemia franciscanaFed with Different Types of Microalgae." Sains Malaysiana 51, no. 8 (August 31, 2021): 2449–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5108-09.
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Artemia has been considered as one of the most important live diets for crustacean and finfish larviculture as well as broodstocks. However, the basal nutrient of Artemia has been reported to be poor in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA’s) especially eicosapentaenoic acids (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA), essential fatty acids for larval normal growth and gonad maturity in shrimp broodstocks. Thus, the present study aimed at investigating the effect of different microalgal diets on fatty acid content, growth performances and survival rate of Artemia francisciana. The study was performed by culturing instar I nauplii of A. franciscana for 12 days at a stocking density of 100 nauplii/L and fed with one of these microalgae: Chaetoceros calcitrans(T1), Dunaliella salina(T2), Tetraselmis chuii (T3), and Nanochloropsis oculata (T4). The results showed that the different microalgal diets affected fatty acid content, growth and survival rate of A. fransicana. The highest DHA content was obtained from those Artemia fed on D. salina, p<0.05. While DHA content of A. fransciscana fed with the other three microalgae was not significantly different, p>0.05. Another result indicated that EPA contents in the Artemia biomass were not significantly affected by the microalgal diets, p>0.05. In terms of growth and survival rate, A. franciscana fed on C. calcitrans and T. chuiihad better growth and survival rate compared to that of Artemia fed on either D. salina or N. oculata, p<0.05. Due to the faster growth, it was also observed that Artemia fed on T. chuii started producing eggs on day 12. Further studies by feeding the Artemia with a mix of microalgal species either a mix of T. chuii and D. salina or a mix of C. calcitrans and D. salina are highly recommended for better PUFA contents, specific growth rate (SGR) as well as survival rates of Artemia.
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Ganguly, Indroneil, Francesca Pierobon, and Edie Sonne Hall. "Global Warming Mitigating Role of Wood Products from Washington State’s Private Forests." Forests 11, no. 2 (February 10, 2020): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11020194.
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Similar to standing trees in the forests, wood products play an important role in enhancing the global sequestered carbon pool, by retaining the atmospheric carbon in a sequestered form for the duration of the functional life of the wood products. This study uses a temporal radiative forcing analysis along with the functional half-life of different wood products to evaluate the impacts of wood products on global warming, including carbon storage and life cycle greenhouse gas production/extraction emissions. The methodology is applied to Washington State’s aboveground biomass and timber harvest data, and to the State’s comprehensive wood products mix. A moderate harvest rate simulation within Washington Biomass Calculator is used to estimate state harvest level, and statewide wood products manufacturing data is used for developing wood product mix estimates. Using this method, we estimate that the temporal carbon storage leads to a global warming mitigation benefit equivalent to 4.3 million tCO2eq. Even after factoring in the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the harvest operations and wood products manufacturing processes, within the temporal model, the results show a net beneficial impact of approximately 1.7 million tCO2eq, on an annual basis. It can further be noted that Washington State’s annual biomass growth in its private forests exceeds its annual harvest, by a significant margin. This net yearly accumulation of biomass in the State’s private forests leads to additional global warming mitigation benefits equivalent to 7.4 million tCO2eq. Based on these results, we conclude that Washington’s private forestry industry is a net global warming mitigator for the State, equivalent to 12% of the State’s greenhouse gas emissions in 2015.
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Zhang, Kexin, Shuangyan Song, Zhongjia Chen, and Jianbo Zhou. "Effects of Brown Sugar Water Binder Added by Spraying Method as Solid Bridge on the Physical Characteristics of Biomass Pellets." Polymers 12, no. 3 (March 18, 2020): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12030674.
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The binder can improve the physical characteristics of biomass pellets by forming solid bridges and increasing the adhesion of biomass materials. Taking pine sawdust as raw material and brown sugar water with different concentration as a binder, this study adopted spraying and stirring methods, respectively, and mixed brown sugar water with biomass in diverse proportions. The characteristic of pellets such as durability, relaxation ratio and compressive strength were studied by orthogonal design. Through range analysis, BP (Back Propagation) neural network factor significance analysis and mapping the relationship between physical properties and factors according to the importance of each factor, the effect of densification variables on the physical characteristics of biomass pellets was studied, and the outcome of adding brown sugar water binder to raw material by spraying method in improving the densification quality of biomass was explored. Results showed the brown sugar water binder added to pine sawdust by spraying method could mix the binder and biomass raw material more evenly compared with the stirring method. The relaxation ratio of pellets obtained by spraying method was reduced by 13.47%. The optimal densification conditions of pine sawdust were when the compaction pressure was 100 MPa, the mass ratio of brown sugar to water was 2:1, the proportion of brown sugar water to biomass material was 3%, and the adding method was spraying.
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Chand, D., D. A. Hegg, R. Wood, G. E. Shaw, D. Wallace, and D. S. Covert. "Source attribution of climatically important aerosol properties measured at Paposo (Chile) during VOCALS." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 7 (July 26, 2010): 17853–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-17853-2010.
