Books: 'Difference-in-difference model'

1

Florence, Pamela. Northwest women in science: Women making a difference : a role model guidebook. Richland, WA: Northwest College and University Association for Science, 1992.

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2

Rutledge, A. T. An Axisymmetric finite-difference flow model to simulate drawdown in and around a pumped well. Lawrence, Kans: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1991.

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3

Rutledge, A. T. An Axisymmetric finite-difference flow model to simulate drawdown in and around a pumped well. Lawrence, Kans: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1991.

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4

Rutledge, A. T. An Axisymmetric finite-difference flow model to simulate drawdown in and around a pumped well. Lawrence, Kans: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1991.

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5

Rutledge, A. T. An Axisymmetric finite-difference flow model to simulate drawdown in and around a pumped well. Lawrence, Kans: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1991.

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6

Rutledge, A. T. An Axisymmetric finite-difference flow model to simulate drawdown in and around a pumped well. Lawrence, Kans: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1991.

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7

Essaid, Hedeff I. The computer model SHARP, a quasi-three-dimensional finite-difference model to simulate freshwater and saltwater flow in layered coastal aquifer systems. Menlo Park, Calif: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1990.

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8

Gillett, Blakeney. Microcomputer 3-D finite difference MODFLOW model for shallow layered aquifer systems in the Gulf Shores area of southwest Alabama. Tuscaloosa, Ala. (P.O. Box O, Tuscaloosa, 35486-9780): Geological Survey of Alabama, Hydrogeology Division, 1994.

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9

Dezin, A. A. Differential operator equations: A method of model operators in the theory of boundary value problems. Moscow: Maik Nauka/Interperiodica, 2000.

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10

Duffy, Daniel J. Finite Difference Methods in Financial Engineering. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2006.

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11

Sisters in strength: American women who made a difference. New York: Henry Holt, 2000.

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12

Bilbao, Stefan D. Numerical sound synthesis: Finite difference schemes and simulation in musical acoustics. [Hoboken]: John Wiley & Sons, 2009.

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13

Branson, William H. On the difference between tax and spending policies in models with finite horizons. Rome: Banca d'Italia, 1988.

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14

Slaughter, Matthew J. International trade and per capita income convergence: A difference-in-differences analysis. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1998.

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15

Popov, Evgeniy, Viktoriya Simonova, Igor' Chelak, Pavel Minakir, and Boris Porfir'ev. The company's ecosystem. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1864513.

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The monograph is devoted to modeling the ecosystem of the company. The influence of social networks on the development of business processes is shown, the principles of the use of new digital communication technologies are given and the drivers of the economy in the conditions of the coronavirus pandemic are substantiated. The structure of industrial ecosystems in the digital economy is given, the economic effects of digitalization of inter-firm interactions are discussed, the idea of the network potential of a firm in the conditions of digitalization of economic activity is substantiated. The application of digital platforms as the basis for the functioning of economic ecosystems is considered. The possibilities of assessing the development of innovative ecosystems and the typology of their models are given. The factor model of the economic ecosystem is considered. The stakeholder model of the ecosystem and its analytical model are described. The differentiation of stakeholders' impact on ecosystem institutions and the difference in the levels of interaction between the core of the system and stakeholders are discussed. The principles and ideas of the theory of ecosystem analysis are presented. It is addressed to researchers and university professors specializing in the fields of economic theory, institutional economics, regional economics, microeconomics and minieconomics.

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16

Finite difference methods in financial engineering: A partial differential equation approach. Chichester, UK: Wiley, 2007.

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17

Harte, Philip T. Comparison of vertical discretization techniques in finite-difference models of ground-water flow: Example from a hypothetical New England setting. Bow, N.H: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1994.

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18

Harte, Philip T. Comparison of vertical discretization techniques in finite-difference models of ground-water flow: Example from a hypothetical New England setting. Bow, N.H: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1994.

