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Barr, Susan I. "Applications of Dietary Reference Intakes in dietary assessment and planning." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 31, no. 1 (February 1, 2006): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h05-020.
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Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are used for assessing and planning diets of individuals and groups. Assessing individual intakes is complicated by the fact that neither the individual's usual nutrient intake nor their individual requirement is known. However, the degree of confidence that intakes are adequate or excessive can be estimated. Assessing diets of groups requires information on the group's usual nutrient intake distribution, which can be obtained by statistically adjusting 1 d intake distributions to remove within-person variability. For most nutrients with an Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), the group prevalence of inadequate intakes can be approximated by the percent whose usual intakes are less than the EAR. However, the prevalence of inadequacy cannot be determined for nutrients with an Adequate Intake (AI). The goals of planning are a low risk (for individuals) or low prevalence (for groups) of inadequate or excessive nutrient intakes. For individuals, these goals are met by planning intakes that meet the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) or AI, are below the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL), and fall within the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs). For groups, planning involves estimating a "target" usual intake distribution with an acceptably low prevalence less than the EAR and greater than the UL, planning menus to achieve the target distribution, and assessing the results.Key words: nutrition assessment, dietary planning, nutrient adequacy.
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Nicklas, Theresa A., Rosanne P. Farris, Carolyn Major, Gail C. Frank, Larry S. Webber, James L. Cresanta, and Gerald S. Berenson. "Dietary Intakes." Pediatrics 80, no. 5 (November 1, 1987): 797–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.80.5.797.
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Dietary patterns and racial differences in nutrient intake were observed in children 6 months to 4 years of age in the Bogalusa Heart Study. Even in this sample of young children, the composition of the intakes of the majority of children was not compatible with prudent recommendations of less than 35% and 10% of energy from total and saturated fat, respectively. Mean cholesterol intake of the 4-year-old children (390 mg) was approximately one half of the average daily adult levels. The polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio ranged from 0.41 to 0.53 and sucrose to starch ratio from 1.32 to 1.57, reflecting a high saturated fat and sucrose intake. White children had greater intakes of sucrose than black children; however, total fat and cholesterol intakes were greater in black children. Gender differences were noted among the 2, 3, and 4-year-old children: energy, sugar, and starch intakes were greater in boys, and cholesterol intake per 1,000 kcal was greater in girls. Mean intakes per 1,000 kcal in Bogalusa were higher for fat and carbohydrate and lower for protein than reported in the Second Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. However, when the National Research Council recommended dietary allowances for protein and energy are used for comparison, a more than adequate intake was noted in these children. The data found in this newborn-infant cohort contribute information regarding the early development of dietary habits that likely influence eating behavior in later childhood and adolescence.
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Duran, Nancy. "Dietary Intake." Food, Culture & Society 9, no. 1 (March 2006): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/155280106778055136.
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Paquet, Catherine, Sarah L. Propsting, and Mark Daniel. "Totaln-3 fatty acid and SFA intakes in relation to insulin resistance in a Canadian First Nation at risk for the development of type 2 diabetes." Public Health Nutrition 17, no. 6 (March 21, 2013): 1337–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980013000542.
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AbstractObjectiveThe present study sought to investigate the associations of totaln-3 fatty acid and SFA intakes with insulin resistance in a Canadian First Nation sample at risk for type 2 diabetes.DesignFasting values for glucose and insulin were used to estimate insulin resistance by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR). Intakes ofn-3 fatty acids and SFA were computed from dietary food and drink data obtained using 3 d food records. Associations between HOMA-IR and dietaryn-3 and SFA consumption were tested using linear regression models accounting for age, sex, community, education, physical activity, waist circumference, fibre, protein and carbohydrate intakes, and HDL-cholesterol and TAG concentrations.SettingRural Okanagan region of British Columbia, Canada.SubjectsOn-reserve First Nation individuals (Interior Salishan) aged 18 years and over, recruited for community-based diabetes screening and determined to be normoglycaemic (n126).ResultsHOMA-IR was negatively associated with dietaryn-3 fatty acid intake (β= −0·22; 95 % CI −0·39, −0·04;P= 0·016) and positively associated with dietary SFA intake (β= 0·34; 95 % CI 0·15, 0·53;P= 0·0 0 1).ConclusionsIntake of dietaryn-3 fatty acids may be protective against whereas SFA intake may promote insulin resistance in this high-risk Canadian First Nation sample. Reduced dietary SFA intake and greatern-3 fatty acid intake may assist the prevention of glycaemic disease among First Nations peoples. More rigorous, controlled trials are required to test whether dietary supplementation withn-3 fatty acids in natural or supplement-based form might reduce diabetes risk in high-risk aboriginal groups.
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Murphy, Suzanne P., and Mary I. Poos. "Dietary Reference Intakes: summary of applications in dietary assessment." Public Health Nutrition 5, no. 6a (December 2002): 843–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2002389.
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AbstractObjective:To summarise the applications and appropriate use of Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) as guidance for nutrition and health research professionals in the dietary assessment of groups and individuals.Design:Key points from the Institute of Medicine report, Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in Dietary Assessment, are summarised in this paper. The different approaches for using DRIs to evaluate the intakes of groups vs. the intakes of individuals are highlighted.Results:Each of the new DRIs is defined and its role in the dietary assessment of groups and individuals is described. Two methods of group assessment and a new method for quantitative assessment of individuals are described. Illustrations are provided on appropriate use of the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), the Adequate Intake (AI) and the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) in dietary assessment.Conclusions:Dietary assessment of groups or individuals must be based on estimates of usual (long-term) intake. The EAR is the appropriate DRI to use in assessing groups and individuals. The AI is of limited value in assessing nutrient adequacy, and cannot be used to assess the prevalence of inadequacy. The UL is the appropriate DRI to use in assessing the proportion of a group at risk of adverse health effects. It is inappropriate to use the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) or a group mean intake to assess the nutrient adequacy of groups.
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Uemura, Hirokazu, Sakurako Katsuura-Kamano, Miwa Yamaguchi, Mariko Nakamoto, Mineyoshi Hiyoshi, and Kokichi Arisawa. "Association between dietary calcium intake and arterial stiffness according to dietary vitamin D intake in men." British Journal of Nutrition 112, no. 8 (September 5, 2014): 1333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114514002153.
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Studies on the associations of dietary Ca and vitamin D intakes with arterial stiffness are scarce. In the present study, these associations were evaluated in Japanese men. Data from a total of 535 eligible men, aged 35–69 years, who participated in the baseline survey of a cohort study in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan, and underwent brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity (ba-PWV) measurements were analysed. ba-PWV is a measure of arterial stiffness and is recognised as a marker of atherosclerotic vascular damage. Information regarding the cohort's lifestyle characteristics including dietary behaviour over the past year was obtained from a structured self-administered questionnaire. Dietary Ca and vitamin D intakes were adjusted for total energy intake using the residual method and divided into quartiles; the highest quartile was used as the reference. General linear models were used to evaluate the associations between dietary Ca and vitamin D intakes and ba-PWV values adjusted for probable covariates. The association between dietary Ca intake and ba-PWV was further evaluated using similar general linear models stratified by dietary vitamin D intake (median or below/above median). Dietary Ca intake was found to be significantly inversely associated with ba-PWV after adjusting for probable covariates (P for trend = 0·020). However, no such association was observed between dietary vitamin D intake and ba-PWV. The inverse association between dietary Ca intake and ba-PWV was striking in subjects with higher dietary vitamin D intake. However, no association was found in subjects with lower dietary vitamin D intake. These results indicate that adequate dietary Ca and vitamin D intakes may be protective against the development of arterial stiffness in Japanese men.
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TSUBOYAMA-KASAOKA, Nobuyo, Asuka TAKIZAWA, Megumi TSUBOTA-UTSUGI, Makiko NAKADE, Eri IMAI, Akiko KONDO, Kazue YOSHIDA, Nagako OKUDA, Nobuo NISHI, and Hidemi TAKIMOTO. "Dietary Intake of Nutrients with Adequate Intake Values in the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese." Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 59, no. 6 (2013): 584–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.59.584.
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Prentice, Ross L. "Criteria for Acceptable Dietary Intake Biomarkers." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 31, no. 6 (June 1, 2022): 1151–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-22-0180.