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Abstract. Measurements of submicron aerosol composition, light scattering, and size distribution were made from 17 October to 15 November 2008 at the elevated Paposo site (25° 0.4' S, 70°27.01' W, 690 m a.s.l.) on the Chilean coast as part of the VOCALS1 Regional Experiment (REx). Based on the chemical composition measurements, a receptor modeling analysis using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was carried out, yielding four broad source categories of the aerosol mass, light scattering coefficient, and a proxy for cloud condensation nucleus (CCN) concentration at 0.4% supersaturation derived from the size distribution measurements assuming an observed soluble mass fraction of 0.53. The sources resolved were biomass burning, marine, an urban-biofuels mix and a somewhat ambiguous mix of smelter emissions and mineral dust. The urban-biofuels mix is the most dominant aerosol mass component (52%) followed by biomass burning (25%), smelter/soil dust (12%) and marine (9%) sources. The average (mean±std) submicron aerosol mass concentration, aerosol light scattering coefficient and proxy CCN concentration were, 8.77±5.40 μg m−3, 21.9±11.0 Mm−1 and 548±210 cm−3, respectively. Sulfate is the dominant identified submicron species constituting roughly 40% of the dry mass (3.64±2.30 μg m−3, although the indentified soluble species constitute only 53% of the mass. Much of the unidentified mass is likely organic in nature. The relative importance of each aerosol source category is different depending upon whether mass, light scattering, or CCN concentration is being considered, indicating that the mean size of aerosols associated with each source are different. Marine aerosols do not appear to contribute to more than 10% to either mass, light scattering, or CCN concentration at this site. Back trajectory cluster analysis proved consistent with the PMF source attribution. 1 VOCALS: VAMOS Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Study (VOCALS)VAMOS: Variability of American Monsoon System
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Chand, D., D. A. Hegg, R. Wood, G. E. Shaw, D. Wallace, and D. S. Covert. "Source attribution of climatically important aerosol properties measured at Paposo (Chile) during VOCALS." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 22 (November 18, 2010): 10789–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-10789-2010.
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Abstract. Measurements of submicron aerosol composition, light scattering, and size distribution were made from 17 October to 15 November 2008 at the elevated Paposo site (25° 0.4' S, 70° 27.01' W, 690 m a.s.l.) on the Chilean coast as part of the VOCALS* Regional Experiment (REx). Based on the chemical composition measurements, a receptor modeling analysis using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was carried out, yielding four broad source categories of the aerosol mass, light scattering coefficient, and a proxy for cloud condensation nucleus (CCN) concentration at 0.4% supersaturation derived from the size distribution measurements assuming an observed soluble mass fraction of 0.53. The sources resolved were biomass burning, marine, an urban-biofuels mix and a somewhat ambiguous mix of smelter emissions and mineral dust. The urban-biofuels mix is the most dominant aerosol mass component (52%) followed by biomass burning (25%), smelter/soil dust (12%) and marine (9%) sources. The average (mean±std) submicron aerosol mass concentration, aerosol light scattering coefficient and proxy CCN concentration were, 8.77±5.40 μg m−3, 21.9±11.0 Mm−1 and 548±210 cm−3, respectively. Sulfate is the dominant identified submicron species constituting roughly 40% of the dry mass (3.64±2.30 μg m−3), although the indentified soluble species constitute only 53% of the mass. Much of the unidentified mass is likely organic in nature. The relative importance of each aerosol source category is different depending upon whether mass, light scattering, or CCN concentration is being considered, indicating that the mean size of aerosols associated with each source are different. Marine aerosols do not appear to contribute to more than 10% to either mass, light scattering, or CCN concentration at this site. Back trajectory cluster analysis proved consistent with the PMF source attribution. *VOCALS: VAMOS** Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Study (VOCALS) **VAMOS: Variability of American Monsoon System
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Jureková, Zuzana, Marián Kotrla, Martin Prčík, Martin Hauptvogl, and Žaneta Pauková. "Fast-Growing Energy Crops Grown In Conditions Of Slovakia In The Context Of The EU Energy Policy." Acta Regionalia et Environmentalica 12, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aree-2015-0001.
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Abstract The energy-efficient low-carbon EU economy (known as the 20-20-20) sets fundamental objectives in reducing greenhouse gas emissions (20%), increasing the share of renewable energy sources (20%) and saving primary energy consumption (20%). The objectives are incorporated in the National Renewable Energy Action Plans (NREAPs). Slovakia has to increase the share of renewable energy sources (RES) by 14% in its energy mix by 2020. Currently, the most widely used RES are water and solar energy, biomass and biogas. Our country has suitable ecological conditions for growing the so called energy crops in lowland and upland areas. So far, however, there is a lack of science-based information on the potential production of biomass in different soil-ecological and climatic conditions of the Slovak Republic. Our experimental research is focused on quantification of biomass production of various willow (genus Salix), poplar (genus Populus) and silvergrass (Miscanthus sinensis) varieties grown in ecological conditions of southern Slovakia. We evaluated the biomass production of the studied crops. The results were evaluated in terms of the EU call (2013): to obtain more energy while reducing inputs and negative environmental impacts.