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19

Schmidt, William D. Learning resources programs that make a difference: A source of ideas and models from exemplary programs in the field. Washington, D.C: the Association for Educational Communications and Technology, 1987.

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20

Spray, Judith A. Performance of the Mantel-Haenszel statistic and the standardized difference in proportions correct when population ability distributions are incongruent. Iowa City, Iowa: American College Testing Program, 1992.

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21

Spray, Judith A. Performance of the Mantel-Haenszel statistic and the standardized difference in proportions correct when population ability distributions are incongruent. Iowa City, Iowa: American College Testing Program, 1992.

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22

Krivoyekov, Syergyey, and Roman Ayzman. Psychophysiology. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/10884.

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Psychophysiology — the science studying interrelation of mentality of the person and physiological processes. Fundamental knowledge of work of a brain, first of all, of nervous regulation of functions of an organism, the general and specific features of the highest falls within the scope of its interests nervous activity, the defining character and behavior of the person, psychophysiological mechanisms of regulation of functional states. In the book neurophysiological bases of coding and information processing in nervous system, neural mechanisms of feelings, perceptions, memories, training, motivations and emotions, thinking and the speech, attention, consciousness, behavior, mental activity are stated. Separate the section is devoted to physiological bases of mental changes at various functional, extreme and pathophysiological states (a stress, post-stressful frustration, addiktivny states, depressions, etc.) and to ways of their correction. Authors tried to pay special attention to disclosure of specifics of psychophysiology of the person, to difference of physiological mechanisms of regulation of mental functions of the person in comparison with model researches on animals. For simplification of work on discipline and the best digestion of material the textbook is supplied with the glossary. For students, undergraduates, graduate students and teachers of psychological and medical faculties of higher education institutions.

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23

The difference in coach role model behaviors for male and female athletes. 1993.

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24

The difference in coach role model behaviors for male and female athletes. 1993.

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25

The difference in coach role model behaviors for male and female athletes. 1993.

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26

State-Level Opioid Policy Analyses: Moving Beyond the Classic Difference-in-Differences Model. RAND Corporation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7249/pta1459-1.

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27

Pettit, Philip. The Program Model, Difference-makers, and the Exclusion Problem. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746911.003.0012.

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How do the notions of programming and difference-making relate to one another? A higher-level property programs for an effect just in case, intuitively, the actual realizer of the property at any lower level gives rise to a realizer of the effect and any possible realizer at that level would also have done this. A higher-level property makes a difference to the effect just in case its presence programs for the effect and, in addition, its absence programs for the absence of the effect. Christian List and Peter Menzies argue for the capacity of the difference-making model to explain away the exclusion problem raised for physicalists by Jaegwon Kim. But the program model, developed in earlier work by Frank Jackson and Philip Pettit, offers a simpler and more straightforward way of handling the challenge.

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28

Kramer, Sina. Multiple Negativity: Negativity and Difference in Hegel’s Science of Logic. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190625986.003.0002.

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Chapter 2 diagnoses the operation of constitutive exclusion in hegemonic or closed systems, using Hegel’s philosophical system as a model. I argue that Hegel’s totalized philosophical system relies on a more radical, heterogeneous negativity and difference that it constitutively excludes. The Science of Logic—and by extension the whole of the Hegelian system—relies on the constitutive exclusion of a multiple negativity that exceeds the logic of determinate negation and contradiction that organizes the Hegelian system. However, while this multiple negativity is necessary to the system, because it cannot be recognized by the system it operates in an epistemological “blind spot.” I show that the ontological account of the Logic is arrived at by means of the disavowal of a multiple negativity with its roots in contingent empirical differences, and that this is an ultimately political operation. This irruption of politics into ontology is the hallmark of constitutive exclusion.

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29

Conversion and comparison of the mathematical, three-dimensional, finite-difference, ground-water flow model to the modular, three-dimensional, finite-difference, ground-water flow model for the Tesuque aquifer system in northern New Mexico. Denver, Colo: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1989.

