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Journal articles on the topic 'Dietary balance'

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Published: 7 September 2022

Last updated: 18 September 2022

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1

Gibney, Michael J. "Optimal macronutrient balance." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 58, no. 2 (May 1999): 421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665199000555.

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There is at present a justifiable debate as to the optimum level of total dietary fat which will reduce the risk of obesity without an elevation of plasma triacylglycerol or a depression of plasma HDL-cholesterol. Total plasma cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels are lowered and risk of fatal myocardial infarction is lowered when either saturated or trans-unsaturated fatty acids are replaced isoenergetically by either monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids. The triacylglycerol-raising and HDL-lowering effects of low-fat high-carbohydrate diets can be over-come with low intakes of n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and moderate exercise. Whilst a reduction in dietary fat is being attained in many countries, the reduction is uniform across all fatty acids, leaving dietary fat composition unchanged. The ability of low-fat diets to reduce cholesterol and cause a fall in body weight is not influenced by the carbohydrate ratio starch: sugars in the diet. However, weight-gain susceptibility to high intakes of dietary fat and the plasma cholesterol responsiveness to diet are considerably influenced by common genetic polymorphisms.

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2

Davie, Michael W. J., Ralph R. Abraham, Belinda Hewins, and Victor Wynn. "Changes in bone and muscle constituents during dieting for obesity." Clinical Science 70, no. 3 (March 1, 1986): 285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0700285.

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1. The effects of dietary carbohydrate (CHO) content and of tri-iodothyronine (T3) administration on calcium, zinc and phosphate balances and on urinary hydroxyproline output were examined in eight obese subjects undergoing therapy with low energy (2741–3301 kJ/day), high calcium (28.9–35.1 mmol/day) diets. 2. Calcium balances were generally positive at the high levels of intake used, but significantly more calcium was retained when dietary CHO intake (as proportion of total energy intake) was increased. 3. Zinc balances were more positive when the proportion of dietary CHO was high and correlated both with nitrogen balance and with daytime insulin concentration. 4. Urinary hydroxyproline output generally increased with dieting irrespective of dietary CHO content. 5. Administration of T3 (30–80 μg/day) markedly increased zinc loss without affecting calcium balance.

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3

Schutz, Yves. "Dietary fat, lipogenesis and energy balance." Physiology & Behavior 83, no. 4 (December 2004): 557–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.09.015.

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4

McCrory, Megan A., Aoife Burke, and Susan B. Roberts. "Dietary (sensory) variety and energy balance." Physiology & Behavior 107, no. 4 (November 2012): 576–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.06.012.

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5

Frape, D. L. "Calcium balance and dietary protein content." Equine Veterinary Journal 19, no. 4 (July 1987): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1987.tb01400.x.

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6

Santos, Júlia, Fernanda Leitão-Correia, Maria João Sousa, and Cecília Leão. "Dietary Restriction and Nutrient Balance in Aging." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4010357.

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Dietary regimens that favour reduced calorie intake delay aging and age-associated diseases. New evidences revealed that nutritional balance of dietary components without food restriction increases lifespan. Particular nutrients as several nitrogen sources, proteins, amino acid, and ammonium are implicated in life and healthspan regulation in different model organisms from yeast to mammals. Aging and dietary restriction interact through partially overlapping mechanisms in the activation of the conserved nutrient-signalling pathways, mainly the insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IIS) and the Target Of Rapamycin (TOR). The specific nutrients of dietary regimens, their balance, and how they interact with different genes and pathways are currently being uncovered. Taking into account that dietary regimes can largely influence overall human health and changes in risk factors such as cholesterol level and blood pressure, these new findings are of great importance to fully comprehend the interplay between diet and humans health.

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7

FLATT, J. P. "Dietary Fat, Carbohydrate Balance, and Weight Maintenance." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 683, no. 1 Dietary Lipid (June 1993): 122–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb35699.x.

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8

Astrup, A., B. Buemann, N. J. Christensen, and S. Toubro. "Failure to increase lipid oxidation in response to increasing dietary fat content in formerly obese women." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 266, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): E592—E599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1994.266.4.e592.

