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McKinley, Kimberly. "Dietary pattern changes after cardiac events." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/44936.
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A strong link has been made between dietary content and cardiac disease risk. Diets high in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fish and poultry and lower in red meat have been shown to lower cardiac disease risk in both women and men. National diet guidelines, such as the Canada’s Food Guide (CFG), provide information on basic healthful eating. The CFG, however, lacks the details that are recommended in several cardiac disease-specific diets. The Alternate Health Eating Index (AHEI) is a scoring index that accounts for specific dietary factors such as types of fat, forms of carbohydrates and specific protein sources. High levels of adherence to the AHEI are associated with significantly lower cardiovascular disease risk in both men and women. This study evaluated dietary pattern for cardiac participants over a 16 month period; AHEI score and CFG adherence were measured, AHEI trends over time were examined and differences in AHEI scores based on sex, education level and income were examined. There was moderate correlation between the AHEI and CFG scores (r= 0.73, p=0.001). There were no significant changes over time for either food score and no sex differences noted. Participants with an education level greater than high school had significantly higher AHEI scores at baseline. Intake of fruits and vegetables did not meet recommended amounts at any time, though fibre intake well exceeded the recommendations for both men and women. Future evaluation of patients who receive formal cardiac rehabilitation may improve understanding of how the AHEI can be used as a tool for dietary evaluation in cardiac patients.
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Law, Tsz Wing. "Essays on drivers of dietary changes in India." Thesis, University of Kent, 2018. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/70040/.
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Al-Rammahi, Miran Abed Alamer Atiya. "Changes in expression of intestinal membrane proteins during development and with dietary change." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.539722.
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Crawford, Caroline. "The effects of smoking cessation on changes in dietary intake." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0002/MQ44152.pdf.
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Piazza, Julia C. "Changes in Food Group Consumption and Dietary Quality In Overweight Postpartum Women." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1313687121.
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Wang, Kaipeng. "Acculturation, Sociodemographic and Environmental Determinants of Dietary Intake Among Asian Immigrants in the United States:." Thesis, Boston College, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:107303.
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Thesis advisor: Thanh V. TranResearch has established that dietary quality among Asian immigrants declined after immigrating to the United States, indicated by decreasing intake of healthy food and increasing intake of unhealthy food. There is a need for a broader investigation for the interactive influence of acculturation, sociodemographic and environmental factors on dietary intake among this population. Guided by the Operant Theory of Acculturation, and the Dietary Acculturation Theory, the present study examined the following research questions to address the gaps in the literature: (1) Are acculturation factors associated with dietary intake among Asian immigrants? (2) What sociodemographic factors are associated with dietary intake among Asian immigrants? (3) What environmental factors are associated with dietary intake among Asian immigrants? (4) What sociodemographic factors moderate the effect of acculturation on dietary intake among Asian immigrants? (5) What environmental factors moderate the effect of acculturation on dietary intake among Asian immigrants? The data in use come from the 2011 – 2012 Adult California Health Interview survey. The sample includes 2,122 non-Hispanic Asian adults born out of the United States. Results from negative binomial regression indicate that intake of fruits, vegetables, soda, fries and fast food was all negatively associated with living in the United States for at least 10 years, compared to living in the Unites States for less than 10 years. The present study also found sociodemographic (including ethnicity, age, gender, education, employment status, and income) and environmental factors (including family type, household size, household tenure, housing type, perceived availability of fresh fruits and vegetables, residential area category, and participation in food stamp and WIC) statistically significantly confounded and moderated the association between length of time lived in the United States and dietary intake. Findings from this study extend the understanding of the protective and risk factors for Asian immigrants to develop and maintain healthy diet, and demonstrated the complexity of dietary changes among Asian immigrants. Based on the findings, the importance that social work research and practice in addressing nutrition inequality among Asian immigrants was highlighted. The study also discovered potential issues and challenges of developing measurement for dietary intake among Asian immigrants, and provided empirical evidence of longitudinal research designs to further explain dietary changes, and guidelines for community-based interventions to address strategies of nutrition promotion among Asian immigrants
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2017
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Social Work
Discipline: Social Work
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Abisgold, J. D. "Compensation by locusts for changes in dietary nutrients : Behavioural and physiological mechanisms." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382635.
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Bisdee, J. T. "Physiological and dietary induced changes in energy metabolism in men and women." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384289.
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Casey, Kelsey M. B. "Dietary changes associated with an intervention to reduce sedentary behavior in women." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32575.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health
Sara K. Rosenkranz
Evidence from physical activity interventions suggests that women, in particular, may overcompensate for exercise energy expenditure by increasing caloric intake. Sedentary behavior and poor diet quality are independent risk factors for many major chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is unknown whether insufficiently active women alter dietary quality or caloric intake when participating in an intervention to reduce sedentary behavior. Insufficiently active women (n=49) working full-time sedentary jobs were randomized into one of two 8-week sedentary interventions occurring during the work week [short breaks (SB) (1-2 min every half hour, n=24) or long breaks (LB) (15 min twice daily, n=25)]. Dietary information was collected through 3-day food records at baseline, week 4 and week 8. Dietary quality was assessed using the Alternative Healthy Eating Index 2010 (AHEI-2010). CVD risk factors (systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), fasting cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood glucose, and body mass index) were assessed at baseline and week 8. For all participants there were no changes in AHEI-2010 scores over time (baseline: M=53.4, 95% CI [49.2, 57.6], week 4: M=50.3, 95% CI [45.9, 54.7], week 8: M=48.4, 95% CI [44.1, 52.7], p>0.05). Average caloric intake in the SB group (baseline: M=1943.8 kcals/day, 95% CI [1716.2, 2171.5], week 4: M=1728.8 kcals/day, 95% CI [1462.4, 1995.2], week 8: M=1616.8 kcals/day, 95% CI [1450.2, 1783.4]) decreased significantly from baseline to week 4 (p=0.015) and baseline to week 8 (p=0.002). There were no significant changes in caloric intake in the LB group (p>0.05) at either time point. In all participants, absolute changes in LDL were positively correlated with absolute changes in caloric intake (r=0.473, p=0.005). There were no other significant associations between changes in dietary quality or caloric intake with changes in any other CVD risk factor (p>0.05). Following an 8-week sedentary intervention in the workplace, insufficiently active women did not alter their dietary quality, but decreased caloric intake. Future research should explore sedentary interventions compared to physical activity interventions in women as a means to create negative energy balance, as sedentary breaks throughout the day may be effective for improving health outcomes.
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Bremer, Molly Catherine. "Dietary Intake Changes in Response to a Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Reduction Trial for SNAP Participants and Nonparticipants." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/86237.
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It is unknown if participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) influences the magnitude of improvement in dietary intake in response to dietary interventions. Adults with low socioeconomic status (SES) tend to have lower overall dietary quality as compared to those with higher SES. However, low SES adults are more likely to receive benefits from SNAP, which gives nutrition assistance to millions of eligible Americans. The objective of this investigation is to examine differences in dietary intake between 1) SNAP participants, 2) those eligible for SNAP but not receiving (nonparticipants), and 3) those ineligible for SNAP, in response to an intervention targeting a reduction in sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption. Adult participants (n=146) from Southwest Virginia were enrolled in a 6-month, community-based trial, SIPsmartER. Participants provided SNAP enrollment status and 3 24-hour dietary recalls at baseline and 6-months. Dietary variables (SSB, macronutrients, etc.) and dietary quality data (Healthy Eating Index [HEI-2010]) were derived from nutritional analysis software (NDS-R 2011). Statistical analyses included descriptives and repeated-measures ANOVA. Although SNAP participation and eligibility status did not impact the overall effectiveness of this dietary intervention, the within group data suggests that those eligible for SNAP but not participating (n=30) may be at a disadvantage to improving their dietary intake as compared to those at a similar household income who receive SNAP benefits (n=56) or ineligible individuals at a higher income level (n=60). Future research is needed to explore if participant's ability to maintain long-term adherence to the dietary changes differs between groups.Master of Science
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BOMBA, LORENZO. "Effect of dietary changes during weaning on gut gene expression in animal models." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1314.
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Una dieta scorretta incrementa il rischio di malattie come l’insulino resistenza e l’obesità. Questa tesi ha l’obiettivo di valutare l’effetto di diete sbilanciate sulla fisiologia ed espressione genica in topi e suini allo svezzamento.
Topi C57BL/6 sono stati sacrificati dopo 2 settimane, dopo essere stati alimentati con dieta iper-lipidica e dieta controllo. L’espressione genica è stata stimata usando la tecnologia microarray. Quattro dei sette geni identificati differenzialmente espressi tra il controllo e l’iper-lipidico sono coinvolti nella regolazione della via metabolica del sistema circadiano, che recentemente è stato mostrato avere effetti sul metabolismo lipidico e processo infiammatorio.