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Moll, Lüders, Martin Höller, Charlotte Hubert, Christoph A. C. Korte, Georg Völkering, Christian Wever, and Ralf Pude. "Cup Plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.) Biomass as Substitute for Expanded Polystyrene in Bonded Leveling Compounds." Agronomy 12, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12010178.
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Biomass for non-food applications is considered as a substitute for petro-based materials such as expanded polystyrene (EPS). This research analyzes physical properties of an EPS containing commercial bonded leveling compound (BLC) which was substituted with cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.) biomass. Cup plant is a high-yielding biomass plant with several ecological benefits that is yet mainly used for biogas production. Furthermore, the high amount of parenchyma in senescent biomass with its EPS-like structure could be a possible substitute for petrochemical foams in lightweight aggregates. The natural variation in parenchyma content of several European cup plant accessions is promising, regarding the development of cultivars with suitable biomass properties for the proposed material use. Two binders with different proportions of cup plant and EPS were used to produce samples of BLC for thermal conductivity and compression strength tests. The compression strength of 0.92 N mm−2 and a thermal conductivity of 84 mW m−1 K−1 were analyzed and comparable to the commercial BLC. The thermal conductivity within the tested borders appears nearly independent of the biomass content. With increasing cup plant content, the shape characteristics of the lightweight aggregate mix changes towards more elongated aggregates. The mechanical strength and thermal conductivity are highly sensitive to the water demand of the biomass. Direct partial substitution of EPS by cup plant appears feasible and could be a part of the decarbonization of the construction sector.
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Jude Roy, J. Nishanth, P. Premkumar, S. Mohamed Iqbal, and A. Balaji. "EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION STRATEGIES TO AUGMENT THE DIESEL ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND REDUCTION OF EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS BY THE EFFECT OF WASTE PLASTIC OIL." ASEAN Engineering Journal 13, no. 3 (August 30, 2023): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/aej.v13.18961.
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The need for biomass to waste plastic oil (WPO) in recent years, as the desire to diversify feedstock and reduce industrial emissions has grown. The technologies for converting biomass to conventional WPO are investigated in this paper. Biomass likes as cow dung and kitchen waste was used as a feed for the anaerobe to generate biogas. This biogas can be effectively utilized for heating purpose of synthesis WPO from waste plastic. WPO conversion process fly ash is used as catalyst with 0.1 cat/pol. WPO blend with different percentages with diesel like 25 % to 100 % WPO ((WPO 25), (WPO 50), (WPO 75) and (WPO 100) ) by volume with pure diesel and run the KIRLOSKAR TV -1 engine. At various engine loads, the impact of WPO blends on engine performance and exhaust emissions were investigated. The results are validated to those of a standard diesel fuel operation. WPO has a greater fuel concept and brake thermal efficiency than diesel. The engine functioned better with WPO25 mix. It is discovered that the NOx, HC, CO2, and smoke emissions are greater than those of diesel.
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Wang, Weiwei. "Agricultural and Forestry Biomass for Meeting the Renewable Fuel Standard: Implications for Land Use and GHG Emissions." Energies 15, no. 23 (November 22, 2022): 8796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15238796.
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Agricultural land and forestland are considered as two largest potential biomass sources for meeting the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) mandate for cellulosic biofuels. However, the land use change and greenhouse gas (GHG) savings with both agricultural and forest biomass production are yet to be examined systematically. This paper examines the effects of implementing a 16-billion gallon (60 billion liters) cellulosic biofuel mandate by 2035 on the mix of agricultural and forest biomass, land use change and GHG emissions by using a dynamic partial equilibrium model of the agricultural, forestry and transportation sectors in the US. Our results show that crop residues play a significant role in supplying cellulosic ethanol before 2030, while energy crops are the major feedstocks used for meeting the RFS cellulosic mandate after 2030. Milling and logging residues are economically viable supplements to agricultural biomass for cellulosic ethanol production, though their role in total biomass is small. Across different scenarios of cellulosic ethanol mandate that can be met with either agricultural biomass only or with both agricultural and forest biomass, we find GHG savings from displacing the gasoline range from 0.61 to 0.82 B MgCO2e over the 2015–2035 period. Induced land use change effects associated with expanded feedstock production are modest between and within the agricultural and forestry sectors. We conclude that a mixed feedstock base maximizes the economic and environmental benefits of cellulosic biofuel production. The mitigation potential of cellulosic biofuels is severalfold larger than natural-based solutions such as grassland restoration.
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Hodzic, Nihad, Izet Smajevic, and Anes Kazagic. "Concept of co-firing coal with biomass and natural gas: On track of sustainable solution for future thermal power plants." Thermal Science 20, no. 4 (2016): 1171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci151126078h.