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30

L, Szeliga Timothy, United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Conversion and comparison of the mathematical, three-dimensional, finite-difference, ground-water flow model to the modular, three-dimensional, finite-difference, ground-water flow model for the Tesuque aquifer system in northern New Mexico. Denver, Colo: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1989.

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31

Istituto Sperimentale Modelli e Strutture. and Commission of the European Communities. Directorate-General for Science, Research and Development., eds. Description of geothermal simulator geotherm: A finite difference model of three-dimensional, single- and two-phase heat transport in a porous medium. Luxembourg: Commission of the European Communities, 1986.

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32

Trott, Adriel M. Does It Matter? Material Nature and Vital Heat in Aristotle’s Biology. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474412094.003.0009.

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Adriel M. Trott’s “Does It Matter? Material Nature and Vital Heat in Aristotle’s Biology” questions whether the difference between form and material in Aristotle is itself a formal or material distinction. Trott, framing her investigation with a discussion of the feminist critiques of the form/matter binary, argues that form and material, rather than being mutually exclusive, are distributed on a gradient, as contraries. Aristotle’s account of vital heat shows how the two-sex model slides into a one-sex model whose difference is located on a continuum: if woman is defined in terms of distance from man, a fluidity exists between these positions, whereby the difference between them is not a difference of form or kind, but a difference in heat, one of degree. Through this reading, Trott criticizes the myth of a link between femininity of matter (without devaluing the status of either), and shows that matter is rendered always-already meaningful for Aristotle.

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33

Chaganti, Seeta. The Time of Reenactment in Basse Danse and Bassadanza. Edited by Mark Franko. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199314201.013.44.

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Fifteenth-century dance manuals reveal an important distinction between the work of historical reconstruction and that of theoretical reenactment. Basse danse and bassadanza manuals clarify that the difference between reenactment and reconstruction is a difference in temporal experience. When we use these documents simply to reconstruct—to piece together and attempt to replicate a past step pattern—we discern in the manuals and in their dances an anticipatory temporality that privileges looking toward the future. When, however, we approach these texts through the theoretical discourse of reenactment, we discover a different kind of time. It is recursive, multidirectional, and far more layered than the anticipatory model that the dance instructions appear on the surface to adopt. When this more complex temporal structure becomes visible, this chapter argues, we recognize how these early dances and their instruction manuals theorize their own uses of time and thus their own reenactment.

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34

Ong, Lay See, Yi Wen Tan, and Chi-Ying Cheng. An Integrated Dual-Pathway Model of Multicultural Experience and Creativity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190455675.003.0010.

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In this chapter, we present the dual-pathway multicultural experience and creative knowledge (MEACK) model, depicting how multicultural experience influences creative performance through the building of two types of knowledge: content knowledge (the what of creativity) and normative knowledge (the how and why of creativity). The MEACK model also takes into account the role of multicultural identity integration (MII), an individual difference in the levels of integration among multiple cultural identities, by showing that MII moderates the two pathways. We posit that high MIIs, who see their identities as more compatible than low MIIs, are better able to experience creative conceptual expansion (i.e., the expansion of a concept’s boundaries to fit new situations) from their content knowledge sets and norm elaboration (i.e., the flexible application of normative knowledge across different contexts) from their normative knowledge sets. Theoretical implications and future directions with the MEACK model are discussed.

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35

Salvesen, Christine Meklenborg, and George Walkden. Diagnosing embedded V2 in Old English and Old French. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747840.003.0011.