Il secondo studio ha avuto lo scopo di capire gli effetti dello svezzamento con o senza l’aggiunta di acidificante nella dieta. I suinetti allo svezzamento (T0) sono stati comparati con i suinetti dopo una settimana (T1). Il gruppo post-svezzamento è stato alimentato con una dieta convenzionale, e metà di questi hanno ricevuto un supplemento di acido sorbico. L’aggiunta di acido sorbico nella dieta non ha causato nessuna differenza a livello fisiologico e di espressione genica. 205 geni sono stati identificati come differenzialmente espressi in T1 comparato con T0, evidenziando una forte risposta all’adattamento metabolico e agli stress subiti durante lo svezzamento.An incorrect diet increases the risk of diseases as insulin resistance and obesity. This thesis aims at assessing the effects of unbalanced diets on gut physiology and gene expression in pig and mouse during weaning. The first research explored the impact of a high fat diet in C57BL/6 mice. High-fat-fed mice and control-fed mice were sacrificed after two weeks of treatment. Gene expression level was assessed by 90K Combimatrix microarray technology. Four of seven genes found differentially expressed between control and high fat diet mice are involved in the regulatory pathway of the circadian clock system, which was recently shown to affect lipid metabolism and inflammatory processes. Those genes were successfully validated by real time PCR. The second study aimed at understanding the weaning effect with or without acidifier addition in the diet. Piglets at weaning (T0) were compared to piglets after one week (T1). The post-weaning group was fed a conventional diet, half of which received in addition sorbic acid. The sorbic acid supplementation evidenced no effects in terms of physiology and gene expression. 205 genes were significantly differentially expressed in T1 when compared with T0, evidencing a response to the metabolic adaptation and the stress suffered during weaning.
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Jones, Jessica Ashley. "The effects of abrupt dietary changes on the hindgut environment of the horse." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/19203.
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Master of ScienceAnimal Sciences and Industry
Teresa L. Douthit
Abrupt dietary changes increase a horse’s risk for developing gastrointestinal diseases, such as colic or laminitis. Understanding the impact of various feeds and feeding practices on feeding behavior and gastrointestinal function creates a whole-animal perspective that allows for a more holistic interpretation of the effects of abrupt dietary changes on the hindgut environment. Unfortunately, few reports exist that have examined the effects of abrupt dietary changes in the horse. This study was designed to determine the effects of various abrupt dietary changes on the hindgut environment. In 4 sequential experiments, horses were exposed to an abrupt change from a baseline ration to a complete pelleted diet, an abrupt change from a baseline ration to a 100% grass hay diet, an abrupt change from a prairie hay ration to an alfalfa hay ration, and an abrupt change from a baseline ration to a large concentrate meal. These dietary challenges were chosen to mimic real-world scenarios that horse owners are likely to encounter. These experiments were arranged into a longitudinal trial in which the effects of the abrupt dietary change on cecal and fecal pH, total lactate and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations, cecal lactate-utilizing bacterial populations, and fecal dry matter (DM) were compared to values obtained while horses were consuming the baseline diet. In the first experiment, decreased cecal (P ˂ 0.0001) and fecal (P ˂ 0.0001) pH values combined with increased cecal total lactate (P ˂ 0.001) and fecal VFA concentrations (P ˂ 0.0001) indicate that the abrupt change to a complete pelleted diet disrupted the stability of the hindgut environment. Because cecal pH values were below 6.0, this dietary challenge may be significant enough to elicit subclinical fermentative acidosis and, thereby, increase colic risk. The dietary change to grass hay had little impact on the hindgut environment, as pH, total lactate, and VFA concentrations remained stable (P ≥ 0.05). In general, horses may well tolerate an abrupt increase in the fibrous component of the diet and the elimination of concentrate, a dietary shift that presents a more natural diet to the horse. The abrupt change to alfalfa hay elicited alterations in cecal pH (P ˂ 0.01), total lactate (P ˂ 0.0001) and VFA concentrations (P ˂ 0.05), and lactate-utilizing bacterial populations; however, fecal parameters varied little in response to the dietary change (P ≥ 0.05), indicating that the distal hindgut may be more tolerant to abrupt changes in forage sources than the cecal environment. Here, the potentially adverse shifts in cecal parameters indicate that an abrupt change in hay type and quality alters the fermentative environment of the proximal hindgut and may increase a horse’s risk for gastrointestinal disease. Similarly, the abrupt introduction of a large concentrate meal elicited a decrease in cecal pH (P ˂ 0.005) along with increases in total lactate (P ˂ 0.001) and VFA concentrations (P ˂ 0.05) in the cecum that were consistent with previously reported experiments in which horses were presented with large increases in dietary concentrates. Notable shifts in lactate-utilizing bacterial growth curves were also observed. Overall, these results provide evidence of environmental alterations in the equine hindgut that support epidemiological reports that associate abrupt changes in the amount and type of concentrate, hay type and quality, and forage:concentrate ratio with increased risk for gastrointestinal disease in horses.
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McCrady, Shelly. "Response surface analysis of rat bone composition changes by dietary calcium and silicon." Online version, 2003. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2003/2003mccradys.pdf.
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Norton, Landon Neil. "Changes in body weight, body composition, and resting energy expenditure of dieters on low-carbohydrate or conventional diets." Oklahoma City : [s.n.], 2004.
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Hajdu, Attila. "The molecular cloning of intestinal cDNAs differentially expressed in response to dietary iron changes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0009/MQ28578.pdf.
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Stanton, Susan Baucom Donald H. "Social support and dietary changes in a couples-based treatment for coronary heart disease." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,744.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007.Title from electronic title page (viewed Dec. 18, 2007). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Psychology." Discipline: Psychology; Department/School: Psychology.
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Daniel, Jean-Baptiste. "Dynamic prediction of milk yield and composition responses to dietary changes in dairy cows." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLA009/document.
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Afin de répondre à la diversification des objectifs de la filière laitière (ex. efficacité alimentaire, santé et longévité des animaux, etc.), et ceci dans un contexte de forte volatilité des prix du lait et des intrants, la quantification des réponses multiples aux changements de régimes alimentaires représente un intérêt afin d’aider les producteurs laitiers à optimiser la ration des animaux. Le principal objectif de ce travail a consisté à développer et évaluer un modèle de prédiction des réponses de l’ingestion, de la quantité et composition du lait aux changements de régimes alimentaires chez la vache laitière. Une méta-analyse a ainsi été appliquée sur une grande base de données de la littérature afin de quantifier la réponse de l’ingestion aux régimes, et les réponses laitières (quantité totale, sécrétion des composants du lait et composition du lait) aux changements d’énergie nette (UFL) et protéines métabolisables (PDI) de la ration. Un élément clé dans le développement de ces équations de réponses était qu’elles soient applicables à travers différent potentiel laitier. Ceci a pu être atteint en exprimant les apports PDI et UFL par rapport à une situation nutritionnel pivot, qui correspond à une efficacité d’utilisation des PDI de 67% et une efficacité d’utilisation des UFL par lait de 100% (équivalente à un bilan énergétique nul). Construite à partir des efficacités PDI et UFL, une approche a été proposée pour estimer les apports PDI et UFL à la situation pivot, à partir desquels les équations de réponses peuvent s’appliquer. Evalué sur deux jeux de données indépendants, cette approche a permis de prédire les réponses de production laitière, productions de matières grasses, lactose et protéines du lait aux changements d’apports PDI et UFL avec une bonne précision pour des rations considérablement différentes, et à travers différents stades de lactation. Dans un autre modèle, les effets du stade physiologique (stade de lactation, stade de gestation, croissance) sur les performances animal, i.e. production laitière, productions de matières grasses, lactose et protéines du lait, changement de composition corporelle et ingestion, ont été quantifiés à travers des animaux de potentiel laitier différent. Il a été constaté que la structure du modèle était adéquate pour simuler les performances de différentes races laitières (Holstein, Rouge Danoise et Jersiaise). Afin de prédire les conséquences d’un changement alimentaire sur le long terme, les équations de réponses, centrées sur la situation nutritionnel pivot, ont été intégrées au sein du modèle dynamique. Cette intégration a pu se faire en appliquant le concept du pivot au modèle dynamique afin d’obtenir des courbes pivot, à partir desquelles les lois de réponses s’appliquent. Le modèle construit est le premier à intégrer les deux grands types de régulation biologique (homéostase et l’homéorhèse) chez la vaches laitière permettant de prédire les performances animales à partir d’une définition précise du potentiel laitierIn order to better cope with the increasing diversity of objective in dairy production (e.g. feed efficiency, animal health, animal longevity, etc.) in a context of high volatility of feed and milk prices, quantification of animal’s multiple responses to dietary changes is of particular interest to help dairy farmers in optimizing the diet. The main aim of the present study was to develop and evaluate a model to predict the responses in dry-matter intake, milk yield, milk component yields and contents to changes in dietary composition in dairy cows. A meta-analysis of the literature was conducted to quantify dry-matter intake response to changes in diet composition, and milk responses (yield, milk component yields and milk composition) to changes in dietary net energy (NEL) and metabolizable protein (MP) in dairy cows. A key point in the development of these response equations was that they could be apply on animals of varying production potential. This was achieved by expressing MP and NEL supply relative to a pivot nutritional status, defined as the supply of MP and NEL resulting to MP efficiency of 0.67 and NEL efficiency of 1. Based on MP and NEL efficiency, an approach was proposed to estimate the pivot MP and NEL supplies, around which the response equations can be applied. Evaluated with two independent datasets, this approach predicted milk yield and milk component yields responses to change in MP and NEL supply with a good accuracy for diets that are substantially different, and across all stages of lactation. In another model, the effect of physiological status (lactation stage, gestation, growth) on animal performance, i.e. milk yield, milk component yields, body composition change and dry-matter intake, were quantified across a range of animal potential. It was found that the model structure was adequate to simulate performance of different dairy breeds (Holstein, Danish Red and Jersey). To predict the long-term consequences of a dietary change, response equations, centred on the pivot nutritional status, were integrated into the dynamic model. This integration has been possible by applying the pivot concept into the dynamic model. This way, lactation pivot curves were calculated, from which response equations are applied. The model built is the first to integrate the two major biological regulations (homeostasis and homeorhesis) in dairy cows that predicts animal performance using a precise definition of milk potential
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Lee, Eunkyung. "IMPACT OF A 16-WEEK BEHAVIORAL WEIGHT-LOSS PROGRAM ON DIETARY AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY CHANGES." UKnowledge, 2010. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/54.