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This paper presents R&D project of multi fuel concept (MFC) for future coal-based power plants, demonstrated on example of cofiring Middle-Bosnia brown coal with waste woody biomass and natural gas. Pulverised Combustion (PC) lab-scale furnace has been used for the cofiring tests, varying up to 20%w portion of biomass and up to 10%th portion of natural gas in the fuel mix. Tests were purposed to optimize the combustion temperature, air distribution, including Over Fire Air System (OFAS), fuel combination and fuel distribution, including reburning concept, as function of emissions and combustion efficiency estimated through the ash deposits behaviours and unburnt. Considering application of proposed MFC in case of TPP Kakanj unit 6 (118 MWe) set here as a referent power plant, temperature levels and fuel distributions for lowest emissions of CO2 and NOx were found during lab tests, provided that combustion efficiency is at an acceptable level. Derived research results yield input data for calculation sustainability indicators of MFC for the referent power plant, considering 6 fuel options - different combinations of coal, biomass and natural gas. Single criteria analysis and multicriteria sustainability assessment have been done, giving an advantage to the options of cofiring coal with woody biomass and natural gas in the case demonstrated.
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Erakhrumen, Andrew Agbontalor. "Biomass Gasification: Documented Information for Adoption/Adaptation and Further Improvements toward Sustainable Utilisation of Renewable Natural Resources." ISRN Renewable Energy 2012 (August 26, 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/536417.
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In many developing countries, biomass use as a means of generating energy is still relevant with the developed countries also gradually increasing this source of energy in their energy-mix. Furthermore, increased research and developmental efforts concerning bioenergy are more in these developed countries compared to many of the developing ones. This might have contributed to the present level of biomass conversion technologies, most of which are observed to be outdated, in developing countries such as those in sub-Sahara Africa. Improving on the available old bioenergy conversion technologies may not only be adequate for sustainable utilisation of renewable natural resources; there may be the need for adoption/adaptation of other recent research outputs geared toward optimal resource utilisation in this regard. Contributing to and application of improvements in biomass conversion technologies, such as gasification techniques, might assist in achieving this aim. This article was therefore conceived at highlighting information concerning biomass gasification in such a way as to sensitise the different stakeholders in research and developmental issues in developing countries where there are still challenges facing this sector. The language and presentation of the article was aimed at specifics avoiding too many technical details for the benefit of experts and non-experts alike.
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Sobe, Carina, Manuela Hirschmugl, and Andreas Wimmer. "Sentinel-2 Time Series Analysis for Identification of Underutilized Land in Europe." Remote Sensing 13, no. 23 (December 3, 2021): 4920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13234920.
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Biomass and bioenergy play a central role in Europe’s Green Transition. Currently, biomass is representing half of the renewable energy sources used. While the role of renewables in the energy mix is undisputed, there have been many controversial discussions on the use of biomass for energy due to the “food versus fuel” debate. Using previously underutilized lands for bioenergy is one possibility to prevent this discussion. This study supports the attempts to increase biomass for bioenergy through the provision of improved methods to identify underutilized lands in Europe. We employ advanced analysis methods based on time series modelling using Sentinel-2 (S2) data from 2017 to 2019 in order to distinguish utilized from underutilized land in twelve study areas in different bio-geographical regions (BGR) across Europe. The calculated parameters of the computed model function combined with temporal statistics were used to train a random forest classifier (RF). The achieved overall accuracies (OA) per study area vary between 80.25 and 96.76%, with confidence intervals (CI) ranging between 1.77% and 6.28% at a 95% confidence level. All in all, nearly 500,000 ha of underutilized land potentially available for agricultural bioenergy production were identified in this study, with the greatest amount mapped in Eastern Europe.
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Arifin, Zainal, Visang Fardha Sukma Insani, Muhammad Idris, Kartika Raras Hadiyati, Zakie Anugia, and Dani Irianto. "Techno-Economic Analysis of Co-firing for Pulverized Coal Boilers Power Plant in Indonesia." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 12, no. 2 (January 2, 2023): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2023.48102.
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The utilization of co-firing (coal-biomass) in existing coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) is the fastest and most effective way to increase the renewable energy mix, which has been dominated by pulverized coal (PC) boilers, particularly in the Indonesian context. This study aims to investigate the technical and economic aspects of co-firing by conducting a pilot project of three PC boiler plants and capturing several preliminary figures before being implemented for the entire plants in Indonesia. Various measured variables, such as plant efficiency, furnace exit gas temperature (FEGT), fuel characteristic, generating cost (GC), and flue gas emissions, were identified and compared between coal-firing and 5%-biomass co-firing. The result from three different capacities of CFPP shows that co-firing impacts the efficiency of the plant corresponding to biomass heating value linearly and has an insignificant impact on FEGT. Regarding environmental impact, co-firing has a high potential to reduce SO2 and NOx emissions depending on the sulfur and nitrogen content of biomass. SO2 emission decreases by a maximum of 34% and a minimum of 1.88%. While according to economic evaluation, the average electricity GC increases by about 0.25 USD cent/kWh due to biomass price per unit of energy is higher than coal by 0.64×10-3 USD cent/kcal. The accumulation in the one-year operation of 5%-biomass co-firing with a 70% capacity factor produced 285,676 MWh of green energy, equal to 323,749 tCO2e and 143,474 USD of carbon credit. The biomass prices sensitivity analysis found that the fuel price per unit of energy between biomass and coal was the significant parameter to the GC changes.
