Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Dietary yeast'

Selective isolation protocols of selenium (Se) species integrated to Se specific atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) detection were developed and optimized for Se speciation in food supplements, including selenized yeasts. By ultrafiltration, 69.18% of Se in the extract was found as a low molecular weight soluble form, the remaining 30.82% was bound to high molecular weight components. After a cation-exchange chromatography of the ultrafiltrate, 3.77% of the Se in the extract was found in the aqueous washings of the column indicating the presence of free inorganic anions of Se; the 65.41% of Se retained on the column corresponded to the free organic Se cations. The limit of detection for the HPLC-THG-AAS system was 1.85 ng of Se. Se was shown to be widely distributed over all the proteins with one sharp peak corresponding to the free forms of Se. Four major peaks were found at MW $>$ 250 000 Da (15.97% of Se recovered), between 102 330 and 117 490 Da (7.06%), between 48 977 and 53 703 Da (12.71%) and close to the dye migration band (17.25%).
Selective isolation and HPLC-AAS protocols were also developed and optimized for the determination of free organic forms e.g. selenomethionine (SeMet), selenocystine (SeCystine) and inorganic forms of selenium in aqueous solutions, and in complex matrices such as nutritional supplements and mixtures of free amino acids. The selenoamino acid in alkaline solution was first derivatized with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. After removal of excess of reagent by partitioning with diethyl ether, the N-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-derivatized selenoamino acid was acidified and extracted with diethyl ether. Inorganic Se(IV) was extracted from the acidic aqueous phases by complexation with 1,2-phenylenediamine, forming a piazselenol. Se derivatives were determined selectively by HPLC-THG-AAS. A selective chromatographic mechanism based on $ pi$-electron interactions was optimized using a silica stationary phase derivatized with p-nitrophenyl moieties. Co-injections of DNP-SeMet, DNP-SeCystine and piazselenol save retention times of 3.7, 4.0 and 4.9 min, respectively, using a methanolic mobile phase containing 1.5% triethylamine and 0.013M acetic acid. Primary analytical validation parameters including stability, linearity and limits of detection were obtained using purified DNP-SeMet, DNP-SeCystine and piazselenol standards which were characterized by $ sp1$H-, $ sp{13}$C- and $ sp{77}$Se-NMR analysis and/or fast atom bombardment MS techniques. The calibration graphs for sequential dilutions of these Se standards were linear and the limits of detection from the resultant calibration graphs were 17 ng, 0.21 ng and 18.53 ng of Se, respectively. The purified DNP-SeMet and DNP-SeCystine were found to be photosensitive. The recovery of SeMet, SeCystine and inorganic Se from the stock solutions and/or nutritional supplements was virtually quantitative. In the presence of a 500-fold excess of other amino acids, the recovery of SeMet and SeCystine (96.1 $ pm$ 3.9% and 98.08 $ pm$ 4.2%, respec

L’équilibre de l’écosystème microbien du caecum (Ca) et du colon ventral droit (Cn) équin peut être rompu par un changement brusque d’aliments et par une ration riche en amidon, et conduire à l’apparition de coliques. Chez des chevaux soumis à ces deux pratiques alimentaires, nous avons étudié les modifications de ces écosystèmes, de l’écosystème microbien fécal et de paramètres sanguins. Nous avons également testé la supplémentation composée de Saccharomyces cerevisiae et de microalgues Schizochytrium limacinum dans le cadre d’une collaboration avec Alltech. Nous avons montré que les écosystèmes microbiens du Ca et du Cn, stables lors d’un régime foin, pouvaient être rapidement modifiés par le stress provoqué par les deux pratiques alimentaires. Chez les chevaux supplémentés certains taxons bactériens potentiellement fibrolytiques ont augmenté dans le Ca et le Cn, et les dysbioses résultant d’un régime riche en amidon ont été limitées. Nous avons identifié plusieurs paramètres fécaux et sanguins reflétant les variations de l’écosystème microbien du Ca et Cn lors d’un changement de régime: les groupes bactériens fonctionnels, les abondances relatives de taxons bactériens (la famille XIII de Clostridiales, Succinivibrionaceae et des genres appartenant à Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae ou Prevotellaceae), les proportions et le ratio d’AGV, la concentration de valerate, les lipopolysaccharides fécaux ainsi que le beta-hydroxybutyrate sanguin. Ces paramètres semblent prometteurs pour diagnostiquer les dysbioses du gros intestin équin et prévenir l’apparition des coliques chez le cheval
The balance of the microbial ecosystem of the caecum (Ca) and the right ventral colon (Cn) of the horse can be disturbed by an abrupt change of feed and by a high-starch diet, and lead to appearance of colic. We investigated the alterations of these ecosystems, of the faecal microbial ecosystem and of blood parameters in horses subjected to these two dietary practices. In addition, we tested a supplementation combining the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the microalgae Schizochytrium limacinum, in a context of partnership with Alltech. We showed that the Ca and Cn microbial ecosystems were stable under a hay diet, and can rapidly be modified under a stress caused by the two dietary practices. In supplemented horses, some potential fibrolytic bacterial taxa increased in the Ca and Cn, and the dysbiosis resulting from a high-starch diet were limited. We identified several faecal and blood parameters reflecting the variations of the Ca and Cn microbial ecosystem under a change of diet: the bacterial functional groups, the relative abundances of bacterial taxa (family XIII of Clostridiales, Succinivibrionaceae and genera belonging to Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae or Prevotellaceae), the proportion of acetate and propionate, the VFA ratio, the valerate concentration, the faecal lipopolysaccharides and the blood beta-hydroxybutyrate. These parameters appeared promising to diagnose dysbiosis in the proximal hindgut and thus prevent colic appearance in horses

The objectives of these experiments were to evaluate the effects of selenium (Se) and vitamin E (Vit.E) supplementation in maternal and progeny diets on the performance of breeder hens and the performance and meat quality characteristics of progeny. Inclusion of Se, as Se yeast, in the diets of developing broiler breeder pullets resulted in greater Se accumulation of Se (P<0.01) in liver, pancreas, and breast tissues than when Se yeast was not provided. Improving the overall Se status of breeder pullets in the early stages may help maintain adequate tissue Se concentrations during egg production. Maternal supplementation of Se yeast and Vit.E increased the liver and breast Se concentration (P<0.05) of newly hatched chicks compared to the chicks originating from hens not receiving dietary Se. At 7d of age, Se yeast supplementation in either the chick or maternal diet increased breast and liver Se concentrations (P<0.01). At 14d of age, breast and liver Se concentrations remained the highest for chicks supplemented with Se yeast (P<0.01), however there was no effect of maternal Se supplementation. Vitamin E supplementation in either the chick or maternal diets did not affect the liver Vit.E concentrations of chicks at 7 or 14d of age. Supplementing broiler diets with Se yeast and Vit.E improved the meat quality characteristics of raw and marinated breast fillets. The Se content of breast meat from broilers fed Se yeast was higher (P<0.01) than those from broilers that were not fed Se yeast. Antioxidant supplementation improved the drip loss (P<0.05) and oxidative stability (P<0.10) of raw breast fillets after 7d of refrigerated storage. Marination appeared to increase the susceptibility for lipid oxidation of the marinated breast fillets. Dietary supplementation of Se yeast and Vit.E reduced lipid oxidation (P<0.01) of marinated breast fillets after prolonged refrigerated storage, thus improving oxidative stability. Overall, dietary supplementation of Se yeast can increase the accumulation of Se in the tissues of broiler breeder hens and their subsequent progeny. Improvements in the avian antioxidant system may have beneficial effects on the performance of broiler breeder hens, broilers, and the meat quality characteristics of broiler breast fillets.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Objetivou-se avaliar a levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae, como pronutriente em dietas para matrizes e alevinos de tilápia-do-Nilo, em experimento realizado em duas etapas na UNESP. Dois grupos de fêmeas reprodutoras de tilápia do Nilo (734,47 ± 202,08 g), variedade GIFT foram arraçoados por 100 dias com rações isoprotéicas (34% PD) e isoenergéticas (3400 kcal ED/kg), uma contendo 2% de levedura íntegra e outra ausente de levedura. As fêmeas desses dois tratamentos foram fecundadas naturalmente e as larvas, ao final da absorção do saco vitelino, foram alocadas em aquários de 3,5 L e alimentadas por 30 dias com três rações isoprotéicas (35% PD) e isoenergéticas (3280 kcal ED/kg): ausente de levedura; contendo 1% de levedura íntegra ou; 1% de levedura autolisada. Após abate, foram calculadas as seguintes variáveis de desempenho produtivo: biomassa final; ganho de peso; consumo de ração; conversão alimentar aparente; peso final; comprimento total; fator de condição corporal; altura média, e mortalidade. Foi analisado ainda, o teor de matéria seca, matéria mineral, proteína bruta e extrato etéreo da carcaça dos animais. Verificou-se interação significativa dos fatores analisados para todas as variáveis de desempenho produtivo, exceto para o consumo de ração. A levedura íntegra (2,0%) em dietas de matrizes ou na dieta de alevinos de tilápia-do-Nilo (1,0%) aumenta a sobrevivência dos alevinos.
This trial was conducted to evaluate dietary yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as pronutrient of Nile tilapia broodstock female and fingerling diets. The trial was conducted in two phases at São Paulo State University. Two groups of Nile tilapia broodstock female (734,47 ± 202,08 g), genealogy GIFT, were for 100 days fed with isoproteic (34% DP) and isoenergy (3400 kcal DE/kg) diets, one with 2% autolized yeast and the other with no yeast. The broodstock female from this treatment were naturally fecundated and its larvae, at the end of vitellinic sac absorption, were stocked into 3.5 L-aquarium and fed 30 days with three isoproteic (35% DP) and isoenergy (3280 kcal DE/kg) diets: with no yeast, containing 1% full yeast or 1% autolized yeast. After, the fingerling were killed and final biomass; weight gain; ration consumption; apparent feed conversion; final weight; total length; corporal condition factor; mean height and mortality were determined. Dry matter, ash, crude protein and ether extract from fish body were determined. There was interaction of analysed factors for all growth performance variables, except to feed intake. The full yeast (2,0%) in Nile tilapia broodstock female diets or in fingerling diets (1,0%) improvement fingerling survival.

Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar a levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae, como pronutriente em dietas para matrizes e alevinos de tilápia-do-Nilo, em experimento realizado em duas etapas na UNESP. Dois grupos de fêmeas reprodutoras de tilápia do Nilo (734,47 ± 202,08 g), variedade GIFT foram arraçoados por 100 dias com rações isoprotéicas (34% PD) e isoenergéticas (3400 kcal ED/kg), uma contendo 2% de levedura íntegra e outra ausente de levedura. As fêmeas desses dois tratamentos foram fecundadas naturalmente e as larvas, ao final da absorção do saco vitelino, foram alocadas em aquários de 3,5 L e alimentadas por 30 dias com três rações isoprotéicas (35% PD) e isoenergéticas (3280 kcal ED/kg): ausente de levedura; contendo 1% de levedura íntegra ou; 1% de levedura autolisada. Após abate, foram calculadas as seguintes variáveis de desempenho produtivo: biomassa final; ganho de peso; consumo de ração; conversão alimentar aparente; peso final; comprimento total; fator de condição corporal; altura média, e mortalidade. Foi analisado ainda, o teor de matéria seca, matéria mineral, proteína bruta e extrato etéreo da carcaça dos animais. Verificou-se interação significativa dos fatores analisados para todas as variáveis de desempenho produtivo, exceto para o consumo de ração. A levedura íntegra (2,0%) em dietas de matrizes ou na dieta de alevinos de tilápia-do-Nilo (1,0%) aumenta a sobrevivência dos alevinos.
Abstract: This trial was conducted to evaluate dietary yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as pronutrient of Nile tilapia broodstock female and fingerling diets. The trial was conducted in two phases at São Paulo State University. Two groups of Nile tilapia broodstock female (734,47 ± 202,08 g), genealogy GIFT, were for 100 days fed with isoproteic (34% DP) and isoenergy (3400 kcal DE/kg) diets, one with 2% autolized yeast and the other with no yeast. The broodstock female from this treatment were naturally fecundated and its larvae, at the end of vitellinic sac absorption, were stocked into 3.5 L-aquarium and fed 30 days with three isoproteic (35% DP) and isoenergy (3280 kcal DE/kg) diets: with no yeast, containing 1% full yeast or 1% autolized yeast. After, the fingerling were killed and final biomass; weight gain; ration consumption; apparent feed conversion; final weight; total length; corporal condition factor; mean height and mortality were determined. Dry matter, ash, crude protein and ether extract from fish body were determined. There was interaction of analysed factors for all growth performance variables, except to feed intake. The full yeast (2,0%) in Nile tilapia broodstock female diets or in fingerling diets (1,0%) improvement fingerling survival.
Orientador: Luiz Edivaldo Pezzato
Coorientador: Margarida Maria Barros
Banca: Wilson Massamitu Furuya
Banca: Dirlei Antonio Berto
Mestre

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a utilização da levedura hidrolisada como fonte de nucleotídeos para frangos de corte. As aves foram suplementadas com diferentes níveis de inclusão nas dietas iniciais de 1 a 14 dias de idade. Foram utilizados um total de 576 pintos da linhagem Ross 708, os quais foram distribuídos em 6 tratamentos com 8 repetições (12 aves por box). Os tratamentos consistiram da inclusão de 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 e 10 kg de levedura hidrolisada/tonelada de ração. A levedura hidrolisada foi adicionada na dieta no lugar do material inerte da ração. A dieta inicial foi fornecida na forma triturada enquanto as dietas de crescimento, final e de retirada foram fornecidas na forma de pellets. Durante todo o experimento o acesso à água e ração foi ad libitum. Todas as dietas foram feitas à base de milho, farelo de soja e gordura de frango e foram formuladas para atender as exigências nutricionais recomendadas pelo manual de recomendações nutricionais Ross 708. Aos 42 dias, as aves alimentadas com 1% de levedura hidrolisada tiveram maior peso corporal e ganho de peso quando comparadas aos demais tratamentos (P<0,05). Não houveram diferenças estatísticas entre os tratamentos para as variáveis mortalidade e densidade de vilos. Contudo aves que não foram suplementadas com levedura hidrolisada (tratamento controle) apresentaram menor profundidade de cripta e a suplementação de 1% de levedura resultou em maior altura de vilos. Aves as quais receberam dietas com 0,2% de inclusão de levedura hidrolisada apresentaram menor rendimento de peito que as aves que receberam os demais níveis de levedura, mas foram iguais as aves do tratamento controle. Contudo, o rendimento de carcaça, sassami e gordura abdominal não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos experimentais. Estes resultados demostraram a eficácia da utilização de levedura hidrolisada na dieta de frangos de corte no período de 1 a 14 dias sobre as características de produção.
The objective of this work was to evaluate hydrolyzed yeast utilization as nucleotides source to broilers. Birds were supplemented with different inclusion levels on starter diets from 1 to 14 days of age. A total of five hundred seventy six Ross 708 chicks were allotted to 6 experimental treatments with 8 replications (12 broilers per pen). Birds were randomly distributed in following treatments: 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 kg hydrolyzed yeast/ton of feed. Hydrolyzed yeast was added to the test diet in place of filler. Starter diets were supplied in crumbled form while grower, finisher, and withdrawal were supplied in pellet form. Throughout experiment water and feed were supplied ad libitum. All diets were based on corn, soybean meal and poultry fat, and were formulated to achieve nutritional requirements from recommendations guide for Ross x Ross 708 broilers. At 42 d chicks fed 1% hydrolyzed yeast demonstrated higher body weight and body weight gain over birds fed other treatments (P<0.05). Mortality and villous density did not differ among treatments. However birds fed control treatment showed lower crypt depth and 1% hydrolyzed yeast supplementation promoted higher villous high. Birds fed 0.2% hydrolyzed yeast showed lower breast meat yield than birds received other yeast levels, but were equals to control treatment control. However, carcass and tender yield, and abdominal fat were not influenced by treatments. These results indicated efficacy of hydrolyzed yeast utilization on broiler diets from 1 to 14 on production characteristics.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
A levedura e o zinco são conhecidos por melhorarem o desempenho produtivo, a saÚde e beneficiar o sistema de defesa imune dos peixes. O presente experimento avaliou o efeito da suplementação da levedura autolisada e zinco nas dietas no desempenho produtivo, respostas metabólicas, parâmetros hematológicos e a resistência à baixa temperatura da tilápia do Nilo. O experimento foi constituído por nove tratamentos e três repetições. As rações formuladas de forma a conter 32,0% PD e 3240 kcal ED/kg, mantendoas isoprotéicas, isoaminoacídicas, isocnergéticas e igual relação Ca/!> .. Foram distribuídos aleatoriamente 135 alevinos machos de tilápia do Nilo em 27 aquários de SOL com sistema de filtro biológico e aquecimento (26,0 l ] ,O°C). O arraçoamento dos peixes foi ad libilllm, quatro vezes ao dia 8hOO, IlhOO, 14hOO e 17hOO. O experimento foi conduzido por 128 dias para avaliar a inclusão de levedura autolisada e zinco nas dietas sobre o ganho médio de pesd, consumo diário aparente, conversão alimentar aparente, eficiência protéica, porcentagem de sobrevivência; concentrações de amônia e atividade da fosfatase alcalina no plasma e no fígado, de lipídeos totais e uréia no plasma e; de minerais no plasma, no figado e nos óssos dos peixes. Após as avaliações do desempenho produtivo, 81 peixes (nove/tratamento) foram transferidos a sala experimental de desafio pelo frio e distribuídos aleatoriamente em 27 aquários de 40L (três/aquário) e submetidos à baixa temperatura (13,0°C) por sete dias. Foram avaliados os parâmetros hematológicos: nÚmero de eritrócitos, porcentagem de hematócrito, taxa de hemoglobina, volume corpuscular médio, concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média, proteína plasmática total, leucócitos totais, porcentagem de linfócitos, neutrófilos e monócitos antes e após o desafio pelo frio...
Yeast and zinc are known to improve growth performance and health mainly fish immune system. This trial evaluated the effect of autolised yeast and zinc supplementation on growth performance, metabolic response, hematologic parameters and cold stress resistence for Nile tilapia. The experiment were constituted by nine treatments and three replicates. Diets were formulated to contain 32% DP and 3240 kcal DE/kg and they presented isonitrogen, isoenergetic and the same amino acid and pattem an C:P ratio. 135 ali male Nile tilapia fingerlings were randomly assigned to 27 50L-aquarium with a bioJogic filtcr and temperature controlcd (26.0 l I,O°C). Feeding of tish was ad libitum four times/day (llhOO. II hOO, 14hOO and 17hOO). A I 28-days trial was conducted to evaluute the effect of autolised yeast and zinc inclusion on mean weight gain, daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, survival percentage; ammonia concentration and alkaline, phosphatase activity in plasma and liver and total urea and lipid in plasma and; mineral in plasma, liver and bones of fish. After growth performance evaluation 81 fish (nine/treatment) were transfered to 27 40L-aquarium in room experimental the cold stress and randomly assigned (three/aquarium) and submited to cold stress (13°C) during seven days. Hematologic parameters evalueted were: erythrocytes number, hematocrit, hemoglobin, corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular volume, total plasmatic protein, total leucocytes, Iymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes percentage before and after cold stress. The results shown that: the inclusion until 6.0% autolised yeast and 600 mg zinc/kg diet doesn't worsed growth performance in Nile tilapia; 2,0% autolised yeast in diet without zinc inclusion showed better growth performance of fish; supplementation levels high than 6.0% autolised yeast and 600 mg zinc/kg diet worsed the metabolism and growth of fish... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