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Behavioral weight loss programs have been shown to be effective for short-term weight loss, however the impact of these programs on dietary changes is unclear. This study examined the changes in participant’s diet and physical activity over the course of a 16-week Internet behavioral weight-loss program. A single-center randomized controlled trial was conducted from August 2008 to December 2008 in Lexington, KY, and sixty-six women whose mean (SD) age was 48.6 (10.8) years and body mass index was 31.8 (3.7) kg/m2 completed all dietary and physical measures. Participants received two face-to-face group sessions with a dietitian, at baseline and 4-weeks, in addition to 16 weekly behavioral weight loss lessons delivered via an Internet website. Participants showed a significant reduction in energy intake (1879.2±771.7 vs. 1372.9±423.7; p<0.001), dietary energy density (2.1±0.5 vs. 1.9±0.5; p=0.002) and a significant increase in diet quality score as measured by the HEI-2005 (53.9±9.9 vs. 57.4±10.6; p =0.002). Participants did not show significant differences in physical activity intensity, duration or energy expenditure. However, post hoc analysis revealed that those who adopted a healthy life style, such as eating more fruits and vegetables and being physically active, achieved greater weight loss than those who did not adopt a healthy lifestyle. Participation in this Internet behavioral weight loss program significantly improved dietary intake in adult women and did not significantly improve daily physical activity levels.
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Nancarrow, Tanya Lawrene. "Climate change impacts on dietary nutrient status of Inuit in Nunavut, Canada." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112545.
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This thesis characterizes the nutritional implications of climate change impacts on the traditional food system of Inuit in Nunavut, Canada. Both focus groups and food frequency questionnaires were used in collaboration with two communities to describe current climate change impacts on traditional food and define nutrient intake. Currently, both communities experience climate-related changes to important species which provide high levels of key nutrients. If climate changes continue to impact traditional food species, serious nutritional losses may occur unless healthy alternatives can be found. Policy should support Inuit communities to maintain optimal nutrition in the face of climate change.
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Konya, Judit. "The influence of dietary and other environmental changes on vascular risk markers in type 2 diabetes." Thesis, University of Hull, 2014. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:11448.
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Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by insulin resistance, impaired glycaemia, endothelial, clotting and platelet dysfunction, resulting in increased cardiovascular risk. Cardiovascular parameters are influenced by various environmental and dietary factors. Methods: Two separate studies were undertaken to explore the effect of different soy and/or cocoa dietary interventions on cardiovascular risk makers in type 2 diabetes, and to determine the underlying mechanism. A third study was organized to explore the effect of hypoxia and low humidity on platelet function and clotting indices in addition to microparticle concentration in patients with type 2 diabetes compared to healthy volunteers. Results: We have shown that the addition of soy with isoflavones improves overall glycaemia, while soy protein alone or either of these two preparations in combination with cocoa are ineffective. The underlying mechanism could be the improvement in postprandial glycaemia as fasting insulin and glucose remained unchanged. Endothelial function did not change as a result of the dietary interventions. We have found that a simulated flight environment increased basal platelet activity in type 2 diabetes patients compared to healthy volunteers, while there was no difference in endothelial function. Discussion: These studies showed that dietary soy might modulate glycaemic control through a mechanism, which alters postprandial hyperglycaemia. The effects were dependent on a combination of soy protein with isoflavones as soy protein alone was ineffective. It was shown that mimicking the parameters of a commercial flight affected T2DM with an increase in platelet reactivity that may theoretically increase the risk of a venous thromboembolic episode.
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Verney, Allison. "Is a Peruvian mother's new pregnancy associated with changes in the dietary intakes of her breastfeeding child?" Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=104873.
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Childhood malnutrition is attributed partly to inadequate feeding practices. This study examined the association of a pregnancy-breastfeeding overlap on dietary intakes of 89 children (10-36 mo) living in Lima, Peru. Their mothers were either not pregnant (NP; n=27), in early, 1st or 2nd trimester, pregnancy (EP; n=27), or in late, 3rd trimester, pregnancy (LP; n=35). Six-hour breast milk and complementary food intakes were measured between 9 AM- 3 PM and anthropometry, socioeconomic, and demographic data were collected. An overlap was associated with decreased breast milk intake in both the EP and LP groups compared to the NP group, however, there were no group differences in 6-hr total energy intake per kilogram of body weight after controlling for confounders. Complementary foods provide the vast majority of the diet and therefore, assuring their quality is key for child nutrition education.Dans les bas quartiers de Lima, au Pérou, la malnutrition chez les enfants est en partie attribuée à des pratiques alimentaires inadéquates. L'objectif de cette étude était de déterminer l'association entre le chevauchement grossesse-allaitement chez les femmes péruviennes et les apports alimentaires de leurs enfants. Au total, 54 dyades mères-bébés ont été recrutées. Certaines mères n'étaient pas enceintes (n=27) tandis que le reste se trouvait dans le premier ou deuxième trimestre de grossesse (n=27). Les apports alimentaires des enfants ont été observés pendant une période de 6 heures, de 9h à 15h. Le lait maternel et les aliments de complément ont été pesés grâce à des tests standard. Les données anthropométriques, socioéconomiques et démographiques ont également été collectées. Le chevauchement de l'allaitement et d'une nouvelle grossesse a été associé à une diminution de l'apport en lait maternel mais à une augmentation de l'apport énergétique total, après avoir pris en compte les variables confondantes. Sans égard à la décision de la mère de continuer à allaiter pendant sa grossesse, ces résultats démontrent que les aliments de complément sont majoritaires dans la diète. Ainsi, il est essentiel d'inclure des notions de qualité de ces aliments dans l'éducation nutritionnelle visant les enfants de cet âge.
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Brown, Joyce Annette. "The effect of dietary composition and adherence to exercise on changes in body weight and body composition." Virtual Press, 1986. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/459125.
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The purpose of this study was to determine effects of diet composition and exercise on the loss and maintenance of loss of body weight and body fat; and the protection of muscle in obese subjects. Ten subjects who were members of the Ball State University (BSU) Adult Fitness Program and/or the BSU Weight Management Program, and who were at least 120 percent of ideal body weight, participated in the one-year study.Three-day diet records collected at four-month intervals were assessed using the Nutriplanner computer data base to determine energy and nutrient composition of subjects' diets. Measures of weight, triceps skinfolds (TSF), and arm circumference were collected at three-month intervals to assess changes in weight, arm fat area (AFA), and arm muscle area (AMA). Adherence to exercise was reported by participants.The findings of this study showed that obese subjects who consumed low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets while adhering to an exercise program lost, or tended to lose, more weight and arm fat area, while experiencing an increase in arm muscle area. Further studies in this area of research are needed to assess the effects of diet composition, exclusive of exercise, on changes in fat and muscle area. In addition, work is needed to develop more reliable means of assessing food intake over an extended period of time.
