Academic literature on the topic 'Diet – Environmental aspects'
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Journal articles on the topic "Diet – Environmental aspects"
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Mertens, Elly, Pieter van’t Veer, Gerrit J. Hiddink, Jan MJM Steijns, and Anneleen Kuijsten. "Operationalising the health aspects of sustainable diets: a review." Public Health Nutrition 20, no. 4 (November 7, 2016): 739–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980016002664.
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AbstractObjectiveShifting towards a more sustainable food consumption pattern is an important strategy to mitigate climate change. In the past decade, various studies have optimised environmentally sustainable diets using different methodological approaches. The aim of the present review was to categorise and summarise the different approaches to operationalise the health aspects of environmentally sustainable diets.DesignConventional keyword and reference searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Knowledge and CAB Abstracts. Inclusion criteria were: (i) English-language publication; (ii) published between 2005 and October 2015; (iii) dietary data collected for the diet as a whole at the national, household or individual level; (iv) comparison of the current diet with dietary scenarios; and (v) for results to consider the health aspect in some way.SettingConsumer diets.SubjectsAdult population.ResultsWe reviewed forty-nine studies that combined the health and environmental aspects of consumer diets. Hereby, five approaches to operationalise the health aspect of the diet were identified: (i) food item replacements; (ii) dietary guidelines; (iii) dietary quality scores; (iv) diet modelling techniques; and (v) diet-related health impact analysis.ConclusionsAlthough the sustainability concept is increasingly popular and widely advocated by nutritional and environmental scientists, the journey towards designing sustainable diets for consumers has only just begun. In the context of operationalising the health aspects, diet modelling might be considered the preferred approach since it captures the complexity of the diet as a whole. For the future, we propose SHARP diets: environmentally Sustainable (S), Healthy (H), Affordable (A), Reliable (R) and Preferred from the consumer’s perspective (P).
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Singh, R. B., H. Mori, and F. A. Kummerow. "Diet and antiatherogenic aspects — a review." International Journal of Environmental Studies 42, no. 2-3 (November 1992): 187–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207239208710795.
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McAllister, T. A., K. J. Cheng, E. K. Okine, and G. W. Mathison. "Dietary, environmental and microbiological aspects of methane production in ruminants." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 76, no. 2 (June 1, 1996): 231–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas96-035.
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Methane gas is produced in the rumen by methanogenic bacteria as a metabolic end product. The energy released by bacteria in the process of methane formation can be used for bacterial cell formation. Methane formation acts as an electron sink into which the hydrogen from all ruminal microorganisms drains, allowing a higher yield of adenosine triphosphate. Factors such as the type of carbohydrate in the diet, level of feed intake, digesta passage rate presence of ionophores or lipids in the diet, and ambient temperature influence the emission of methane from ruminants. Methanobrevibacter spp. appear to be the major methanogens in the rumen, but it is likely that phytogenetic analyses will identify new species. The biochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to methane is well defined, and it has been shown that interspecies hydrogen transfer between methanogens and ruminal bacteria prevents the accumulation of reduced nucleotides and the inhibition of feed digestion. The development of strategies to mitigate methane production in ruminants, without causing a negative impact on ruminant production, continues to be a major challenge for ruminant nutritionists and microbiologists. Enhancement of the reduction of carbon dioxide to acetate and direct genetic manipulation of methanogens are two interventions that may further reduce methane losses of ruminants. Key words: Methane, diet, ruminant, microbiology, methanogen
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Toti, Elisabetta, Anna Raguzzini, Anna Lucia Fedullo, Valentina Cavedon, Chiara Milanese, Marco Bernardi, Bianca Maria Mariani, et al. "Longitudinal Effects of Dietary Advice on Wheelchair Basketball Athletes: Nutritional and Environmental Aspects." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (May 7, 2021): 5244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13095244.
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Background: Diet impacts both human and environmental health and must be designed to optimize the training and performance of athletes. The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of dietary advice (DA) on the food intake of wheelchair basketball athletes (WBA) and the environmental impact longitudinally. Methods: DA were provided to WBA of the Italian national team (DAM-T1). Nutritional assessment and evaluation of the environmental impact of diet were performed two months (DAM-T2) and one year later (DAM-T3), when a post-COVID-19 survey was performed also in WBA who did not receive counselling (men: NDAM-T3, women: NDAW-T3). Results: After DA, WBA showed a reduced percentage of energy derived from sugars and fats. Athletes adjusted their protein intake according to the personalized recommendations. The intake of some micronutrients improved after DA and was higher compared to NDAM-T3 and NDAW-T3. Despite the lower impact of diet in NDAW-T3, they presented more nutritional deficiency than men. The mean intake of vegetables was in the range of the EAT-Lancet Commission suggestion only two months after DA. After DA, fiber intake increased and adapted to the tolerated level. Conclusions: WBA improved their diet after DA but did not comply with the EAT-Lancet suggestion for red meat and legumes.
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Meltzer, Brantsæter, Trolle, Eneroth, Fogelholm, Ydersbond, and Birgisdottir. "Environmental Sustainability Perspectives of the Nordic Diet." Nutrients 11, no. 9 (September 18, 2019): 2248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11092248.
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“The Nordic diet” is an umbrella term that encompasses any interpretation that combines Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDGs) with local Nordic foods. The five Nordic countries have collaborated on Nordic Nutrition Recommendations for forty years, including FBDGs, so their national guidelines are similar. The countries also share similar public health issues, including widespread nonconformity to the guidelines, although in different ways. The aim of this concept paper is to discuss environmental sustainability aspects of the Nordic diet, describe the status of and make suggestions for the inclusion of sustainability in future work on the Nordic diet. We exploit the sustainability–health synergy. A food intake more in line with the current FBDGs, which emphasises more plant-based and less animal-based foods, is necessary for high environmental sustainability. In turn, sustainability is an important motivator for health-promoting dietary shifts. Policy development requires long-term efforts. Since the Nordic diet can be considered a further development and improvement of old, traditional diets, there is huge potential to formulate a Nordic diet that benefits both human and planetary health. It is time for concerted engagement and actions—a new Nordic nutrition transition.
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Moberg, Emma, Hanna Karlsson Potter, Amanda Wood, Per-Anders Hansson, and Elin Röös. "Benchmarking the Swedish Diet Relative to Global and National Environmental Targets—Identification of Indicator Limitations and Data Gaps." Sustainability 12, no. 4 (February 14, 2020): 1407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041407.