No intuito de promover a saúde e reduzir o risco de doenças, a nutrição de animais de companhia tem evoluído de forma semelhante à humana, na busca por alimentos funcionais. Neste sentido, as Saccharomyces cerevisiea são leveduras com potencial prebiótico, pois podem estimular a produção de substâncias com propriedades imunoestimulatórias e aumentar a capacidade de prevenir a colonização de bactérias patogênicas no trato gastrintestinal. Porém, a composição e processo de produção podem influenciar na sua capacidade de atuação. Este estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de teores crescentes de leveduras com metabólitos ativos (LMA) dietéticos na digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, microbiota e produtos da fermentação fecal e parâmetros imunológicos de cães adultos. Foram utilizados 18 cães adultos hígidos, machos e fêmeas, peso corporal médio de 15,8±7,37kg, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado constituído de três tratamentos experimentais, denominados: DC (dieta controle), LMA 0,3 (dieta controle com 0,3% de leveduras com metabólitos ativos) e LMA 0,6 (dieta controle com 0,6% de leveduras com metabólitos ativos). As médias dos resultados obtidos foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (p<0,05) no SAS. Pôde-se verificar que a inclusão do aditivo alterou a digestibilidade aparente da fibra bruta, da proteína bruta, extrativos não nitrogenados e energia metabolizável (p<0,05). Os produtos de fermentação não foram afetados pelo aumento da inclusão do prebiótico (P>0,05). O índice de fagocitose foi maior nas dietas LMA 0,3 e LMA 0,6 (P<0,05). Nas dosagens de LMA 0,3 e 0,6 as concentrações fecais de Prevotela, Allobaculum, Fusobacterium reduziram e Clostridium aumentaram (p<0,05). Collinsela aumentou em LMA 0,6 (p<0,05). Blautia apresentou tendência de aumento em LMA 0,3 e 0,6 e Lactobacillus em LMA 0,3 (p<0,10). De acordo com os teores de inclusão e os parâmetros avaliados neste estudo, o aditivo pode apresentar possível efeito na imunidade inata e inespecífica e promover modestas alterações na microbiota fecal de cães adultos saudáveis.
In order to promote health and reduce the risk of diseases, pet nutrition has evolved in a similar way to human, in the search for functional foods. In this sense, Saccharomyces cerevisiaa are yeasts with high prebiotic capacity, since they stimulate the production of substances with immunostimulatory properties and increase the capacity to prevent the colonization of pathogenic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. However, its composition and production process determine the ability to act, based on the substrate and medium in which it was nourished. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of yeast with active metabolites (YAM), based on the fermentation of specific substrates, on the apparent digestibility of dietary nutrients, fecal fermentation products, microbiota, and immunological parameters of adult dogs. Eighteen adult healthy male and female dogs with a mean body weight of 15.8 ± 7.37 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design consisting of three experimental treatments: CD (control diet), YAM 0.3 (control diet with 0.3% of yeasts with active metabolites) and YAM 0.6 (control diet with 0.6% of yeasts with active metabolites). The mean of the obtained results were compared by the Tukey test (p<0,05) in the SAS. It can be verified that the inclusion of the additive altered the apparent digestibility of crude fiber, crude protein, nitrogen free extract and metabolizable energy (p<0.05). Regarding the fermentation products, they were not affected by the prebiotic (P>0.05). The phagocytosis index was higher in the diets YAM 0.3 and YAM 0.6 (P<0.05). At the dosages of YAM 0.3 and 0.6, fecal concentrations of Prevotela, Allobaculum, Fusobacterium reduced and Clostridium increased (p<0.05). Collinsela increased with LMA 0.6 (p<0.05). Blautia tended to increase with YAM 0.3 and 0.6 and Lactobacillus with YAM 0.3 (p<0.10). According to the inclusion levels and the parameters evaluated in this study, the additive may present a possible effect on innate and nonspecific immunity and promote modest changes in the fecal microbiota of healthy adult dogs.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de determinar a digestibilidade do extrato de leveduras, avaliação do desempenho, rendimento de carcaça, morfometria e ultra-estrutura da mucosa intestinal e resposta imune humoral de frangos de corte criados em diferentes temperaturas e que receberam, na fase pré-inicial, ração contendo ou não extrato de leveduras e/ou prebiótico. Foram utilizados 1440 pintainhos Cobb-500® machos de um dia de idade, criados sob diferentes temperaturas a partir do primeiro dia de vida. As rações acrescidas ou não com extrato de leveduras e/ou prebiótico foram oferecidas somente na fase pré- inicial (1-7 dias) e a partir do 8º dia todas as aves receberam a mesma ração. Conclui-se que o extrato de leveduras apresenta 92,49% de matéria seca, 48,07% de proteína bruta, 4.883 Kcal/kg de energia bruta, e apresenta, em média, um coeficiente de digestibilidade verdadeira dos aminoácidos de 99,42%, sendo rico em ácido glutâmico, leucina, ácido aspártico, serina, glicina. A alta temperatura ambiente prejudicou o desempenho, rendimento de carcaça, morfometria intestinal e resposta imune humoral. A inclusão de prebiótico na ração pré-inicial resultou em maior ganho de peso e melhor conversão alimentar nas aves criadas sob alta temperatura, ao final de 42 dias de idade, além de aumentar a viabilidade criatória até os 21 dias de idade. Observou-se também que a inclusão dos produtos nas temperaturas quente e fria produziu efeito benéfico sobre as vilosidades frente ao estresse ambiental e que os aditivos estudados não produziram efeito sobre a resposta imune humoral para VDN e VDG ao longo do ciclo produtivo do frango de corte.
The aim of this experiment was to determine the digestibility of the yeast extract, estimate the performance, carcass yield, intestinal mucosa structure and ultra structure and humoral immune response of broiler reared in different temperatures and that received in started diet containing or not extract of yeasts or prebiotic. 1440 one-day old male Cobb-500® were reared in different temperatures from first day of life. The diets with or without yeast extract and/or prebiotic were provided only in starter diet (1 to 7 days), forward of 8 days all broiler were fed with same commercial diet. The yeast extract contain 92.49% of dry matter, 48.07% of crude protein, 4,883 kcal/kg of crude energy /kg, and, on average a coefficient of digestibility true of amino acids of 99.42%. The amino acids digestibilities are glutamic acid, leucine, aspartic acid, serine, glycine. The high temperature damages the performance, carcass yield, intestinal mucosa structure, villus densities and antibody titters. The prebiotic inclusion in started diet resulted in increase body weight and improved feed conversion in the birds reared in high temperature to the 42 days of age and besides increase the viability until the 21 days of age. It was also observed that the inclusion of the two products in the hot and cold temperatures produced beneficial effect on the villus front in environmental stress and that the yeast extract and prebiotic did not produce effect on immune humoral response along the productive cycle of broiler.

Cilj ove doktorske disertacija  bio je razvoj  novih, osetljivih, selektivnih i ekonomskiisplativih  voltametrijskih  radnih  elektroda  za  praćenje  odabranih  analita  kako  ulaboratorijskim tako i pri terenskim uslovima.  Ispitivana je  mogućnost primene  ovih  radnih  elektroda  primenom  voltametrijskih  metoda  kako  u  model  rastvorima  tako  i  u  pojedinim realnim sistemima. SW-ASV  zasnovana  na  elektrodama  od  staklastog  ugljenika  površinski modifikovanim  Bi-MWCNT  i  BiOCl-MWCNT  je  primenjena  za  određivanje  jona  Pb(II)  i Cd(II)  pri  optimizovanim  uslovima  merenja.  Određivanje  ciljnih  jona  vršeno  je  pri  radnom potencijalu  od  -1,2  V  (izmeren  u  odnosu  na  zasićenu  kalomelovu  elektrodu)  i  vremenuelektrodepozicije jona  od 120 s. Sva merenja su izvršena u rastvoru acetatnog pufera čija je pH-vrednost iznosila  4,0. Primenjeni koncentracioni opseg ciljnih analita iznosio je  od 5 do 50  μg  dm ^-3 .  Primenom  ovog  tipa  elektrode  dobijene  su  vrednosti  granice  detekcije  za  jone Pb(II) i Cd(II) 0,57  μg dm ^-3 i 1,2 μg dm^-3 , redom. Dobijena RSD iznosila je manje od 10% za oba  jona.  Ova  metoda  je  primenjena  i  za  određivanje  ciljnih  jona  u  realnom  uzorku  porne vode  sedimenta  a  rezultati  dobijeni  optimizovanom  voltametrijskom  metodom  su  u  dobroj saglasnosti sa rezultatima koji su dobijeni primenom komparativne GFAAS metode. Bizmut oksihlorid-višezidne ugljenične nanocevi kompozitni materijal je primenjen za površinsko  modifikovanje  elektrode  od  staklastog  ugljenika  za  brzo  i  jednostavno voltametrijsko  određivanje  tragova  Zn(II)-jona  primenom  SW-ASV  metode.  BiOClMWCNT/GCE je pokazala linearan analitički odgovor u  osegu koncentracija od  2,50 do  80,0 μg  dm ^-3 sa dobijenom vrednošću GD 0,75 μg  dm^-3 pri akumulacionom vremenu od  120 s  i potencijalu  elektrodepozicije  -1,40  V  u  odnosu  na  ZKE.  Merenja  su  vršena  u  acetatnom puferu pH 4,5. Dobijena RSD iznosila je 4,8 %. Upoređene su performanse novodizajnirane BiOCl-MWCNT/GCE elektrode  i  tradicionalne elektrode na bazi bizmut filma (BiF/GCE), MWCNT/GCE,  BiF-MWCNT/GCE  i  nemodifikovane  GC  elektrode.  Novodizajnirana elektroda je primenjena za  detekciju  i određivanje  Zn(II)-jona  u realnim  uzorcima kao što sudijetetski  suplement  i  pekarski  kvasac.  Dobijeni  rezultati  su  uporedivi  sa  deklarisanom vrednošću  u  slučaju  dijetetskog  suplementa  a  u  slučaju  pekarskog  kvasca  sa  rezultatima dobijenih komparativnom FAAS .Elektroda od ugljenične paste je površinski modifikovana pripremljenim kompozitomkoji je  izgrađen od višezidnih ugljeničnih nanocevi i čestica  Sb₂O_3.  Kompozitni  materijal  je okarakterisan  primenom  TEM,  EDS  i  XRD  mernih  tehnika.  Sb₂O₃-MWCNT/CPE  je okarakterisana primenom ciklične voltametrije a merenja su vršena u rastvoru hlorovodonične kiseline  (pH  2,0).  Primenom  SW-ASV  metode  ova  radna  elektroda  je  upotrebljena  za određivanje  jona Pb(II) i Cd(II)  u  koncentracionom opsegu 2,0-40,0  μg  dm  ^-3 za  Pb(II)-jon  i 2,0-40,0  μg  dm ^-3 za  Cd(II)-jon  pri  čemu  su  dobijene  dobre  linearne  zavisnosti  za  oba  ciljna jona.  Optimalna  procedura  uključuje  primenu  Sb2O3-MWCNT/CPE  u  0,01  mol dm ^-3hlorovodoničnoj kiselini uz vreme elektrodepozicije jona iz rastvora od 120  s  na  potencijaluod  -1,2  V,  pri  čemu  su  dobijene  vrednosti  za  GD  1,1  μg  dm ^-3 Cd(II)  i  1,6  μg  dm ^-3 Pb(II). Optimizovana  metoda  zasnovana  na  ovom  tipu  voltametrijskog  senzora  je  uspešno primenjena  za  određivanje  jona  Cd(II)  u  obogaćenom  uzorku  česmenske  vode,  gde  su  se dobijene vrednosti u  saglasnosti sa očekivanom. Elektroda od ugljenične paste površinski je  modifikovana primenom  Sb₂O₃-MWCNT nanokompozitnog  materijala  i  primenjena  za  direktno  voltametrijsko  određivanje imidakloprida  u  model  rastvorima.  U  cilju  postizanja  što  boljih  analitičkih  performansi optimizovani su eksperimentalni uslovi merenja kao što su pH-vrednost rastvora pomoćnog elektrolita  i  kondicioniranje  površine  voltametrijskog  senzora.  Kao  optimalna  pH-vrednost pomoćnog elektolita (Britton-Robinsonovog pufera) odabrana je pH 7,0, a ponavljanje ciklusa cikliranja najmanje 4 puta povoljno utiče na stabilnost  voltametrijskih signala. Optimizovana metoda primenjena je za SW direktno katodno određivanje imidakloprida u koncentracionom intervalu od 1,41 do 32,77 μg cm ^-3 uz dobijeni korelacioni faktor od 0,9995. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti da su razvijene analitičke metode pre svega  osetljive,  selektivne,  reproduktivne  i   jednostavne  što  omogućava  njihovu  primenu  za veliki broj uzoraka.  Merenjima u model i realnim rastvorima dokazana je mogućnost njihove primene  u   komplikovanim  matriksima,  pri  različitim  pH  vredostima  pri  čemu  su  dobijenirezultati koji su u saglasnosti sa rezultatima primenjenih komparativnih metoda. Naravno, za dobijanje  reprezentativnih  rezultata  neohodno  je  izvršiti  optimizaciju  uslova  merenja  što podrazumeva sam odabir supstrat-elektrode, odabir površinskog modifikatora i optimizaciju eksperimentalnih uslova merenja.
The  aim of this  Ph.D. thesis  was the development of new, sensitive, selective and economically  viable  voltametric  working  electrode  for  continuous  monitoring  of  different target  analytes.  The  use  of  these  advantaged  working  electrodes  was  investigated  using voltametric methods both in model solutions and in certain real systems.SW-ASV  based on glassy carbon  electrode surface modified with  Bi- MWCNT and BiOCl-MWCNT  were  applied  for  determination  of  Pb(II)  and  Cd(II)  ions.  Voltametric determination  of  Pb(II)  and  Cd(II)  ions  was  performed  at  working  potential  of  -1.2  V (measured against the saturated calomel electrode) and time of electrodeposition of 120 s. All measurements were performed in acetate buffer solution pH 4.0. Concentration range of targetanalites were  5-50 μg  dm -3 . Using this type of electrode,  obtained  detection limits for  Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions  were  0.57  μg  dm -3 and 1.2  μg  dm -3 , respectively, with RSD lower than 10%.This  method  was  applied  for  target  ions  determination  in  sediment  pore  water  sample,  and obtained results are comparable with those who are obtained using GFAAS method. Bismuth oxychloride-multiwalled carbon nanotubes composite material was applied for  surface  modification  of  the  glass-carbon  electrode  for  quick  and  simple  voltametric determination  of  Zn(II)  ions  using  the  SW-ASV  method.  BiOCl-MWCNT/GCE  showed  a linear  analytical  response  in  a   concentration  from  2.50  to  80.0  μg  dm -3 with  a  value  of detection limit 0.75 μg dm -3 at a acumulation time of 120 s and an electrodeposition potential of  -1.40 V vs. saturated  calomel electrode.  Measurements were carried out in acetate buffer pH 4.5. The obtained  value of the RSD  was  4.8%. The performance of the newly designed BiOCl-MWCNT/GCE  electrode,  traditional  bismuth-based  electrode  (BiF/GCE), MWCNT/GCE,  BiF-MWCNT/GCE  and  unmodified  GC  electrodes  were  compared.  The applied electrode shows very good electroanalytic properties when determining this target ion. Obtained results are in good agreement with declared value in case of dietetic suplement, and in the brewer’s yeast sample results were comparable with FAAS results. Carbon  paste  electrode  surface  modified  with  new  composite  material  based  on multiwalled carbon nanotubes and  Sb2O3  particles. The composite is characterized by TEM, EDS and  XRD measurment. Sb2O3- MWCNT/CPE was characterized by cyclic voltammetry and measurements were carried out in a  hydrochloric acid  solution  (pH 2.0). Using the SWASV  method,  this  working  electrode  was  used  to  determine  Pb(II),  Cd(II)  ions  in  the concentration range  from  2.0  to 40.0  μg dm -3 for Pb(II) and 2.0-40.0  μg dm -3 for Cd(II) ions. Newly  designed  sensor  showed  good  linear  dependences  for  both  target  ions.  The  most optimal  procedure  involving  application  of  Sb2O3-MWCNT/CPE  in   .01  mol  dm -3 hydrochloric  acid,  with  electroposition  time  of  target  ions  120  s  at  a  electrodeposition potential  of  -1.2  V.  Obtained   values  of    LOD  1,1  μg  dm -3 for  Cd(II)  and  for  1,6  μg  dm -3 Pb(II)  ions.  An  optimized  method  based  on  this  type  of  voltametric  sensor  has  been successfully  applied  for  determination  of  Cd(II)  ion  in  a  spiked  tap  water  sample.  Results obtained during this measurment were in tune with expected results. CPE  was  surface  modified  using  Sb2O3-MWCNT  nanocomposite  material  and tested  for  direct  voltametric  determination  of  imidacloprid  in  model  solutions.  In  order  to achieve the best analytical performance, experimental conditions of measurement such as the pH value of the supporting electrolyte and conditioning of the voltametric sensor surface havebeen  optimized.  As  an  optimum  pH  value  of  the  supporting  electrolyte  (Britton-Robinson buffer), a pH 7.0 was selected, and the repeating cycles of the cycling process at least 4 times favorably  influenced  the  stability  of  the  voltametric  signals.  The  optimized  method  was applied for the SW direct cathodic determination  of  imidacloprid in the concentration range from 1.41 to 32.77 μg cm -3  with obtained correlation factor of 0.9995. Based on results it can be concluded that developed analytical methods are sensitive, selective, reproducibile and simple, which can enable their application for various number of samples. Measurements in the model and real solutions have demonstrated the possibility of their  application  in  complicated  matrices,  at  different  pH,  whereby  obtained  results  are  in accordance  with  the  results  of  the  applied  comparative  methods.  For  obtainig  of representative  results  it  is  necessary  to  optimize  conditions  of  measurment  which  include: selection of substrat electrode, surface modifier and optimization of experimental condition.