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Akpootu, Davidson Odafe, S. Aruna, G. Bello, Z. Aminu, A. K. Isah, M. Umar, T. O. Badmus, et al. "THE GROWTH FACTOR AND BULK HYGROSCOPICITY OF ATMOSPHERIC SOOT OF URBAN AEROSOLS." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 7, no. 3 (June 30, 2023): 150–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2023-0703-1832.
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Aerosols within urban atmosphere can be composed of water-soluble aerosols from industrial emissions, insoluble and soot from biomass and bio-fuel emissions respectively. In this study, simulation was carried out using Optical Properties of Aerosols and Clouds (OPAC) to model the hygroscopic growth factor and bulk hygroscopicity of Soot at spectral range of 0.25 to 1.00 mm for eight different relative humidities. The results in this study revealed that the aerosol hygroscopic growth factor increases with relative humidity (RH) while the bulk hygroscopicity decreases with increase in RH from 50-99% RHs. The aerosol hygroscopic growth factor increases with increase in RH while the bulk hygroscopicity decreases with increase in RH for the number, volume and mass ratios. The aerosol growth factor revealed that the mixture is barely hygroscopic, less hygroscopic and more hygroscopic from 50 – 80% RH, 90 – 95% RH and 98 – 99% RH respectively for the number mix ratio. The aerosol growth factor revealed that the mixture is less hygroscopic, more hygroscopic and most hygroscopic from 50 – 80% RH, 90 – 95% RH and 98 – 99% RH respectively for the volume and mass mix ratios. The bulk hygroscopicity ranges between 0.02007 to 0.09456 for the number mix ratio from model 1 to model 3, the bulk hygroscopicity ranges between 0.13596 to 0.32956 for the volume mix ratio from model 1 to model 3 while the bulk hygroscopicity ranges between 0.12831 to 0.29925 for the mass mix ratio from model 1 to model 3.
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Kang, Hoon, Abbas Lafta, Chiwon W. Lee, Murray E. Duysen, and Larry Cihacek. "140 Influence of Potassium Nutrition on Growth and Sugar Content of Carrot." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 465E—466. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.465e.
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The influence of potassium (K) nutrition on the growth and sugar contents of carrot (Daucus carota L.) cv. Navajo was investigated in a greenhouse study. Seeds were germinated in 15-cm plastic pots (volume1.5 L) containing a peatlite mix (2 parts peat:1 part vermiculite:1 part perlite, v/v). Starting at 6 true-leaf stage (5 weeks from germination), plants were watered with nutrient solutions containing 0, 1, 2, 4, or 8 meq K/L for 10 weeks. While plants receiving no potassium had the lowest biomass yield, there was little or no difference in shoot or root biomass yields between different K concentrations. Root glucose and sucrose contents were the highest when plants grown with 8 meq K/L and 4 meq K/L, respectively, from the nutrient solution. The influence of nutrient solution K concentration on tissue content of K and other macronutrient elements was also determined.
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Singh, Anshika, Deepak Marathe, Karthik Raghunathan, and Kanchan Kumari. "Effect of Different Organic Substrates on Selected Life History Traits and Nutritional Composition of Black Soldier fly (Hermetia illucens)." Environmental Entomology 51, no. 1 (December 3, 2021): 182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvab135.
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Abstract Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L. [Diptera: Stratiomyidae]) has gained huge popularity in different industrial and commercial sectors because of its excellent potential to treat organic waste and high biomass production. As the industrial application of BSF is expanding at accelerated rates, there is a need to optimize its mass scale production where the organic substrates play a very crucial role in optimal growth and development. The present study deals with the investigation of different life history attributes of BSF such as larval and adult weights, survival, pupation rate, and the development time as the function of different organic substrates [fruits and vegetable mix (T1); wheat bran, soy, and corn meal mix (T2); and the dairy manure (T3)]. The larval, pupal, and adult weights differed across all three treatments (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the survival rate of larvae among T1 and T2 however, T3 differed significantly from T1 and T2. Likewise, the pupation rate and the development time differed significantly between the three treatments. Results indicated that the BSF development was least in dairy manure treatment and therefore, higher percent mortality and higher development time were observed. However, to deal with the problems of waste management and treatment, BSF larvae can be successfully employed for the treatment of any type of waste since it showed significant treatment efficiencies.
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Buday, Tamás, and Erika Buday-Bódi. "Reduction in CO2 Emissions with Bivalent Heat Pump Systems." Energies 16, no. 7 (April 2, 2023): 3209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16073209.