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Stanton, Marcile. "Changes in body mass index, dietary intake and physical activity of South African immigrants in Hobart, Australia." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17815.
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Thesis (MNutr)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: Immigration, especially to countries with a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity, has been found to exacerbate these conditions in immigrants. This study investigated the change in dietary intake, physical activity and body mass index (BMI) of South African immigrants in Hobart, Australia. OBJECTIVES: The objectives were to determine the change in BMI, the current and usual dietary intakes and perceived dietary changes and the current physical activity levels and perceived changes in physical activity since immigration of South African immigrants residing in the Greater Hobart Area. DESIGN: This study had descriptive, cross-sectional as well as analytical components. SAMPLING: Forty seven participants were recruited by contacting known immigrants, postings in newspapers, contacting immigrant social groups, contacting the Department of Economic Development as well as using the social networking program, “Facebook”. All participants had to be between the ages of 20 and 50 and have lived in Australia for longer than six months, but shorter than five years. Thirty participants completed the study with a mean age of 37.17 years. METHODS: Participants were required to complete a self-administered sociodemographic questionnaire, a 3-day diet record, physical activity questionnaire and quantified food frequency questionnaire (QFFQ). The investigator administered a weight change questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements included weight, height and waist circumference measurements. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the BMIs of participants preand post-immigration (p=0.06), but the percentage of overweight female participants increased from 24% (n=4) to 29% (n=5) and the percentage of overweight male participants increased from 46% (n=6) to 69% (n=9). The percentage of obese female participants increased from 6% (n=1) to 12% (n=2) post-immigration with the male participants showing no increased prevalence of obesity. Participants appeared aware of their weight classifications with 60% (n=18) reporting that they considered themselves overweight. Mean waist circumference values of male and female participants were classified as action level 1. Forty one percent (n=7) of female participants and 31% (n=4) of male participants had waist circumference values classified as action level 2. Carbohydrate intakes were below the Nutrient Reference Values (NRV) recommendations for 84% (n=25) and 62% (n=19) of participants as indicated by the QFFQ and diet records respectively and the mean carbohydrate intake values of male and female participants (QFFQ and diet records) were below the NRV recommendations as well. Fibre intakes were below the NRV recommendations for 76% (n=23) and 82% (n=25) of participants as indicated by the QFFQ and food records respectively. Saturated fat and sodium intakes were high. Folate, calcium and potassium were consumed in lower than recommended amounts by a large proportion of participants. Sixty seven percent (n=20) of participants reported an increase in physical activity post-immigration and 70% (n=21) of participants anticipated a future increase in physical activity levels. CONCLUSION: The study population experienced an increase in weight. A number of other risk factors for cardiovascular and other chronic diseases were also identified including high waist circumference values, high saturated fat and sodium intakes and low fibre, folate, calcium and potassium intakes. Interventions aimed at decreasing the risk of South African immigrants in Hobart becoming overweight/obese and developing chronic diseases should probably be aimed at lower saturated and total fat intake, higher carbohydrate and fibre intake and plenty of dietary variation and should further encourage physical activity, but this needs to be confirmed by larger prospective studies.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: INLEIDING: Daar is gevind dat immigrasie, veral na lande met ‘n hoër prevalensie van oorgewig en vetsugtigheid, hierdie toestande in immigrante kan vererger. Hierdie studie het die veranderinge in dieetinname, fisiese aktiwiteit en liggaamsmassa-indeks (LMI) van Suid-Afrikaanse immigrante in Hobart, Australië ondersoek. DOELWITTE: Die doelwitte was om die verandering in LMI na immigrasie, die huidige en gewoontelike dieetinname en gerapporteerde dieet veranderinge na immigrasie asook die huidige fisiese aktiwiteit en gerapporteerde fisiese aktiwiteit veranderinge van Suid-Afrikaanse immigrante, wat in die groter Hobart area woon, te ondersoek. ONTWERP: Die studie het beskrywende asook analitiese komponente gehad. STEEKPROEFTREKKING: Respondente is gewerf deur alle bekende immigrante te kontak, koerant boodskappe te plaas, sosiale groepe vir immigrante te kontak, die Department van Ekonomiese Ontwikkeling te kontak asook deur die sosiale netwerk program, “Facebook”, te gebruik. Alle respondente moes tussen die ouderdomme van 20 en 50 wees en moes langer as ses maande, maar korter as vyf jaar in Australië woon. METODES: Respondente het ‘n sosio-demografiese vraelys asook ‘n drie dag voedselrekord, ‘n voedselfrekwensie vraelys en ‘n fisiese aktiwiteit vraelys voltooi. Die navorser het ‘n gewigsverandering vraelys afgeneem. Antropometriese metings het gewig, lengte en middelomtrek ingesluit. RESULTATE: Daar was nie ‘n betekenisvolle verskil tussen die LMI waardes van respondente voor en na immigrasie nie (p=0.06), maar die persentasie oorgewig vroulike respondente het toegeneem van 24% (n=4) na 29% (n=5) en die persentasie oorgewig manlike respondente het toegeneem van 46% (n=6) na 69% (n=9). Die persentasie vetsugtige vroulike respondente het toegeneem van 6% (n=1) na 12% (n=2) na immigrasie en die manlike respondente het geen toename in vetsugtigheid getoon nie. Dit het voorgekom asof respondente bewus was van hulle gewigsklassifikasies met 60% (n=18) wat gerapporteer het dat hulle hulself as oorgewig beskou. Die gemiddelde middelomtrek waardes van die manlike en vroulike respondente was geklassifiseer as aksie vlak 1. Een en veertig persent (n=7) van die vroulike respondente en 31% (n=4) van die manlike respondente het middelomtrek waardes getoon wat as aksie vlak 2 geklassifiseer was. Koolhidraat inname was laer as the nutrient verwysingswaardes vir 84% (n=25) en 62% (n=19) van die respondente soos aangedui deur die voedselfrekwensie lys en 3-dag voedselrekord. Vesel inname was laer as the nutrient verwysingswaardes vir 76% (n=23) en 82% (n=25) van die respondente soos aangedui deur die voedselfrekwensie lys en 3-dag voedselrekord. Die gemiddelde waardes vir koolhidraat en vesel inname vir manlike en vroulike respondente (voedselfrekwensie lys en 3-dag voedselrekord) was laer as die nutrient verwysingswaardes. Versadigde vet en natrium innames was hoog. Folaat, kalsium en kalium innames van ‘n groot proporsie respondente was laer as die aanbevelings. Sewe en sestig persent (n=20) van die respondente het gerapporteer dat hulle fisiese aktiwiteitsvlakke toegeneem het na immigrasie en 70% (n=21) van die respondente het verwag dat hulle fisiese aktiwiteitsvlakke sou verhoog. AANBEVELINGS: Die studie populase het ‘n toename in gewig en LMI ondervind. ‘n Aantal verdere risikofaktore vir kroniese en kardiovaskulêre siektes was geïdentifiseer, byvoorbeeld hoë middelomtrek waardes, hoë versadigde vet en natrium innames en lae vesel, folaat, kalsium en kalium innames. Programme wat fokus op die voorkoming van oorgewig/vetsug in Suid-Afrikaanse immigrante in Hobart, Australië moet moontlik gemik wees op laer totale en versadigde vet inname, hoër vesel en koolhidraat inname asook variasie in diet en fisiese aktiwiteit moet ook verder aangemoedig word. Sodanige aanbevelings moet egter bevestig word deur groter prospektiewe studies.
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Blaut, Jessica A. "The relationship between diet self-monitoring and healthful dietary pattern changes in adolescents with elevated blood pressure." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1367937841.
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Górniak, Joanna Paulina. "Age-related epigenetic changes at base excision repair genes and their modulation by dietary restriction in mice." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/2932.