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To reduce environmental burdens from the food system, a shift towards environmentally sustainable diets is needed. In this study, the environmental impacts of the Swedish diet were benchmarked relative to global environmental boundaries suggested by the EAT-Lancet Commission. To identify local environmental concerns not captured by the global boundaries, relationships between the global EAT-Lancet variables and the national Swedish Environmental Objectives (SEOs) were analysed and additional indicators for missing aspects were identified. The results showed that the environmental impacts caused by the average Swedish diet exceeded the global boundaries for greenhouse gas emissions, cropland use and application of nutrients by two- to more than four-fold when the boundaries were scaled to per capita level. With regard to biodiversity, the impacts caused by the Swedish diet transgressed the boundary by six-fold. For freshwater use, the diet performed well within the boundary. Comparison of global and local indicators revealed that the EAT-Lancet variables covered many aspects included in the SEOs, but that these global indicators are not always of sufficiently fine resolution to capture local aspects of environmental sustainability, such as eutrophication impacts. To consider aspects and impact categories included in the SEO but not currently covered by the EAT-Lancet variables, such as chemical pollution and acidification, additional indicators and boundaries are needed. This requires better inventory data on e.g., pesticide use and improved traceability for imported foods.
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Modlinska, Klaudia, and Wojciech Pisula. "Selected Psychological Aspects of Meat Consumption—A Short Review." Nutrients 10, no. 9 (September 14, 2018): 1301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10091301.
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Eating meat is deeply entrenched in Western culture. It is often associated with wealth and a highly nutritional diet; and for many people it is also an established habit that is difficult to change. The second half of the 20th century was a period of rapid growth in meat consumption, which resulted in intensified meat production. At the same time, eating meat has recently become subject to criticism for health-related, environmental or humanitarian reasons. This review aims to signal the potential consequences of a change of diet or switching to diets that are rich/poor in certain ingredients on the functioning of the hormonal and nervous system, which translates into changes in mood and behavior. This paper discusses the psychological phenomena which underlie the difficulty of changing one’s food preferences and problems encountered while adding new products to the daily diet. Finally, this study summarizes the limitations of modifying eating habits that have resulted from established attitudes and habits.
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Kim, Jeong-Weon. "College Students’ Perception on Sustainable Diets." Korean Association of Practical Arts Education 35, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24062/kpae.2022.35.3.1.
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With with rapid change of climate, sustainable diets considering environmental, economic and social aspects of food system emerged as an important concept worldwide. In this study, the college students’ perceptions on sustainable diets were examined to diagnose their level of understanding and to be used for their future education. The basic data were collected from 115 college students taking an on-line class on food and diets in 2020 and 2021 located in Seoul. The word files of each report were analyzed by using Taguette program, an open-source software for qualitative research and Microsoft Excel. The results were as following. Firstly, the words occurred in the respondents’ mind by sustainable diets were health, environment, being eco-friendly, nutrition/nutrients in order. Abstract concepts occurred by sustainable diets were Health and nutrition, environment and being eco-friendly, and definite concepts related with food were vegetables, organic/no pesticide vegetables, local food, fruits, cooked rice for positive aspect and fast food/instant food, food waste for negative aspect. Secondly, the phrases describing the characteristics of sustainable vs non-sustainable diets were suggested as eco-friendly vs environmental contamination/destroy, health vs non-health, nutritionally balanced diet vs non-balanced diet/diet, eating proper amount vs overeating/eating at night, natural food vs processed food, vegetarian diet/vegetables vs meat diet/meat. Based on the results, the respondents seemed to perceive that sustainable diets are eco-friendly, healthy and nutritionally balanced diets by consuming proper amount of natural or vegetable food rather than process food. Thirdly, the definition of sustainable diets described as a sentence could be categorized into 9 groups by the key words of environment, health, and future. And the most frequent one was a diet that protects environment as well as human health. Above results showed that the respondents do not perceive social and economic aspects of sustainable diets other than envrionment and health when compared with the defition of FAO, the 3rd National Food Education Plan and concept of sustainability. Therefore, social and economic aspects of sustainable diet along with environment and health should be stressed and further education needs to be provided for college students to practice sustainable diets in their daily life.
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Walczak, Marcelina, Teresa Grzelak, Marta Kramkowska, and Krystyna Czyżewska. "Food allergies in children – aspects of epidemiology and diet management." Journal of Medical Science 83, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.20883/medical.e76.
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For many years there has been a steady increase in the prevalence of allergic diseases, especially in developed countries. Scientists expect that in the year 2020, atopic diseases will be present in 50% of the population worldwide. Determining the actual scale of the food allergy problem is extremely difficult due to differences in genetic and environmental factors, as well as inconsistent methodology for population and epidemiological research. Treatment of food hypersensitivity is primarily done by excluding a particular food from the diet, while introducing nutritionally equivalent alternatives. An elimination diet should be determined independently for each individual, taking into account the cause, nature, severity and symptoms of the disease. Placing food restrictions on children can interfere with their normal development. The prevailing opinion is that only a properly formulated and followed elimination diet does not endanger the health of the patient. Numerous dietary errors committed, knowingly or unknowingly, by parents can lead to malnutrition and its consequences in their children, such as rickets, anemia, and immune disorders. Therefore, in the long-term treatment of food allergies it is recommended that the caregivers fully cooperate with a doctor, nutritionist and psychotherapist. Due to the ever-increasing incidence of allergic diseases, researchers are looking for effective methods of prevention. Recent scientific reports suggest protective effects from such substances like probiotics, polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, antioxidants as well as, certain vegetables and fruits.
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Mazhaeva, T. V. "Molecular and genetic aspects of health risks and their association with adverse environmental conditions and diets (systemic review)." Health Risk Analysis, no. 4 (December 2022): 186–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2022.4.18.