Orientador: Margarida Maria Barros
Banca: José Roberto Sartori
Banca: Luiz Edivaldo Pezzato
Resumo: A levedura e o zinco são conhecidos por melhorarem o desempenho produtivo, a saÚde e beneficiar o sistema de defesa imune dos peixes. O presente experimento avaliou o efeito da suplementação da levedura autolisada e zinco nas dietas no desempenho produtivo, respostas metabólicas, parâmetros hematológicos e a resistência à baixa temperatura da tilápia do Nilo. O experimento foi constituído por nove tratamentos e três repetições. As rações formuladas de forma a conter 32,0% PD e 3240 kcal ED/kg, mantendoas isoprotéicas, isoaminoacídicas, isocnergéticas e igual relação Ca/!> .. Foram distribuídos aleatoriamente 135 alevinos machos de tilápia do Nilo em 27 aquários de SOL com sistema de filtro biológico e aquecimento (26,0 l ] ,O°C). O arraçoamento dos peixes foi ad libilllm, quatro vezes ao dia 8hOO, IlhOO, 14hOO e 17hOO. O experimento foi conduzido por 128 dias para avaliar a inclusão de levedura autolisada e zinco nas dietas sobre o ganho médio de pesd, consumo diário aparente, conversão alimentar aparente, eficiência protéica, porcentagem de sobrevivência; concentrações de amônia e atividade da fosfatase alcalina no plasma e no fígado, de lipídeos totais e uréia no plasma e; de minerais no plasma, no figado e nos óssos dos peixes. Após as avaliações do desempenho produtivo, 81 peixes (nove/tratamento) foram transferidos a sala experimental de desafio pelo frio e distribuídos aleatoriamente em 27 aquários de 40L (três/aquário) e submetidos à baixa temperatura (13,0°C) por sete dias. Foram avaliados os parâmetros hematológicos: nÚmero de eritrócitos, porcentagem de hematócrito, taxa de hemoglobina, volume corpuscular médio, concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média, proteína plasmática total, leucócitos totais, porcentagem de linfócitos, neutrófilos e monócitos antes e após o desafio pelo frio... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Yeast and zinc are known to improve growth performance and health mainly fish immune system. This trial evaluated the effect of autolised yeast and zinc supplementation on growth performance, metabolic response, hematologic parameters and cold stress resistence for Nile tilapia. The experiment were constituted by nine treatments and three replicates. Diets were formulated to contain 32% DP and 3240 kcal DE/kg and they presented isonitrogen, isoenergetic and the same amino acid and pattem an C:P ratio. 135 ali male Nile tilapia fingerlings were randomly assigned to 27 50L-aquarium with a bioJogic filtcr and temperature controlcd (26.0 l I,O°C). Feeding of tish was ad libitum four times/day (llhOO. II hOO, 14hOO and 17hOO). A I 28-days trial was conducted to evaluute the effect of autolised yeast and zinc inclusion on mean weight gain, daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, survival percentage; ammonia concentration and alkaline, phosphatase activity in plasma and liver and total urea and lipid in plasma and; mineral in plasma, liver and bones of fish. After growth performance evaluation 81 fish (nine/treatment) were transfered to 27 40L-aquarium in room experimental the cold stress and randomly assigned (three/aquarium) and submited to cold stress (13°C) during seven days. Hematologic parameters evalueted were: erythrocytes number, hematocrit, hemoglobin, corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular volume, total plasmatic protein, total leucocytes, Iymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes percentage before and after cold stress. The results shown that: the inclusion until 6.0% autolised yeast and 600 mg zinc/kg diet doesn't worsed growth performance in Nile tilapia; 2,0% autolised yeast in diet without zinc inclusion showed better growth performance of fish; supplementation levels high than 6.0% autolised yeast and 600 mg zinc/kg diet worsed the metabolism and growth of fish... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
A composição nutricional da levedura a destaca como alimento funcional. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a ação da levedura (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) nas respostas reprodutivas de fêmeas de tilápia do Nilo. No Estudo-I 105 fêmeas da linhagem GIFT foram distribuídas em 15 aquários de 500L (três tratamentos e cinco repetições com sete peixes/aquário). No Estudo-II foram utilizados 63 fêmeas e 21 machos da linhagem GIFT distribuídos em três aquários com capacidade de 7000L de água/cada (21 fêmeas e sete machos/aquário). Em ambos os Estudos, os reprodutores foram alimentados ad libitum com dietas isoprotéica e isoenergética contendo 2,0% de levedura íntegra, 2,0% de levedura autolisada ou ausente de inclusão. O Estudo-I foi realizado na UNESP – AquaNutri, Campus de Botucatu e o Estudo-II foi conduzido no Caunesp - Tilapilcultura Campus de Jaboticabal. Avaliou-se nas fêmeas o desempenho produtivo, status nutricional e composição química das gônadas e, o desempenho reprodutivo e o desenvolvimento inicial das larvas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e quando significativo aplicou-se o teste de comparações múltiplas de médias. A suplementação de levedura íntegra ou autolisada na dieta das reprodutoras, não melhorou o desempenho produtivo e não influenciou o desempenho reprodutivo das fêmeas. Entretanto, melhorou o desenvolvimento larval 72h após eclosão, com melhor desenvolvimento nas larvas dos reprodutores alimentados com a dieta suplementada com 2,0% de levedura íntegra.
The nutritional composition yeast detach how functional food. The research present objective evaluates the action yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in the response reproductive of females of Nile tilapia. In Study-I 105 females of GIFT lineage was randomized in 15 500L-aquarius (three treatments and five repetition with seven fish/aquarium). In Study-II was utilized 63 females and 21 males of GIFT lineage was randomized in three 7000L-aquarium (21 female and seven male for aquarium). The spawning was feed ad libitum with diet isoproteic and isoenergetic with 2,0% whole yeast and autolised yeast or supplementation absent. In Study-I were realize in UNESP – AquaNutri Campus de Botucatu and Study-II in Caunesp – Tilapicultura Campus de Jaboticabal. Was evaluation in female productive performance, nutritional status and chemistry composition of gonad (Study-I) and reproductive performance of spawning and development larvae (Study-II). The data was submitted variance analyses and multiple comparison test of mean. The supplemented whole yeast or autolised yeast in diet of spawning didn’t improvement productive performance and didn’t influence reproductive performance of female. Therefore improved of development larvae at 72h after eclosion with improved development in larvae of spawning feed with diet 2,0% whole yeast.

Orientador: Vera Maria Barbosa de Moraes
Banca: Maria Cristina Thomaz
Banca: Alexandre Oba
Resumo: O objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de determinar a digestibilidade do extrato de leveduras, avaliação do desempenho, rendimento de carcaça, morfometria e ultra-estrutura da mucosa intestinal e resposta imune humoral de frangos de corte criados em diferentes temperaturas e que receberam, na fase pré-inicial, ração contendo ou não extrato de leveduras e/ou prebiótico. Foram utilizados 1440 pintainhos Cobb-500® machos de um dia de idade, criados sob diferentes temperaturas a partir do primeiro dia de vida. As rações acrescidas ou não com extrato de leveduras e/ou prebiótico foram oferecidas somente na fase pré- inicial (1-7 dias) e a partir do 8º dia todas as aves receberam a mesma ração. Conclui-se que o extrato de leveduras apresenta 92,49% de matéria seca, 48,07% de proteína bruta, 4.883 Kcal/kg de energia bruta, e apresenta, em média, um coeficiente de digestibilidade verdadeira dos aminoácidos de 99,42%, sendo rico em ácido glutâmico, leucina, ácido aspártico, serina, glicina. A alta temperatura ambiente prejudicou o desempenho, rendimento de carcaça, morfometria intestinal e resposta imune humoral. A inclusão de prebiótico na ração pré-inicial resultou em maior ganho de peso e melhor conversão alimentar nas aves criadas sob alta temperatura, ao final de 42 dias de idade, além de aumentar a viabilidade criatória até os 21 dias de idade. Observou-se também que a inclusão dos produtos nas temperaturas quente e fria produziu efeito benéfico sobre as vilosidades frente ao estresse ambiental e que os aditivos estudados não produziram efeito sobre a resposta imune humoral para VDN e VDG ao longo do ciclo produtivo do frango de corte.
Abstract: The aim of this experiment was to determine the digestibility of the yeast extract, estimate the performance, carcass yield, intestinal mucosa structure and ultra structure and humoral immune response of broiler reared in different temperatures and that received in started diet containing or not extract of yeasts or prebiotic. 1440 one-day old male Cobb-500® were reared in different temperatures from first day of life. The diets with or without yeast extract and/or prebiotic were provided only in starter diet (1 to 7 days), forward of 8 days all broiler were fed with same commercial diet. The yeast extract contain 92.49% of dry matter, 48.07% of crude protein, 4,883 kcal/kg of crude energy /kg, and, on average a coefficient of digestibility true of amino acids of 99.42%. The amino acids digestibilities are glutamic acid, leucine, aspartic acid, serine, glycine. The high temperature damages the performance, carcass yield, intestinal mucosa structure, villus densities and antibody titters. The prebiotic inclusion in started diet resulted in increase body weight and improved feed conversion in the birds reared in high temperature to the 42 days of age and besides increase the viability until the 21 days of age. It was also observed that the inclusion of the two products in the hot and cold temperatures produced beneficial effect on the villus front in environmental stress and that the yeast extract and prebiotic did not produce effect on immune humoral response along the productive cycle of broiler.
Mestre