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Old English (OE) and Old French (OF) both display verb-second (V2) word order in main declarative clauses. Different models may account for V2: (a) the finite verb must move to a head in the CP field; (b) it must remain in the IP field; or (c) it moves to the left periphery only when the preceding XP is not a subject. While the IP-model should allow free embedded V2, the two others would either exclude completely or strongly limit the possibilty of having embedded V2. We select embedded that-clauses and analyse the word order with respect to the matrix verb: embedded V2 is possible in both OE and OF, although the availability of this structure is restricted. OE has very few occurrences of embedded V2, whereas OF seems to permit this construction more freely. We link this difference to the site of first Merge of complementizers in the two languages.

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36

Kwan, SanSan. Love Dances. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197514559.001.0001.

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Our current geopolitical moment is characterized by shockingly aggressive forms of xenophobia and racism. This alarming, though not new, predicament compels us to seek creative modes for resisting hatred and encouraging care across difference. Love Dances: Loss and Mourning in Intercultural Collaboration explores the possibilities for global interrelationality in the realm of dance. The book contends that performances of interculturalism in dance offer opportunities for practicing intersubjective connection. Body-to-body engagement in the studio and on the stage carries the potential to shape everyday encounters with difference in the world. Looking specifically at duets, Love Dances examines how pairs of dance artists from unique cultural and aesthetic backgrounds—from Asia, the Asian diaspora, and the West; trained in contemporary dance, hip-hop, flamenco, Thai classical dance, kabuki, and butoh—find ways to co-create, in spite of contention, histories of power, misunderstanding, and mistranslation. Love Dances explores the ethics and politics of intercultural collaboration, acknowledging the forces of dissension, prejudice, and violence present in any contact zone, but ultimately arguing that choreographic invention across difference can be an act of love in the face of loss and serve as a model for difficult, imaginative, compassionate global affiliation.

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37

Figdor, Carrie. Cases. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809524.003.0003.

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Chapter 3 introduces the use of mathematical models and modeling practices in contemporary biological and cognitive sciences. The familiar Lotka–Volterra model of predator–prey relations is used to explain these practices and show how they promote the extensions of predicates, including psychological predicates, into new and often unexpected domains. It presents two models of cognitive capacities that were developed to explain human behavioral data: Ratcliff’s drift-diffusion model of decision-making and Sutton and Barto’s temporal difference model of reinforcement learning. These are now used for fruit flies and neural populations. It also discusses contemporary and ongoing attempts to revise psychological concepts in response to empirical discovery.

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38

Raghunathan, Karthik, and Andrew Shaw. Crystalloids in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0057.

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‘Crystalloid’ refers to solutions of crystalline substances that can pass through a semipermeable membrane and are distributed widely in body fluid compartments. The conventional Starling model predicts transvascular exchange based on the net balance of opposing hydrostatic and oncotic forces. Based on this model, colloids might be considered superior resuscitative fluids. However, observations of fluid behaviour during critical illness are not consistent with such predictions. Large randomized controlled studies have consistently found that colloids offer no survival advantage relative to crystalloids in critically-ill patients. A revised Starling model describes a central role for the endothelial glycocalyx in determining fluid disposition. This model supports crystalloid utilization in most critical care settings where the endothelial surface layer is disrupted and lower capillary pressures (hypovolaemia) make volume expansion with crystalloids effective, since transvascular filtration decreases, intravascular retention increases and clearance is significantly reduced. There are important negative consequences of both inadequate and excessive crystalloid resuscitation. Precise dosing may be titrated based on functional measures of preload responsiveness like pulse pressure variation or responses to manoeuvres such as passive leg raising. Crystalloids have variable electrolyte concentrations, volumes of distribution, and, consequently variable effects on plasma pH. Choosing balanced crystalloid solutions for resuscitation may be potentially advantageous versus ‘normal’ (isotonic, 0.9%) saline solutions. When used as the primary fluid for resuscitation, saline solutions may have adverse effects in critically-ill patients secondary to a reduction in the strong ion difference and hyperchloraemic, metabolic acidosis. Significant negative effects on immune and renal function may result as well.