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At present, it is vital to examine adverse effects produced on gene expression by negative environmental factors and nutrients. In this study, our aim was to generalize data available in literature on an association between health risks and polymorphisms of genes that participated in xenobiotic detoxification and allergic status, food intolerance included, in adults and children. We also considered influence exerted by various components in diets on gene expression. Available research data indicate that GSTP1 and SOD gene polymorphisms have their effects on a decline in detoxification and antioxidant functions and early development of allergic, occupational and oncological diseases under exposure to harmful chemicals. Micronutrients in diets that can protect from adverse effects produced by chemicals can act not only as substrates but also as detoxification enzyme inducers. Great quantities of biologically active compounds in the Mediterranean diet are assumed to be able to modulate functional activity of certain genes. Such nutrients as polyphenols, flavonoids, catechins, glucosinolates, anthocyanins, stilbenes, carotinoids, polyamines, spermidine and spermine produce anti-genotoxic and anti-carcinogenic effects. Use of combined nutrigenetic and phenotypic data seems a promising trend in effective modeling of a healthy diet. The research data outlined in this review indicate there is solid evidence that health risks can depend on a genotype, phenotype and quality of the environment. These risks also differ depending on a diet. Modeling a healthy diet based on available knowledge on nutritional genetic and nutritional genomics is a promising trend within non-carcinogenic health risk management, including risks of oncological diseases caused by exposure to adverse environmental factors.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Diet – Environmental aspects"
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Li, Ying Chun 1972. "Modeling the Inuit diet to minimize contaminant while maintaining nutrient intakes." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=101605.
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The Arctic environment is changing rapidly. The purposes of this study were: (1) to predict the possible changes of diet composition and the subsequent changes in nutrient intakes as a result of environmental changes; (2) to explore the possibility of minimizing the contaminant exposure while maintaining the energy and nutrient intakes using liner modeling. It was found that a decrease of 10% or 50% of caribou or ringed seal will result in decreases for many key nutrients such as protein, zinc, and iron. It is theoretically feasible to minimize each contaminant intake while maintaining energy and nutrients at the levels of the CINE dietary survey in 2000 for Inuit in the Inuvialuit, Kitikmeot, and Kivalliq regions. However, it is theoretically infeasible for Inuit in the Labrador and Baffin regions under other hypothetical conditions. The modeling results would be useful for Inuit to make informed food choice decisions.
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Janoco, Martin. "Evaluating the sustainability of vegetarian, vegan, and New Nordic diets in Sweden : Combining environmental and nutritional aspects." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-260278.
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Changing the western dietary pattern toward a healthier diet with reduced intake of animal foods is a commonly recognized strategy in the ongoing effort for global sustainability. Since animal foods tend to have a high environmental impact, vegetarian diets are often suggested as an ecological alternative to the typical Western diet. The low sum of environmental impacts, however, does not on its own necessarily translate to a sustainable diet. Sustainability encompasses many other aspects, such as nutritional adequacy, affordability, and cultural acceptability. As regards the elimination of animal foods in particular, health-related aspects ought to be considered since some nutrients are supplied primarily via animal products which may lead to nutritional deficiencies and potential negative health effects in the long term. Furthermore, since the main function of diets is the supply of (adequate) nutrition, the environmental impacts of diets ought to be compared in light of their nutritional quality. In this project the environmental impact on climate change, land use, blue water footprint, and biodiversity damage potential of four diets is assessed, along with their nutritional adequacy and financial cost. The four assessed diets are: an average Swedish diet, New Nordic diet, vegetarian diet, and vegan diet. The environmental impacts are normalized with a nutritient-rich diet score (NRD) to compare the impacts of diets in relation to their nutritional quality. The vegan diet, followed by the vegetarian diet, resulted in the lowest overall impact with the exception of blue water footprint, however, the normalization with NRD score lessened the relative differences between the New Nordic, vegetarian, and vegan diet. Furthermore, the nutritional assessment showed a potentially unsustainable intake of vitamin D in vegetarians and vit. D and B12 in vegans, which is not properly reflected in the nutritional quality score. Nevertheless, the use of the nutritional score is fairly simple and provides opportunity for linking the health-related aspect of diets to their environmental impact. Joined with indicators on other sustainability aspects, such as the economic, this method can offer a more holistic picture of the sustainability of diets.Att ändra det västerländska kostmönstret mot en hälsosammare diet med minskat intag av animaliska livsmedel är en allmänt erkänd strategi i den pågående ansträngningen för global hållbarhet. Eftersom djurfoder tenderar att ha stor miljöpåverkan, är vegetariska dieter ofta föreslagna som ett ekologiskt alternativ till den typiska västerländska kosten. Den låga summan av miljöpåverkan innebär emellertid inte nödvändigtvis att det är en hållbar diet. Hållbarhet omfattar många andra aspekter, såsom näringskrav, överkomlighet och kulturell acceptans. När det gäller avskaffandet av animaliska livsmedel bör i synnerhet hälsorelaterade aspekter beaktas eftersom vissa näringsämnen levereras primärt via animaliska produkter vilket kan leda till näringsbrist och potentiellt negativa hälsoeffekter på lång sikt. Eftersom dietens huvudsakliga funktion är tillförseln av (tillräcklig) näring, borde miljöpåverkan av dieter jämföras med hänsyn till deras näringskvalitet. I detta projekt bedöms miljöpåverkan med avseende på klimatförändringar, markanvändning, blått blåvattenavtryck och biologisk mångfaldskador för fyra dieter tillsammans med deras näringsbehov och ekonomiska kostnader. De fyra bedömda kostvanorna är: en genomsnittlig svensk diet, ny nordisk kost, vegetarisk kost och vegansk kost. Miljöpåverkan normaliseras med ett näringsrikt diettvärde (NRD) för att jämföra effekterna av dieter i förhållande till deras näringskvalitet. Vegansk diet, följt av vegetarisk kost, resulterade i den lägsta övergripande effekten, med undantag för blå vattenavtryck, men normaliseringen med NRD-poäng minskade de relativa skillnaderna mellan den nya nordiska, vegetariska och veganska dieterna. Vidare visade näringsvärderingen ett potentiellt ohållbart intag av vitamin D för vegetarianer och vit. D och B12 för veganer, vilket inte korrekt återspeglas I det näringsmässiga kvalitetsresultatet. Ändå är användningen av näringsvärdet ganska enkelt och ger möjlighet att koppla den hälsorelaterade aspekten av dieter till deras miljöpåverkan. Genom att kombinera indikatorer för andra hållbarhetsaspekter, såsom den ekonomiska, kan denna metod erbjuda en mer holistisk bild av dieters hållbarhet.
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Ostertag, Sonja. "Estimated dietary exposure to perfluorinated compounds in Canada." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112549.