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Accumulation of damage in DNA is a characteristic feature of ageing which may result from a decline in DNA repair efficiency. Base excision repair (BER) is the primary mechanism used to repair small-scale DNA damage such as that caused by oxidation. I hypothesised that epigenetic events contribute to the ageing process through deregulation of BER gene expression and that these adverse effects of ageing may be modulated by dietary restriction (DR). To test these hypotheses, I quantified DNA methylation and histone post-translational modifications at BER-gene (Ogg1 and Apex) promoters, together with expression of these genes, in tissues from ageing mice and from mice exposed to DR. Phenotypic changes in DNA incision activity and oxidative damage were also quantified. Cytosine methylation was measured by pyrosequencing at the Ogg1 promoter in brain and livers from ad libitum (AL) and 40% DR mice at 3, 12, 24 and 30 months of age (n=5/group). Ogg1 promoter methylation decreased with age in the liver (p=0.018) and brain (p=0.016) and DR significantly reduced Ogg1 promoter methylation (p=0.014) in the brain. Additionally, in the brain there was a 2 fold enrichment in histone 4 acetylation (H4Ac) and histone 3 lysine 27 tri-methylation (H3K27Me3) as measured by the ChIP assay at Ogg1 and Apex promoters in 30 month old AL animals compared with 3 month old animals (p<0.05). H4Ac was 2.5-fold higher in the Ogg1 promoter in liver in 30 month old DR versus 30 month old AL animals (p=0.004). Furthermore H4K27Me3 was significantly (p=0.023) lower at the liver Ogg1 promoter in 30 month old compared with 3 month old animals. Ogg1 gene expression decreased with age in the brain (n.s.) and liver (p=0.005). Perhaps surprisingly, Ogg1 and Apex expression levels were higher in the brain (p=0.034) but lower in the liver (p=0.003) of DR compared with AL animals. I used a comet-based in vitro assay to quantify BER-related incision activity but did not observe any significant changes in the liver or in whole brain in response to ageing or to DR. However DNA incision activity varied considerably between different brain regions and DR enhanced incision 2 fold in the cortex (p=0.031) and subcortical regions (p=0.019). 8-oxoguanine lesions measured by HPLC-ECD decreased with age (AL and DR) (p<0.001) in the liver but no effect of age was detected in the brain. ii This study revealed for the first time that tissue-specific epigenetic changes at BER genes occur during ageing and the data presented here suggest that epigenetic changes at BER-related gene promoters may affect BER activity in some tissues. Furthermore, I have shown that DR influences the epigenetic and transcription changes in BER-related genes observed during ageing.
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Jones, Fiona. "Changes in rumen microbial ecology during dietary transition in cattle and sheep: a molecular and metabolic approach." Thesis, Jones, Fiona (2016) Changes in rumen microbial ecology during dietary transition in cattle and sheep: a molecular and metabolic approach. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 2016. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/32282/.
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Ruminal acidosis is often characterised by decreased ruminal pH below pH 6.0, increased concentrations of ruminal D and L- lactate and volatile fatty acid concentrations in grain fed ruminants, creating an environment for growth of lactic acid producing bacteria such as S. bovis and Lactobacillus spp. and reduction in cellulolytic bacterial populations e.g. F. succinogenes.
This thesis undertook genotypic studies of rumen microbial ecology based on five key bacterial species, Prevotella ruminantium, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Selenomonas ruminantium, Streptococcus bovis, and Lactobacillus spp. using quantitative real time PCR (qRT- PCR) of 16S rRNA genes. This methodology enabled true genetic monitoring of ecological changes rather than traditional phenotypic microbial culture studies. These genetic studies of rumen microbial ecology were aligned with changes in rumen metabolism.
Application of qRT-PCR methodology was validated for complete and consistent extraction of DNA from mixed rumen samples to ensure reliable enumeration of rumen bacteria, and finally development of primers for use in the qRT-PCR assays. The qRT-PCR methods were then used to monitor changes in rumen microbial ecology in cattle managed under commercial conditions in feedlots rather than experimental conditions. The key species were stabilised in the rumen microbial ecology within 7 days of introduction of cattle to feedlots irrespective of feeding hay and grain separately or via total mixed rations. Moreover, metabolic indicators of high production potential coincided with the stable populations of the key rumen bacterial species F. succinogenes, P. ruminicola and S. ruminantium and no evidence of elevated S. bovis populations. Developmental changes in rumen bacterial ecology of steers born during either autumn or winter/spring showed similar trends in bacterial populations when adapting to feedlot rations irrespective of time of calving. However, the rumen protozoal populations were reflective of the time of calving with cattle born in winter/spring maintaining higher protozoal populations throughout the feedlot period. In commercial dairy herds, rumen metabolic end products were consistently correlated with changes in key bacterial populations. Rumen acidosis was observed in sheep fed lupins at 3 times maintenance. Decreased populations of F. succinogenes and increased populations of S. bovis with no decrease in rumen pH were observed in sheep fed high-fat soyabean diets.
Molecular techniques such as qRT-PCR used here as well as newer molecular genetic approaches such as next generation sequencing will allow for more comprehensive interpretation of ecological changes in the rumen leading to improved management and productivity of cattle and sheep especially during dietary transitions.
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Elnefily, Rasha. "Determinants of Bone Mineral Density Changes in Women Transitioning to Menopause: A MONET Group Study." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/24264.
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Menopause is an important period for bone health in women. Objective: To assess the determinants of bone mineral density (BMD) changes in women transitioning to menopause. Method: A secondary data analysis of the MONET (Montreal-Ottawa New Emerging Team) study. Outcome measures included yearly assessment of menopause status, body composition, BMD, physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) and dietary calcium and vitamin D intakes. Results: 84 of the original 102 women had complete data for the purpose of the present study. Repeated measures analysis revealed significant decreases in lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD (P< 0.01). Regression analysis revealed that baseline femoral neck BMD, changes in PAEE and trunk fat explained 31% of the variation of BMD changes at the femoral neck, while changes in both PAEE and trunk fat account for 27% of BMD change at lumbar spine. Conclusion: Baseline femoral neck and changes in physical activity energy expenditure and trunk fat are determinants of the reduction of bone mineral density in women transitioning to menopause.
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Chan, Lui-yan. "Changes in interorgan lipid handling underlie the decrease in adiposity of bitter melon supplemented diet-induced obese rats." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36995678.
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O'Brien, Katie Alice. "Investigation into metabolic profile changes in environmental hypoxia and the potential for dietary nitrate to alleviate hypoxic stress." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2017. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/investigation-into-metabolic-profile-changes-in-environmental-hypoxia-and-the-potential-for-dietary-nitrate-to-alleviate-hypoxic-stress(26f38d92-b9b2-45f4-8231-b3c68da0575f).html.
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Oxygen (O2) insufficiency (hypoxia), either in response to environmental exposure or pathological states is a driver of metabolic remodelling, the details of which are ill- defined. This work aimed to further understanding of metabolic responses to environmental hypoxia. In the first study, plasma metabolite changes were measured in 198 human subjects upon ascent to Everest Base Camp (5300m) using metabolomic and lipidomic techniques. Results were indicative of a shift towards anaerobic glycolysis, a mobilisation of fat stores and alterations to fat lipoprotein transport with ascent. In the second study, a pilot study, subjects (n=5) were examined pre and post an attempted winter crossing of Antarctica, including a 24 week stay above 2,500m. Metabolomics analysis of serum samples alongside whole body physiological and exercise measurements were indicative of a shift in metabolic signature, including an increased reliance upon carbohydrate metabolism during exercise. Developing a means of attenuating the metabolic stress of hypoxia would be highly beneficial for aiding human adaptation and ameliorating the effects of disease states where hypoxia is a comorbidity. An additional aim was to explore the potential of dietary nitrate for this purpose. In the third study, the potential for nitrate supplementation to aid hypoxic acclimatisation of skeletal muscle mitochondria and the role of PPARα (a master regulator of fat oxidation) were assessed using a mouse model of wild type (n=42) and PPARα-/- strains (n=42). Nitrate supplementation (0.7mM) recovered hypoxic induced decreases in fatty acid and carbohydrate oxidation in response to prolonged, severe hypoxic exposure (10% O2, 28 days) and did so independently of PPARα. In the fourth study, the effects of acute dietary nitrate supplementation (12mM nitrate vs. placebo ingested 3 hours pre-exercise) upon exercise endurance and related metabolite changes were investigated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients (n=21, age 68+7 years). Whilst neither median endurance time nor targeted plasma metabolites differed between treatments, O2 consumption was significantly lower following nitrate treatment vs. placebo. The absence of plasma lactate changes between treatments indicates this effect was not mediated through increased reliance upon anaerobic metabolism. In conclusion, this work highlighted several potential biomarkers of interest in healthy humans exposed to environmental hypoxia, including alterations to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Dietary nitrate demonstrated potential for recovering metabolic function in vitro, yet failed to illicit beneficial effects in a clinical population in vivo.
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Geeraert, Friedel. "Dietary Changes in Sweden and Belgium During the Late 20th and Early 21st Century and Their Implications for Sustainability." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-160436.
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This dissertation focuses on the changing food consumption patterns in Sweden and Belgium during the latter half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century and the implications as seen from a sustainability point of view, both from a qualitative and quantitative perspective. It is shown that changes in agriculture, food processing, distribution and consumption during the period under assessment were considerable and had a clear impact on the food consumption pattern in both countries. Statistical data on the consumption of different food groups such as meat, milk and dairy products, fish, fruits, vegetables, cereal, potatoes, sugar, margarine and chocolate were compared. Overall, an increase in the consumption of meat, cheese, yoghurt, cream, fruits and vegetables was observed in both countries, while the consumption of milk, butter and potatoes decreased. For the sustainability assessment three parameters were chosen: land requirement, greenhouse gas emissions and energy use. The assessment was based on quantitative data about food consumption in 1960 and 2004. It was shown that the Swedish and Belgian diets in 2004 required more resources and emitted more greenhouse gas emissions than in 1960. The Belgian diet had higher values for all parameters than the Swedish, except when considering the values for the emissions of greenhouse gases in 1960 when the Swedish diet had higher values.