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39

Krishnamurti, T. N., H. S. Bedi, and V. M. Hardiker. An Introduction to Global Spectral Modeling. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195094732.001.0001.

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This book is an indispensable guide to the methods used by nearly all major weather forecast centers in the United States, England, Japan, India, France, and Australia. Designed for senior-level undergraduates and first-year graduate students, the book provides an introduction to global spectral modeling. It begins with an introduction to elementary finite-difference methods and moves on towards the gradual description of sophisticated dynamical and physical models in spherical coordinates. Topics include computational aspects of the spectral transform method, the planetary boundary layer physics, the physics of precipitation processes in large-scale models, the radiative transfer including effects of diagnostic clouds and diurnal cycle, the surface energy balance over land and ocean, and the treatment of mountains. The discussion of model initialization includes the treatment of normal modes and physical processes, and the concluding chapter covers the spectral energetics as a diagnostic tool for model evaluation.

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40

Nelson, Claudia, and Anne Morey. Topologies of the Classical World in Children's Fiction. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198846031.001.0001.

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This book draws upon cognitive poetics and uses an assortment of works written in Britain and the US for preteen and adolescent readers from 1906 to 2018 to argue that authors typically employ a limited and powerful set of spatial metaphors to organize the classical past for young readers. Popular models include palimpsest texts, which see the past as a collection of strata in which each new era forms a layer superimposed upon a foundation laid earlier; map texts, which use the metaphor of the mappable journey to represent a protagonist’s process of maturing while gaining knowledge of the self and/or the world; and fractal texts, in which small parts of the narrative are thematically identical to the whole in a way that implies that history is infinitely repeatable. While a given text may embrace multiple metaphors in presenting the past, we argue for associations between dominant metaphors, genre, and outlook. Map texts highlight problem-solving and arrival at one’s planned destination; they model an assertive, confident outlook. Palimpsest texts position character and reader as occupying one among many equally important temporal layers; they emphasize the landscape’s continuity but the individual’s impermanence, modeling a more modest vision of one’s place in time. Fractal texts work by analogy, denying difference between past and present and inviting readers to conclude that significant change may be impossible. Thus each model uses the classical past to urge and thus perhaps to develop a particular approach to life.

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41

Duffy, Daniel J., and D. Duffy. Finite Difference Methods in Financial Engineering. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2006.

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42

Zampaulo, André. Palatal Sound Change in the Romance Languages. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807384.001.0001.

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This monograph presents a thorough investigation of the main historical and present-day variation and change patterns undergone by palatal sounds in the Romance languages. By relying on phonetic and phonological information to motivate a formal account of palatal sound change, the analyses proposed in this book offer a principled, constraint-based explanation for the evolution of palatals in the Romance-speaking world. It provides a robust and up-to-date literature review on the subject, taking into consideration not only the viewpoints and data from diachronic research, but also the results from various phonetic, phonological, dialectal, and comprehensive studies. By taking into account the role of phonetic information in the shaping of phonological patterns, this book approaches sound change from its inception during the speaker-listener interaction and formalizes it as the difference in constraint ranking between the grammar of the speaker and that of the listener-turned-speaker. This perspective is intended to model how and why similar change events may take place in different varieties and/or the same language across periods of time.

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43

Solymar, L., D. Walsh, and R. R. A. Syms. The band theory of solids. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829942.003.0007.

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The solution of Schrodinger’s equation is discussed for a model in which atoms are represented by potential wells, from which the band structure follows. Three further models are discussed, the Ziman model (which is based on the effect of Bragg reflection upon the wave functions), and the Feynman model (based on coupled equations), and the tight binding model (based on a more realistic solution of the Schrödinger equation). The concept of effective mass is introduced, followed by the effective number of electrons. The difference between metals and insulators based on their band structure is discussed. The concept of holes is introduced. The band structure of divalent metals is explained. For finite temperatures the Fermi–Dirac function is combined with band theory whence the distinction between insulators and semiconductors is derived.