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Perfluorinated carboxylates (PFCAs), sulfonates (PFSs) and perfluoroalkylsulfonamides (PFOSAs) have been detected in whole blood and serum of non-occupationally exposed humans, yet sources of exposure have not been fully elucidated. The objectives of this study were to estimate dietary exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), PFCAs (C7--C 11) and fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylates (FTUCAs) for the general Canadian and Inuit populations prior to the phase-out of perfluorooctyl-sulfonyl production by 3M and voluntary reductions in PFOA emissions under the PFOA stewardship program. PFCs were measured in 65 archived composite food samples prepared for the 1998 Canadian Total Diet Study (TDS) and 68 archived traditional foods from Nunavut using a newly developed methanol extraction combined with a solid phase extraction clean up. Dietary exposure was estimated using food intake data available from studies carried out between 1997 and 1998 in southern Canada and Nunavut.PFCs were detected in eight composite food samples from the Canadian TDS and in 61 traditional food samples. Elevated concentrations of PFCs were found in caribou liver (6.2+/-5.5 ng/g), ringed seal liver (7.7, 10.2 ng/g), polar bear meat (7.0 ng/g), beluga meat (7.0, 5.8 ng/g), luncheon meats (5.02 ng/g), cookies (2.7 ng/g), processed cheese (2.1 ng/g) and peppers (1.8 ng/g). Low levels of total PFCs (<1.5 ng/g) were measured in 41 traditional foods including: meat (caribou, ptarmigan, snow goose, bearded seal, walrus, black duck), berries, and fish (lake trout, arctic char). PFCs were not detected in beverages, unprocessed meats, breads, cereals and fruits from the TDS composite samples analyzed.
The ranges of estimated daily exposure to PFCs were between 2 and 59 ng-person-1 and 210 to 610 ng-person-1 for average Canadians and Inuit in Nunavut respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in mean PFC exposure levels for different age and gender groups in the general Canadian population. Inuit men in the 41 to 60 year old age group had statistically significantly higher estimated daily exposure to PFCs (p<0.05) than younger men and women from the same age group. This higher exposure was associated with the consumption of beluga muktuk, caribou liver and bearded seal intestine.
Traditional foods contributed a higher percentage to PFC exposure than market foods in all age and gender groups for the Inuit population. In general, caribou meat, arctic char meat and cookies contributed most to dietary exposure for Inuit, with caribou flesh contributing 43 to 75 percent to daily PFC dietary exposure. Dietary exposure for the general Canadian population was associated with the consumption of cakes and cookies, processed cheese, and regular cheese.
Levels of dietary exposure to PFCs estimated in these studies do not pose any significant health risk to either population based on current toxicological information.
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MacIntosh, John 1967. "The influence of heavy metals on the diet changes of Neoperla (Plecoptera) in the northwest Miramichi River, New Brunswick /." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=79038.
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In the summers 1997, 1998 and 1999, over 100 aquatic invertebrate kick samples were collected in the Northwest Miramichi River of northeastern New Brunswick to examine the effects of chronic heavy metal exposure on the aquatic predatory Plecoptera community. In the group of predators, Neoperla (Plecoptera) was numerically dominant and gut content identifications were used to determine food chain and life cycle stages. Neoperla diet analysis indicated the Chironomidae (Diptera) as the dominant prey with predation upon Trichoptera and Ephemeroptera influenced by the life cycle stage of the predator. Gut content totals were analysed for predatory diet changes due to heavy metal contamination exposure. The Neoperla community indicated a prey shift from a Chironomidae based diet to one including a higher percentage of Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera earlier in the predators life history when compared with upstream control sites. Neoperla diets maintained their shift from the control station diets as the downstream movement of heavy metal contaminated water mixed and dissipated within the study area.
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Waddington, Kris Ian. "Diet and trophic role of western rock lobsters (Panulirus cygnus George) in temperate Western Australian deep-coastal ecosystems (35-60m)." University of Western Australia. School of Plant Biology, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0035.
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[Truncated abstract] Removal of consumers through fishing has been shown to influence ecosystem structure and function by changing the biomass and composition of organisms occupying lower trophic levels. The western rock lobster (Panurilus cygnus), an abundant consumer along the temperate west coast of Australia, forms the basis of Australia's largest single species fishery, with catches frequently exceeding 11000 tonnes annually. Despite their high abundance and commercial importance, the diet and trophic role of adult lobster populations in deep-coastal-ecosystems (35-60 m) remains unknown. An understanding of the diet and trophic role of lobsters in these ecosystems is a key component of the assessment of ecosystem effects of the western rock lobster fishery. This study uses gut content and stable isotope analyses to determine the diet and trophic role of lobsters in deep-coastal ecosystems. Dietary analysis indicated adult lobsters in deep-coastal ecosystems were primarily carnivorous with diet reflecting food available on the benthos. Gut content analyses indicate crabs (62 %) and amphipods/isopods (~10 %) are the most important lobster dietary sources. Stable isotope analysis indicates natural diet of lobsters in deep coastal ecosystems is dominated by amphipods/isopods (contributing up to ~50 %) and crabs (to ~75 %), with bivalves/gastropods, red algae and sponges of lesser importance (<10 % of diet each). Diet of lobsters in deep-coastal ecosystems differed from that reported for lobsters inhabiting shallow water ecosystems in this region, reflecting differences in food availability and food choice between these ecosystems. Bait from the fishery was also determined (by stable isotope analyses) to be a significant dietary component of lobsters in deep-coastal ecosystems, contributing between 10 and 80 % of lobster food requirements at some study locations. '...' Given observed effects of organic matter addition in trawl fisheries, and also associated with aquaculture, bait addition is likely to have implications for processes occurring within deep-coastal ecosystems in this region, particularly given its oligotrophic status, most likely by increasing the food available to scavenging species. Removal of lobsters from deep-coastal ecosystems may affect the composition and abundance of lobster prey communities through a reduction in predation pressure. Such effects have been demonstrated for other spiny lobster species. These effects are typically most observable amongst common prey taxa which in other studies have been commonly herbivores. In deep-coastal ecosystems, crabs and amphipods/isopods are the most common prey taxa and most likely to be effected. The ecosystem-impacts of top-down control of non-herbivorous prey species is unknown and constrains the inferences possible from this study. However, the establishment of 'no-take' areas in deep-coastal ecosystems would allow the ecosystem effects of lobster removal to be further assessed in these deep-coastal ecosystems. While data from the current study did not allow the ecosystem effects of lobster removal to be properly assessed, this study provided information regarding the ecology of western rock lobsters in previously unstudied ecosystems.