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The effect of an increase in dietary fat content on fat and carbohydrate balances and energy expenditure (EE) was studied in nine formerly obese women with genetic predisposition to obesity (postobese) and a closely matched control group. Isocaloric low- (20% fat energy) and high-fat diets (50%) were consumed for 3 days preceding and during a 24-h respiratory chamber stay, whereas a medium-fat diet (30%) was consumed only on the day of measurement. After adjustment for 24-h energy intake to equal 24-h EE, 24-h fat balance was increased when the dietary fat content increased (P < 0.0002). No differences in macronutrient balances were found on the low-fat and medium-fat diets, but on the high-fat diet the postobese women failed to increase ratio of fat to carbohydrate oxidation appropriately (0.59 g/g, 95% confidence interval 0.47-0.67 vs. controls 1.02 g/g, 0.88–1.12; P = 0.002). This caused a positive adjusted fat balance (+11.0 g/day, 2.3–19.6 vs. controls -8.9 g/day, -17.5 to -0.2; P < 0.001) and a negative carbohydrate balance (-41.8 g/day, -69.5 to -14.0 vs. controls +23.2 g/day, -4.6 to +50.9; P < 0.001). Decreasing the dietary fat content increased 24-h EE in the postobese women (P = 0.02), whereas it was unaffected in the control group. Independent of energy balance, an increase in dietary fat content to 50% fat energy results in preferential fat storage, impaired suppression of carbohydrate oxidation, and reduction of 24-h EE in postobese women.

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9

Takagi, Hiroshi, and Elliot Block. "Effects of Manipulating Dietary Cation-Anion Balance on Macromineral Balance in Sheep." Journal of Dairy Science 74, no. 12 (December 1991): 4202–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(91)78616-5.

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10

Dersjant-Li, Y., J. W. Schrama, M. J. W. Heetkamp, J. A. J. Verreth, and M. W. A. Verstegen. "Effect of dietary electrolyte balance on metabolic rate and energy balance in pigs." Animal Science 74, no. 2 (April 2002): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800052462.

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AbstractThe effect of two dietary electrolyte balance (dEB, Na+ + K+ – Cl-) levels (–135 and 145 mEq/kg diet) on heat production, energy and nitrogen retention in piglets was assessed. The experiment consisted of a 13-day adaptation period and a 7-day balance period in two open-circuit climate respiration chambers. Nine groups of three (4 weeks old) crossbred barrows were assigned to one of two diets (five and four groups for –135 and 145 mEq/kg dEB diets respectively). During the balance period, diets were provided at 2·3 times the energy requirement for maintenance in two equal meals daily. Total heat production for each group was determined every 9 minutes from the exchange of CO2 and O2. Faeces and urine mixture was quantitatively collected during the balance period to measure energy and nitrogen balance. Total heat production and metabolizable energy costs for maintenance tended (P 0·10) to be higher in the 145 mEq/kg dEB group (681 and 443 kJ/kg0·75 per day respectively) than in the –135 mEq/kg dEB group (660 and 412 kJ/kg0·75 per day respectively). Differences in total heat production between the two dEB groups mainly occurred in the daytime (light period), when significance level was P 0·01. The respiratory quotient and energy retention as fat were numerically (but not statistically significantly) lower in the 145 mEq/kg dEB group compared with –135 mEq/kg dEB. In conclusion, energy balances were similar for both treatments. However in the daytime (light period), piglets needed more energy for maintenance after ingesting a diet with a dEB level of 145 mEq/kg compared to a diet with a dEB level of –135 mEq/kg at a restricted feeding level.

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11

Thompson, Janice L. "Energy Balance in Young Athletes." International Journal of Sport Nutrition 8, no. 2 (June 1998): 160–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.8.2.160.

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Very little is known about the energy needs of young athletes. Recent studies using the doubly labeled water method have shown that the recommended dietary allowances for energy may be too high for normally active children and adolescents living in affluent societies. No studies of energy balance in young athletes have been published. Self-report dietary records of young athletes indicate that energy, carbohydrate, and select micronutrient intakes of certain athletic groups and individual athletes may be marginal or inadequate. Potential consequences of inadequate energy and nutrient intakes in young athletes include poor bone health, fatigue, limited recovery from injuries, menstrual dysfunction in female athletes, and poor performance. Studies of energy balance and nutrient status in young athletes are needed to better understand the nutritional needs of this group.

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12

Summers, J. D., and M. Bedford. "Canola meal and diet acid-base balance for broilers." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 74, no. 2 (June 1, 1994): 335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas94-045.