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Abstract Dietary intake biomarkers that can be written as actual intake, plus ‘error’ that is independent of actual intake and confounding factors can substitute for actual intake in disease association analyses. Also, such biomarkers can be used to develop calibration equations using self-reported diet and participant measures, and biomarker-calibrated intakes can be calculated in larger cohorts for use in disease association analyses. Criteria for biomarkers, and for biomarker-calibrated intakes, arise by working back from properties needed for valid disease association analyses. Accordingly, arguments for a potential biomarker are strengthened if error components are small relative to actual intakes, and important sources of reduced sensitivity or specificity are not apparent. Feeding study biomarker development can then involve regression of actual intake on putative biomarkers, with regression R2 values playing a role in biomarker evaluation. In comparison, ‘predictive’ biomarker status, as argued in this issue by Freedman and colleagues for 24-hour urinary sucrose plus fructose as biomarker for total sugars, involves regression of potential biomarker on actual intake and other variables, with parameter stability across populations and limited within-person variability as criteria. The choice of criteria for biomarkers and for biomarker-calibrated intakes, is discussed here, in the context of total sugars intake. See related article by Freedman et al., p. 1227
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Hosseini, Zeinab, Susan J. Whiting, and Hassan Vatanparast. "Canadians’ Dietary Intake from 2007 to 2011 and across Different Sociodemographic/Lifestyle Factors Using the Canadian Health Measures Survey Cycles 1 and 2." Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2019 (February 5, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2831969.
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Background. Nutrition is an important factor that impacts health, yet in Canada, there have been only a few surveys reflecting dietary intakes. The Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) is a national survey that includes both food intake data as targeted questions and objective health measures. The aim of this research was to determine how food group intake data reported in CHMS is related to food group intakes from Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) (2004). A secondary objective was to examine the dietary status of Canadians across sociodemographic levels. Methods. The CHMS Cycles 1 and 2 food group intake data (meat and alternatives; milk products; grains; vegetables and fruits; dietary fat consumption; and beverages) of Canadians (6–79 years, n=11,387) were descriptively compared to previously reported intake of Canadians from CCHS 2.2 in 2004. Further, Canadians’ food intakes were assessed across sociodemographic characteristics. Results. The CHMS dietary intake data from vegetables and fruits and from milk products groups were similar to the dietary intake reported from CCHS 2.2. For the other food groups, the difference in intakes suggested CHMS data by FFQ were not complete. However, similar patterns in food intakes with regards to age/sex and income were observed in both surveys. Conclusion. Not all food groups measured in CHMS provide complete dietary intake data as compared to CCHS 2.2, yet CHMS food group intakes provide valuable information when it comes to evaluating dietary intake across different population groups.
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Ericson, U., E. Wirfält, I. Mattisson, B. Gullberg, and K. Skog. "Dietary intake of heterocyclic amines in relation to socio-economic, lifestyle and other dietary factors: estimates in a Swedish population." Public Health Nutrition 10, no. 6 (June 2007): 616–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980007352518.
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AbstractObjectivesTo estimate the dietary intakes of heterocyclic amines (HCAs), to examine the intakes in relation to socio-economics, lifestyle and other dietary factors and to compare the classification of subjects by intake of HCA versus intake of meat and fish.DesignCross-sectional analysis within the Malmö Diet and Cancer (MDC) cohort. Data were obtained from a modified diet history, a structured questionnaire on socio-economics and lifestyle, anthropometric measurements and chemical analysis of HCAs. HCA intake was cross-classified against meat and fish intake. The likelihood of being a high consumer of HCAs was estimated by logistic regression analysis. Dietary intakes were examined across quintiles of HCA intake using analysis of variance.SettingBaseline examinations conducted in 1991–1994 in Malmö, Sweden.SubjectsA sub-sample of 8599 women and 6575 men of the MDC cohort.ResultsThe mean daily HCA intake was 583 ng for women and 821 ng for men. Subjects were ranked differently with respect to HCA intake compared with intake of fried and baked meat and fish (κ = 0.13). High HCA intake was significantly associated with lower age, overweight, sedentary lifestyle and smoking. Intakes of dietary fibre, fruits and fermented milk products were negatively associated with HCA intake, while intakes of selenium, vegetables, potatoes, alcohol (among men) and non-milk-based margarines (among women) were positively associated with HCA intake.ConclusionsThe estimated daily HCA intake of 690 ng is similar to values obtained elsewhere. The present study suggests that lifestyle factors (e.g. smoking, physical activity, fruit and vegetable intakes, and types of milk products and margarines) may confound associations between HCA intake and disease. The poor correlation between HCA intake and intakes of fried meat and fish facilitates an isolation of the health effects of HCAs.
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Joudalová, K., and Z. Réblová. "Dietary intake of antioxidants in the Czech RepublicDietary." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 30, No. 3 (April 27, 2012): 268–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/176/2011-cjfs.
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The intake of extractable antioxidants in theCzech Republicwas studied using the FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant potential) method applied to water-methanol extracts. The daily intake of these antioxidants was 16.6 mmol generated Fe(II) for men and 15.0 mmol for women (i.e. 8300 and 7500 μmol Trolox equivalents). The largest sources of antioxidants were coffee (43.1% of overall intake for men and 54.6% for women) and beer (15% for men vs. 1.8% for women). Other significant sources of antioxidants were tea, vegetables and vegetable products (including potatoes and potato products), fruit and fruit products, cereal products, wine, sugars and sweets, spices and meat and meat products. Small amounts of antioxidants (less than 1.0% of overall intake) were supplied by nuts and seeds, milk and milk products and fats, while pulses, eggs and egg products, convenience foods and cheese were insignificant sources of antioxidants. Within the fruit and fruit products category, apples were the most significant source of extractable antioxidants, and in the vegetable and vegetable products category, peppers were the largest source of antioxidants.
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Mattisson, Irene, Elisabet Wirfält, Carin Andrén, Bo Gullberg, and Göran Berglund. "Dietary fat intake – food sources and dietary correlates in the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort." Public Health Nutrition 6, no. 6 (September 2003): 559–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2003474.
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AbstractObjectives:To identify food sources of fat, to compare food and nutrient intakes at different levels of relative fat intake, and to examine the contribution of different food groups to the variation in relative fat intake. Relative fat intake was expressed as energy contributed by fat in percentage of non-alcohol energy.Design:Cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study. An interview-based diet history method, a structured questionnaire and anthropometric measurements were used to obtain data. Analysis of variance compared food and nutrient intakes across quintiles of relative fat intake. Stepwise regression examined the contribution of food groups to the variation in relative fat intake.Setting:Baseline examinations were conducted between 1991 and 1996 in the city of Malmö, southern Sweden.Subjects:A sub-sample of 7055 women and 3240 men of the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort.Results:The major fat sources were dairy products, margarines, meat & meat products, and cakes & buns. Most plant foods, especially fruit, vegetables and breakfast cereals, were negatively associated with fat intake. Low fat consumers had significantly higher intakes of dietary fibre, vitamin C, β-carotene, folic acid, iron, zinc and calcium. Intakes of all types of fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins were positively associated with fat consumption.Conclusions:The results suggest that many food groups and nutrients may confound the associations between relative fat intake and disease. Plant foods, especially, are important to consider in studies of fat intake and disease risk.
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Cui, Zhixin, Haiyan Zhou, Ke Liu, Man Wu, Shun Li, Shuangli Meng, and Huicui Meng. "Dietary Copper and Selenium Intakes and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Findings from the China Health and Nutrition Survey." Nutrients 14, no. 10 (May 13, 2022): 2055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14102055.
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The long-term associations between dietary copper (Cu) and selenium (Se) intakes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk are unclear. We aimed to examine the prospective associations between dietary Cu and Se intakes and T2DM risk in Chinese adults. A total of 14,711 adults from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (1997–2015) were included. Nutrient intakes were assessed by 3 consecutive 24 h recalls and food-weighing methods. T2DM was identified by a validated questionnaire and laboratory examination. Cox regression models were used for statistical analysis. A total of 1040 T2DM cases were diagnosed during 147,142 person-years of follow-up. In fully adjusted models, dietary Cu or Se intake was not associated with T2DM risk. Dietary Se intake significantly modified the association between dietary Cu intake and T2DM risk, and dietary Cu intake was positively associated with T2DM risk when Se intake was lower than the median (p-interaction = 0.0292). There were no significant effect modifications on the associations by age, sex, BMI, or region. Although dietary Cu or Se intake was not independently associated with T2DM risk in Chinese adults free from cardiometabolic diseases and cancer at the baseline, there was a significant interaction between dietary Cu and Se intakes on T2DM risk.
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Looman, Moniek, Claudia van den Berg, Anouk Geelen, Rahul Samlal, Rik Heijligenberg, Jacqueline Klein Gunnewiek, Michiel Balvers, et al. "Supplement Use and Dietary Sources of Folate, Vitamin D, and n-3 Fatty Acids during Preconception: The GLIMP2 Study." Nutrients 10, no. 8 (July 25, 2018): 962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10080962.