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O, Jung Mi, University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College, and of Science Food and Horticulture School. "Food habits and eating patterns of Korean adult immigrants in Australia." THESIS_CSTE_SFH_O_J.xml, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/462.
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Migration is one of life events that may change lifestyle, including new cultural norms, language and community systems as well as dietary patterns. Changing dietary patterns from traditional eating patterns to those typical of a western lifestyle has been associated with increased risk of disease. Furthermore, new food use patterns develop through the rejection of traditional and the acceptance of culturally new food habits. The purpose of this study is to identify the food habits and meal patterns of Koreans living in Australia, and any relationship between length of residence and change in eating habits. The method used for this research was a self reported questionnaire, administered in an interview and 3 day food records. One hundred adults living in the Korean community in Sydney were surveyed. The collected data were coded and analysed by using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 10. Descriptive analyses, for example mean and standard deviation, were carried out to determine the respondents’ attitudes toward food habits. The personal information data were also analysed by SPSS using frequency tables to describe the study sample. The results indicated that food habits had no significant differences dependent upon length of residence. Food habits were slightly affected by availability of income, occupation and religious beliefs. Food consumption frequency showed increased meat and dairy products. However, the consumption of rice and fish products decreased.Master of Science (Hons)
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Chan, Lui-yan, and 陳蕾因. "Changes in interorgan lipid handling underlie the decrease in adiposity of bitter melon supplemented diet-induced obese rats." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B37429942.
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Lødøen, Silje Drabløs. "Genetic Predisposition and Changes in Dietary Patterns may contribute to increased Development of Type 2 Diabetes in the Chinese Population." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for biologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-23291.
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Lifestyle diseases, such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), arerelated to overweight in the western world. Although lower occurrence of overweight hasbeen documented in China compared to western countries, an increase in such lifestylediseases has been observed during the last decades. The aim of this thesis was to study therelationship between lifestyle and the development of T2D and CVDs in the Chinesepopulation. The results may provide further knowledge concerning lifestyle diseases and maytherefore contribute to reduce disease development in the future. The experimental datapresented in this thesis was extracted from various research areas within molecular biology,genetics and epidemiology.Asian populations show higher concentrations of the pro-inflammatory mediator PAI-1 andlower concentrations of the anti-inflammatory mediator adiponectin compared to other ethnicgroups. These differences suggest that Asians may be genetically predisposed to developingmetabolic inflammation, which may increase the risk of developing T2D and CVDs. In China,the inflammation is most likely amplified due to altered nutritional patterns. Urbanpopulations in China have increased rapidly during the last decades. Highly influenced bywesternization processes, dietary changes have been introduced to these urban areas. Westerndiets include high consumption of fat, resulting in high kilocalorie (kcal) intake that mighttrigger overnutrition. Furthermore, an altered dietary carbohydrate composition has beenobserved through increased consumption of high glycemic indexed (GI) carbohydrates. Thetraditionally northern Chinese diet contains more kcal than the southern diet and has a higherGI content. These dietary differences might provide an explanation for higher prevalence ofT2D and CVDs observed in north China compared to south China.Genetic changes in utero and during childhood due to the Chinese Famine in the mid1940shas proven to explain a small part of the increased development of T2D in China. Individualswho during early development were subjected to malnutrition and later consume a richwestern diet are at increased risk of developing T2D. However, these genetic differences donot explain the disease development in Chinese children and adolescents. The one-childpolicy has been blamed for the increase as it reduces competition between siblings. None ofthe results in this thesis support the hypothesis that the one-child family policy is to be blamedfor the disease development. Therefore, the main factors contributing to the lifestyle diseasedevelopment in China appear to be genetic predisposition and dietary changes.
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Halliday, Tanya M. "Are the Initiation and Maintenance of a Resistance Training Program Associated with Changes to Dietary Intake and Non-Resistance Training Physical Activity in Adults with Prediabetes?" Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/79770.
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Prediabetes is associated with an elevated risk for developing type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and associated cardiovascular complications. Lifestyle factors such as physical activity (PA) and dietary intake are strongly implicated in the development of metabolic disease, yet few Americans meet PA and dietary recommendations. Middle-aged and older adults are at increased risk for developing prediabetes and T2DM due to age-related muscle loss, increased fat mass, and alterations in glucose handling. In addition, this segment of the population is least likely to meet PA guidelines, particularly the resistance training (RT) recommendation of completing a whole body routine 2x/week. Ideally, individuals would alter their lifestyle in order to meet PA guidelines and habitually consume a healthy diet, to decrease disease risk. However, behavior change is difficult and optimal strategies to promote and maintain changes have yet to be determined. Furthermore, behavior change interventions tend to be time-, cost-, and resource-intensive, limiting the ability for efficacious programs to be translated into community settings and broadly disseminated. Evidence suggests that health-related behaviors, particularly diet and exercise habits, tend to cluster together. Thus, intervening on one behavior (e.g. PA) may elicit a spillover effect, promoting alterations in other behaviors (e.g. diet), though findings to date are conflicting. The purpose of this dissertation was to determine if participation in a social cognitive theory-based RT program targeting the initiation and maintenance of RT exerts a spillover effect and is associated with alterations in dietary intake and/or non-RT PA in a population at risk for T2DM. Data from the 15-month Resist Diabetes study was analyzed to evaluate this possibility. Sedentary, overweight/obese (BMI 25-39.9 kg/m2 ), middle-aged and older (50 -69 years) adults with prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance) completed a 3 month initiation phase where they RT 2x/week in a lab-gym with an ACSM-certified personal trainer. Participants then completed a 6-month faded contact maintenance phase, and a 6-month no-contact phase during which they were to continue RT on their own in a public facility. No advice or encouragement was given to participants to alter dietary intake or non-RT PA habits. At baseline, and months 3, 9, and 15, three non-consecutive 24-hour diet recalls were collected to evaluate dietary intake and quality, the Aerobics Institute Longitudinal Study Questionnaire was completed to evaluate non-RT PA, and body mass, body composition, and strength (3 repetition maximum on leg and chest press) were measured. At months 3, 9, and 15 social cognitive theory (SCT) constructs were assessed with a RT Health Beliefs Questionnaire. In the first study, dietary intake was assessed at baseline and after 3 months of RT. Using paired sample t-tests, reductions in intake of energy (1914 ± 40 kcal vs. 1834 ± 427 kcal, p = 0.010), carbohydrate (211.6 ± 4.9 g vs. 201.7 ± 5.2 g, p = 0.015), total sugar (87.4 ± 2.7 g vs. 81.5 ± 3.1 g, p = 0.030), glycemic load (113.4 ± 3.0 vs. 108.1 ±3.2, p= 0.031), fruits and vegetables (4.6±0.2 servings vs. 4.1±0.2 servings, p= 0.018), and sweets and desserts (1.1 ± 0.07 servings vs. 0.89 ± 0.07 servings, p = 0.023) were detected from baseline to month 3. No changes in other dietary intake variables were observed. These findings supported additional investigation in this area. The second study assessed changes in overall diet quality (Healthy Eating Index [HEI]-2010 scores) and non-RT PA over the initiation, maintenance, and no-contact phases using mixed effects models. Demographic, physiological, and psychosocial factors that may predict alterations to diet quality and non-RT PA were also explored. Energy and carbohydrate intake decreased with RT (β= -87.9, p=.015 and β= -16.3, p<.001, respectively). No change in overall dietary quality (HEI-2010 score: β= -0.13, p=.722) occurred, but alterations in HEI-2010 sub-scores were detected. Maintenance of RT was accompanied by an increase in MET-min/week of total non-RT PA (β=153.5, p=0.01), which was predicted by increased self-regulation for RT (β=78.1, p=0.03). RT may be a gateway behavior leading to improvements in other health-related behaviors among adults with prediabetes. These results support the use of singlecomponent vs. multi-component interventions. This may have broad translational potential for the development of time-, resource-, and cost-efficient lifestyle interventions which can improve multiple health-related behaviors and decrease disease risk.Ph. D.
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Ollberding, Nicholas Jay. "Changes in Food Sources of Fat, Cholesterol, and Protein in the Diets of Adolescents with Hypertension in Response to a Dietary Intervention Focusing on Fruits, Vegetables, and Low-fat Dairy Foods." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1211902693.