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44

Harlow, Luke E. Social Reform in America. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199683710.003.0019.

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Any discussion of nineteenth-century religious Dissent must look carefully at gender. Although distinct from one another in important respects, Nonconformist congregations were patterned on the household as the first unit of God-given society, a model which fostered questions about the relationship between male and female. Ideas of gender coalesced with theology and praxis to shape expectations central to the cultural ethos of Nonconformity. Existing historiographical interpretations of gender and religion that use the separate spheres model have argued that evangelical piety was identified with women who were carefully separated from the world, while men needed to be reclaimed for religion. Despite their virtues, these interpretations suppose that evangelicalism was a hegemonic movement about which it is possible to generalize. Yet the unique history and structures of Nonconformity ensured a high degree of particularity. Gender styles were subtly interpreted and negotiated in Dissenting culture over and against the perceived practices and norms of the mainstream, creating what one Methodist called a ‘whole sub-society’ differentiated from worldly patterns in the culture at large. Dissenting men, for instance, deliberately sought to effect coherence between public and private arenas and took inspiration from the published lives of ‘businessmen “saints”’. Feminine piety in Dissent likewise rested on integration, not separation, with women credited with forming godly communities. The insistence on inherent spiritual equality was important to Dissenters and was imaged most clearly in marriage, which transcended the public/private divide and supplied a model for domestic and foreign mission. Missionary work also allowed for the valorization and mobilization of distinctive feminine and masculine types, such as the single woman missionary who bore ‘spiritual offspring’ and the manly adventurer. Over the century, religious revivals in Dissent might shift these patterns somewhat: female roles were notably renegotiated in the Salvation Army, while Holiness revivals stimulated demands for female preaching and women’s religious writing, making bestsellers of writers such as Hannah Whitall Smith. Thus Dissent was characterized throughout the Anglophone world by an emphasis on spiritual equality combined with a sharpened perception of sexual difference, albeit one which was subject to dynamic reformulation throughout the century.

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45

Quaglia, Bruce. Musical Prosthesis. Edited by Blake Howe, Stephanie Jensen-Moulton, Neil Lerner, and Joseph Straus. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199331444.013.36.

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This essay explores prosthesis as a hermeneutic model for the analysis of musical form and expression in Beethoven, with special attention given to codas and other parageneric spaces such as slow introductions. Codas in general, and Beethoven’s in particular, are theorized as extrinsic musical spaces that serve compensatory functions in relation to the normalized musical body of the sonata form. In a literal sense, a prosthetic compensates the disabled body by enhancing or remediating functions that deviate from the normal. Prosthesis thus becomes the means through which the relationships of inclusion and difference are mediated. By focusing on Beethoven’s slow introductions and codas and then recasting them as prosthetic spaces, the essay also revisits a famous exchange between critics Joseph Kerman and Charles Rosen on the topic of Beethoven’s codas, in order to resituate relational musical difference within more recent theories of musical form.

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46

Li, Quan. Using R for Data Analysis in Social Sciences. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190656218.001.0001.

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This book seeks to teach undergraduate and graduate students in social sciences how to use R to manage, visualize, and analyze data in order to answer substantive questions and replicate published findings. This book distinguishes itself from other introductory R or statistics books in three ways. First, targeting an audience rarely exposed to statistical programming, it adopts a minimalist approach and covers only the most important functions and skills in R that one will need for conducting reproducible research projects. Second, it emphasizes meeting the practical needs of students using R in research projects. Specifically, it teaches students how to import, inspect, and manage data; understand the logic of statistical inference; visualize data and findings via histograms, boxplots, scatterplots, and diagnostic plots; and analyze data using one-sample t-test, difference-of-means test, covariance, correlation, ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, and model assumption diagnostics. Third, it teaches students how to replicate the findings in published journal articles and diagnose model assumption violations. The principle behind this book is to teach students to learn as little R as possible but to do as much reproducible, substance-driven data analysis at the beginner or intermediate level as possible. The minimalist approach dramatically reduces the learning cost but still proves adequate information for meeting the practical research needs of senior undergraduate and beginning graduate students. Having completed this book, students can use R and statistical analysis to answer questions regarding some substantively interesting continuous outcome variable in a cross-sectional design.