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An adequate nutritional status during the preconception period is important, particularly for folate, vitamin D, and n-3 fatty acids (i.e., EPA+DHA). We aimed to determine supplement intake and the main dietary sources of folate, vitamin D, and EPA+DHA using the data of 66 Dutch women aged 18–40 years who wished to become pregnant. Additionally, associations of these intakes with their blood levels were examined. Dietary intake was assessed with a validated food frequency questionnaire, and supplement use with a structured questionnaire. 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were determined in serum and folate and phospholipid EPA+DHA levels in plasma. Partial Spearman’s correlations, restricted cubic splines and trend analyses over tertiles of nutrient intakes were performed to examine intake-status associations. A large proportion of women did not meet the Dutch recommended intakes of folate (50%), vitamin D (67%), and EPA+DHA (52%). Vegetables were the main contributor to dietary folate intake (25%), oils and fats to dietary vitamin D intake (39%), and fish to dietary EPA+DHA intake (69%). Fourteen percent of the women had an inadequate folate status and 23% an inadequate vitamin D status. Supplemental folate intake, supplemental and dietary vitamin D intake and dietary EPA+DHA intake were significantly associated with their blood levels. In conclusion, even in our highly educated population, a large proportion did not achieve recommended folate, vitamin D and n-3 fatty acid intakes. Promotion of folate and vitamin D supplement use and fish consumption is needed to improve intakes and blood levels of these nutrients in women who wish to become pregnant.
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Rodríguez-Bernal, Clara L., Rosa Ramón, Joan Quiles, Mario Murcia, Eva M. Navarrete-Muñoz, Jesús Vioque, Ferran Ballester, and Marisa Rebagliato. "Dietary intake in pregnant women in a Spanish Mediterranean area: as good as it is supposed to be?" Public Health Nutrition 16, no. 8 (August 9, 2012): 1379–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980012003643.
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AbstractObjectiveTo assess food and nutrient intakes and compliance with nutritional recommendations in pregnant women according to selected sociodemographic characteristics.DesignCross-sectional study based on data from the INMA-Valencia cohort (Spain), which recruited pregnant women between 2004 and 2005. Information on maternal sociodemographics and anthropometry was collected. Dietary intake was assessed through an FFQ. Intakes of foods were compared with Spanish food-based dietary guidelines. Intake inadequacy for nutrients was assessed using the Dietary Reference Intakes of the US Institute of Medicine.SettingValencia, Spain.SubjectsWe studied 822 pregnant women who had information on dietary intake during their first trimester of pregnancy.ResultsMore than 50 % of pregnant women did not meet the guidelines for cereals and legumes; reported intakes of carbohydrates, n-3 and n-6 fatty acids were below recommendations and exceeded the total fat intake according to dietary references. Dietary inadequacy for folate, Fe and vitamin E ranged from 99 % to 68 %. Vegetable intake was related to age only. Younger and less educated women showed lower intakes of protein and n-3 fatty acids and higher intakes of trans-fatty acids as well as greater inadequacy for micronutrients. Spanish women reported lower intakes of fruit and carbohydrates and higher intakes of protein, total fat, SFA, MUFA and n-3 fatty acids compared with their foreign-born counterparts.ConclusionsWomen in the studied area have inadequate intakes of several nutrients relevant during pregnancy. Age, education and country of origin are factors significantly related to dietary intake and adequacy.
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Nyuar, Kot B., AKH Khalil, and Michael A. Crawford. "Dietary intake of Sudanese women." Nutrition and Health 21, no. 2 (April 2012): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0260106012467244.
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Objectives: To determine the daily intake of essential micro- and macronutrients in Sudanese women, with specific focus on dietary fat and essential fatty acids, and compare the dietary intakes of internally displaced women with those of the non-displaced population. Methods: Dietary intakes of displaced southern ( n=44) and non-displaced southern ( n=30) and northern ( n=39) Sudanese women were obtained by single 24-hour recall method, and daily nutrient intakes were calculated using ‘Foodbase’ nutritional software. The displaced women were recruited from Mayo and Soba Aradi camps, south of Khartoum city; and non-displaced southern and northern Sudanese women were recruited from antenatal clinics, universities, hospitals and the community in Khartoum city and Omdurman, Sudan. Results: Carbohydrates provided over 60% of dietary energy for all the Sudanese women groups. The displaced women had significantly lower intake of energy (1744 ± 344 kcal/d), starch ( p<0.001) and carbohydrates (312 ± 11 g/d, p<0.01) than both non-displaced southern (1972 ± 229 kcal/d energy, 358 ± 56 g/d carbohydrates) and northern Sudanese women (1988 ± 226 kcal/d energy, 357 ± 56g/d carbohydrates). Fat intake was also lower in the displaced group (34.1 ± 11.9 g/d) than in the non-displaced counterpart (38.5 ± 10.2 g/d) ( p<0.05), but was not significantly different from northern Sudanese women (37.6 ± 10.6, p>0.05). Intakes of iodine (33.60–56.96 µg/d), zinc (7.12–9.92 mg/d), retinol (226.1–349.7 µg/d), riboflavin (0.44–0.70 mg/d) and docosahexaenoic acid (11.70–33.49 mg/d) amongst Sudanese women were very low compared with recommendations. Conclusion: The Sudanese diet was less diverse and differences in energy and nutrients intakes between groups were due to the amounts of food consumed. This view is supported by a lack of significant differences when intakes were expressed as proportion of whole energy between all groups of women.
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Wittekind, Anna, and Janette Walton. "Worldwide trends in dietary sugars intake." Nutrition Research Reviews 27, no. 2 (December 2014): 330–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954422414000237.
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Estimating trends in dietary intake data is integral to informing national nutrition policy and monitoring progress towards dietary guidelines. Dietary intake of sugars is a controversial public health issue and guidance in relation to recommended intakes is particularly inconsistent. Published data relating to trends in sugars intake are relatively sparse. The purpose of the present review was to collate and review data from national nutrition surveys to examine changes and trends in dietary sugars intake. Only thirteen countries (all in the developed world) appear to report estimates of sugars intake from national nutrition surveys at more than one point in time. Definitions of dietary sugars that were used include ‘total sugars’, ‘non-milk extrinsic sugars’, ‘added sugars’, sucrose' and ‘mono- and disaccharides’. This variability in terminology across countries meant that comparisons were limited to within countries. Hence trends in dietary sugars intake were examined by country for the whole population (where data permitted), and for specific or combined age and sex subpopulations. Findings indicate that in the majority of population comparisons, estimated dietary sugars intake is either stable or decreasing in both absolute (g/d) and relative (% energy) terms. An increase in sugars intake was observed in few countries and only in specific subpopulations. In conclusion, the findings from the present review suggest that, in the main, dietary sugars intake are decreasing or stable. A consistent approach to estimation of dietary sugars intake from national nutrition surveys is required if more valid estimates of changes in dietary sugars intakes are required in the future.
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Rutishauser, Ingrid HE. "Dietary intake measurements." Public Health Nutrition 8, no. 7a (October 2005): 1100–1107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2005798.
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AbstractObjectiveTo provide a concise summary of field and laboratory methods for the measurement of dietary intake with particular reference to the assessment of energy and protein intake and to the pitfalls and difficulties that may be encountered in practice when implementing the methods both in the field and under laboratory conditions.
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Koch-Henriksen, Nils, and Klaus Lauer. "Dietary sodium intake." Neurology 89, no. 13 (August 25, 2017): 1314–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000004426.
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Shepherd, Dick. "DIETARY SALT INTAKE." Nutrition & Food Science 85, no. 5 (May 1985): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb059082.
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Anderson, Richard A., Noella A. Bryden, and Marilyn M. Polansky. "Dietary chromium intake." Biological Trace Element Research 32, no. 1-3 (January 1992): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02784595.
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Becker, W., and D. Welten. "Under-reporting in dietary surveys – implications for development of food-based dietary guidelines." Public Health Nutrition 4, no. 2b (April 2001): 683–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2001154.
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AbstractObjective:To illustrate issues related to under-reporting in dietary surveys relevant for development of food-based dietary guidelinesSetting:Food and nutrient intakes in two national dietary surveys are analysed in relation to under-reporting using the concept of cut-off values for the ratio between energy intake and basal metabolic rate as well as biochemical markers of nutritional status.Results:Subjects with an implausibly low EI/BMR ratio had dietary patterns more close to recommended levels, e.g. lower fat intake and higher fibre intake, than those with acceptable energy intakes. Intakes of micronutrients were lower. This was due to both general and selective under-reporting of foods. Under-reporting was due to less frequent consumption, larger proportion of non consumers and smaller portion sizes. Low EI/BMR ratios did not influence the characterisation of protein and micronutrient intake of low and high consumers of fruit and vegetable intake.Conclusions:Under-reporting can influence the usefulness of dietary data as a tool for developing food-based dietary guidelines, and the extent of under-reporting should be assessed using appropriate methods.