Orientador: Ricardo Andrade Reis
Banca: Telma Teresinha Berchielli
Banca: Ana Claudia Ruggieri
Banca: Flávio Augusto Portela Santos
Banca: Valdo Rodrigues Herling
Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da suplementação protéica e do uso de monensina e/ou Saccharomyces cerevisiae, nos parâmetros da fermentação ruminal (pH, NH3 e ácidos acético, propiônico e butírico), no consumo de forragem e desempenho de novilhas de corte recriadas em pastagem de capim-Marandú, em duas épocas do ano (transição águas/secas e secas). Os tratamentos avaliados foram: sal mineral (SM); suplemento protéico (SP); suplemento protéico com monensina (SPM); suplemento protéico com levedura (SPL); e suplemento protéico com monensina e levedura (SPML). De acordo com a fermentação ruminal, observou-se alterações no teor do ácido propiônico e razão C2:C3, em resposta ao tratamento SPM. Nas águas, observou-se a influência do pasto no padrão de fermentação ruminal, pois a concentração total de AGCC (133,1mM), ácido acético (101, 4 mM), ácido propiônico (21,1 mM) e ácido butírico (10,7 mM) foram superiores aos demais tratamentos às 6 h. Nas secas, a suplementação mineral protéica melhorou os atributos de fermentação ruminal, porém não houve diferenças estatísticas entre os tratamentos e, a inclusão de levedura à dieta (SPL) aumentou as concentrações de AGCCtotal (109,2mM), acético (80,7mM), propiônico (19,1mm) e butírico (9,4 mM), em relação à inclusão de monensina (67,0, 50,4, 11,8 e 4,8 mM, respectivamente). Quanto ao teor de NH3, na transição águas/secas e secas, respectivamente, às 3h após a refeição foi de 6,7 e 4,8 mg/dL nos animais que consumiam...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: To evaluate the protein supplementation associated with monensin and/or Saccharomyces cerevisiae effects on the ruminal parameters (pH, NH3, acetic, propionic and butiric acids), dry matter intake, and heifers performance grazing Marandu grass pasture in different times (the end of rainy and dry season) this trial was conducted. The evaluated treatments were: mineral salt (MS), protein supplement (PS), PS plus monensin (PSM), PS plus S. cerevisiae (PSL), PS plus monensin and S. cerevisiae (PSML). The PSM changed the ruminal propionic acid values and the C2:C3 ratio. In the end of rainy season, the forage characteristics affected the ruminal parameters. Total fatty acid (133.1 mM), acetic (101.4 mM), propionic (21.1 mM), and butiric acid (10.7 mM) values were greatest on the PSM animals evaluated at six hours after the supplementation. In the dry season, the protein supplementation in general changed the ruminal parameters. In the end of the rainy season and dry season, the MS animals presented NH3 level, respectively of the 6.7 and 4.8 mg/dL, three hours after supplementation. However, the supplemented animals, in average showed 22.3, and 27.6 mg/dL of the ruminal NH3. Low herbage mass was observed on August (2.8 t/ha), and September (1.9 t/ha). The weights gains were 0.4, and 0.2 kg/d on the SP, and 0.2, and -0.06 kg/d on the SM animals, on August and September, respectively. On the end of the rainy season the PSM animal showed 9.8 kg more gain than the PSML. During the end of rainy season the SM heifers presented highest forage intake (2.16% BW), and monensin addition reduced forage intake in 18%. In the dry season the MS heifers presented 2.08% BW of forage, compared to the supplemented animals (1.55% BW)...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

Resumo: A composição nutricional da levedura a destaca como alimento funcional. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a ação da levedura (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) nas respostas reprodutivas de fêmeas de tilápia do Nilo. No Estudo-I 105 fêmeas da linhagem GIFT foram distribuídas em 15 aquários de 500L (três tratamentos e cinco repetições com sete peixes/aquário). No Estudo-II foram utilizados 63 fêmeas e 21 machos da linhagem GIFT distribuídos em três aquários com capacidade de 7000L de água/cada (21 fêmeas e sete machos/aquário). Em ambos os Estudos, os reprodutores foram alimentados ad libitum com dietas isoprotéica e isoenergética contendo 2,0% de levedura íntegra, 2,0% de levedura autolisada ou ausente de inclusão. O Estudo-I foi realizado na UNESP - AquaNutri, Campus de Botucatu e o Estudo-II foi conduzido no Caunesp - Tilapilcultura Campus de Jaboticabal. Avaliou-se nas fêmeas o desempenho produtivo, status nutricional e composição química das gônadas e, o desempenho reprodutivo e o desenvolvimento inicial das larvas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e quando significativo aplicou-se o teste de comparações múltiplas de médias. A suplementação de levedura íntegra ou autolisada na dieta das reprodutoras, não melhorou o desempenho produtivo e não influenciou o desempenho reprodutivo das fêmeas. Entretanto, melhorou o desenvolvimento larval 72h após eclosão, com melhor desenvolvimento nas larvas dos reprodutores alimentados com a dieta suplementada com 2,0% de levedura íntegra.
Abstract: The nutritional composition yeast detach how functional food. The research present objective evaluates the action yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in the response reproductive of females of Nile tilapia. In Study-I 105 females of GIFT lineage was randomized in 15 500L-aquarius (three treatments and five repetition with seven fish/aquarium). In Study-II was utilized 63 females and 21 males of GIFT lineage was randomized in three 7000L-aquarium (21 female and seven male for aquarium). The spawning was feed ad libitum with diet isoproteic and isoenergetic with 2,0% whole yeast and autolised yeast or supplementation absent. In Study-I were realize in UNESP - AquaNutri Campus de Botucatu and Study-II in Caunesp - Tilapicultura Campus de Jaboticabal. Was evaluation in female productive performance, nutritional status and chemistry composition of gonad (Study-I) and reproductive performance of spawning and development larvae (Study-II). The data was submitted variance analyses and multiple comparison test of mean. The supplemented whole yeast or autolised yeast in diet of spawning didn't improvement productive performance and didn't influence reproductive performance of female. Therefore improved of development larvae at 72h after eclosion with improved development in larvae of spawning feed with diet 2,0% whole yeast.
Orientador: Luiz Edivaldo Pezzato
Coorientador: Margarida Maria Barros
Coorientador: Teresa Cristina Dias Ribeiro Koberstein
Doutor