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47

Weeraratne, Bilesha. Ban on female migrant workers: Skills-differentiated evidence from Sri Lanka. 44th ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/982-2.

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This study examines the skills-differentiated impact of a restrictive female labour migration policy in Sri Lanka using monthly departure data from 2012 to 2018 in a difference-in-difference model. The policy has resulted in decreasing departures among lower-skilled groups—female domestic, unskilled, semi-skilled, and skilled workers—and increasing departures among middle-level and professional workers. The decrease in departures of lower-skilled groups is consistent with the objectives of the policy and existing impact evaluation studies, while the increase in higher-skilled workers is consistent with the literature on Family Background Report-related corruption and mis-reporting of skills to avoid the policy. Thus, the Family Background Report policy is associated with higher involvement of lower-skilled workers in recruitment-related corruption, higher exposure to recruitment-related vulnerability, and lower foreign employment opportunities. The study also finds that it was appropriate to exempt the 45–49 year age group from the Family Background Report requirement in 2017.

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48

Davé, Shilpa S. Epilogue. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037405.003.0008.

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This chapter summarizes key themes and presents some final thoughts. This book presents how racial performance of and by South Asians in American television and film acts as both an expression of privilege and difference with regards to racial identity. The progression of Indian accents, such as brownface and brown-voice performance, is not linear but, in fact, teleological as seen by the reappearance of racial stereotypes and the repetition of Indian vocal accents in different manifestations in film and television. Contemporary stories have transformed former stereotypes of the native guide and the street-wise orphan into more-modern avatars, such as Apu, the wily immigrant, and Kumar, the patriotic model-minority stoner, who are well-known American cultural icons. In a post-9/11 world where South Asians and South Asian Americans are viewed as possible national security threats, these racial performances continue to ease American anxieties about difference and promote the American Dream as one of the most valued tenets of American culture.

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Jones, Christina. Narratives of Illness and Healing after the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0052.

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There is a significant difference in the narrative of critical illness as experienced by the patient and that of their family, friends, and carers. Morse and Johnson proposed a model of illness which takes into account of this difference in perception and so helps to understand the processes the patient and their family go through. In some patients who have survived critical illness, there is a preponderant investment in the recovery process and the sense of purpose in life seems to be heightened. In others, the post-ICU period is tainted by frightening delusional memories of the period of critical illness; such patients actively seek to avoid memories of illness or being in the hospital. Patients recovering from critical illness have a need for a coherent story about what happened in ICU, but those experiencing delusional memories may need structured counselling. ICU diaries can help with this process by attempting to assemble the pieces of an authentic and meaningful narrative. This intervention can significantly reduce the distress of recovering ICU patients.

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Gureckis, Todd M., and Bradley C. Love. Computational Reinforcement Learning. Edited by Jerome R. Busemeyer, Zheng Wang, James T. Townsend, and Ami Eidels. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199957996.013.5.

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Reinforcement learning (RL) refers to the scientific study of how animals and machines adapt their behavior in order to maximize reward. The history of RL research can be traced to early work in psychology on instrumental learning behavior. However, the modern field of RL is a highly interdisciplinary area that lies that the intersection of ideas in computer science, machine learning, psychology, and neuroscience. This chapter summarizes the key mathematical ideas underlying this field including the exploration/exploitation dilemma, temporal-difference (TD) learning, Q-learning, and model-based versus model-free learning. In addition, a broad survey of open questions in psychology and neuroscience are reviewed.

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Books on the topic 'Difference-in-difference model'

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