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Experiments were undertaken to investigate the influence of dietary sulphur, calcium and altered anion-cation balance on the response of chicks fed soybean or canola meal diets.The addition of supplemental sulphur to a semi-purified soybean meal diet resulted in a marked decrease in feed intake and weight gain. Additional dietary calcium helped to alleviate the depression caused by excess dietary sulphur. Plotting dietary meq (ranging from −3.7 to +13.4) against weight gain suggested that anion–cation balance was responsible, in part, for the responses noted. Supplementing a canola meal semi-purified diet with sulphur, calcium and a mixture of potassium and sodium carbonate to alter diet anion–cation balance by 0, 10 and 20 meq confirmed that the interaction noted with dietary sulphur and calcium supplementation of soybean and canola meals diets is caused in large part by changes in anion–cation balance of the diet. Thus the present data confirm previous suggestions that part of the growth depression noted with canola meal supplemented diets is due to its high sulphur content and thus an altering of anion–cation balance. Key words: Broilers, canola meal, acid base balance, sulphur, sodium, calcium, potassium

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13

Baranauskas, Marius, Valerija Jablonskienė, Jonas Algis Abaravičius, Laimutė Samsonienė, and Rimantas Stukas. "Dietary Acid-Base Balance in High-Performance Athletes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 15 (July 24, 2020): 5332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155332.

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Physical exercise leads to metabolic changes that affect the acid-base balance in skeletal muscles and other tissues. Nutrition is one of the factors that may influence the acid-base balance in the body. Keeping alkaline circumstances in the body is important not only for health and athletic performance in training but also during competition in many sport events. This is especially significant for athletes who practice in sport at the highest level of competition. The aim of the study was to determine the dietary acid-base balance in competitive Lithuanian high-performance athletes, and to evaluate the effect of actual diets of athletes on NEAP (net endogenous acid production), muscle mass and body mineral content during a four-year Olympic cycle. The research participants were 18.1 ± 3.3-year-old Lithuanian high performance athletes (n = 323). The actual diet was investigated using the 24 h recall dietary survey method. The measurements of body composition were performed using BIA (bioelectrical impedance analysis). The potential renal acid load of the diets of athletes (dietary PRAL) and NEAP were calculated. In 10.2% of athletes, NEAP exceeds 100 mEq · day−1 and is on average 126.1 ± 32.7 mEq · day−1. Higher NEAP in athletes is associated with lower muscle mass (β -1.2% of body weight, p < 0.001) but has no effect on the amount of minerals in the body (β 0.01% of body weight, p = 0.073). Overall, 25–30% of Lithuanian high-performance athletes use high-protein diets (2.0–4.8 g · kg−1 · day−1) leading to a dietary acid-base imbalance as well as an excessive production of endogenous acids in the body. Athletes are recommended to consume higher amounts of potassium and magnesium. An increase in calcium intake up to 1500 mg per day is recommended. In exceptional cases, periodised nutrition for athletes may involve diets complemented with bicarbonate and/or beta-alanine supplements.

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14

Ahmad, T., and M. Sarwar. "Dietary electrolyte balance: implications in heat stressed broilers." World's Poultry Science Journal 62, no. 4 (December 1, 2006): 638–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043933906001188.

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15

SARWAR, M. "Dietary electrolyte balance: implications in heat stressed broilers." World's Poultry Science Journal 62, no. 4 (December 1, 2006): 638–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wps2006118.

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16

Agostoni, C. "The difficult balance between dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids." Acta Paediatrica 92, no. 12 (January 2, 2007): 1371–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2003.tb00815.x.

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17

Hartog, L. A., R. A. B. Mors, M. W. A. Verstegen, and L. G. M. Gils. "The dietary electrolyte balance in veal calf nutrition." Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 63, no. 1-5 (January 8, 1990): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.1990.tb00132.x.

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18

Dahl, Wendy J., Susan J. Whiting, and Alison M. Stephen. "Dietary lentils and calcium balance in adult men." Nutrition Research 15, no. 11 (November 1995): 1587–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0271-5317(95)02029-x.

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19

Remonti, Luigi, Alessandro Balestrieri, David Raubenheimer, and Nicola Saino. "Functional implications of omnivory for dietary nutrient balance." Oikos 125, no. 9 (December 15, 2015): 1233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/oik.02801.

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20

AHMAD, T., and M. SARWAR. "Dietary electrolyte balance: implications in heat stressed broilers." World's Poultry Science Journal 62, no. 04 (December 2006): 638–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/wps2006118.

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21

Johnson, Shanthi, Krista Leck, and A. Vandervoort. "The Effect of Dietary Fasting on Physical Balance." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, Supplement (May 2006): S117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200605001-01419.

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22

Damir, H. Abu, W. Buchan, J. Milne, N. Loveridge, and D. Scott. "26. Dietary acid-base balance and bone metabolism." Bone 12, no. 4 (1991): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/8756-3282(91)90122-y.

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23

Liu, Aiwen, Siti Ratna Komala, and Lin Feng. "Analysis Of Dietary Structure Of Chinese Volleyball Athletes By Dietary Balance Index Method." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 54, no. 9S (September 2022): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000881188.61198.25.