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão de doses de S. cerevisiae na dieta sobre a digestibilidade da fibra, o consumo de matéria seca, a cinética e o ambiente ruminal de bovinos Nelore alimentados com feno de Tifton-85 (Cynodon spp.), recebendo ou não suplementação energética. Foram utilizados 36 novilhos Nelore canulados no rúmen, com aproximadamente 24 meses de idade e 400 kg de peso corporal (PC) ao início do experimento, em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com seis repetições por tratamento. Os tratamentos foram obtidos em arranjo fatorial 3x2, a partir da combinação de três níveis de inclusão de S. cerevisiae (0, 8 e 40 x109 UFC/animal/dia; CNCM I-1077, Lallemand®) em duas dietas a base de feno de Tifton-85, com ou sem suplementação energética (0 e 0,8% do PC). Foram realizadas coletas de líquido ruminal para mensuração de pH, ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC) e N-amoniacal, além de esvaziamento total de conteúdo ruminal para determinação do volume, massa total e tamanho do compartimento ruminal. Amostras das fases líquida e sólida da digesta ruminal foram retiradas para as análises dos componentes da digesta e população de microrganismos ruminais através da técnica de PCR em tempo real. A inclusão de levedura aumentou linearmente o consumo de matéria seca (P = 0,03) e de FDN (P = 0,01), no entanto não houve efeito sobre o pH ruminal (P = 0,30). A suplementação energética aumentou a concentração ruminal de AGCC totais (P < 0,01). Em relação à digestibilidade in situ da FDN, a inclusão de levedura promoveu aumento linear para as quatro forrageiras após 24 h de incubação (P = 0,02). A inclusão também aumentou a massa ruminal de MS (P = 0,02) e FDN (P = 0,02), mas não a de FDN indigestível (P = 0,33). Não houve efeito da levedura sobre a população das bactérias celulolíticas mais abundantes no rúmen (F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens e R. albus) (P = 0,72). Como conclusão, a inclusão de levedura na dieta de bovinos Nelore aumenta a digestibilidade ruminal da fibra, porém o aumento da digestibilidade da fibra não pôde ser explicado por mudanças na população de bactérias celulolíticas no rúmen.
The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of dietary S. cerevisiae on fiber digestion, dry matter intake, kinetics and ruminal environment of Nellore cattle fed with Tifton-85 hay (Cynodon spp.), receiving or not energetic supplementation. Thirty-six rumen cannulated Nellore steers, approximately 24 months old and 400 kg body weight (BW) were used at the beginning of the experiment, in a randomized complete block design with six replicates per treatment. The treatments were obtained in a 3x2 factorial arrangement, by combining three inclusion levels of S. cerevisiae (0, 8 and 40 x109 CFU/animal/day; CNCM I-1077, Lallemand®) in two diets based on Tifton-85 hay, with or without energetic supplementation (0 and 0.8% of BW). Ruminal fluid samples were collected to measure pH, short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and ammonia nitrogen, as well as the rumen evacuation to determine the volume, total mass and size of the rumen compartment. Samples of the solid and liquid phases of the rumen digesta were taken for analysis of the digesta components and population of ruminal microorganisms through the real-time PCR technique. The yeast inclusion linearly increased the dry matter intake (P = 0.03) and NDF (P = 0.01), however with no effects on rumen pH (P = 0.30). Energy supplementation increased the rumen concentration of total SCFA (P < 0.01). The yeast inclusion linearly increased in situ digestibility of NDF of the four forages after 24 h of incubation (P = 0.02). The yeast inclusion also increased the ruminal mass of DM (P = 0.02) and NDF (P = 0.02), but not the indigestible NDF (P = 0.33). There was no yeast effect on a population of the most abundant cellulolytic bacteria in the rumen (F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens and R. albus) (P = 0.72). In conclusion, the inclusion of yeast in the diet of Nelore cattle increases the rumen digestibility of the fiber, however, it could not be explained by changes in the population of cellulolytic bacteria in the rumen.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do uso de leucena (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de wit), em dietas para bovinos com ou sem adição de levedura (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) sobre a digestão (degradabilidade e digestiilidade), fermentação (produção de ácido graxos voláteis, amônia e metano) e população de protozoários no rúmen. Foram utilizados quatro bovinos machos mestiços, com peso vivo médio de 797 kg, canulados no rúmen em experimento com delineamento Quadrado Latino 4x4 em arranjo fatorial 2x2 com dois níveis leucena (20% e 50%) com feno de Cynodon dactylon cultivar coast-cross na presença ou ausência da levedura. Os tratamentos foram denominados: 20S = 20% de feno de leucena + 80% de de coast-cross ; 50S = 50% de feno de leucena + 50% de de coast-cross; 20L = 20% de feno de leucena + 80% de de coast-cross + 10 g de levedura; 50L = 50% de feno de leucena + 50% de de coast-cross + 10g de levedura. Os parâmetros ruminais avaliados foram: produções de ácidos graxos voláteis (AGVs); concentração de amônia; pH; produção de gás metano; taxa de passagem do líquido; degradabilidade in situ da MS, FDN e PB dos fenos de leucena e coast-cross; digestibilidade in vitro da MS dos fenos de leucena e coast-cross; contagem diferencial dos gêneros de protozoários ciliados. Houve efeitos da interação entre níveis de leucena e levedura nas dietas sobre as concentrações médias dos AGVs totais (P<0,05). As concentrações de ácido acético não apresentaram diferenças entre tratamentos. Mas as concentrações de ácido propiônico mostraram efeitos significativos para níveis de leucena na dieta e da interação N x L (P<0,05), com os maiores valores médios obtidos para o ácido propiônico em nível mais alto de leucena com levedura (19,14 mM). O aumento do nível de leucena favoreceu uma maior produção de ácido propiônico e esse efeito foi potencializado pela adição de levedura. Não houve diferenças na produção de ácido butírico nos níveis de leucena e de levedura (P>0,05) mas foram observados efeitos significativos da interação, evidenciando maiores concentrações do ácido butiríco no tratamento 20L. Não foram observadas diferenças (P>0,05), nas concentrações de amônia no rúmen, variando de 18,71 a 21,28 mg/100 mL no líquido ruminal. Houve diferença (P<0,05) na emissão de gás metano pelos animais, recebendo os diferentes tratamentos, ocorreu uma redução na produção de metano na dieta com nível elevado de leucena contendo levedura. Os valores encontrados para a cinética ruminal não foram afetados pelos tratamentos (P>0,05). A população de protozoários ciliados no rúmen sofreu alterações conforme o tratamento aplicado, tanto na concentração como na composição final da fauna, indicando um efeito associativo que ocorreu com o aumento de leucena na dieta juntamente com a levedura ou mecanismo de ação semelhante de ambos, dependendo do nível de leucena na dieta.
The present work had as objective to evaluate the effect of the use of leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) of Wit) in diets for bovines with or without yeast addition (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on the digestion (degradability and digestibility), fermentation (production of volatile fatty acids, ammonia and methane) and ciliate protozoa population in rumen. Four crossbred male cattle, with average body weight of 797 kg, with rumen cannula were utilized in a Latin Square assay design 4x4, in factorial arrangement (2 x 2) with two levels of leucaena (20% and 50% DM) with hay of Cynodon dactylon cv coast-cross with or without addition of yeast. The treatments had been called: 20S = 20% of leucena hay + 80% of hay of coast-cross; 50S = 50% of leucena hay + 50% of hay of coast-cross; 20L = 20% of leucena hay + 80% of hay of coast-cross + 10 g of yeast and 50L = 50% of leucena hay + 50% of hay of coast-cross + 10g yeast. The ruminal parameters evaluated were: volatile fatty acids production; ammonia concentration; pH; gas production of methane; fluid outflow; in situ degradability in situ of the DM, NDF and CP of leucena and coast-cross hays; DM in vitro digestibility of leucena and coast-cross hays and concentration and generic counting of the ciliate protozoa. It was observed effect of the interaction between leucena levels and yeast in the diets on average total concentrations of VFA. No differences were observed in the concentrations of acetic acid among the treatments. But the propionic acid concentrations had shown significant effect for levels of leucena in the diet and interaction, with higher values obtained in the high leucaena level with yeast addition (19.14 mM). The increase of the leucaena level favored a higher production of propionic acid and this effect was powed by the yeast addition. There were no differences in the butyric acid production among the treatments, but significant effect of the interaction had been observed, evidencing higher concentrations of butyric acid in the treatment 20L. No difference had been observed in the rumen ammonia concentrations, varying from 18.71 to 21,28 mg/100 mL of ruminal liquid. A reduction in the methane production was observed in the animals receiving higher level of leucena with yeast addition. The values found for the kinetic ruminal had not been affected by the treatments. There was observed alteration in the rumen protozoa population according to treatment, as much in the concentration as mainly in the final composition of the fauna, indicating to have an associative effect that occurs with the increase of leucena in the diet together with the yeast addition or occurs a mechanism of similar action of both depending on the level of leucena in the diet.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Bellman Nutricao Animal Ltda
Brascan - Fazenda Bartira
Saf do Brasil - DiviSão Agropecuaria
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da suplementação protéica e do uso de monensina e/ou Saccharomyces cerevisiae, nos parâmetros da fermentação ruminal (pH, NH3 e ácidos acético, propiônico e butírico), no consumo de forragem e desempenho de novilhas de corte recriadas em pastagem de capim-Marandú, em duas épocas do ano (transição águas/secas e secas). Os tratamentos avaliados foram: sal mineral (SM); suplemento protéico (SP); suplemento protéico com monensina (SPM); suplemento protéico com levedura (SPL); e suplemento protéico com monensina e levedura (SPML). De acordo com a fermentação ruminal, observou-se alterações no teor do ácido propiônico e razão C2:C3, em resposta ao tratamento SPM. Nas águas, observou-se a influência do pasto no padrão de fermentação ruminal, pois a concentração total de AGCC (133,1mM), ácido acético (101, 4 mM), ácido propiônico (21,1 mM) e ácido butírico (10,7 mM) foram superiores aos demais tratamentos às 6 h. Nas secas, a suplementação mineral protéica melhorou os atributos de fermentação ruminal, porém não houve diferenças estatísticas entre os tratamentos e, a inclusão de levedura à dieta (SPL) aumentou as concentrações de AGCCtotal (109,2mM), acético (80,7mM), propiônico (19,1mm) e butírico (9,4 mM), em relação à inclusão de monensina (67,0, 50,4, 11,8 e 4,8 mM, respectivamente). Quanto ao teor de NH3, na transição águas/secas e secas, respectivamente, às 3h após a refeição foi de 6,7 e 4,8 mg/dL nos animais que consumiam...
To evaluate the protein supplementation associated with monensin and/or Saccharomyces cerevisiae effects on the ruminal parameters (pH, NH3, acetic, propionic and butiric acids), dry matter intake, and heifers performance grazing Marandu grass pasture in different times (the end of rainy and dry season) this trial was conducted. The evaluated treatments were: mineral salt (MS), protein supplement (PS), PS plus monensin (PSM), PS plus S. cerevisiae (PSL), PS plus monensin and S. cerevisiae (PSML). The PSM changed the ruminal propionic acid values and the C2:C3 ratio. In the end of rainy season, the forage characteristics affected the ruminal parameters. Total fatty acid (133.1 mM), acetic (101.4 mM), propionic (21.1 mM), and butiric acid (10.7 mM) values were greatest on the PSM animals evaluated at six hours after the supplementation. In the dry season, the protein supplementation in general changed the ruminal parameters. In the end of the rainy season and dry season, the MS animals presented NH3 level, respectively of the 6.7 and 4.8 mg/dL, three hours after supplementation. However, the supplemented animals, in average showed 22.3, and 27.6 mg/dL of the ruminal NH3. Low herbage mass was observed on August (2.8 t/ha), and September (1.9 t/ha). The weights gains were 0.4, and 0.2 kg/d on the SP, and 0.2, and -0.06 kg/d on the SM animals, on August and September, respectively. On the end of the rainy season the PSM animal showed 9.8 kg more gain than the PSML. During the end of rainy season the SM heifers presented highest forage intake (2.16% BW), and monensin addition reduced forage intake in 18%. In the dry season the MS heifers presented 2.08% BW of forage, compared to the supplemented animals (1.55% BW)...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de níveis de nucleotídeos nas dietas de leitões recém-desmamados sobre o desempenho, a morfometria de órgãos e a histologia do epitélio intestinal. Foram utilizados 144 leitões desmamados aos 21 dias de idade e com peso médio inicial de 5,80 ± 0,16 kg em um experimento inteiramente ao acaso, com seis tratamentos, seis repetições por tratamento e quatro animais por baia (unidade experimental). Os tratamentos foram: Am (antimicrobiano) dieta basal com inclusão de 40 ppm de sulfato de colistina, assim como dieta basal com 0, 150, 300, 450 e 600 ppm de nucleotídeos. Ao final do experimento, foi abatido um animal de cada baia para coleta das amostras para avaliação da morfometria de órgãos e da histologia do epitélio intestinal. No período de 1 a 14 dias de experimentação, houve piora linear (P<0,01) das variáveis de desempenho, enquanto que no período total de 34 dias, houve redução linear (P=0,03) do peso final dos animais com o aumento dos níveis de nucleotídeos na dieta. Os leitões alimentados com a dieta com o antibiótico colistina apresentaram maior (P<0,01) comprimento do intestino delgado e menor (P<0,01) relação altura de vilosidade:profundidade de cripta (AV:PC) no duodeno do que aqueles que receberam nucleotídeos. Foi observado, também, aumento linear (P<0,01) no peso relativo do baço, assim como redução linear (P<0,01) da relação AV:PC e redução linear (P<0,01) da profundidade de cripta no duodeno dos animais em função da adição de nucleotídeos na dieta. Assim, embora os níveis de até 600 ppm de nucleotídeos em dietas complexas de leitões recém-desmamados não tenham proporcionado melhora no desempenho, eles acarretaram benefícios à morfometria de órgãos e à histologia do epitélio intestinal dos animais.
The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effects of dietary nucleotide levels on performance, organs morphometry and intestinal histology of weanling pigs. One hundred and forty-four pigs weaned at 21 days of age and 5.80 ± .16 kg initial live weight were used a completely randomized design experiment with six treatments, six replications per treatment and four animals per pen (experimental unit). The treatments were: Am antimicrobial: basal diet with 40 ppm of colistin sulfate and basal diet with 0, 150, 300, 450 and 600 ppm of nucleotides. At the end of experimental period, an animal of each pen was slaughtered to evaluate of organs morphometry and intestinal epithelium histology. For the 1 to 14 days of experimental period, dietary nucleotides depressed linearly (P<.01) performance traits, while for the total experimental period of 34 days linear reduction of final live weight (P=.03) was observed with added nucleotides. Pigs fed diet with colistin showed greater (P<.01) length of small intestine and lower (P<.01) villus height:crypt depth ratio (AV:PC) of duodenum than those fed nucleotides. Also, a linear increase (P<.01) of relative weight of spleen, as well as a linear reduction (P<.01) of AV:PC and linear reduction (P<.01) of crypt depth of duodenum were observed with added dietary nucleotides. Therefore, although added nucleotides up to 600 ppm in complex diet did not improve performance, they showed some beneficial effects on organs morphometry and intestinal epithelium histology of weanling pigs.