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Kim, Christine Ji-Hyun. "Assessment of cadmium intake from the consumption of traditional food in Fort Resolution, Northwest Territories." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23902.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the cadmium (Cd) exposure level from traditional food in Fort Resolution, Northwest Territories. Cd concentration in the liver and kidney of caribou and moose exceeded the action level (1 $ mu$g/g) established by Agriculture Canada, but the frequencies of consumption of these foods were relatively low. Cd intakes from traditional food ranged from 0.01 to 1713 $ mu$g/day/person. Average Cd intakes from traditional food were estimated to be 10% and 6% of the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI), 7 $ mu$g/kg body weight/person, for women and men, respectively. The major contributors to the total Cd intake on a population basis were moose liver for women, and flesh of moose and caribou for men. The average Cd inhaled from cigarette smoking was 21.1 $ pm$ 9.1 $ mu$g/day/person. Total Cd intakes from traditional food and smoking were estimated to be 24% and 20% of the PTWI for women and men, respectively. The total Cd intakes of smokers and nonsmokers were significantly different (p $<$ 0.001). The total Cd intake via market and traditional food, and cigarette smoking was 246.4 $ mu$g/week which was lower than the PTWI, 500 $ mu$g/week. Another objective of this study was to investigate an effect of food preparation on Cd speciation in food. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Chitongo, Rumbidzai. "Antibiotics in the Diep River and potential abatement using grape slurry waste." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2575.
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Thesis (MTech (Chemistry))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.Pharmaceuticals have found extensive application in human health management. They are released into the environment through urine, excreta and inappropriate disposal methods. Residues of pharmaceutical products have been reported to show toxic consequences in some freshwater and marine organisms. Antibiotics are one of the most important groups of common human pharmaceuticals widely in use as prescribed and non-prescribed drugs. Antibiotics and their metabolites have been quantitated in water and found in trace levels. But even at such low concentrations they can maintain high biological activities with potential adverse effects on humans and animals. Unfortunately, many pharmaceutical compounds are resistant to breakdown in the environment, hence they have tendency for environmental magnification, since they are designed to be biologically active. Therefore, there is need to evaluate their environmental levels and their possible abatement methods using simple, cheap and low cost techniques, in order to avert their potential toxic consequences. In this research, a cost effective, robust, selective and rugged method for the analysis of antibiotics in water samples using liquid chromatography was developed, and used for monitoring levels of the selected antibiotics in Diep River. Also, an effective remediation procedure for these contaminants in water was developed using activated carbon produced from grape slurry waste.
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Chu, Fong Lam 1976. "Total toxaphene and specific congeners in Inuit foods and diets." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33732.
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Elevated toxaphene levels have been reported in the biota of the Arctic. The purpose of this study is to measure total toxaphene levels in food samples commonly consumed by the Canadian Inuit and study the relationship between concentrations of total toxaphene and individual congeners. A total of 127 Inuit food samples were collected for toxaphene analysis. Total toxaphene and the specific toxaphene congeners including Parlar #26, #40/41, #42, #44, #50 and #62 were detected in the food samples. Total toxaphene concentrations ranged from 13 to 2800 ng/g and various congener concentrations ranged from 0 to 610 ng/g. Concentrations of total toxaphene were strongly correlated with congener concentration in marine mammals and weaker in fish. The sum of congeners Parlar #26, #50 and #62 accounted for 0--15% of total toxaphene in fish and 0--66% in marine mammals. Regression models were used to estimate total toxaphene based on individual or combinations of congener concentrations. Dietary intake was estimated to be 1.07 and 0.78 mug/kg body weight per day in Chesterfield Inlet and Igloolik. Our results show that there is no general conversion factor that can be used to estimate total toxaphene concentrations based on congener measurements.
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Cochlan, William Patrick. "Nitrogen uptake by marine phytoplankton : the effects of irradiance, nitrogen supply and diel periodicity." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30628.
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Diel patterns of nitrogen (NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺, urea) uptake were
investigated in natural assemblages of phytoplankton from
neritic and oceanic environments off the coast of British
Columbia. This is the first study to report nitrogen uptake
rates and extensive measurements of ambient NH₄⁺ and urea
concentrations in these waters. Calculated rates of N uptake, 15
based on ¹⁵N incorporation into particulate matter during time course experiments, were maximal during the day and minimal at night. Besides the obvious effects of irradiance, the amplitude of the periodicity in uptake rate was influenced by phytoplankton community composition, ambient nitrogen concentration, forms of nitrogen available, and depth of sampling. Uptake of nitrogen during the night and in artificial darkness were measurable proportions of daytime and light uptake rates, with the importance of dark uptake generally increasing with increasing N limitation. This is the first study of diel urea uptake by marine phytoplankton in the field. The ratios of dark to light urea uptake over a diel cycle were more similar to those of NO₃⁻than those of the other reduced N form, NH₄⁺.
Rates of NO₆⁻ and urea uptake by phytoplankton in the shallow and deep chlorophyll layers of the Strait of Georgia were measured over a gradient of irradiances and results of these experiments could be fitted with a hyperbolic function similar to the Michaelis-Menten equation. Half-saturation constants (KLT) for light-dependent uptake of urea and NO₃⁻
ranged from 0 to 14% of the surface irradiance and dark uptake was a variable, but often substantial (> 50%) portion of the total (light + dark) uptake.
The uptake response of nitrate-replete and -starved populations of the picoflagellate, Micromonas pusilla (Butch.) Manton et Parke, to urea, NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ perturbations was determined by both ¹⁵N accumulation and nutrient disappearance
from the culture medium. Maximum specific uptake rates (Vmax) of NH₄⁺ were 0.13 h⁻¹, more than 2 times the Vmax of NO₃⁻ or urea (ca. 0.05 h⁻¹). The half-saturation constants (Ks) for urea, NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ were within ± 0.1 µg-at N•L⁻¹ of each other; the average value of 0.41 µg-at. N•L⁻¹ is within the range reported for small, oceanic diatoms. NO₃⁻ uptake was completely inhibited following NH₄⁺ addition (1-10 µg-at. N•L⁻¹), whereas urea addition resulted in only a 28% reduction in NO3- uptake. Starved cultures of M. pusilla exhibited variable uptake of NH₄⁺ and urea as a function of time, with an initial "surge" uptake response. This is the first laboratory study of N uptake by an eucaroyotic picoplankter and demonstrates that many of the transient uptake responses reported for diatoms, with which it competes in the field, are common to this picoplankter.