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Richards, Julie Ann. "Evaluation of Nutritional Adequacy and Symptom Improvement During Implementation of the Low-FODMAP Diet in Individuals with Irritable Bowel Syndrome." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1524001442665205.
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Raddatz, Barbara Beate Rosa [Verfasser]. "Influence of a dietary-induced hypercholesterolemia on the pathogenesis of Theiler´s murine encephalomyelitis with special emphasis on transcriptional changes / Barbara Beate Rosa Raddatz." Hannover : Bibliothek der Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1107020263/34.
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Viljoen, Ida. "BMI changes, dietary intake and physical activity of immigrants in the USA : an investigation of a South African population in the greater Atlanta area." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49871.
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Thesis (Mnutr)--Stellenbosch Univresity, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to investigate post-immigration BMI changes in a South African immigrant population and how dietary intake and habitual physical activity reflect these changes. The study was designed as a cross-sectional, observational survey. Thirty-six volunteers aged 20 - 50 years were included in the sample. Volunteers were South African immigrants in the Atlanta area, USA, who have lived in the USA for more than 6 months but less than 5 years. METHOD: Subjects were required to complete four questionnaires including a selfadministered socia-demographic, physical activity and food frequency questionnaire. The weight history questionnaire containing measurements including height, weight and waist circumference was completed by the investigator. RESULTS: A significant increase in BMI was indicated for both male (p=0.036) and female (p=0.0009) subjects. The increase in BMI for two age categories, 20-29 years (p = 0.018) and 30-39 years (p = 0.006), was also significant. Forty five percent of females reported an energy intake above the Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) for active individuals. Reported saturated fatty acid intake (13% of TE) exceeded the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMOR). The prevalence of inadequate n-3 and n-6 PUFA as well as fibre intake was high, especially in men. Sixty four percent of the population had a 'low active' physical activity level (PAL). CONCLUSION: The observed increase in post-immigration BMI implies that the South African immigrant population, similar to other immigrant populations, has adopted to some extent, the lifestyle and dietary habits of the general US population. As a result, the South African immigrant population may also be subject to increased chronic disease risk.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: INLEIDING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om die veranderinge in liggaamsmassa index (LMI) wat met immigrasie gepaard gaan in In Suid-Afrikaanse immigrant populasie te ondersoek, asook hoe die populasie se dieet en fisieke aktiwiteit hierdie veranderinge reflekteer. Die studie was In dwarssnit, observasie opname. Die steekproef het bestaan uit 36 vrywilligers (20 - 50 jaar oud). Respondente was deel van In Suid-Afrikaanse immigrant populasie in die Atlanta area, VSA, wat vir langer as 6 maande en korter as 5 jaar in die VSA woonagtig was. METODE: Respondente is versoek om vier vraelyste te voltooi insluitende In sosiodemografiese, fisieke aktiwiteit, -en voedsel frekwensie vraelys. Antropometriese metings, insluitende massa, lengte en middelomtrek is deur die navorser op die massa geskiedenis vraelys aangeteken. RESULTATE: In Betekenisvolle toename in LMI vir beide mans (p=0.036) en vroue (p=0.0009) is gevind. Die toename in LMI vir respondente 20-29 jaar (p = 0.018) en 30- 39 jaar (p = 0.006) was ook betekenisvol. Vyf-en-veertig persent vroue se energie inname was hoër as die aanbevole daaglikse inname vir aktiewe individue. Die populasie se versadigde vetsuur inname (13% van totale energie) was hoër as die aanvaarbare makronutriënt verspreiding. Die prevalensie vir onvoldoende innname van n-3 en n-6 poli-onversadigde vetsure, asook vesel inname was hoog, veralonder mans. Vier-en-sestig persent van die populasie se fisieke aktiwiteit vlak is geklassifiseer as 'lae aktiwiteit' . GEVOLGTREKKING: Die waargenome toename in LMI impliseer dat die studie populasie, soortgelyk aan ander immigrant populasies, die lewensstyl en dieet gewoontes van die algemene Amerikaanse populasie tot In sekere mate aangeneem het en is dus ook onderhewig aan die gevolglike toename in risiko vir kroniese siekte van lewensstyl.
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WANSAPURA, ARSHANI N. "CHANGES IN FOOD SOURCES OF SODIUM IN THE DIETS OF ADOLESCENTS WITH HYPERTENSION IN RESPONSE TO A DIETARY INTERVENTION EMPHASIZING A DASH TYPE DIET." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1154703684.
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Stanberry, Kathryn. "The effect of changes in dietary fat level on body composition, blood metabolites and hormones, rate of passage, and nutrient assimilation efficiency in harbor seals." Thesis, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/7047.
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The focus of this study was to determine the effect of dietary fat content on assimilation efficiency (AE) in harbor seals. Rate of passage (peak at 24h) and initial defecation times (mean of 13.0h) were initially measured in five harbor seals on a typical high fat herring diet. Five harbor seals were used to assess the intake and nutrient digestibility of both high- and low-fat herring diets during the last 72 h of a 4-week feeding trial. The AE was determined using chromic oxide (Cr2O3 at 0.3% of the DM; placed in gel capsules and inserted into the opercular cavity of multiple herring) as the inert marker of indicator technique. All diet and fecal samples were analyzed for dry matter, ash, crude protein, and crude fat content. Carbohydrate and energy components were then calculated. Initial defecation times were longer than those found in previous studies at 13.0 ± 7.5h. Initial defecation times were found to be negatively correlated (r2= 0.85) to the total number of defecations. Percent Cr2O3 recovery was high at 85.33 ± 11.36%. Recovery of chromic oxide over 48 hours followed the expected bell-shaped curve with peak Cr2O3 recovery at ~24h after feeding. Assimilation efficiency of dry matter was significantly higher (p=0.0006) for the high fat herring, but AE's of crude protein, crude fat, and energy were similar between the two diets. This study confirms that fat content of herring does not affect nutrient AE's significantly when fed to harbor seals, but does have a significant (p=6.8*10-5 and 3.15*10-14) impact on the quantity of protein and fat consumed daily. The similarity of AE values of the high and low fat herring found in this study suggests that AE may be more dependent on prey species than was previously thought, and less dependent on the varying nutrient composition of any particular type (or kind) of prey. Further research should be conducted during both the cold and warm seasons to assess differences and determine relationships between level, type and proportion of nutrient intake on AE and animal energetic efficiency. These studies should mimic the nutritional circumstances in the wild in order to gain the best understanding of a possible relationship between nutrition and the decline of harbor seals populations.viii, 109 leaves
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VAGEDES, KASEY M. "CHANGES IN DIET QUALITY AND BLOOD PRESSURE AMONG ADOLESCENTS WITH HYPERTENSION IN RESPONSE TO A DIETARY INTERVENTION EMPHASIZING FRUITS, VEGETABLES AND LOW-FAT DAIRY PRODUCTS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1123090947.
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Jenny, Lee. "The Relationship between Food Monitoring and Dietary and Blood Pressure Changes in Youth Participating in a Behavioral Nutrition Intervention focused on a DASH-type Diet." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1243020223.
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Sakita, Saori. "Development and Use of a Physiologically Based Mathematical Model Describing the Relationships and Contributions of Macronutrients to Weight and Body Composition Changes." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2552.
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The effect of the dietary macronutrient composition on weight loss has been a controversial issue for decades. During that time, a high-protein, high-fat, and low-carbohydrate diet has been one of the more popular weight loss diets with the public. We hypothesized that a computer simulation model using STELLA software could help to better understanding the effect of the dietary macronutrient composition on weight loss. We calculated daily total oxidation instead of total energy expenditure as others have done based on the facts that carbohydrate, fat, and protein intake influence carbohydrate, fat, and protein oxidation. In order to create a simple and accurate model comparing dietary macronutrient composition effects, we eliminated exercise as a factor and focused on a sedentary population. The model was validated by five sets of published human data. Following model validation, simulations were carried out to compare the traditional high-carbohydrate diet recommended by the American Dietetic Association and two well-known high-protein diets (Atkins and the Zone diet). The results of computer simulation suggested that the lean tissue retention effect of a high-protein diet, especially with a lower-fat diet, compared with a traditional high carbohydrate diet over 6 months.
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Graeter, Margaret. "The relationship between dietary self-monitoring and blood pressure changes in adolescents with pre-hypertension or hypertension participating in a nutrition intervention emphasizing the DASH diet." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1312483409.
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Hill, Anabel Lee 1954. "Changes in body weight, total body fat, fat distribution, and dietary food intake in Hispanics participating in a 6 month smoking cessation program with and without the use of transdermal nicotine." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282576.