Foi conduzido um estudo com vacas leiteiras no Centro de Análise e Pesquisa Tecnológica do Agronegócio - Bovinos de Leite, do Instituto de Zootecnia, em Nova Odessa, SP, com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da substituição parcial do farelo de soja da dieta por uma fonte de proteína microbiana derivada de levedura (PML), e a sua combinação com uma ureia de liberação lenta (ULL), sobre o consumo de MS, produção e composição do leite, bem como alguns parâmetros sanguíneos e o balanço nitrogenado. Foram utilizadas oito vacas primíparas da raça Holandês, distribuídas aleatoriamente em dois quadrados latinos 4x4 em tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 2x2, sendo que cada período experimental foi composto por 28 dias com 21 dias de adaptação e 7 dias de coleta. Foram comparadas quatro dietas, compostas por 49% de volumoso (47% de silagem de milho e 2% de feno de Tifton) e 51% de concentrado, com teor médio de 16,8% de proteína bruta e 2,5Mcal/kg EM. Na dieta controle (CTL = sem PML e sem ULL) o farelo de soja foi a principal fonte proteica e nas outras três dietas o farelo de soja foi parcialmente substituído por 15 g/kg MS de PML (com PML e sem ULL) ou por 7,5 g/kg MS de ULL (sem PML e com ULL) ou ambos, 15 g/kg MS PML+ 7,5 g/kg MS de ULL (com PML e com ULL). Houve interação entre PML e ULL para o consumo de MS (P=0,0003) e produção de leite (P=0,0013). As vacas que receberam o tratamento ULL tiveram menor consumo de MS, sem afetar a produção de leite comparado às vacas que receberam o tratamento PML+ULL (P≤0,05). Não houve interação para os componentes do leite obtido, exceto para o extrato seco desengordurado (P=0,0086), as vacas que receberam o tratamento CTL tiveram os maiores teores de ESD no leite comparada as vacas que receberam o tratamento ULL (P=0,0002) e esses teores mais elevados foram iguais aos das vacas que receberam o tratamento PML (P=0,066). Apesar de não ter havido interação, as vacas que receberam os tratamentos sem ULL tiveram maiores teores de proteína, caseína e sólidos totais no leite comparado às vacas que receberam os tratamentos com ULL (P≤0,05). Não houve interação entre PML e ULL para eficiência na produção de leite (P=0,0694), porém a eficiência na produção de leite corrigida para energia foi maior para as vacas que receberam tratamentos com ULL do que as vacas que receberam os tratamentos sem ULL (P≤0,05). Não houve interação entre PML e ULL para os parâmetros sanguíneos analisados (P>0,05) exceto para o teor de K (P=0,0098). Os teores de hematócrito e hemoglobina foram maiores nas vacas que receberam tratamento com ULL comparado aos valores encontrados nas vacas que receberam tratamento sem ULL (P≤0,05), não afetando a homeostasia. O teor de N retido (balanço de N) foi maior para os animais que receberam o tratamento CTL devido a diferença encontradas no teor de N ingerido e excretado nas fezes (P≤0,05). A eficiência do uso de N aumentou com a substituição do farelo de soja por PML, ULL ou ambos (P≤0,05). A substituição do farelo de soja pela PML, ULL ou por ambos em dietas de vacas leiteiras, teve efeitos sobre o consumo de MS, a produção e composição do leite, bem como na ingestão de N, secreção de N no leite, excreção fecal de N e no balanço nitrogenado. De maneira geral, é possível fazer a substituição do farelo de soja pela PML, ULL ou ambos, sem afetar negativamente os parâmetros de produtividade. Os resultados obtidos foram similares ao tratamento CTL em relação ao consumo, produção de leite e balanço nitrogenado permitindo espaço para a inclusão de alimentos mais baratos e garantindo melhor fornecimento de energia.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of partial replacement in the diet of dairy cows of soybean meal by a yeast-derived microbial protein source (YMP) or a combination of YMP with a slow release urea (SRU), on dry matter intake, milk production and composition, blood parameters and nitrogen balance. Eight first lactation cows were distributed randomly into two 4x4 Latin squares, in a 2x2 factorial arrangement of treatments, with four periods with 28 days each one (21 days of adaptation and 7 days of collection). The base diet had 49% roughage (47% corn silage and 2% Tifton hay) and 51% concentrate, with an average of 16.8% crude protein and 2.5 Mcal/kg dry matter (DM). In the control diet (CTL = without YMP and without SRU) soybean meal was the main protein source and in the three other diets the soybean meal was partially replaced by 15 g/kg DM of YMP or 7.5 g/kg DM SRU, or both, 15 g/kg DM YMP plus 7.5 g/kg DM SRU. There was an interaction between YMP and SRU for DM intake (P=0.0003) and milk production (P=0.0013). The cows that received SRU treatment had lower DM intake not affecting milk production compared to cows that received the YMP+SRU treatment and differences among treatments for DM intake and milk production (P≤0,05). There was no interaction of the milk components, except for nonfat dry milk (P=0.0086), the cows that received CTL treatment had the highest nonfat dry milk compared to cows received the SRU treatment (P=0.0002) and these higher levels were equal to those of cows received the YMP treatment (P=0.066). Although there was no interaction, the cows that received the treatments without SRU had higher protein, casein and total solids in milk compared to cows received treatments SRU (P≤0.05). There was no interaction between YMP and SRU for milk production efficiency (P=0.0694), but efficiency in the milk production corrected for energy was greater for cows received SRU treatments than cows received treatments without SRU (P≤0.05). There was no interaction between YMP and SRU for the analyzed blood parameters (P>0.05) except for the K content (P=0.0098). The levels of hematocrit and hemoglobin were higher in cows that received treatment with SRU compared to cows that received treatment without SRU (P≤0.05), not affecting homeostasis. The nitrogen retained (N balance) was higher for animals that received CTL treatment due to differences in N content ingested and excreted in the feces (P≤0.05). The efficiency of use of N increased with the substitution of soybean meal for PML, ULL or both (P≤0.05). The substitution of soybean meal by YMP, SRU or both in dairy cow diets, had effects on DM intake, milk yield and composition, as well as N intake, milk secretion of N, fecal excretion of N and nitrogen balance. In general, it is possible to replace soybean meal for PML, ULL or both, without impacting negatively the production performance parameters. The results obtained in the CTL treatment in the consumption of dry matter, production of milk and nitrogen balance allowing the inclusion of cheaper feeds allowing for better energy supply.

MSCAGR (Animal Science)
Department of Animal Science
The overall objective of this study was to investigate the effects of level of dietary concentrate and live yeast (LY) on milk yield, milk composition, rumen fermentation and nitrogen metabolism in lactating dairy cows. Four primiparous Holstein dairy cows in early lactation (average weight 500 ±9 kg and 20 days in milk (DIM)) were used in a 4 x 4 Latin Square design for a period of 44 days. The animals had seven days of adaptation to the treatments and four days for measurements. The treatments were, Low concentrate to forage (C:F) diet (40:60) with no additive, High C:F diet (60:40) with no additive, High C:F diet with LY and Low C:F diet with LY.Cows weremilked at 06h00 and 16h00 daily and milk samples were analysed for fat, protein, lactose milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and somatic cell count (SCC). Proximate analysis of feed samples was done and daily feed intake was recorded. Weight and body condition score were determined at beginning and end of every experimental period. Faecal and urinary nitrogen (N)were determined. In vitro batch fermentation was conducted to determine ruminal fermentation kinetics. Data generated from the feeding trial was analysed for a 4 x 4 Latin square design (LSD) using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS (2009) and data for the invitro trialwassubjected to ANOVA using PROC GLM (SAS Institute, 2009) for a complete randomized design. Addition of LY affected only dry matter intake (DMI) (P<0.05), which effect was pronounce when cows were fed low (40:60) C:F diet resulting in better feed efficiency(FE). Cows fed high C:F diet consumed more feed, produced more milk with high fat and protein content (P<0.05). Both LY and C:F reduced (P<0.05) N intake as result of low DMI, but reduced (P<0.05) N excretion in manure. Addition of LY decreased ruminal ammonia and increased total VFA’s (P<0.05). The effects on ammonia suggest a better utilisation of diet proteins and probably more incorporation of products of CP degradation into microbial proteins, which support the observed reduced manure N excretion. The opposite was observed with high C:F diet, which increased ammonia and decreased total VFA’s. Propionate and butyrate were increased and decreased, respectively by high C:F diet.Addition of LY reduced SCC and MUN compared to control.The effects of LY were better pronounced on most parameters at low C:F diet. It is therefore recommended that the effects of LY be tested at low C:F on a larger scale of animals over longer periods to observe its effect of the rest of the parameters.

This thesis describes studies in which the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used as a model organism for unveiling the mechanisms underlying longevity regulation and extension by genetic, dietary and pharmacological interventions. We found that a diet known as caloric restriction (CR) modulates oxidation-reduction processes and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in yeast mitochondria, reduces the frequency of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations, and alters the abundance and mtDNA-binding activity of mitochondrial nucleoid-associated proteins. Our findings provide evidence that these mitochondrial processes play essential roles in regulating longevity of chronologically active yeast by defining their viability following cell entry into a quiescent state. Based on these findings, we propose a hypothesis that ROS, which are mostly generated as by-products of mitochondrial respiration, play a dual role in regulating longevity of chronologically aging yeast. On the one hand, if yeast mitochondria are unable (due to a dietary regimen) to maintain ROS concentration below a toxic threshold, ROS promote aging by oxidatively damaging certain mitochondrial proteins and mtDNA. On the other hand, if yeast mitochondria can (due to a dietary regimen) maintain ROS concentration at a certain “optimal” level, ROS delay chronological aging. We propose that this “optimal” level of ROS is insufficient to damage cellular macromolecules but can activate certain signaling networks that extend lifespan by increasing the abundance or activity of stress-protecting and other anti-aging proteins. In addition, studies presented in this thesis imply that mtDNA mutations do not contribute to longevity regulation in yeast grown under non-CR conditions but make important contribution to longevity regulation in yeast placed on a CR diet. The nonreducing disaccharide trehalose has been long considered only as a reserve carbohydrate. However, recent studies in yeast suggested that this osmolyte can protect cells and cellular proteins from oxidative damage elicited by exogenously added ROS. Trehalose has been also shown to affect stability, folding and aggregation of bacterial and firefly proteins heterologously expressed in heat-shocked yeast cells. Our investigation of how a lifespan-extending CR diet alters the metabolic history of chronologically aging yeast suggested that their longevity is programmed by the level of metabolic capacity - including trehalose biosynthesis and degradation - that yeast cells developed prior to entry into quiescence. To investigate whether trehalose homeostasis in chronologically aging yeast may play a role in longevity extension by CR, we examined how single-genedeletion mutations affecting trehalose biosynthesis and degradation impact 1) the agerelated dynamics of changes in trehalose concentration; 2) yeast chronological lifespan under CR conditions; 3) the chronology of oxidative protein damage, intracellular ROS level and protein aggregation; and 4) the timeline of thermal inactivation of a protein in heat-shocked yeast cells and its subsequent reactivation in yeast returned to low temperature. Our data imply that CR extends yeast chronological lifespan by altering a pattern of age-related changes in trehalose concentration.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
水產養殖學系
97
The purpose of this study administered various doses of transgenic yeast strain LZ-8 to collect the effect non- specific immune parameters of grouper. The result in in vitro showed that leukocyte of grouper with various doses of LZ-8 or transgenic yeast strain LZ-8 enhanced superoxide anion (O2-) roduction ratio and chemiluminescence response (ROS) significantly (p＜0.05), and the doses of 0.2 and 2 μl/ml were better. Experiment 3 showed that grouper which fed with transgenic yeast strain (LZ-8) diets for 10 days increased IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA expression. The result in experiment 4 showed that the superoxide anion, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and phagocytosis were significantly (p＜0.05) enhanced in grouper fed with transgenic yeast strain LZ-8 diet during 32 days, and the doses of 0.1 and 0.5 g/kg had significantly (p＜0.05) enhanced about leukocyte non-specific immune responses for long time.To conclude the result showed that transgenic yeast strain LZ-8 was able to be an immunomodulator, and enhanced non-specific immune response.