Diel periodicity of nitrogen uptake and assimilation were measured in N-replete batch cultures of M. pusilla and also in N-limited cyclostat cultures (14L:10D) at three growth rates corresponding to ca. 75, 50 and 25% of it's maximal growth rate. Nitrate uptake was continuous and independent of the
L:D cycle in the cyclostat cultures at the lowest dilution rate, but NO₃⁻ uptake rates exhibited pronounced periodicity in the batch and higher dilution rate cultures, a response similar to that seen in previous studies of cyclostat cultures of some diatoms. Diel patterns in cell division, mean cell volume, potential uptake rates and internal pools of NO₃⁻ were also observed and are discussed with respect to the nutritional status of the cells. The effect of irradiance on the uptake of NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ by M. pusilla was also described by Michaelis-Menten kinetics; with increasing N limitation the importance of light for nitrogen uptake decreased and dark uptake increased from 5-20% to 21-39% of NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ uptake rates, respectively, at saturating irradiance.Science, Faculty of
Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of
Graduate
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Saavedra, Aracelli Pinelli. "Vitamin E and vitamin C supplementation of sows in a hot environment : effects on reproductive performance, piglet tissue levels and aspects of immune status." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369542.
Full textAbstract:
Summer and winter experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with vitamin E and vitamin C of sows in hot environments on reproductive performance, placenta transfer, piglet tissue vitamin E content and some indicators of immune status of sows and their litters. In summer, sows were given the following treatment diets: control, vitamin C 1g/day, vitamin C 10g/day, vitamin E 200 mg/kg feed, vitamin E 400 mg/kg fed, and combined vitamins (vitamin E 200 mg/kg feed + vitamin C 1 g/day). In winter, sows were given the following treatment diets: control, vitamin C 10g/day, vitamin E 500 mg/kg feed, combined vitamins (vitamin E 500 mg/kg/feed + vitamin C 10g/day). Data show that vitamin E had an effect on growth, but not on reproductive performance. Placental vitamin E concentrations were low but increased with dietary vitamin E supplementation. Vitamin E supplementation resulted in an increase in vitamin E content of sow plasma, piglet serum, colostrum and milk and piglet tissues. Supplementation with vitamin E and vitamin C had no consistent effect on parvovirus titer in sows. The relationship between sow plasma vitamin C and vitamin E concentrations and lymphocyte proliferation was not clear. Total Igs and IgG concentrations in piglet serum at weaning were significantly increased by the combined vitamin treatments. However, vitamins supplementation did not appear to have any effect in IgG colostrum. IgA concentration in milk was increased by the high level of vitamin E supplemented in the summer but not in the winter experiment.
Books on the topic "Diet – Environmental aspects"
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1965-, Shimizu Hiroko, ed. The locavore's dilemma: In praise of the 10,000-mile diet. New York: PublicAffairs, 2012.
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Cheeke, Peter R. Impacts of livestock production on society, diet/health, and the environment. Danville, Ill: Interstate Publishers, 1993.
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Environmental control and public health: Food processing and distribution. 2nd ed. Milton Keynes: Open University, 2004.
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Geagan, Kate. Go green, get lean: Trim your waistline with the ultimate low-carbon footprint diet. Emmaus, Pa: Rodale, 2009.
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Esko, Edward. Healing planet earth. Becket, Mass: One Peaceful World Press, 1992.
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Kishbaugh, Scott. Diet for a Small Lake: The Expanded Guide to New York State Lake and Watershed Management. 2nd ed. Cleveland, NY: Forager Press, LLC, 2009.
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The climate diet: How you can cut carbon, cut costs and save the planet. Sterling, VA: Earthscan, 2008.
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Anderson, Michael. The Rave diet & lifestyle. 3rd ed. [United States]: www.RaveDiet.com, 2009.
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Low carbon diet: A 30-day program to lose 5,000 pounds. Woodstock, N.Y: Empowerment Institute, 2006.
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Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker. Beratergremium für Umweltrelevante Altstoffe., ed. Existing chemicals of environmental relevance: Criteria, and list of chemicals. Weinheim: VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, 1989.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Diet – Environmental aspects"
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Alzaïd, Fawaz, Tomas Jakobsson, Eckardt Treuter, and Nicolas Venteclef. "Epigenetic Aspects of Nuclear Receptor Coregulators: How Nutritional and Environmental Signals Change Gene Expression Patterns." In Handbook of Nutrition, Diet, and Epigenetics, 233–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55530-0_116.
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Alzaïd, Fawaz, Tomas Jakobsson, Eckardt Treuter, and Nicolas Venteclef. "Epigenetic Aspects of Nuclear Receptor Coregulators: How Nutritional and Environmental Signals Change Gene Expression Patterns." In Handbook of Nutrition, Diet, and Epigenetics, 1–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31143-2_116-1.
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Zimmermann, Andrea, and George Rapsomanikis. "Trade and Sustainable Food Systems." In Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation, 685–709. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_36.
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AbstractTrade is an integral part of our food systems. It connects people at all stages of agricultural and food value chains, linking farmers with consumers across the world. It also links nations to each other, and thus scales up from the domestic to the global perspective. By moving food from surplus to deficit regions, trade promotes food security, the diversity of foods available, and can affect preferences and diets. Trade impacts food prices and the allocation of resources, and thus is inherent to economic growth and interacts with the environment. At the same time, trade can create both winners and losers, resulting in inequality, and can generate negative social and environmental outcomes. This chapter provides an overview of the current debate around trade in food and agriculture and illustrates the role that trade can play within food systems in balancing different dimensions of sustainability. While trade openness is generally conducive to food security and promotes economic growth, formulating trade policies to achieve multiple targets, including environmental, nutritional and social objectives, requires careful analysis. Trade policies may not be the best and most efficient instruments for achieving multiple objectives, and they should be framed by complementary policies targeting specific aspects of sustainability. For example, in addressing climate change, one of today’s most pressing challenges, a combination of food trade and domestic policy instruments can sharpen the adaptation and mitigation roles of trade and significantly contribute to promoting the adoption of climate-smart technologies. In order to effectively design such policies, a better understanding of both the complex linkages between trade and sustainability outcomes and the simultaneous impacts of policy approaches on all parts of the food system will be necessary.