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24

Blaut, Michael. "Gut microbiota and energy balance: role in obesity." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 74, no. 3 (December 18, 2014): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665114001700.

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The microbial community populating the human digestive tract has been linked to the development of obesity, diabetes and liver diseases. Proposed mechanisms on how the gut microbiota could contribute to obesity and metabolic diseases include: (1) improved energy extraction from diet by the conversion of dietary fibre to SCFA; (2) increased intestinal permeability for bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in response to the consumption of high-fat diets resulting in an elevated systemic LPS level and low-grade inflammation. Animal studies indicate differences in the physiologic effects of fermentable and non-fermentable dietary fibres as well as differences in long- and short-term effects of fermentable dietary fibre. The human intestinal microbiome is enriched in genes involved in the degradation of indigestible polysaccharides. The extent to which dietary fibres are fermented and in which molar ratio SCFA are formed depends on their physicochemical properties and on the individual microbiome. Acetate and propionate play an important role in lipid and glucose metabolism. Acetate serves as a substrate for de novo lipogenesis in liver, whereas propionate can be utilised for gluconeogenesis. The conversion of fermentable dietary fibre to SCFA provides additional energy to the host which could promote obesity. However, epidemiologic studies indicate that diets rich in fibre rather prevent than promote obesity development. This may be due to the fact that SCFA are also ligands of free fatty acid receptors (FFAR). Activation of FFAR leads to an increased expression and secretion of enteroendocrine hormones such as glucagon-like-peptide 1 or peptide YY which cause satiety. In conclusion, the role of SCFA in host energy balance needs to be re-evaluated.

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25

Jones, Aaron M., Fangzhou Wu, Jason C. Woodworth, Steve S. Dritz, Mike D. Tokach, Joel M. DeRouchey, and Robert D. Goodband. "Evaluation of dietary electrolyte balance on nursery pig performance1." Translational Animal Science 3, no. 1 (July 14, 2018): 378–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txy090.

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Abstract Increasing dietary electrolyte balance (dEB) has been reported to linearly improve pig growth performance up to approximately 200 to 250 mEq/kg. However, recent data indicate that increasing dietary dEB reduced growth performance of nursery pigs. To attempt to solve this discrepancy, a total of 2,880 weanling pigs (327 × 1,050; PIC, Hendersonville, TN; 5.2 kg initial BW) were used to determine the effects of increasing dEB on nursery pig performance. Pens of pigs were blocked by BW and gender on arrival. Within block, pens were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments. There were 30 pigs per pen (60 pigs per double-sided feeder) and 12 replications (feeder) per treatment. Dietary treatments were fed in two phases. The phase 1 diet was based on corn–soybean meal, contained dried distillers grains with soblubles (DDGS), spray-dried whey, and specialty protein sources, and was fed from days 0 to 8. The phase 2 (days 8 to 21) diets contained corn, soybean meal, and DDGS with reduced amounts of specialty protein sources. Dietary electrolyte balance was determined using the following equation: dEB = [(Na × 434.98) + (K × 255.74) − (Cl × 282.06)] mEq/kg. The dEB of the four phase 1 diets were 84, 137, 190, and 243 mEq/kg, and dEB of the four phase 2 diets were 29, 86, 143, and 199 mEq/kg. After feeding experimental diets for 21 day, a common, commercial corn–soybean meal diet was fed to all pigs from days 21 to 35 and contained a dEB of 257 mEq/kg. During days 0 to 8, increasing dEB increased (quadratic, P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and G:F. From days 8 to 21, increasing dEB improved ADG (quadratic, P = 0.022) and ADFI (linear, P = 0.001), resulting in an improvement (quadratic, P = 0.001) in G:F. Overall (days 0 to 21), increasing dEB increased (linear, P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and improved (quadratic, P < 0.001) G:F. When a common diet was fed to all pigs from days 21 to 35, there was a linear reduction in ADG and G:F with increasing dietary dEB, but no effect of ADFI. For the overall nursery period (days 0 to 35), increasing dEB from days 0 to 21 increased (linear, P < 0.001) ADG and final BW, which was the result of increased (quadratic, P < 0.05) G:F and marginally greater (linear, P = 0.077) ADFI. In conclusion, increasing dietary dEB up to 243 and 199 mEq/kg (in phases 1 and 2, respectively) in nursery diets improved growth performance of weanling pigs.

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26

Christian, Donald P. "Effects of dietary sodium and potassium on mineral balance in captive meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 168–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-022.