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
動物科學與畜產系所
106
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementing yeast cell wall and lactic acid bacteria on production performances, egg quality and carcass traits of chickens. Exp. 1, one hundred and ninety six laying hens at 68 weeks of age from two commercial strains Hy-line W-36 and Hy-line Sliver Brown were randomly assigned to each of 4 treatments × 4 replicates experimental design with 6 birds in each group, and were housed in individual battery cages. The four treatments were fed diets with BD (Corn-Soybean meal basal diet), BP 0.75 (with 375 ppm yeast cell wall and lactic acid bacteria, respectively), BP 1.0 (with 500 ppm yeast cell wall and lactic acid bacteria, respectively), and BP 1.5 (with 750 ppm yeast cell wall and lactic acid bacteria, respectively). The experiment was carried out for 6 periods (2 wks for a period). Egg weight and feed consumption were recorded daily. At the end of the experiment, two hens from each treatment were randomly selected for serum biochemistry, gut microflora and gut morphology test. Exp. 2, three hundred and fifty two day-old Ross male broilers were randomly allotted into 4 treatments × 4 replicates experimental design with 22 birds in each pen. The four treatments were fed diets with BD (Corn-Soybean meal basal diet), BP 0.75 (with 375 ppm yeast cell wall and lactic acid bacteria, respectively), BP 1.5 (with 750 ppm yeast cell wall and lactic acid bacteria, respectively), and BP 2.0 (with 1000 ppm yeast cell wall and lactic acid bacteria, respectively). Growth performances were measured at 14, 28, and 35 days of age. Six birds from each treatment were randomly selected at the end of growth trial for carcass traits, gut microflora and morphology test. The result of Exp. 1 showed that the egg production, egg mass and feed consumption were significantly higher for BP 1.5 group than control, BP 0.75, and BP 1.0 groups. All BP treated groups had higher egg weight and better feed wt./egg wt. ratio than control group (P < 0.05). The results of Exp. 2 showed that BP 2.0 group increased broiler body weight and average daily gain than control group (P < 0.05). In Exp. 1, the Lactobacilli count in jejunum was significantly higher for BP 1.0 group than control and BP 0.75 groups. In Exp. 2, the Lactobacilli counts in jejunm and rectum were significantly higher for BP 2.0 group than control, BP 0.75 and BP 1.5 groups (P < 0.05). The result of intestinal morphology showed that, in Exp. 1, the villus height of laying hen jejunum was significantly higher in the BP 1.5 group than control group. The villus height of ileum in BP 0.75, BP 1.0 and BP 1.5 groups were significantly higher than control group. The villus height/crypt depth ratio was significantly higher in the BP 1.5 group than control and BP 0.75 groups. In Exp. 2, the villus height of broiler jejunum and ileum from all BP treated groups were significantly higher than control group, and the BP 2.0 group had significantly highest villus height/crypt depth ratio of jejunum and ileum. The overall results indicated that dietary supplementing of yeast cell wall and lactic acid bacteria synbiotics increased egg production, egg mass, egg weight, feed consumption and improved feed conversion ratio in laying hens and increased body weight, and body weight gain in broiler, therefore such feed additive could be used as non-antibiotic feed additive in poultry diets.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
食品科學系
102
Traditional cancer therapies are high efficiency to kill cancer cells, but some of the advanced malignancy cells can still survive. Recent studies have shown that the small population of tumor cells, known as cancer stem cells (CSCs). These CSCs have the ability to promote tumor drug-resistant and metastasis, and play an important role of malignant progression and recurrence. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the common malignant neoplasm, that is difficult to discover in the early stage and often metastasizes to liver and lung. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) derived from fish oil has been reported has the capability to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis. Selenium yeast is also able to suppress tumor invasion and anti-angiogenesis. However, whether the combination effects of fish oil and selenium yeast mitigate the adverse effects of CSCs is still unclear. First, we treat cells with chemotherapy drug (cisplatin) to characterize the drug resistant of CSCs in BALB/c mouse colon carcinoma cells (CT26). The results showed that the survival cells have higher chemo-resistance and CSCs-related gene expression. Therefore, we establish CT26 as a colon CSCs research model in the following experiments. We screen the side population cells (SP cells) in CT26 with Hoechst dye, which have better drug- resistance and higher CSCs-related gene expression. Furthermore, the migratory capacity and colony formation ability of SP cells are higher than non-population cells (NSP cells). In vivo, we demonstrate that SP cells have stronger tumorigenic ability, more body weight loss and lung metastasis. After analyses lung tissues, the gene expression of metastasis–associated chemokines and matrix metalloproteinases are increased. In further experiments, the dietary supplementation with fish oil and selenium yeast can attenuate body weight loss and lung metastasis. The expression of metastasis–associated chemokines and matrix metalloproteinases are suppressed. Thus, fish oil and selenium yeast supplementation can lower the possibility of cancer metastasis which caused by cancer stem cells.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
水產養殖學系
100
The transgenic yeast strain LZ-8 was added in feed which according to different protein contents (1.25, 6.25, 12.5 and 37.5 mg LZ-8 protein/kg) feeding grouper (Epinephelus coioides). After fed with feed contains LZ-8 for 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days, groupers were injected with NNV and the survival rate was recorded during the experiment. 9 orange-spotted groupers were sampled after 14 days. The results of NNV challenge experiment, 37.5 mg LZ-8 feed fed for 1 day had the best survival rate (83.5%) after 14 days. The increase of feeding days the survival rate was decreased to 58.5 %. 5 different groups of LZ-8 and 2 groups of β-glucan from different materials of collecting (freeze-dried collection and baking collection) and different yeast (Pichia pastoris and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) produced and then extracted from the production. The extraction was used to observe the effect of the in-vitro of non-specific immune in white blood cells for orange-spotted groupers. Results showed that freeze collection produced in Pichia pastoris LZ-8 (1) and β-glucan (c brand) at 0.125 mg/ml was significantly increased in the white blood cell superoxide anion, reactive oxygen species, phagocytosis rate. The feed which added with LZ-8 (1), β-glucan (c brand) were the treatment groups; whereas LZ-8 (4) and β-glucan (t brand) were acted as control groups. Orange-spotted groupers were fed with all of the treatment groups and the control groups for 1, 2, 4, 7 and 14 days. 9 groupers was taken from each groups and injected with NNV challenge meanwhile the feed which contains LZ-8 and β-glucan was stop to feed the groupers. Survival rate was then recorded for 14 days. The results of challenge experiment, the grouper fed with LZ-8 (1) feed for 1 day had the best survival rate (100%) after 14 days. However, The increase of feeding days the survival rate was decreased to 58.5 %. Conversely, groupers which fed with β-glucan (c brand) had the best survival rate (67 %) but decreased to 33 % after 14 days. Therefore, LZ-8 (1) and β-glucan (c brand) increased the non-specific immune in white blood cells and the resistance of NNV in orange-spotted groupers was also increased. Besides, NNV anti-monoclonal antibody was used to investigate the effect on the resistance of NNV. Orange-spotted groupers were bath with NNV anti-monoclonal antibody for 0.5 hour and then challenge with NNV bath for 2.5 hours. The experiment was observed for 14 days survival rate was recorded. Results showed that orange-spotted groupers which bath with NNV anti-monoclonal antibody dilution at 1,000~50,000 times increased the resistance of orange-spotted groupers from NNV challenge.

Relatório de Estágio do Mestrado Integrado em Ciências Farmacêuticas apresentado à Faculdade de Farmácia
This document integrates the community pharmacy report done in Farmácia de Lamaçães, Hospital Pharmacy report done in Braga`s Hospital and a monography. We all wish for a healthy life. In the era of communication, awareness towards healthy nutrition combined with physical exercise and proper behaviour are the foundation for life’s quality. The food supplement market has been expanding in recent decades in a growing place of prominence. The search for supplements that help with weight loss or delay the effects of aging in order to soften as time passes or even to enhance the effect of prescription drugs that have been in greater demand from society.The constituents of dietary supplements have been the subject of several clinical trials to demonstrate their mechanisms of action, their safety and efficacy. These types of scientific studies are of utmost importance, providing information so that pharmacists and other health professionals can advise their users safely and effectively.During my community pharmacy internship I was confronted with a high purchase of supplements by the general population. I felt like I need to search more information about this subject to know if they are safe and if they work. “The new dietary supplements” on community pharmacy is the title of my thes is that aims to answer this concern focusing on the most sold dietary supplements during my pharmacy intership. In this context, the present work intends to systematize the efficacy and safety in the use of red yeast rice, L-carnitine, chromium and collagen supplements.
O presente documento integra os relatórios de estágio de Farmácia Comunitária, realizado na Farmácia de Lamaçães, e de Farmácia Hospitalar, realizado no Hospital de Braga, assim como uma monografia, referentes à unidade curricular “Estágio”. Durante o meu estágio curricular em Farmácia Comunitária fui continuamente confrontado com a aquisição de suplementos alimentares por parte da população em geral. Todos ansiamos por uma vida saudável. Na era da comunicação, a consciencialização de uma boa alimentação aliada ao exercício físico e a comportamentos adequados constituem os alicerces para uma qualidade de vida. O mercado dos suplementos alimentares tem-se alcandorado, nas últimas décadas, a um crescente lugar de destaque. A procura por suplementos que ajudem no emagrecimento ou a atrasar os efeitos do envelhecimento de forma a amenizar as marcas da passagem do tempo ou mesmo para potenciar o efeito de determinados medicamentos tem vindo a ter uma maior procura por parte da sociedade.Dentro deste contexto, senti, então, a necessidade de investigar mais sobre este tema, focando-me na segurança e eficácia da utilização destes suplementos. “Novos suplementos alimentares” em Farmácia Comunitária, título do trabalho realizado pretende dar resposta a esta preocupação e incide sobre os suplementos alimentares que mais se destacaram nas vendas durante esse mesmo estágio. Neste contexto, o trabalho em causa pretende sistematizar qual a eficácia e segurança no uso dos suplementos de arroz vermelho fermentado, L-carnitina, crómio e colagénio.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
水產養殖學系
102
In the first trial, the effect of partial replacement of fish meal protein by fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) in orange-spotted grouper diets was studied. 1.77±0.06g uniform-sized Epinephelus coioides were fed five isonitrogenous (45% crude protein) and isolipidic (11% crude lipid) diets containing different levels of fish protein hydrolysate to replace 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of fish meal protein, respectively for six weeks. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish three times a day until satiation. The growth performances of fish fed diets included FPH were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of fish fed the control diet. The survival ranges from 90 to 100%. In non-specific immune response of group, fish fed diets containing 5% FPH had significantly higher superoxide anion (O2－) than those feed other treatments. The fish fed diets containing 5% and 10% of FPH showed no significantly different SOD activity of liver, however their SOD activity of liver was significantly higher than that of other treatments. In the second trial, the effect of partial replacement of fish meal protein by yeast meal in orange-spotted grouper diets was studied. 4.74±0.02g uniform-sized Epinephelus coioides were fed five isonitrogenous (45% crude protein) and isolipidic (9% crude lipid) diets containing different levels of yeast meal to replace 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of fish meal protein, respectively for six weeks. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish three times a day until satiation. The growth performances of fish fed diets included yeast meal were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of fish fed the control diet. The SGR of fish fed diets containing 10%, 20% and 40% of yeast treatments were significantly (P<0.05) higher than control diet, however no significantly higher than 30% treatment. Survival rate of all treatments was 100%. Key words：fish protein hydrolysate, yeast meal, replacement, growth, Epinephelus coioides