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Dandeniya, Warshi S., and Serena Caucci. "Composting in Sri Lanka: Policies, Practices, Challenges, and Emerging Concerns." In Organic Waste Composting through Nexus Thinking, 61–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36283-6_4.
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AbstractCompost is a widely accepted organic fertiliser throughout the world. It is being produced using a wide variety of source materials at household to commercial scale. With the increased population and changes in food consumption pattern tending towards a vegetable- and meat-rich diet, the amount of organic waste generated in urban and peri-urban settings has increased. Many governments promote composting as a process that helps them to reduce the volume of organic waste and recycle nutrients back to croplands. Some examples of organic waste accumulated in large scale include household waste from urban and peri-urban settings, sewage, animal farm waste, agricultural waste from large-scale markets, food debris, and kitchen waste from hotels. The composition of compost varies in a wide range depending on the nature of materials used to produce it. The safety concerns related to compost also vary along the same line. The quality of compost has become a subjective term that means different aspects to different bodies due to a lack of commonly agreed standards to regulate the composting process and the final product itself. Recent research findings indicate that compost can serve as a carrier of potentially toxic trace elements, organic pollutants, and determinants of antimicrobial resistance to the environment and along the food chain. Producing good-quality compost safe to human health and the environment at large has become a challenge that should be addressed at various levels: from production to policymaking. This chapter discusses some of the major challenges faced in Sri Lanka with compost making. To prepare the background for this discussion, information on the policies and current practices of nutrient management in Sri Lanka is also presented. The context may be applicable to many other developing countries in the tropics.
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Sarigiannis, Denis Andreas, Alberto C. Gotti, and Spyros P. Karakitsios. "The Waste-Energy-Health Nexus." In Environmental Exposures and Human Health Challenges, 297–342. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7635-8.ch014.
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The main issues that pertain to the health burden from waste management and energy resource use are laid out highlighting the aspects that determine actual exposure and the socio-economic conditions that underlie them. Case studies covering biomass burning, acute and chronic exposure to urban and industrial waste are described. They refer to different areas in Europe and socio-economic strata focusing on susceptible population groups, which may be affected by enhanced exposure to environmental toxicants stemming from municipal and industrial waste management and domestic heating or cooking using biomass. These features make socio-economic status and the consequent social (in)justice a key determinant of overall exposure early in life. The latter results in a high probability of onset or exacerbation of adverse health outcomes both in the medium term and later in life. Additional factors that affect the health impacts of environmental exposures comprise choice of diet, education level of parents, access to green or blue space and housing condition.
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Towner, J. "15. Environment aspects of a Mersey tidal project." In Developments in tidal energy, 263–74. Thomas Telford Publishing, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/dite.15715.0020.
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Carvalho, Sara Costa, Pablo Meira Ángel Cartea, and Ulisses M. Azeiteiro. "The Trinomial Food-Heritage-Education for Climate Emergency as a Tool for Territorial Innovation in the Euroregion of Eixo Atlântico." In Research Anthology on Environmental and Societal Impacts of Climate Change, 952–74. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-3686-8.ch047.
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This chapter is dedicated to the food-heritage-education for climate emergency trinomial (FoHECE). It disseminates a study in the Euroregion of Eixo Atlântico. This Euroregion (Galicia, Spain and Northern Portugal) has been a victim of climate change (CC) due to drought. The project consisted of a participatory-action-research (PAR) with a set of environmental education facilities (EEF) that promote the connection local heritage-global reality. The main objective of the study was to help re-signifying activities in education for climate emergency based on dietary styles. Thus, a pedagogical activity was created with each facility, according to the PAR methodology, to sub-themes of the diet-CC binomial (e.g,. types of food consumed, origin, type of production, presentation) and to food aspects of each EEF surrounding. In addition to the state-of-the-art review on FoHECE, results are discussed, and recommendations are suggested for future approaches and adaptations of this methodology to other contexts.
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Faris, Mo'ez Al-Islam Ezzat, and Hadeel Ghazzawi. "Health-Improving and Disease-Preventing Potential of Camel Milk Against Chronic Diseases and Autism." In Handbook of Research on Health and Environmental Benefits of Camel Products, 155–84. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1604-1.ch008.
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Camel milk has been used as part of the human diet since ancient times. This chapter tries to elaborate the different aspects of nutraceutical functional properties of camel milk, focusing on the nutritional composition, presence of bioactive zoochemicals and peptides, antioxidant nutrients (vitamin C), and health rendering properties of this unique milk. Recent research has identified camel milk as a prophylactic and therapeutic functional food due to its noticeable content of essential macronutrients, namely bioactive functional proteins and peptides, along with its considerable content of essential micronutrients. Indeed, the presence of this unique mixture has shown to be promising contributors to the management and prevention of chronic diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, liver and kidney, metabolic syndrome, inflammatory bowel diseases in adults, and autism. In vivo, in vitro, and epidemiological and experimental studies were reviewed, and molecular mechanisms were highlighted for better understanding of the health-promoting, disease-preventing potential of camel milk.
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Cook, Robert A. "The Village Remains the Same." In The Archaeology of Villages in Eastern North America, 124–39. University Press of Florida, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683400462.003.0008.
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Villages are one of the most ubiquitous and enduring site forms in the Eastern United States and beyond. In this chapter, I examine the dynamics associated with village formation in the Middle Ohio Valley. Integration of mortuary data with biodistance and isotope analyses from human burials with environmental data is key to unlocking the processes and histories at play. The central argument is that the basic structure of the Fort Ancient village developed in close connection and early interactions with Mississippian migrants and remained relatively constant through time despite major shifts in certain aspects of material culture and diet. Village origins are linked to a series of general processes and specific historical developments involving exploitation of a particular type of environmental niche, reuse of ancient monuments, and referencing mythic Mississippian events. Examination of the Fort Ancient village pattern in comparison with potential descendant communities also allows for heretofore unrecognized connections to be explored, particularly with Dhegiha Siouan tribes.