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Utilizing heat pumps has varied benefits, including decreasing the proportion of fossil fuels in the energy mix and reducing CO2 emissions compared with other heating modes. However, this effect greatly depends on the type of external energy and the type of the applied heat pump system. In our study, two different types of heat pumps, three different modes of operation, three different types of auxiliary energy, and three different CO2 emission values from electricity generation were selected to calculate the CO2 emissions related to heating a theoretical house and calculate the CO2 emissions reduction compared with gas firing. According to the calculations, a wide range of CO2 emission reductions can be achieved, from scenarios where there is no reduction to scenarios where the reduction is 94.7% in monovalent mode. When operating in a bivalent mode, the values are less favorable, and several systems show no reduction, particularly when operating in an alternate mode at a bivalent temperature of 2 °C. However, the reduction in fossil CO2 emissions can be kept at a high value (up to 56.7% with Hungary’s electricity mix) in a bivalent system by using biomass as a resource of auxiliary energy and geothermal heat pumps, which is very similar to the CO2 emission reduction in monovalent systems (54.1%).
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Díaz-Vásquez, Maribel A., Rosa J. Díaz-Manchay, Franco E. León-Jiménez, Lisa M. Thompson, Karin Troncoso, and Virgilio E. Failoc-Rojas. "Adoption and impact of improved cookstoves in Lambayeque, Peru, 2017." Global Health Promotion 27, no. 4 (August 24, 2020): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757975920945248.
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Introduction: Approximately three billion people in Asia, Africa, and the Americas cook with biomass, cleaner cooking technologies with the potential to reduce household air pollution exposure. It is necessary to assess the adoption and long-term use of these stoves, measure perceived benefits among users, and use this information to provide feedback to programs that are implementing new cooking technologies. The aim of this study is to determine the level of adoption and impact of improved biomass cookstoves in the rural area of Lambayeque, Peru, in 2017. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 52 homes were surveyed in the districts of Pacora and Íllimo where improved biomass stoves were introduced between 2005 and 2013. A questionnaire for the assessment of adoption and impact indexes proposed by the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves was applied. The STROBE checklist was used. Results: The mean number of years with the improved biomass cookstove was 9.1 (standard deviation: 2.9); 51.9% always used the improved stove, and 34.6% never used it due to destruction during the El Niño phenomenon in 2017. The median impact index was 5.62; 19.2% had a very good/good adoption. The median adoption index was 6.5; 25% had a very high/high impact. The use of the traditional or open fire biomass stove persisted in 61.5% of the houses. Conclusion: The adoption and impact of improved biomass cookstoves were acceptable, but traditional stove use persisted in more than half of the houses. Households used a mix of different stove technologies. Gas stoves were used more frequently for breakfast or dinner, while the traditional biomass stoves were used for larger lunchtime meals.
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El-Alam, Imad, Raviella Zgheib, Marcello Iriti, Marc El Beyrouthy, Paul Hattouny, Anthony Verdin, Joël Fontaine, Ramez Chahine, Anissa Lounès-Hadj Sahraoui, and Hassane Makhlouf. "Origanum syriacum Essential Oil Chemical Polymorphism According to Soil Type." Foods 8, no. 3 (March 5, 2019): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8030090.
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Background: Origanum syriacum L. is an aromatic plant growing wild in Lebanon. This species is highly used in Lebanese traditional medicine and is a staple food in Lebanese gastronomy. Due to the over-harvesting, this species has become a cultivated crop rather than being collected from the wild. This study aims to evaluate the chemical polymorphism according to soil type. Methods: Plant samples were cultivated in different soil types including manure, potting mix, professional agriculture mixture, vegetable compost, nursery soils, and natural agricultural soil inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. After 16 weeks of culture, fresh shoot biomass was measured. Root colonization rate was evaluated and foliar biomasses were used for essential oil (EO) extraction. EO yield was calculated and the identification of the main chemical compounds of EO samples was performed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Results: Our findings revealed that the soil type affects the O. syriacum chemotype. Indeed, the EO samples could be divided into two groups: thymol chemotype group including manure and vegetable compost soils and non-sterilized non-inoculated EO samples, and the thymol/carvacrol chemotype including potting mix, professional agriculture mixture, nursery mixture, sterilized non-inoculated, non-sterilized inoculated, and sterilized inoculated EO samples. These results showed that manure and vegetable compost soils promoted thymol synthesis, whereas potting mix, professional agriculture mixture, and nursery mixture soils were thymol/carvacrol chemotype. Moreover, mycorrhizal inoculation increased carvacrol and reduced thymol productions in comparison to non-inoculated conditions. Additionally, mycorrhizal inoculation showed significant enhancements in mycorrhizal rates and shoot biomass production with respect to the non-sterilized soil. Conclusions: These variations confirm the influence of the edaphic conditions on the chemical components biosynthesis pathways of oregano plants. The results of this investigation could be used for determining optimal soil type, leading to a good quality herb production.