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Du, Mengxi, Hanqi Luo, Jeffrey B. Blumberg, Gail Rogers, Fan Chen, Mengyuan Ruan, Zhilei Shan, Emily Biever, and Fang Fang Zhang. "Dietary Supplement Use among Adult Cancer Survivors in the United States." Journal of Nutrition 150, no. 6 (February 26, 2020): 1499–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxaa040.
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ABSTRACT Background Many cancer patients initiate dietary supplement use after cancer diagnosis. How dietary supplement use contributes to the total nutrient intake among cancer survivors as compared with individuals without cancer needs to be determined. Objectives We aimed to evaluate nutrient intakes from dietary supplements among cancer survivors in relation to their total nutrient intake and compare those with individuals without cancer. Methods We evaluated the prevalence, dose, and reason for using dietary supplements among 2772 adult cancer survivors and 31,310 individuals without cancer who participated in the NHANES 2003–2016. Results Cancer survivors reported a higher prevalence of any (70.4% vs. 51.2%) and multivitamin/mineral (48.9% vs. 36.6%) supplement use and supplement use of 11 individual vitamins and 8 minerals than individuals without cancer. Overall, cancer survivors had significantly higher amounts of nutrient intake from supplements but lower nutrient intakes from foods for the majority of the nutrients. Compared with individuals without cancer, cancer survivors had a higher percentage of individuals with inadequate intake (total nutrient intake <Estimated Average Requirement or Adequate Intake) for folate, vitamin B-6, niacin, calcium, copper, and phosphorus, due to lower intakes of these nutrients from foods. Cancer survivors also had a higher proportion of individuals with excess intake (total nutrient intake ≥Tolerable Upper Intake Level) for vitamin D, vitamin B-6, niacin, calcium, magnesium, and zinc, contributed by higher intakes of these nutrients from dietary supplements. Nearly half (46.1%) used dietary supplements on their own without consulting health care providers. Conclusions Cancer survivors reported a higher prevalence and dose of dietary supplement use but lower amounts of nutrient intake from foods than individuals without cancer. The inadequate nutrient intake from foods and the short-term and long-term health impact of dietary supplement use, especially at high doses, need to be further evaluated among cancer survivors.
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Beitz, R., GBM Mensink, B. Fischer, and M. Thamm. "Vitamins—dietary intake and intake from dietary supplements in Germany." European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56, no. 6 (May 24, 2002): 539–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601346.
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j. Raoof, Mohammed. "COMPARISON BETWEEN 2 DIFFERENT DIETARY INTAKE METHODS (7-DAY DIETARY WEIGHT RECORDS AND 24-HOUR DIETARY RECALL) AND DUPLICATE DIET METHOD RESULTS WITH REFERENCE NUTRIENT INTAKE (RNI)." Journal of Sulaimani Medical College 10, no. 3 (December 21, 2020): 315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/jsmc.10272.
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Koenig, Juergen, and Ibrahim Elmadfa. "Food-based dietary guidelines – the Austrian perspective." British Journal of Nutrition 81, S1 (June 1999): S31—S35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114599000860.
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Presently, no national dietary guidelines — neither food- nor nutrient-based — exist for Austria. Usually, the recommendations of the German Society of Nutrition are used instead. The determination of national characteristics of nutritional behaviour and food consumption can reveal starting-points for the improvement of nutritional status in Austria. Seven-day weighed records (children and adolescents, n = 2.173) and 24-h-recalls (adults, n = 2.488) were used for the evaluation of nutrient intake and food consumption. For a sub-sample of children and adolescents, results from laboratory assessment of biomarkers were also available (n = 1.400). Based on fat intake, the age groups were divided into low fat intake (less than 25th percentile = 28–34 % fat energy) and high-fat eaters (greater than 75th percentile = 38–45 % fat energy). Approximately 75 % of the Austrian population have fat intakes above 30 % of energy intake, older age groups having a higher prevalence of high fat intakes. Intakes of saturated fatty acids reach 40–46 % of total fat. The usual intake of dietary fibre in the Austrian population is between 17–21 g/d; some individuals are able to achieve the recommended intakes for dietary fibre, but do not represent a significant majority of the population. The mean intakes of fruits are clearly higher in children and adolescents (10 % of total food intake) than in adults (2–6 %). Differences in the intake of selected nutrients in foods between low and high fat consumers, unexpectedly, did not result in different plasma concentrations of cholesterol, nor did it result in differences in fat soluble vitamins. Therefore, one of the primary dietary guidelines for Austria should be the reduction of fat consumption, which is also associated with increasing intakes of fruits and vegetables, increasing intakes of dietary fibre and decreasing intakes of cholesterol.
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Sales, Cristiane H., Mariane de M. Fontanelli, Diva A. S. Vieira, Dirce M. Marchioni, and Regina M. Fisberg. "Inadequate dietary intake of minerals: prevalence and association with socio-demographic and lifestyle factors." British Journal of Nutrition 117, no. 2 (January 23, 2017): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114516004633.
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AbstractThis cross-sectional, population-based study aimed to estimate the prevalence of dietary mineral inadequacies among residents in urban areas of Sao Paulo, to identify foods contributing to mineral intake and to verify possible associations between socio-demographic and lifestyle factors and mineral intake. Data were obtained from the 2008 Health Survey of Sao Paulo (n 1511; mean age 43·6 (sd 23·2), range 14–97 years). Dietary intake of minerals was measured using two 24-h dietary recalls. Socio-demographic and lifestyle data were collected. The prevalence of inadequate intake was estimated according to Dietary Reference Intakes methods. Associations between mineral intake and baseline factors were determined using multiple linear regression. Na, Ca and Mg showed the highest dietary inadequacies. Some age/sex groups had lower intakes of P, Zn, Cu and Se. Rice, beans and bread were the main foods contributing towards mineral intake. Female sex was negatively associated with K, Na, P, Mg, Zn and Mn intakes. All age groups were positively associated with the intakes of K, P, Mg and Mn. Family income above one minimum wage was positively associated with Se intake. Living in a household whose head completed ≥10 years of education was positively associated with Ca and negatively associated with Na intake. Former smoker status was negatively associated with Ca intake. Current smoker status was inversely associated with K, Ca, P and Cu intakes. Sufficient physical activity was positively associated with K, Ca and Mg intakes. Overall, the intakes of all major minerals were inadequate and were influenced by socio-demographic and lifestyle factors.
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Zhao, Yajie, and Tetsuya Araki. "Evaluation of Disparities in Adults’ Macronutrient Intake Status: Results from the China Health and Nutrition 2011 Survey." Nutrients 13, no. 9 (August 30, 2021): 3044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13093044.
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Little is known about the macronutrient intake status of adult Chinese people. This cross-sectional study assessed the macronutrient intake status of adults (aged ≥20 years) by comparing their intake level of macronutrients against the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI). It further explored the associations between macronutrient intake status and age groups, genders, education levels, smoking status, drinking frequency, social classes, knowledge of Chinese Dietary Guidelines 2016 (CDGs), healthy diet priorities, and areas (urban and rural) within two regions (northern and southern). The analysis includes the dietary intake data of 7860 Chinese adults, with complete data entries in the China Health and Nutrition 2011 survey. Dietary data were obtained through the 24 h recall method. More than half had carbohydrate intake below the recommended level of intake, and more than half had fat intake above the recommended level of intake. There were significant associations between three macronutrient intakes and education levels, social classes, healthy diet priorities, areas, and regions. Disparities in macronutrient consumptions revealed geographical and socioeconomic variations in dietary patterns, as well as risks for many different noncommunicable diseases. Public health and nutrition interventions should take notice of regional differences in dietary intake and place more emphasis on vulnerable populations including women, rural residents, and people with lower education level.
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Burkholder-Cooley, Nasira, Sujatha Rajaram, Ella Haddad, Gary E. Fraser, and Karen Jaceldo-Siegl. "Comparison of polyphenol intakes according to distinct dietary patterns and food sources in the Adventist Health Study-2 cohort." British Journal of Nutrition 115, no. 12 (April 15, 2016): 2162–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114516001331.
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AbstractEvidence suggests a relationship between polyphenol intake and health benefits. Polyphenol intake among a large US cohort with diverse dietary practices ranging from meatless to omnivorous diets has not been previously evaluated. The primary aim of this study was to compare polyphenol intakes of several vegetarian and non-vegetarian dietary patterns and to assess phenolic intake by food source. To characterise dietary intake, a FFQ was administered to 77 441 participants of the Adventist Health Study-2. Dietary patterns were defined based on the absence of animal food consumption as vegan, lacto-ovo-vegetarian, pesco-vegetarian, semi-vegetarian and non-vegetarian. Polyphenol intakes were calculated based on chromatography-derived polyphenol content data of foods from Phenol-Explorer, US Department of Agriculture databases and relevant literature. Results revealed a mean unadjusted total polyphenol intake of 801 (sd 356) mg/d, and the main foods contributing to polyphenol intakes were coffee, fruits and fruit juices. Total polyphenol intake differed significantly between dietary patterns, with phenolic acids from coffee contributing the greatest variation. The dominant classes and sources of dietary polyphenols differed between vegetarian and non-vegetarian diets. Flavonoid intake was the highest among pesco-vegetarians, and phenolic acid intake was the highest among non-vegetarians. In addition, coffee consumers appeared to have a different dietary profile than non-coffee consumers, including greatly reduced contribution of fruits, vegetables and legumes to total phenolic intake. Coffee drinkers were more likely to be non-vegetarians, which explained several of these observations. Further evaluating these differences may be important in identifying relationships between plant-based diets and health outcomes.