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Na+ and K+ balance of captive meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) were studied at dietary levels of 100 and 1000 ppm Na+ and 6000, 18 000, and 36 000 ppm K+. Na+ loss and Na+ balance were not significantly affected by high dietary K+ content; this result does not support the hypothesis that K+ loading is a major cause of the apparent Na+ imbalances shown by some herbivores during spring and early summer. Voles maintained or approached Na+ balance on the low Na+ diets. The relative size of the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland was not increased on the low Na+ diet. In contrast, high dietary K+ had a significant effect on zona glomerulosa size; this pattern and other data suggest that excreting K+ under conditions of high dietary K+ may represent a much greater physiological challenge to meadow voles than conserving Na+ on low Na+ diets. There was no indication that bone Na+ played an important role in Na+ balance in this species. Levels of Na+ and K+ in hair varied significantly with respective dietary levels.

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27

LECLERC, HÉLÈNE, and ELLIOT BLOCK. "EFFECTS OF REDUCING DIETARY CATION-ANION BALANCE FOR PREPARTUM DAIRY COWS WITH SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO HYPOCALCEMIC PARTURIENT PARESIS." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 69, no. 2 (June 1, 1989): 411–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas89-046.

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A trial was conducted to investigate the response of prepartum dairy cows to reducing the level of dietary cation-anion balance by measuring the concentration of plasma Ca, P, Mg and hydroxy proline, the apparent absorption of Ca, P and Mg and the incidence of milk fever. Twenty prepartum Holstein cows were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments designated control, diets 1, 2 and 3, with cation-anion balances [(Na + K) – (Cl + S)] of + 394, + 121, + 105 and + 62 meq kg−1 dietary dry matter (DM), respectively. Diets containing 1.38% Ca and 0.76% P (dry basis) were offered from day 45 prepartum to day 2 postpartum. Reducing the level of dietary cation-anion balance decreased the severity of the decline of plasma Ca during the periparturient period and delayed the time of observing the lowest concentration of plasma Ca. Strong negative correlations were observed during the periparturient period, particularly at parturition, between dietary cation-anion intake and the concentrations of plasma Ca and P. Apparent absorption of minerals was not influenced by dietary treatment from day 24 to day 21 prepartum. However, apparent absorption of Ca was reduced in cows fed diets 2 and 3 compared to cows fed the control diet and apparent absorption of Mg was reduced in cows fed diets 1, 2 and 3 compared to cows fed the control diet from day 7 prepartum until day 1 postpartum. Apparent absorption of phosphorus was not influenced by treatment at either time. Plasma levels of hydroxyproline were higher in cows fed diets 2 and 3 than in those fed diet 1 and the control diet from day 2 prepartum to day 1 postpartum. Results showed that reducing the level of dietary cation-anion balance influenced the concentration of plasma calcium, its apparent absorption and its resorption from bone. These effects were most accentuated during the periparturient period and may be beneficial in the prevention of milk fever. Key words: Milk fever, dairy cows, dietary anions and cations, parturient paresis

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Spears, J. W., K. E. Lloyd, and R. S. Fry. "Tolerance of cattle to increased dietary sulfur and effect of dietary cation-anion balance." Journal of Animal Science 89, no. 8 (August 1, 2011): 2502–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2010-3265.

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29

Kam, M., and A. A. Degen. "Energy budget in free-living animals: a novel approach based on the doubly labeled water method." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 272, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): R1336—R1343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1997.272.4.r1336.

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We provide a theoretical and practical model for the calculation of energy balance of free-living animals using the doubly labeled water method. Energy expenditure, metabolizable energy intake, and body energy balance (energy retention, negative or positive) of animals are estimated using CO2 production, water influx, and dietary habits. This model accounts for CO2 produced from the 1) oxidation of dietary substrates, 2) catabolism of body tissue, and 3) deposition of body energy. We examined the model using data from studies on five homeotherms reported in the literature. The ratios between daily energy expenditure using our model and that presented in the reports ranged between 0.76 and 1.18. Metabolizable energy intakes were as low as 43% of energy expenditure in negative energy-balanced hummingbirds and as high as 245% of energy expenditure in positive energy-balanced koala bears. This model is the first that allows theoretical calculation of all energy budget components, including energy retention, in free-living animals using the doubly labeled water method.

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30

Al-Wahab, Zaid, Calvin Tebbe, Jasdeep Chhina, Sajad A. Dar, Robert T. Morris, Rouba Ali-Fehmi, Shailendra Giri, Adnan R. Munkarah, and Ramandeep Rattan. "Dietary energy balance modulates ovarian cancer progression and metastasis." Oncotarget 5, no. 15 (July 5, 2014): 6063–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.2168.