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Smokers who successfully quit smoking gain weight; although important factors have been identified the mechanisms remain unclear. We measured changes in body weight, fat distribution, and dietary intake of macronutrients during a 26 week smoking cessation trial with the use of nicotine and placebo patch in a Hispanic sample of smokers (88% Mexican-American). Participants were randomized to receive patch treatment for 10 weeks and then followed for 16 weeks. We found that nicotine treated quitters experienced significantly less weight gain than placebo treated quitters at 6 weeks; however by 26 weeks, there were no significant differences among treatment groups. We found that percent total body fat (%TBF) for nicotine treated female quitters changed significantly less than for placebo treated female quitters at 10 weeks (p<0.05); there were no treatment differences in change in %TBF for males at 10 weeks. Male and female quitters experienced significantly less change in %TBF at 26 weeks than continued smokers (adjusted for treatment). Dietary intake of total energy, percent of total energy consumed as fat, protein, and carbohydrate were not significantly different by treatment group from BL for males or females. Thus, although body weight increased significantly in quitters versus non-quitters; dietary intake of macronutrients did not change significantly from BL for quitters and non-quitters. This suggests that factors other than changes in energy intake are responsible for the weight gain observed in this sample of Hispanic ex-smokers.
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Al-Muhanna, Khawlah S. "Are There Differences in Nutrient Intake Following Initiation of A Low FODMAP Diet in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome?" The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1492607846495982.
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Blake, Crystal. "Anti-Depressive and Anti-Obesity Changes Following Either Dietary Isoflavone Treatment or Injection Treatment with the Isoflavonoid Equol: Positive Response Dependent on Animal Age and Ovarian Status in Female Long Evans Rats." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3036.
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Two conditions associated with ovarian depletion are increased potential for depressive episodes and increased abdominal weight gain. In five different experiments we examined the effect of soy-containing diets or equol injections on depression, serotonin levels, weight gain (BW) and white adipose tissue (WAT) deposition of female Long-Evans rats in various stages of life. Rats were intact, ovariectomized or experienced natural ovarian failure (NOF). While this paper will present each experiment, only experiment 5 is outlined here due to space limitations. From conception the rats were exposed to either a soy-rich (Phyto-600) or low-soy diet (Phyto-low). Animals experienced NOF at approximately 300 days. At 330 days-old animals underwent the Porsolt forced swim test (PFST). One month later (following 1 week of equol injections in Phyto-low fed animals) the animals were again tested in the PFST. Serum was collected before the first PFST and following the second PFST for serotonin and isoflavone analysis. This experiment demonstrated that animals fed a soy-rich diet have decreased BW and WAT compared to a low-soy diet. At the first PFST, the Phyto-low fed NOF females displayed increased immobility and lower serotonin levels compared to the Phyto-600 NOF females indicating the Phyto-low animals were more depressed than the Phyto-600 females. The second PFST demonstrated equol injection significantly increased both time mobile and serum serotonin levels in the Phyto-low fed rats suggesting that equol has antidepressant effects. This experiment demonstrated that isoflavone exposure has antiobesity-like effects. Furthermore, isoflavones (particularly equol) appear to have antidepressant potential in NOF females.
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Watt, Richard Geddie. "Dietary behaviour change in adolescence." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1995. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1630.
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Diet is an important determinant of health, especially during adolescence when growth and development are critical. Many young people continue however to eat a diet that does not conform with current dietary recommendations Relatively little research has been carried out into adolescent dietary behaviour change. The Transtheoretical Model of Behaviour Change has been developed and tested with a range of health related behaviours and indicates that change is a dynamic non-linear process involving several distinct stages (Prochaska and Diclemente, 1991). The aim of this study was to investigate adolescent dietary behaviour change amongst a sample of 513 fourteen year olds attending six schools in North London. The objectives were to assess the key features, patterns and characteristics of the sample's dietary behaviour, to establish the nature and extent of change of diet; and to investigate the context, influences and processes involved. A three phase study design was developed which utilised both quantitative and qualitative methods. Results from the quantitative phase revealed that over 50% of the sample had experience of changing either their fat or sugar intakes. Application of the Transtheoretical Model of Behaviour Change revealed very similar patterns of change for both fat and sugar, although differences in the distribution of stages between females and males was apparent. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that adolescents who were female, perceived themselves to be overweight, were involved with cooking and ate a home based lunch were more likely to have changed their diets. Data from the semi-structured interviews revealed the complex processes and social influences involved in changing eating behaviours. Concern with body appearance was the major motivation for change, with direct health considerations being less important. The socio-structural context greatly influenced young eoleabilitY to successfully modify their eating patterns. These results have important implications for the future development of appropriate and effective health promotion dietary interventions aimed at young people.
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Jackson, Kathryn Anne. "Measuring voluntary dietary change in response to exercise : a focus on dietary fat." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/52660/1/Kathryn_Jackson_Thesis.pdf.
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Traditional treatments for weight management have focussed on prescribed dietary restriction or regular exercise, or a combination of both. However recidivism for such prescribed treatments remains high, particularly among the overweight and obese. The aim of this thesis was to investigate voluntary dietary changes in the presence of prescribed mixed-mode exercise, conducted over 16 weeks. With the implementation of a single lifestyle change (exercise) it was postulated that the onerous burden of concomitant dietary and exercise compliance would be reduced, leading to voluntary lifestyle changes in such areas as diet. In addition, the failure of exercise as a single weight loss treatment has been reported to be due to compensatory energy intakes, although much of the evidence is from acute exercise studies, necessitating investigation of compensatory intakes during a long-term exercise intervention.
Following 16 weeks of moderate intensity exercise, 30 overweight and obese (BMI≥25.00 kg.m-2) men and women showed small but statistically significant decreases in mean dietary fat intakes, without compensatory increases in other macronutrient or total energy intakes. Indeed total energy intakes were significantly lower for men and women following the exercise intervention, due to the decreases in dietary fat intakes.
There was a risk that acceptance of the statistical validity of the small changes to dietary fat intakes may have constituted a Type 1 error, with false rejection of the Null hypothesis. Oro-sensory perceptions to changes in fat loads were therefore investigated to determine whether the measured dietary fat changes were detectable by the human palate. The ability to detect small changes in dietary fat provides sensory feedback for self-initiated dietary changes, but lean and overweight participants were unable to distinguish changes to fat loads of similar magnitudes to that measured in the exercise intervention study.
Accuracy of the dietary measurement instrument was improved with the effects of random error (day-to-day variability) minimised with the use of a statistically validated 8-day, multiple-pass, 24 hour dietary recall instrument. However systematic error (underreporting) may have masked the magnitude of dietary change, particularly the reduction in dietary fat intakes.
A purported biomarker (plasma Apolipoprotein A-IV) (apoA-IV) was subsequently investigated, to monitor systematic error in self-reported dietary intakes. Changes in plasma apoA-IV concentrations were directly correlated with increased and decreased changes to dietary fat intakes, suggesting that this objective marker may be a useful tool to improve the accuracy of dietary measurement in overweight and obese populations, who are susceptible to dietary underreporting.
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Beaumont, Julia. "An isotopic and historical study of diet and migration during the great Irish Potato Famine (1845-1852) : high-resolution carbon and nitrogen isotope profiling of teeth to investigate migration and short-term dietary change at the Union workhouse, Kilkenny and Lukin street, London." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6315.
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Historical evidence from contemporary documents established that Irish migrants to London during the Great Irish Famine (1845-1852) were likely to come from low socio-economic groups in south-west Ireland, and has characterised mid-19th-century health status and living conditions in both locations. Using samples from 119 individuals from the Catholic cemetery at Lukin Street, London (1843-1854) and 20 from the Union Workhouse Famine cemetery, Kilkenny, Ireland (1847-51), mean bone collagen isotope values were established for the well-documented Irish pre-Famine potato-based diet (δ¹⁵N 10.6‰, δ¹³C -19.1‰), and the diet of contemporaneous Londoners (δ¹⁵N 12.6‰, δ¹³C -19.1‰). The introduction of maize as a short-term Famine relief food was identified in three Kilkenny juveniles with bone collagen δ¹³C above -17‰, and incremental dentine collagen demonstrating temporal changes in δ¹³C consistent with dietary change from C3 to C4 plants. Bone collagen values for two Lukin Street individuals were consistent with high marine protein consumption. Techniques developed in this study to sample increments of dentine representing nine months or less of life have improved temporal resolution not only for migration events but also short-term dietary changes and physiological status during childhood. Combining epigraphic, osteological and archaeological evidence, individual 'lifeways' have been constructed using isotope data and provide insights into the connection between health, diet and skeletal manifestations of deprivation during childhood and adolescence. New models are investigated for examining maternal and infant health using dentine collagen increments formed in utero and combining dentine and bone collagen values to explore the effects of nutritional stress on bone turnover.