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Xu, Xiaoyue, Julie E. Byles, Zumin Shi, and John J. Hall. "Evaluation of older Chinese people's macronutrient intake status: results from the China Health and Nutrition Survey." British Journal of Nutrition 113, no. 1 (November 13, 2014): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114514003444.
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Little is known about the macronutrient intake status of older Chinese people. The present study evaluated the macronutrient intake status of older Chinese people (aged ≥ 60 years), investigated whether they had intake levels that met the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI), and explored the associations between macronutrient intakes and age groups, sex, education levels, work status, BMI groups, urbanicity levels and four socio-economic regions of China (Northeast, East Coast, Central and Western). Dietary intake data of 2746 older Chinese with complete dietary intake data in the Longitudinal China Health and Nutrition Survey (2009 wave) carried out across four diverse regions were analysed. Dietary intake data were obtained by interviews using 24 h recalls over three consecutive days. The MUFA:SFA ratios were calculated based on the Chinese Food Composition Table. Less than one-third of the older Chinese people included in the present study had intake levels meeting the adequate intake for carbohydrate-energy and fat-energy; less than one-fifth had intake levels meeting the recommended nutrient intake for protein-energy; and more than half of the older people had fat-energy intakes higher than the DRI. There were strong associations between the proportions of energy from the three macronutrients and education levels, urbanicity levels and the four socio-economic regions of China, with older people living in the East Coast region having different patterns of macronutrient-energy intakes when compared with those living in the other three regions. Macronutrient intakes across different urbanicity levels in the four regions revealed considerable geographical variations in dietary patterns, which will affect the risk factors for non-communicable diseases. Clinical interventions and public health policies should recognise these regional differences in dietary patterns.
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Dunshea, F. R., P. J. Eason, R. G. Campbell, and R. H. King. "Interrelationships between dietary ractopamine,energy intake, and sex in pigs." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 49, no. 4 (1998): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a97106.
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A major constraint to protein deposition in the pig is energy intake. Ractopamine (RAC) isa b-agonist which has been shown to increase protein deposition under both ad libitum and restrictive feeding regimes. To assess the interactions between energy intake, sex, and dietary RAC, 104 crossbred pigs (52 boars and 52 gilts) were used in a slaughter-balance experiment conducted over the growth phase of 60-90 kg liveweight. To obtain initial body composition, 4 pigs of each sex were slaughtered at 60 kg. The remaining 96 pigs were allocated to a 2 6 2 factorial experiment. The respective factors were sex (boar or gilt), dietary digestible energy (DE) intake (21·2, 24·7, 28·2, 32·7, 36·7MJ DE/day and ad libitum), and dietary RAC (0 and 20 mg/kg of ractopamine.HCl). Average daily gain increased with DE intake and was faster for boars than gilts. Dietary RAC increased averagedaily gain in both boars and gilts independent of DE intake. Neither dietary RAC nor sex had any effect on ad libitum feed intakes while effects on feed : gain ratio reciprocated growth rates. Protein deposition increased with DE intake and was higher in boars than in gilts. Although protein deposition was increased by dietary RAC in both boars and gilts across the range of DE intakes investigated,ad libitum feed intakes were necessary to maximise protein deposition. Fat deposition increased with DE intake and was greater in gilts than in boars. Whereas dietary RAC had no effect on the rateof fat deposition or backfat depths, the fat content of the empty body was lower due to increased protein deposition and lower fat : protein ratio. Dietary RAC improves growth performance and carcass composition in both boars and gilts independent of DE intake. However, ad libitum feed intakes maybe necessary if responses are to be maximised.
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Mutuli, Lucy Amanya, Peter Bukhala, and Gordon Nguka. "Dietary Intake Patterns of Alcoholics; A Case Study of Selected Rehabilitation Centers in Kenya." International Journal of Nutrition 5, no. 4 (October 6, 2020): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2379-7835.ijn-20-3377.
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Introduction Sub-optimal dietary intake patterns have a major detrimental impact on the nutritional status of an alcoholic. These patterns exacerbate the status of alcoholism and the functioning of the alcoholic’s body. Objective This study aimed to examine alcoholic’s dietary intake patterns. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 204 alcoholics undergoing alcohol rehabilitation in selected rehabilitation centers. A 24 hour food recall and food frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary intake of the respondents. Factor analysis of food items and groups, cluster analysis of dietary intake patterns, and multivariate regressions were carried out. Results Three dietary intake patterns were identified among alcoholics namely a low calorie intake (described mainly by consumption of plant-based foods); a composite intake (distinguished by adequate consumption of both plant-based and animal-based foods) and a high calorie intake (characterized by high consumption of animal-based foods). Conclusion Optimal dietary intake promotion programs are needed to address the dietary intakes of recuperating alcoholics under rehabilitation to help prevent malnutrition and other associated comorbidities.
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Giordani, Elisa, Michela Marinoni, Federica Fiori, Federica Concina, Luca Ronfani, Patrizia Dalmin, Fabio Barbone, Valeria Edefonti, and Maria Parpinel. "Adherence to Dietary Recommendations of 7-Year-Old Children from a Birth Cohort in Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italy." Nutrients 14, no. 3 (January 25, 2022): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14030515.
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Few Italian and European studies have assessed adherence to dietary recommendations in primary school children using dietary records. No Italian studies have provided an index-based nutritional adequacy assessment. We provided a comprehensive overview of dietary intake in 381 7-year-old children from NAC-II cohort study, Friuli Venezia Giulia (Italy). Energy, macro-, and micronutrient intakes were derived from 3-day dietary records. Standard (median and percentage) and index-based (Nutrient Adequacy Ratio (NAR) and Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR)) approaches were used to evaluate adequacy to Italian dietary reference values at nutrient- and overall-diet-level. Percentage contribution of macronutrients to energy intake (%En) was unbalanced towards total fats and protein. In 25% of children, total fats intake exceeded the reference intake upper limit. In ~63% of children, protein intake was at least doubled in their child-specific population reference intake. Median intakes of sodium (1.7 g/day), saturated fatty acids (12.2 %En), and soluble carbohydrates (19.4 %En) exceeded the suggested dietary target in most (65–84%) children. Inadequacy was also observed for micronutrients, with median NARs ranging from 0.11 (vitamin D) to 0.90 (zinc). The median MAR was 0.75 (0.69–0.79), with 1 indicating optimal overall dietary intake. In conclusion, the enrolled children showed suboptimal intakes of several macro- and micronutrients, in line with Italian and European studies on primary school children. Based on the current findings, public health interventions may be targeted to specific nutrients or subpopulations.
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Barr, Susan I. "Introduction to Dietary Reference Intakes." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 31, no. 1 (February 1, 2006): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h05-019.
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Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are nutrient reference standards used for planning and assessing the diets of apparently healthy Canadians and Americans. The development of DRIs reflects a joint initiative by the United States and Canada to update, expand on, and replace the former Recommended Nutrient Intakes for Canadians and Recommended Dietary Allowances for Americans. DRIs include the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), Adequate Intake (AI), and Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). The EAR is the average daily intake level that meets the requirement of 50% of healthy individuals in a life stage and gender group, whereas the RDA is set at a level that will meet the requirements of almost all (97%-98%) individuals in that life stage and gender group. An AI is a recommended intake level that is thought to meet the needs of almost all healthy individuals, and is set when there are insufficient data to establish an EAR (and therefore an RDA). The UL represents a threshold above which adverse effects of excessive intake may increase. In addition to these DRIs, macro nutrients have an Acceptable Macro nutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) and, for energy, an Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) is described.Key words: nutrient reference standards, nutrient requirements, nutrient toxicity.
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Huang, Kun, Dongmei Yu, Qiya Guo, Yuxiang Yang, Xiaoqi Wei, Liyun Zhao, and Hongyun Fang. "Validation of the MSM and NCI Method for Estimating the Usual Intake of Nutrients and Food According to Four Seasons of Seven Consecutive Daily 24 Hour Dietary Recalls in Chinese Adults." Nutrients 14, no. 3 (January 19, 2022): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14030445.