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Monteoliva-García, Antonio, Juan Carlos Leyva-Díaz, Cristina López-López, José Manuel Poyatos, María del Mar Muñío, and Jaime Martín-Pascual. "Heterotrophic Kinetic Study and Nitrogen Removal of a Membrane Bioreactor System Treating Real Urban Wastewater under a Pharmaceutical Compounds Shock: Effect of the Operative Variables." Water 11, no. 9 (August 28, 2019): 1785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11091785.
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Numerous studies have analyzed the viability of the biodegradation and removal of different compounds of emerging concern in biological systems for wastewater treatment. However, the effect on the heterotrophic biomass of organic matter removal is sometimes missed. The aim of the present research was to study the effect of the addition of a mix of three pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, ciprofloxacin, and ibuprofen) on the behavior of the biomass in two different membrane-based biological systems treating urban wastewater. The present research studied a membrane bioreactor (MBR) pilot plant operating at a similar mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentration (about 5.5 g/L). This system works as an MBR and is combined with a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR-MBR) to treat real urban wastewater at 6 and 10 h of hydraulic retention time (HRT) under three different shocks of pharmaceuticals with increasing concentrations. In all cases, the organic matter removal was, in average terms, higher than about 92% of biochemical oxygen demand on the fifth day (BOD5), 79% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), and 85% of total organic carbon (TOC). Nevertheless, the removal is higher in the MBBR-MBR technology under the same HRT and the MLSS is similar. Moreover, the removal increased during the shock of pharmaceutical compounds, especially in the MBR technology. From a kinetic perspective, MBBR-MBR is more suitable for low HRT (6 h) and MBR is more effective for high HRT (10 h). This could be due to the fact that biofilm systems are less sensitive to hostile environments than the MBR systems. The removal of N-NH4+ decreased considerably when the pharmaceutical compounds mix was introduced into the system until no removal was detected in cycle 1, even when biofilm was present.
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Xu, Weizhou, Furong Niu, Furen Kang, Bingcheng Xu, Xiping Deng, Jairo A. Palta, and Yinglong Chen. "Biomass Allocation and Competitive Ability of a Semiarid Perennial Grass and a Legume in Mixtures under Periodical Soil Water Decreasing Conditions." Agronomy 12, no. 10 (September 21, 2022): 2256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102256.
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Soil moisture is the key factor controlling plant growth in semiarid grasslands. Here, we sought to evaluate the effects of soil moisture decreasing at different growth stages on biomass accumulation, water use efficiency, and plant-plant interaction of a C3 leguminous subshrub Lespedeza davurica (L) and a C4 perennial grass Bothriochloa ischaemum (B) when sown singly and as a mix in five different ratios in a pot experiment. Results showed that soil water decrease significantly reduced total biomass production of the mixtures by 3.7–53.8% compared with well-watered conditions, and plants at the heading and flowering periods were more vulnerable to soil water decline than those at the late stage. The relative yield total (RYT) of the mixtures was mostly greater than those sown singly. Soil water decreasing increased root/shoot ratio and water use efficiency (WUE) of the mixtures, and such effects were mediated by mixture ratio and/or growth stage. In the mixtures, a strong intraspecific competition was observed in B. ischaemum, whereas interspecific competition in L. davurica. The highest overall biomass (86.47 g pot−1) and WUE (6.33 g kg−1) were observed when the mixture ratio was B:L = 10:2 regardless of soil moisture, and thus could be considered an optimal mixture ratio for establishing restored grassland using the two species. Our results suggest that sown seed mixtures of the two species with an appropriate ratio could sustain a relatively high total biomass production and improve WUE under soil water decreasing conditions in the semiarid Loess Plateau.
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Desing, Harald, Rolf Widmer, Didier Beloin-Saint-Pierre, Roland Hischier, and Patrick Wäger. "Powering a Sustainable and Circular Economy—An Engineering Approach to Estimating Renewable Energy Potentials within Earth System Boundaries." Energies 12, no. 24 (December 11, 2019): 4723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12244723.
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This study proposes a method to estimate the appropriability of renewable energy resources at the global scale, when Earth system boundaries/needs and the human demand for chemical energy are respected. The method is based on an engineering approach, i.e., uncertainties of parameters and models are considered and potentials calculated with 99 % confidence. We used literature data to test our method and provide initial results for global appropriable technical potentials (ATP) that sum up to 71 TW , which is significantly larger than the current global energy demand. Consequently, there is sufficient renewable energy potentially available to increase energy access for a growing world population as well as for a development towards increasingly closed material cycles within the technosphere. Solar energy collected on the built environment ( 29 % ) and in desert areas ( 69 % ) represent the dominant part of this potential, followed in great distance by hydro ( 0.6 % ), terrestrial heat ( 0.4 % ), wind ( 0.35 % ), and biomass ( 0.2 % ). Furthermore, we propose indicators to evaluate an energy mix on different levels, from an energy mix in single products to the mix used by the global economy, against the estimated RE potentials, which allow an evaluation and consideration in the design of sustainable–circular products and systems.