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31

Brown, T. F., M. E. McCormick, D. R. Morris, and L. K. Zeringue. "Effects of dietary boron on mineral balance in sheep." Nutrition Research 9, no. 5 (May 1989): 503–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0271-5317(89)80175-7.

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32

Wenk, Caspar. "Implications of dietary fat for nutrition and energy balance." Physiology & Behavior 83, no. 4 (December 2004): 565–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.07.025.

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33

Walkley, J., V. Temple, S. Parker, K. Greenway, and C. Anderson. "ENERGY BALANCE AND DIETARY INTAKE OF INTELLECTUALLY DISABLED ADULTS." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 33, no. 5 (May 2001): S49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200105001-00274.

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34

Bernardi, Elisabetta, Sofia A. Delussu, Filippo M. Quattrini, Angelo Rodio, and Marco Bernardi. "Energy balance and dietary habits of America's Cup sailors." Journal of Sports Sciences 25, no. 10 (August 2007): 1153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410701287180.

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35

ABEYWARDENA, M., P. MCLENNAN, and J. CHARNOCK. "Dietary fat modulation of rat heart PGI/TXA balance." Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 20, no. 10 (October 1988): VI. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-2828(88)80169-x.

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36

Verboeket-van de Venne, Wilhelmine PHG, Klaas R. Westerterp, and Foppe ten Hoor. "Influence of dietary fat on substrate balance in humans." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 57, no. 5 (May 1, 1993): 825S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/57.5.825s.

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37

Jajoo, Ramina, Lingyi Song, Helen Rasmussen, Susan S. Harris, and Bess Dawson-Hughes. "Dietary Acid-Base Balance, Bone Resorption, and Calcium Excretion." Journal of the American College of Nutrition 25, no. 3 (June 2006): 224–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2006.10719536.

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38

Saxena, Anita. "Striking balance between protein requirement and dietary phosphorus restrictions." Journal of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism 5, no. 1 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jrnm.jrnm_51_19.

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39

Graham-Thiers, Patricia M., and David S. Kronfeld. "Dietary protein influences acid-base balance in sedentary horses." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 25, no. 10 (October 2005): 434–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2005.09.006.

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Girard, Pierre, Monique Brun-Pascaud, and Michel Paillard. "Selective dietary potassium depletion and acid-base equilibrium in the rat." Clinical Science 68, no. 3 (March 1, 1985): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0680301.

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1. K+ depletion of two kinds was induced in two groups of rats by selective dietary restriction for up to 5 weeks. Complete metabolic studies for H+, K+, Na+ and Cl− were carried out daily during weeks 1, 3 and 5. 2. In control rats of group A (receiving K+ with sodium chloride), plasma pH (7.47) and HCO−3(25 mmol/l), as well TA (titratable acid) —- HCO−3 and NH+4 urinary excretion rates, were stable, while balances were nil for K+ and slightly positive for Cl−. In K+-deprived rats of group A receiving sodium chloride, a progressive metabolic alkalosis developed (plasma pH reached 7.57 and HCO−3 35.8 mmol/l by 5 weeks), and TA - HCO−3 and NH+4 urinary excretion rates were not different from controls. Plasma K+ fell progressively from 4.20 to 2.20 mmol/l, with negative K+ balance. Balances for Na+ and H2O were highly positive and plasma renin activity and aldosterone decreased by week 5. Hypochloraemia developed with positive Cl− balance. 3. In control rats of group B (receiving K+ with neutral sodium phosphate), a slight metabolic alkalosis developed, and TA - HCO−3 excretion rate was increased compared with control rats of group A. Balances were slightly negative for K+ and Cl−. In K+-deprived rats of group B receiving neutral sodium phosphate, a profound metabolic alkalosis developed (plasma pH reached 7.60 and HCO−3 42.6 mmol/l by 5 weeks), and TA-HCO−3 and NH+4 excretion rates were at no time different from those of control rats of group B. Plasma K+ fell progressively from 4.25 to 2.30 mmol/l, and K+ balance was more negative than that in control rats of group B. Hypochloraemia developed with a negative Cl− balance. 4. In both K+-restricted groups, a linear negative correlation was observed between plasma HCO−3 (or pH) and plasma K+. These results suggest that metabolic alkalosis does occur in sustained selective K+-depletion in rats. Metabolic alkalosis could be generated essentially by net transfer of H+ from extracellular fluid (ECF) into cells, probably in exchange for K+ in the reverse direction. Metabolic alkalosis could be maintained by an increase in tubular reabsorption of filtered HCO−3, probably via an enhanced Na+/H+ exchange in the proximal tubule in sodium chloride-loaded rats, which may account for the ECF volume expansion with low plasma renin activity and aldosterone, and via an enhanced Cl−/HCO−3 exchange in distal nephron in sodium phosphate-loaded rats.