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The Multiple Source Method (MSM) and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) method are used to estimate usual dietary intake from short-term dietary assessment instruments, such as 24 hour dietary recall (24-HRs). However, their performance has not been validated in the Chinese population via nutrition surveys. To validate the accuracy of the MSM and NCI method in estimating usual dietary intake in the Chinese population, 752 individuals from northern and southern China answered four seasons of seven consecutive 24-HRs (one for each season). The true usual dietary intake was considered as the average of the 28 collection days of dietary component intake. Using data sets with consecutive 3 collection days, the usual intakes of the selected dietary components were estimated by MSM, NCI and the within-person mean of three 24-HRs (3 day method). These estimates were compared with the true usual intake at the group and individual level. At the group level, the MSM and NCI method performed similarly, yielding estimates closer to the true usual intake than 3 day method. The percentage differences of the estimates for dietary components not consumed daily from the MSM and NCI method were larger than for the dietary components consumed daily. However, the larger percentage differences were observed in the tail of the usual intake distribution. In general, dietary components with larger variance ratios had greater percentage differences. At the individual level, for overall seasons and dietary components, the biases of individual usual intake did agree for MSM and NCI method, whereas NCI method estimates were closer to true intakes than for the MSM and 3 day method. Similar results were observed in the relative biases of dietary components consumed daily. As with the group level, there was less percentage difference in dietary components consumed daily. Both the MSM and NCI method can be used to estimate usual intake in Chinese populations and are closer to the true usual intake than the traditional mean method, at both group and individual levels.
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Correa-Rodríguez, María, Sara DelOlmo-Romero, Gabriela Pocovi-Gerardino, José-Luis Callejas-Rubio, Raquel Ríos-Fernández, Norberto Ortego-Centeno, and Blanca Rueda-Medina. "Dietary Sodium, Potassium, and Sodium to Potassium Ratio in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus." Biological Research For Nursing 24, no. 2 (January 3, 2022): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10998004211065491.
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Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between dietary sodium, potassium, and sodium:potassium ratio and clinical disease activity parameters, damage accrual, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in a population of patients with systemic lupus erythematous (SLE). Research design and study sample: A cross-sectional study including a total of 280 patients was conducted (90.4% females; mean age 46.9 ± 12.85 years). Data collection: The SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI-2K) and the SDI Damage Index were used to assess disease activity and disease-related damage, respectively. A 24-hour diet recall was used to estimate dietary intake of sodium and potassium. Results: Dietary sodium intake was significantly associated with anti-dsDNA ( β = −.005; 95% CI [.002 .008]; p = .001) and complement C4 level ( β = −.002; 95% CI [−.003, .000]; p = .039). Dietary potassium intake was also significantly associated with complement C3 level ( β = −.004; 95% CI [−.007, −.001]; p = .021). Multiple logistic regression models revealed a positive association between dietary sodium intake and the risk of having hsCRP > 3 ( p = .005) and an inverse association between dietary potassium intake and the risk of having hsCRP > 3 ( p = .004). Conclusions: SLE patients with higher dietary sodium and lower dietary potassium intakes had an increased risk of higher hsCRP. Dietary sodium intake was significantly associated with anti-dsDNA and complement C4 level, while dietary potassium intake was associated with complement C3 level, supporting that dietary sodium and potassium intakes might play a key role in markers related to disease activity in SLE patients.
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Gregorič, Matej, Katja Zdešar Kotnik, Igor Pigac, and Mojca Gabrijelčič Blenkuš. "A Web-Based 24-H Dietary Recall Could Be a Valid Tool for the Indicative Assessment of Dietary Intake in Older Adults Living in Slovenia." Nutrients 11, no. 9 (September 16, 2019): 2234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11092234.
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The methodology used in dietary surveys could, to a large extent, follow the instructions of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), where 24-h dietary recall (24HDR) is recommended for (sub) population studies. However, it is necessary to examine the suitability of 24HDR for indicative dietary intake in older adults. This study aimed to compare participants’ dietary intakes with the recommendations and to compare dietary intakes derived from a 24HDR using an OPEN web-based application to those obtained from reference weighed food records (WFRs). Forty-nine Slovenian residential home residents completed both assessments, and a comparison with dietary reference values was performed. Estimates from these two methods were compared and the correlations between them were assessed. The findings revealed that dietary intakes derived from the WFR method mostly differed from the recommended intakes. The 24HDR underestimated dietary intake compared to the WFR for 66% of monitored parameters, while 75% of these parameters were correlated, mostly at a moderate level (0.3–0.69). In conclusion, the diets of residential home residents in this study mostly differed from recommendations. Both methods for dietary intake assessment provided comparable results for most of the monitored parameters in expected deviations. A web-based 24HDR could be a valid tool for the indicative assessment of dietary intake in older adults. However, further validations are required.
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Collins, Rebecca A., Bradley Baker, Daisy H. Coyle, Megan E. Rollo, and Tracy L. Burrows. "Dietary Assessment Methods in Military and Veteran Populations: A Scoping Review." Nutrients 12, no. 3 (March 14, 2020): 769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12030769.
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Optimal dietary intake is important for the health and physical performance of military personnel. For military veterans, the complex nature of transition into civilian life and sub-optimal dietary intake is a leading contributor to the increased burden of disease. A scoping review was undertaken to determine what is known about the assessment and reporting of dietary intakes within both military and veteran populations. In addition, this review determines if studies reporting on the dietary intake of military personnel or veterans include comparisons with dietary guidelines. Six databases were searched to identify papers published from the database inception to April 2019. Observational and intervention studies were searched to identify if they assessed and reported whole dietary intake data, reported data exclusively for a military or veteran population, and included only healthy populations. A total of 89 studies were included. The majority of studies used one dietary assessment method (n = 76, 85%) with fewer using multiple methods (n = 13, 15%). The most frequent methodology used was food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) (n = 40, 45%) followed by 24-hour recalls (n = 8, 9%) and food records (n = 8, 9%). The main dietary outcomes reported were macronutrients: carbohydrate, protein, fat, and alcohol (n = 66, 74%) with total energy intake reported in n = 59 (66%). Fifty four (61%) studies reported a comparison with country-specific dietary guidelines and 14 (16%) reported a comparison with the country-specific military guidelines. In conclusion, dietary intake in military settings is most commonly assessed via FFQs and 24-hour recalls. Dietary intake reporting is mainly focused around intakes of energy and macronutrients. Most studies compare against dietary guidelines, however, comparison to specific military dietary guidelines is minimal.
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Korczak, Renee, and Joanne L. Slavin. "Definitions, regulations, and new frontiers for dietary fiber and whole grains." Nutrition Reviews 78, Supplement_1 (July 30, 2020): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuz061.
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Abstract The aim of this article is to review the definitions and regulations for dietary fiber and whole grains worldwide and to discuss barriers to meeting recommended intake levels. Plant foods, such as whole grains, that are rich in dietary fiber are universally recommended in dietary guidance. Foods rich in dietary fiber are recommended for all, but dietary recommendations for whole grains and dietary fiber depend on definitions and regulations. Official recommendations for dietary fiber in the United States and Canada are denoted by dietary reference intakes (DRIs), which are developed by the Institute of Medicine. An adequate intake (AI) for dietary fiber was based on prospective cohort studies of dietary fiber intake and cardiovascular disease risk that found 14 grams of dietary fiber per 1000 kilocalories protected against cardiovascular disease (CVD). This value was used to set AIs for dietary fiber across the life cycle based on recommended calorie intakes. Actual intakes of dietary fiber are generally about half of the recommended levels. Recommendations for whole grain intake are equally challenging, as definitions for whole grain foods are needed to set recommendations. The 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommended that half of all grain servings be whole grains, but usual intakes are generally less than 1 serving per day, rather than the recommended 3 servings per day. Scientific support for whole grain recommendations is based on the same prospective cohort studies and links to CVD protection used to inform dietary fiber guidance. Thus, dietary fiber is a recommended nutrient and whole grains are a recommended dietary pattern in dietary guidance in North America and around the world. Challenges for attaining recommended intakes of dietary fiber and whole grains include low-carbohydrate diets, low-gluten diets, and public health recommendations to avoid processed foods.
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Murakami, Kentaro, M. Barbara E. Livingstone, Satoshi Sasaki, and Kazuhiro Uenishi. "Ability of self-reported estimates of dietary sodium, potassium and protein to detect an association with general and abdominal obesity: comparison with the estimates derived from 24 h urinary excretion." British Journal of Nutrition 113, no. 8 (March 18, 2015): 1308–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114515000495.