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Huxham, Mark, Marappullige P. Kumara, Loku P. Jayatissa, Ken W. Krauss, James Kairo, Joseph Langat, Maurizio Mencuccini, Martin W. Skov, and Bernard Kirui. "Intra- and interspecific facilitation in mangroves may increase resilience to climate change threats." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1549 (July 12, 2010): 2127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0094.
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Mangroves are intertidal ecosystems that are particularly vulnerable to climate change. At the low tidal limits of their range, they face swamping by rising sea levels; at the high tidal limits, they face increasing stress from desiccation and high salinity. Facilitation theory may help guide mangrove management and restoration in the face of these threats by suggesting how and when positive intra- and interspecific effects may occur: such effects are predicted in stressed environments such as the intertidal, but have yet to be shown among mangroves. Here, we report the results of a series of experiments at low and high tidal sites examining the effects of mangrove density and species mix on seedling survival and recruitment, and on the ability of mangroves to trap sediment and cause surface elevation change. Increasing density significantly increased the survival of seedlings of two different species at both high and low tidal sites, and enhanced sediment accretion and elevation at the low tidal site. Including Avicennia marina in species mixes enhanced total biomass at a degraded high tidal site. Increasing biomass led to changed microenvironments that allowed the recruitment and survival of different mangrove species, particularly Ceriops tagal .
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W.M., Okwara, Nyaanga D. M., and Kabok P. "EFFECT OF THREE FEEDSTOCKS MIX ON BRIQUETTES’ PHYSICAL AND COMBUSTION PROPERTIES." Journal of Engineering in Agriculture and the Environment 8, no. 2 (May 11, 2022): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37017/jeae.v8i2.86.
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Significant quantities of biomass are available in Africa for conversion into domestic energy sources. However, they are underutilized due to poor physical and combustion properties. Knowledge about the effect of briquettes with three feedstocks has not been fully studied. Thus, the main objective of this study was to assess effect of three feedstocks mix on briquettes’ physical and combustion properties. The feedstocks; rice husk- maize cobs and bagasse were carbonized in a drum kiln and mixed at different ratios (1:1:1, 1:2:2, 1:3:3, 2:1:2, 2:2:3, 2:3:1, 3:1:3, 3:2:1 and 3:3:2) before densification using screw press technique. Briquettes were sampled for Laboratory testing. At the optimal ratio, 3:2:1, physical properties; moisture content and density values were 6.43% and 904 kg/m3 respectively. Results showed values of 3.63% for ash content, 18.56% for volatile matter, 77.81% for fixed carbon and 29.04 MJ/kg for calorific value. Number and type of feedstocks are thus factors influencing physical and combustion characteristics of briquettes in converting agricultural wastes to useful energy application. Findings from this study are therefore useful to briquettes users, as a source of clean energy, in making right choices on feedstocks mix ratios during densification thus realization of Sustainable Development Goal (SDGs #7).
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McDonald, C. K., and R. M. Jones. "Relationships between age and biomass of individual plants and seed production in two grazed tropical legumes. 1. Derivation of relationships." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, no. 2 (2002): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar00174.
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The distributions of individual plant age and biomass of Chamaecrista rotundifolia cv. Wynn and a mix of Stylosanthes scabra cvv. Seca and Fitzroy in grazed grass–legume pastures were examined to determine their effect on seed production. The effects of enhanced soil water conditions and severe defoliation on seed production were assessed in ungrazed plots. These experiments were part of a larger study to develop a demographic model of perennial forage legumes. The distribution of individual plant age and biomass was highly skewed towards a large number of young/small plants, with fewer old/large plants. Lack of seed set when stem length was less than approximately 200 mm, and in most small plants (<2 g), resulted in older/larger plants contributing far more to seed production and, to a lesser extent, legume biomass, than they did to legume plant numbers. C. rotundifolia seed production was linearly related to individual plant biomass but was highly varaiable and was greatly reduced in swards containing >3000 kg/ha of grass. Using log-transformed data, plant biomass accounted for 74% of the variation in seed production (SP), but together with grass biomass accounted for 91% of the variation [ln(SP) = 6.01 + 0.91*ln(BIOMASS) – 0.28*ln(GRASS BIOMASS), P < 0.001]. Total legume biomass accounted for only 44% of the variation in seed production. S. scabra herbage allowance (kg legume/head) had a major impact on seed production. Total legume biomass and individual plant biomass alone accounted for less than 40% of the variation in seed production. Using herbage allowance (HA) as well as individual plant biomass improved the prediction of seed production (SP) to account for 74% of the variation [ln(SP) = 0.11 + 1.14*ln(BIOMASS) + 0.24*ln(HA), P < 0.001]. Enhanced soil water conditions increased the biomass of individual plants of both species and increased the seed production per gram of plant in S. scabra but not in C. rotundifolia. Severe defoliation in early summer or autumn can greatly reduce or even eliminate seed production by some plants by removal of flowers, reducing individual plant biomass, or allowing insufficient time for plants to reach minimum stem lengths. The different factors affecting seed production in the 2 species highlight the complexity of legume seed set in grazed pasture systems, and some implications for grazing management and modelling are discussed.