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Baker, L. A., D. L. Wall, D. R. Topliff, D. W. Freeman, R. G. Teeter, J. E. Breazile, and D. G. Wagner. "Effect of dietary cation-anion balance in mineral balance in anaerobically exercised and sedentary horses." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 13, no. 10 (October 1993): 557–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0737-0806(06)81525-x.

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42

Phillips, Stuart M. "Dietary protein requirements and adaptive advantages in athletes." British Journal of Nutrition 108, S2 (August 2012): S158—S167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512002516.

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Dietary guidelines from a variety of sources are generally congruent that an adequate dietary protein intake for persons over the age of 19 is between 0·8–0·9 g protein/kg body weight/d. According to the US/Canadian Dietary Reference Intakes, the RDA for protein of 0·8 g protein/kg/d is “…the average daily intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all [~98 %]… healthy individuals…” The panel also states that “…no additional dietary protein is suggested for healthy adults undertaking resistance or endurance exercise.” These recommendations are in contrast to recommendations from the US and Canadian Dietetic Association: “Protein recommendations for endurance and strength trained athletes range from 1·2 to 1·7 g/kg/d.” The disparity between those setting dietary protein requirements and those who might be considered to be making practical recommendations for athletes is substantial. This may reflect a situation where an adaptive advantage of protein intakes higher than recommended protein requirements exists. That population protein requirements are still based on nitrogen balance may also be a point of contention since achieving balanced nitrogen intake and excretion likely means little to an athlete who has the primary goal of exercise performance. The goal of the present review is to critically analyse evidence from both acute and chronic dietary protein-based studies in which athletic performance, or correlates thereof, have been measured. An attempt will be made to distinguish between protein requirements set by data from nitrogen balance studies, and a potential adaptive ‘advantage’ for athletes of dietary protein in excess of the RDA.

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Fairweather-Tait, Susan J. "Iron nutrition in the UK: getting the balance right." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 63, no. 4 (November 2004): 519–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2004394.

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Fe homeostasis is considered in the context of the UK diet, using information on Fe intake and status from the National Diet and Nutrition Surveys. The importance of assessing Fe availability rather than total Fe intake is discussed. Dietary and host-related factors that determine Fe bioavailability (Fe utilised for Hb production) are reviewed using information from single-meal studies. When adaptive responses are taken into consideration, foods associated with higher Fe status include meat (haem-Fe and the ‘meat factor’) and fruits and fruit juice (vitamin C). Foods that may have a negative impact include dairy products (Ca), high-fibre foods (phytate) and tea and coffee (polyphenols), but the effects are more apparent in groups with marginal Fe deficiency, such as women of childbearing age. Analysis of dietary intake data on a meal-by-meal basis is needed to predict the influence of changing dietary patterns on Fe nutrition in the UK. Current information suggests that in the UK Fe deficiency is a greater problem than Fe overload.

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Qiao, Qinqin, Liang Chen, Xiang Li, Xiangyang Lu, and Qingbiao Xu. "Roles of Dietary Bioactive Peptides in Redox Balance and Metabolic Disorders." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2021 (June 9, 2021): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5582245.

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Bioactive peptides (BPs) are fragments of 2–15 amino acid residues with biological properties. Dietary BPs derived from milk, egg, fish, soybean, corn, rice, quinoa, wheat, oat, potato, common bean, spirulina, and mussel are reported to possess beneficial effects on redox balance and metabolic disorders (obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)). Peptide length, sequence, and composition significantly affected the bioactive properties of dietary BPs. Numerous studies have demonstrated that various dietary protein-derived BPs exhibited biological activities through the modulation of various molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways, including Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/antioxidant response element in oxidative stress; peroxisome proliferator-activated-γ, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α, and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 in obesity; insulin receptor substrate-1/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B and AMP-activated protein kinase in diabetes; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in hypertension; and mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-kappa B in IBD. This review focuses on the action of molecular mechanisms of dietary BPs and provides novel insights in the maintenance of redox balance and metabolic diseases of human.

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Bellisle, France, Regina McDevitt, and Andrew M. Prentice. "Meal frequency and energy balance." British Journal of Nutrition 77, S1 (April 1997): S57—S70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19970104.