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As under-reporting of dietary intake, particularly by overweight and obese subjects, is common in dietary surveys, biases inherent in the use of self-reported dietary information may distort true diet–obesity relationships or even create spurious ones. However, empirical evidence of this possibility is limited. The present cross-sectional study compared the relationships of 24 h urine-derived and self-reported intakes of Na, K and protein with obesity. A total of 1043 Japanese women aged 18–22 years completed a 24 h urine collection and a self-administered diet history questionnaire. After adjustment for potential confounders, 24 h urine-derived Na intake was associated with a higher risk of general obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) and abdominal obesity (waist circumference ≥ 80 cm; both P for trend = 0·04). For 24 h urine-derived protein intake, positive associations with general and abdominal obesity were observed (P for trend = 0·02 and 0·053, respectively). For 24 h urine-derived K intake, there was an inverse association with abdominal obesity (P for trend = 0·01). Conversely, when self-reported dietary information was used, only inverse associations between K intake and general and abdominal obesity were observed (P for trend = 0·04 and 0·02, respectively), with no associations of Na or protein intake. In conclusion, we found positive associations of Na and protein intakes and inverse associations of K intake with obesity when using 24 h urinary excretion for estimating dietary intakes. However, no association was observed based on using self-reported dietary intakes, except for inverse association of K intake, suggesting that the ability of self-reported dietary information using the diet history questionnaire for investigating diet–obesity relationships is limited.
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Alexy, Ute, Mathilde Kersting, and Verena Schultze-Pawlitschko. "Two approaches to derive a proposal for added sugars intake for German children and adolescents." Public Health Nutrition 6, no. 7 (October 2003): 697–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2003476.
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AbstractObjective:Intake of sugars is restricted in most international food guides. However, in recent recommendations quantified limits of added sugars intake have not been given, although deemed necessary by those who criticised the recommendations.Design:Two approaches to derive a scientifically based quantified limit of added sugars intake for German children and adolescents are suggested. For the first dietary survey approach, 5120 three-day weighed dietary records from the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) Study were used. Added sugars intakes in records of high vs. low dietary quality, measured by a nutrient intake score, were compared. For the second approach, a total dietary concept for German children and adolescents developed and evaluated by the Research Institute of Child Nutrition – the Optimised Mixed Diet – was used.Results:Whereas in the latter dietary concept an added sugars intake of about 6% of energy intake is tolerated, the dietary survey approach resulted in only small differences between high and low dietary quality, with a median added sugars intake of 12% of energy in records with high dietary quality.Conclusions:A reasonable dietary quality is possible within higher ranges of added sugars intake than derived from the dietary concept approach. Therefore we suggest a range of intake of added sugars for German children and adolescents, from 6% to 12% of energy.
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Lairon, Denis, Sandrine Bertrais, Stephanie Vincent, Nathalie Arnault, Pilar Galan, Marie-Christine Boutron, and Serge Hercberg. "Dietary fibre intake and clinical indices in the French Supplementation en Vitamines et Minéraux AntioXydants (SU.VI.MAX) adult cohort." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 62, no. 1 (February 2003): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2002210.
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The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between dietary fibre intake and some clinical indices, blood biochemical variables and the incidence of cardiovascular disease and cancers in France, taking advantage of an ongoing cohort, the Supplementation en Vitamines et Minéraux AntioXydants (SU.VI.MAX) intervention study. This preliminary report provides data on dietary fibre intake in this French adult population group of 4080 subjects (2168 men and 1912 women) aged 45–65 years at inclusion. The data obtained for fibre intake indicate that most men and women have low to moderate intakes of total dietary fibre (mean 21·0 and 17·1 g/d respectively), with only 21% of the men and 7% of the women having total dietary fibre intakes at the recommended level (i.e. >25 g/d) and soluble fibre accounting for 19% of the total dietary fibre intake for both genders. The main food sources of dietary fibre are cereals (30–35% total), vegetables (20–24% total) and fruit (19–22% total). No marked regional differences were observed within France. The highest dietary fibre intakes have been found to be associated with a lower BMI, blood systolic pressure, plasma triacylglycerols and plasma glucose in men and lower BMI in women. Overall, these data support the concept of a beneficial effect of a high dietary fibre intake on cardiovascular disease risk.
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Ashton, Lee M., Philip J. Morgan, Jacqueline A. Grounds, Myles D. Young, Anna T. Rayward, Alyce T. Barnes, Emma R. Pollock, Stevie-Lee Kennedy, Kristen L. Saunders, and Clare E. Collins. "Dietary Outcomes of the ‘Healthy Youngsters, Healthy Dads’ Randomised Controlled Trial." Nutrients 13, no. 10 (September 22, 2021): 3306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13103306.
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(1) Background: The effect of fathers on dietary intake in preschool-aged children is under-explored. The aims were to: (i) evaluate the efficacy of a family-based lifestyle intervention, Healthy Youngsters, Healthy Dads, on change in dietary intake in fathers and their preschool-aged children post-intervention (10 weeks) and at 9 months follow-up compared to a waitlist control group and (ii) investigate associations in father–child dietary intakes. (2) Methods: Linear mixed models estimated group-by-time effects for all dietary outcomes, measured by food frequency questionnaires. Cohen’s d determined effect sizes, while correlation tests determined associations in father–child dietary intakes. (3) Results: For children, medium group-by-time effects sizes were identified at 10 weeks for sodium intake (d = 0.38) and percentage energy from core foods (d = 0.43), energy-dense, nutrient-poor (EDNP) foods (d = 0.43) and prepacked snacks (d = 0.45). These findings were sustained at 9 months follow-up. For fathers, medium to large, group-by-time effect sizes were identified at 10 weeks for energy intake (d = 0.55), sodium intake (d = 0.64) and percentage energy from core foods (d = 0.49), EDNP foods (d = 0.49), and confectionary (d = 0.36). For all of these dietary variables, except sodium, effects were sustained at 9 months. Moderate to strong associations existed in father–child dietary intakes for some of the dietary variables. (4) Conclusions: Although further research is required, this study provides preliminary support for targeting fathers as agents of change to improve dietary intakes in their preschool-aged children.
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Jovita, Leon, Sonali Sarkar, Debdatta Basu, Nivedita Nanda, Noyal Mariya Joseph, and Sreeja Manghat. "Dietary Intake and Nutritional Status of Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Puducherry, South India." Journal of Nutrition Research 10, no. 1 (December 15, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.55289/jnutres/v10i1_22.17.
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A bidirectional relationship exists between tuberculosis (TB) and nutrition. To examine the dietary intakes of tuberculosis (TB) patients and to identify the factors associated with dietary deficiencies. In this cross-sectional study, 173 newly diagnosed sputum smear-positive TB patients, and taking treatment in the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) were included. Nutrient intakes were evaluated through one day 24-h dietary recall and compared with the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). Data on dietary intake was analyzed using DietSoft software. The mean (SD) age of the study participants was 45.5 (18.7) years with majority male (73.4%). More than one-third (35.3%) didn’t receive any formal education and 28% were unemployed. Nearly half (47%) had diabetes mellitus, 45.1% were alcoholics, 39.3% were smokers, and 36% underweight. The mean (SD) daily intake of energy was 1414.33 (458.45) kcal and the median (Interquartile Range) of protein was 43.15 (30.00-60.26) gms. The daily energy and protein intake were lower than the national guidelines for RDA. The intake of micronutrients was found to be much lower than recommended. The intake of macronutrients and selected micronutrients in TB patients were grossly inadequate. Along with vitamin supplementation, dietary counseling also is needed in this population. Keywords: Dietary intake, Nutritional status, Risk behaviors, Tuberculosis
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Yu, Evan Y. W., Anke Wesselius, Siamak Mehrkanoon, Maree Brinkman, Piet van den Brandt, Emily White, Elisabete Weiderpass, et al. "Grain and dietary fiber intake and bladder cancer risk: a pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 112, no. 5 (August 10, 2020): 1252–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa215.
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ABSTRACT Background Higher intakes of whole grains and dietary fiber have been associated with lower risk of insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and inflammation, which are known predisposing factors for cancer. Objectives Because the evidence of association with bladder cancer (BC) is limited, we aimed to assess associations with BC risk for intakes of whole grains, refined grains, and dietary fiber. Methods We pooled individual data from 574,726 participants in 13 cohort studies, 3214 of whom developed incident BC. HRs, with corresponding 95% CIs, were estimated using Cox regression models stratified on cohort. Dose–response relations were examined using fractional polynomial regression models. Results We found that higher intake of total whole grain was associated with lower risk of BC (comparing highest with lowest intake tertile: HR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.77, 0.98; HR per 1-SD increment: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.91, 0.99; P for trend: 0.023). No association was observed for intake of total refined grain. Intake of total dietary fiber was also inversely associated with BC risk (comparing highest with lowest intake tertile: HR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.76, 0.98; HR per 1-SD increment: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.82, 0.98; P for trend: 0.021). In addition, dose–response analyses gave estimated HRs of 0.97 (95% CI: 0.95, 0.99) for intake of total whole grain and 0.96 (95% CI: 0.94, 0.98) for intake of total dietary fiber per 5-g daily increment. When considered jointly, highest intake of whole grains with the highest intake of dietary fiber showed 28% reduced risk (95% CI: 0.54, 0.93; P for trend: 0.031) of BC compared with the lowest intakes, suggesting potential synergism. Conclusions Higher intakes of total whole grain and total dietary fiber are associated with reduced risk of BC individually and jointly. Further studies are needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms for these findings.
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Walton, Michelle, and Ieva Alaunyte. "Do patients living with ulcerative colitis adhere to healthy eating guidelines? A cross-sectional study." British Journal of Nutrition 112, no. 10 (September 24, 2014): 1628–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114514002074.
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Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease that causes gastrointestinal lesions, bleeding, diarrhoea and nutritional complications. Insufficient nutrient intake can additionally deteriorate nutritional status. The present cross-sectional study aimed to determine whether UC patients adhere to national dietary guidelines and to assess their dietary habits. An online questionnaire (n 93) was used to assess health-related conditions, current nutritional knowledge, professional dietary guidance and food avoidance. A 24 h dietary recall (n 81) was used to assess nutrient intakes, which were then compared with the national recommended intake values. The results showed that the nutritional knowledge of participants was limited with unofficial sources being used, including websites. Numerous food groups, predominantly fibre-rich foods and fruit and vegetables, were largely avoided by the participants. Almost half of the study population eliminated foods such as dairy products to alleviate symptoms, possibly unnecessarily. Energy intakes were significantly (P< 0·05) lower than the national recommended intake values in women aged 18–65 years and men aged 18–60 years. Fat intake exceeded the national recommended intake values (P< 0·0001), at the expense of carbohydrate and fibre intakes, which were significantly (P< 0·005) lower than the national recommended intake values. Protein intake was significantly high in women aged 19–50 years (P< 0·00) and men aged 19–50 years (P< 0·005). Vitamin C, vitamin B12 and Ca intake levels were overachieved by all participants (P< 0·001), while women aged 19–50 years did not achieve their dietary Fe reference nutrient intake levels (P< 0·001). Osteopaenia, osteoporosis and anaemia were reported by 12, 6 and 31 % of the participants, respectively. Findings indicate that food avoidance may contribute to nutrient deficiencies in UC patients. Low intakes of these food groups, especially during remission, are preventing patients from adhering to dietary guidelines.
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Alzaheb, Riyadh A., Norah Alatawi, Khawla A. Daoud, and Naema Altawil. "Assessment of the Dietary Intakes of 6- and 12-Month-Old Infants in Saudi Arabia." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 87, no. 1-2 (March 2017): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000250.
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Abstract.Background: Establishing understanding of infants’ dietary intakes can support interventions to improve their diets and overall health. Because information on the dietary intakes of infants aged ≤12 months in Saudi Arabia is scarce, this study examined the diets of infants aged 6 and 12 months in Saudi Arabia and determined their main dietary sources of total energy and macronutrients. Methods: A crosssectional dietary survey employing a single 24-hour recall was performed between May and December 2015 with a sample of mothers of 278 healthy 6-month-old and 259 12-month-old infants. An analysis of the dietary intake data determined the nutrient intake adequacy and the percentage contributions of foods to energy and macronutrient intakes. Results: The respective mean daily energy intakes of the 6-month-old and 12-month-old infants in the study were 703 kcal and 929 kcal. Both age groups recorded adequate nutrient intakes, with the exception that the 6-month-olds’ mean vitamin D intake fell below the recommended Adequate Intake (AI), and the 12-month-olds’ intakes of omega-6 fatty acids and vitamin D were also below the AI, along with their iron intake which fell short of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). Conclusion: The data generated here will assist health professionals in planning interventions which aim to improve infants’ diets and to offer guidance to parents on the appropriate selection of food for their infants.
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Seljak, Barbara Koroušić, Eva Valenčič, Hristo Hristov, Maša Hribar, Živa Lavriša, Anita Kušar, Katja Žmitek, et al. "Inadequate Intake of Dietary Fibre in Adolescents, Adults, and Elderlies: Results of Slovenian Representative SI. Menu Study." Nutrients 13, no. 11 (October 27, 2021): 3826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13113826.
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Dietary fibre has proven to promote healthy body mass and reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases. To date, in Slovenia, there were only a few outdated studies of dietary fibre intake; therefore, we explored the dietary fibre intake using food consumption data collected in the SI.Menu project. Following the EU Menu methodology, data were collected on representative samples of adolescents, adults, and elderlies using a general questionnaire, a food propensity questionnaire, and two 24 h recalls. The results indicate that the intake of dietary fibre in Slovenia is lower than recommended. The proportion of the population with inadequate fibre intakes (<30 g/day) was 90.6% in adolescents, 89.6% in adults, and 83.9% in elderlies, while mean daily fibre intakes were 19.5, 20.9, and 22.4 g, respectively. Significant determinants for inadequate dietary fibre intake were sex in adolescents and adults, and body mass index in adults. The main food groups contributing to dietary fibre intake were bread and other grain products, vegetables and fruits, with significant differences between population groups. Contribution of fruits and vegetables to mean daily dietary fibre intake was highest in elderlies (11.6 g), followed by adults (10.6 g) and adolescents (8.5 g). Public health strategies, such as food reformulation, promoting whole-meal alternatives, consuming whole foods of plant origin, and careful planning of school meals could beneficially contribute to the overall dietary fibre intake in the population.
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Thewjitcharoen, Yotsapon, Phawinpon Chotwanvirat, Annapann Jantawan, Nantaporn Siwasaranond, Sunee Saetung, Hataikarn Nimitphong, Thep Himathongkam, and Sirimon Reutrakul. "Evaluation of Dietary Intakes and Nutritional Knowledge in Thai Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus." Journal of Diabetes Research 2018 (December 20, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9152910.
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Introduction. Most nutritional guidelines for diabetes management emphasize the importance of having individualized goals, away from a one-size-fits-all approach. However, there is a dearth of information on the dietary intakes and nutritional knowledge of Thai patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study is aimed at clarifying dietary intakes in relationship to glycemic control and at examining nutritional knowledge among Thai patients with T2DM. Materials and Methods. A cross-sectional study of outpatients with T2DM at Theptarin Hospital and Ramathibodi Hospital (Bangkok, Thailand) was performed to assess dietary intakes by food records. Diabetes nutritional knowledge and dietary self-care behavior was also evaluated. Results. A total of 304 Thai patients with T2DM (female 52.6%, mean age 57.4 ± 10.9 years, body mass index (BMI) 27.3 ± 4.8 kg/m2, and baseline A1C 7.2 ± 1.3%) participated in the study. The mean daily calorie intake was 1427 ± 425 kcal, and mean intake for each macronutrient was acceptable (carbohydrate 52%, protein 17%, and fat 31%). However, the intake of free sugar was much higher (12.1 ± 5.8% of total daily energy intake) and dietary fiber intake (9 grams per day) was much lower than recommended. There were no correlations between dietary intake and glycemic control. A subset of patients (N=213) completed the diabetes nutritional knowledge survey. There was no association between diabetes nutritional knowledge and the actual dietary self-care behavior. Conclusion. These results indicate that compliance of Thai patients with T2DM to dietary recommendations is not completely satisfactory, especially for free sugar and dietary fiber intakes. Addressing the reality of how patients with T2DM eat in their daily lives and their knowledge gaps would enable them to adhere to medical nutrition therapy.
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Biró, Lajos, Gábor Zajkás, Erika Greiner, Ildikó Szórád, Anna Varga, Andrea Domonkos, Helga Ágoston, et al. "Hungarian national dietary survey, 2003–2004." Orvosi Hetilap 148, no. 15 (April 2007): 703–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2007.28017.
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In the course of the 3 rd national nutritional survey data were collected in 2003, and the paper on the energy and nutrition intake of a sample group consisting of 1179 people all aged above 19, was published in the Hungarian Medical Journal (Vol. 146, No. 34, 2005). The present paper focuses on one group of micronutrients, namely the minerals’ intake. The authors evaluated the results mainly in comparison with the data of the two previous Hungarian national surveys, and the international and national recommendations. The average magnesium intake was considered adequate in both sexes, while iron, zinc and copper intakes also met the recommended level in men. On the other hand, the insufficient calcium and the excessive phosphorus intakes, as well as the disproportionate calcium-phosphorus ratio in both sexes are unfavourable facts. The adverse results include insufficient iron, zinc and copper intake in women and the excessive sodium intake in both sexes, as well. The authors emphasize the importance of spreading the principles of healthy nutrition as well as co-operating with the food industry in order to prevent the occurrence of mineral nutrients deficiency.