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Several epidemiological studies have observed an inverse relationship between people's habitual frequency of eating and body weight, leading to the suggestion that a ‘nibbling’ meal pattern may help in the avoidance of obesity. A review of all pertinent studies shows that, although many fail to find any significant relationship, the relationship is consistently inverse in those that do observe a relationship. However, this finding is highly vulnerable to the probable confounding effects of post hoc changes in dietary patterns as a consequence of weight gain and to dietary under-reporting which undoubtedly invalidates some of the studies. We conclude that the epidemiological evidence is at best very weak, and almost certainly represents an artefact. A detailed review of the possible mechanistic explanations for a metabolic advantage of nibbling meal patterns failed to reveal significant benefits in respect of energy expenditure. Although some short-term studies suggest that the thermic effect of feeding is higher when an isoenergetic test load is divided into multiple small meals, other studies refute this, and most are neutral. More importantly, studies using whole-body calorimetry and doubly-labelled water to assess total 24h energy expenditure find no difference between nibbling and gorging. Finally, with the exception of a single study, there is no evidence that weight loss on hypoenergetic regimens is altered by meal frequency. We conclude that any effects of meal pattern on the regulation of body weight are likely to be mediated through effects on the food intake side of the energy balance equation.

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Shariati-Bafghi, Seyedeh-Elaheh, Elaheh Nosrat-Mirshekarlou, Mohsen Karamati, and Bahram Rashidkhani. "Higher Dietary Acidity is Associated with Lower Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Iranian Women, Independent of Dietary Calcium Intake." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 84, no. 3-4 (May 13, 2014): 0206–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000207.

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Findings of studies on the link between dietary acid-base balance and bone mass are relatively mixed. We examined the association between dietary acid-base balance and bone mineral density (BMD) in a sample of Iranian women, hypothesizing that a higher dietary acidity would be inversely associated with BMD, even when dietary calcium intake is adequate. In this cross-sectional study, lumbar spine and femoral neck BMDs of 151 postmenopausal women aged 50 - 85 years were measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Dietary intakes were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Renal net acid excretion (RNAE), an estimate of acid-base balance, was then calculated indirectly from the diet using the formulae of Remer (based on dietary intakes of protein, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium; RNAERemer) and Frassetto (based on dietary intakes of protein and potassium; RNAEFrassetto), and was energy adjusted by the residual method. After adjusting for potential confounders, multivariable adjusted means of the lumbar spine BMD of women in the highest tertiles of RNAERemer and RNAEFrassetto were significantly lower than those in the lowest tertiles (for RNAERemer: mean difference -0.084 g/cm2; P=0.007 and for RNAEFrassetto: mean difference - 0.088 g/cm2; P=0.004). Similar results were observed in a subgroup analysis of subjects with dietary calcium intake of >800 mg/day. In conclusion, a higher RNAE (i. e. more dietary acidity), which is associated with greater intake of acid-generating foods and lower intake of alkali-generating foods, may be involved in deteriorating the bone health of postmenopausal Iranian women, even in the context of adequate dietary calcium intake.

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Nishino, R., R. Nakazato, T. Takahashi, H. Matsumoto, S. Hori, Y. Masuyama, S. Hinohara, M. Horie, D. Robinson, and S. Hinohara. "Dietary Balance Chart for an On-line Computerized Graphical Support System inMHTS." Methods of Information in Medicine 37, no. 02 (1998): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1634509.

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AbstractDietary habits are believed to play an important role in the etiology of adult disease. For this reason, it is necessary to include effective dietary guidance in multiphasic health testing and services (MHTS) programmes for primary disease prevention. We have developed such a programme of simple dietary advice, using a computer system for the MHTS. Examinees' dietary habits are checked using optical character record (OCR) questionnaire forms, and the results are displayed on the screen of a colour display terminal. They are required to prepare a menu of their usual daily dietary intake in terms of quantity and type of food. Thus the data collected relate to the nutritional composition of the examinee's usual diet. Nutritional requirements of the Japanese according to sex, height, and level of physical activity, in accordance with criteria set by the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare, are fed into the computer in advance. For each examinee, these criteria and the results of the assessment of the diet are displayed together on the screen in the form of colour graphs for comparison.

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48

Sambuichi Rumley, Elize J., Rumi Shimada, Fujiko Shizuka, Yasuhiro Kido, and Kyoichi Kishi. "Dietary intake and nitrogen balance in institutionalized Japanese old people." Nutrition Research 12, no. 9 (September 1992): 1075–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0271-5317(05)80496-8.

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Lei, Xin Jian, Jing Young Chung, Jae Hong Park, and In Ho Kim. "Evaluation of different dietary electrolyte balance in weanling pigs diets." Animal Feed Science and Technology 226 (April 2017): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.02.014.

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50

Flatt, J. P. "Dietary fat, carbohydrate balance, and weight maintenance: effects of exercise." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 45, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 296–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/45.1.296.

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