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Carvalho, Sara Costa, Pablo Meira Ángel Cartea, and Ulisses M. Azeiteiro. "The Trinomial Food-Heritage-Education for Climate Emergency as a Tool for Territorial Innovation in the Euroregion of Eixo Atlântico." In Advances in Religious and Cultural Studies, 76–98. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6701-2.ch005.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter is dedicated to the food-heritage-education for climate emergency trinomial (FoHECE). It disseminates a study in the Euroregion of Eixo Atlântico. This Euroregion (Galicia, Spain and Northern Portugal) has been a victim of climate change (CC) due to drought. The project consisted of a participatory-action-research (PAR) with a set of environmental education facilities (EEF) that promote the connection local heritage-global reality. The main objective of the study was to help re-signifying activities in education for climate emergency based on dietary styles. Thus, a pedagogical activity was created with each facility, according to the PAR methodology, to sub-themes of the diet-CC binomial (e.g,. types of food consumed, origin, type of production, presentation) and to food aspects of each EEF surrounding. In addition to the state-of-the-art review on FoHECE, results are discussed, and recommendations are suggested for future approaches and adaptations of this methodology to other contexts.
Conference papers on the topic "Diet – Environmental aspects"
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Rejman, Krystyna, Marzena Jeżewska-Zychowicz, and Grzegorz Ganczewski. "Understanding the Concept of Sustainable Food Consumption – whether it will Reduce Meat Consumption." In 14th International Scientific Conference "Rural Environment. Education. Personality. (REEP)". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Engineering. Institute of Education and Home Economics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/reep.2021.14.041.
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Despite the evidence-based health and environment benefits of sustainable diets and the urgent need to change consumption patterns in well-developed countries into plant-based diet, people are reluctant to limit meat consumption. The aim of the study was to examine the attachment to meat consumption in a group of Polish consumers and whether it depends on an understanding of the concept of sustainable food consumption (SFC). The study was carried out using the Computer Assisted Web Interview method on a sample of 199 consumers, who met two criteria of inclusion: age (20 - 65 years old) and not excluding meat from the diet. The questionnaire included a tool to measure the attachment to eating meat in 4 dimensions: hedonism, affinity, entitlement, and dependence. The analysis of the results was carried out in the Statistica software. Pearson Chi-squared test and Student’s t-test were performed to investigate the significance of differences between the two variables (p≤0.05). In the surveyed group only 35 % of respondents interpreted the term of sustainable food consumption correctly and among them there were more people with higher education. Interviewees were rather strongly attached to eating meat and this was firstly due to the belief in human right to eat meat, secondly – taste preferences and hedonism, thirdly ‒ dependence on eating meat. The ethical motives (affinity) were rated lowest, but significantly higher by respondents understanding the concept of sustainable diet. Their opinions on all aspects of attachment to eating meat were more pro-environmental than those of respondents who did not understand the idea (although the differences in the opinions were not statistically significant). Our results indicate the need to implement effective educational programs that will show all benefits of a sustainable diet to provide consumers with reliable knowledge and on this basis influence their attitudes and support them in making healthier and more sustainable choices in the food market.
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Korban, A. K., and M. A. Dubina. "EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF TOBACCO SMOKING AMONG YOUNG PEOPLE." In SAKHAROV READINGS 2022: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. International Sakharov Environmental Institute of Belarusian State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2022-2-51-54.
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One of the most widespread factors detrimental to health is smoking, which is one of the socio-ecological factors in the development of human diseases. In the world, about 60 % of men and 20 % of women are subject to this bad habit. Smoking is quite widespread among various groups of the population, including the younger generation. In Belarus, about 15.5 thousand people die every year from smoking-related diseases [1]. As pаrt оf the study оf tоbаccо smоking аmоng уон^ peоple, ан аnаlysis wаs mаde оf the sоciаl аspects оf the prevаleнce оf smоkiнg атонд students оf 1п1егпаиопа1 Sаkhаrоv Епуиоптеп1а1 Institute оf Ве1ап.ыап Stаte University: а survey оf students оf 1-4 years wаs TOnducted in 2020, its results were ана1yzed, аЫ а сотрага^ ана1ysis оf the results оf а survey оf students TOnducted in 2010, 2015 аЫ 2020 wаs сап-ied онЕ
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Rishko, S., G. Zaitseva, N. Burova, A. Sementsov, and L. Lebedeva. "МЕТОДЫ СТАБИЛЬНЫХ ИЗОТОПОВ В ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯХ АРХЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ОБЪЕКТОВ." In Радиоуглерод в археологии и палеоэкологии: прошлое, настоящее, будущее. Материалы международной конференции, посвященной 80-летию старшего научного сотрудника ИИМК РАН, кандидата химических наук Ганны Ивановны Зайцевой. Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-91867-213-6-77-78.
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Currently, many of the key archeology issues, including the questions of origin, relationships, migration and trade routes, sources of raw materials, technological methods in the processing of metals, etc., are difficult to solve by ar- cheology means alone. Progress in the field of instrumental technique regarding the advent of the latest-generation devices allows not only to perform elemental analysis of samples but also to measure with high accuracy different isotopes, which are often certain markers that characterize some components of the natural environment, provinces of habitation, diet and other important aspects of the ancient people’s habitat.
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Bordegoni, Monica, Marina Carulli, and Yuan Shi. "Investigating the Use of Smell in Vehicle-Driver Interaction." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-60541.
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Every year approximately more than one million people die on world’s road. Human factors are the largest contributing factors to the traffic crashes and fatality, and recent researches have identified drivers’ cognitive aspect as the major cause of human errors in 80% of crash events. Thus, the development of countermeasures to manage drivers’ cognitive aspect is an important challenge to address. Driver-Assistance Systems have been developed and integrated into vehicles to acquire data about the environment and the driver, and to communicate information to the driver, usually via the senses of vision and hearing. Unfortunately, these senses are already subjected to high demands, and the visual and auditory stimuli can be underestimate or considered as annoying. However, other sensory channels could be used to elicit the drivers’ cognitive aspect. In particular, smell can impact on various aspects of humans’ psychological state, such as people’s attention level, and can induce activation states in people. The research presented in this paper aims at investigating whether olfactory stimuli, instead of auditory ones, can be used to influence the cognitive aspect of the drivers. For this purpose, an experimental framework has been set up and experimental testing sessions have been performed. The experimental framework is a multisensory environment consisting of an active stereo-projector and a screen used for displaying a video that reproduces a very monotonous car trip, a seating-buck for simulating the car environment, a wearable Olfactory Display, in-ear earphones and the BioGraph Infiniti system for acquiring the subjects’ physiological data. The analysis of the data collected in the testing sessions shows that, in comparison to the relaxation state, olfactory stimuli are effective in increasing subjects’ attention level more than the auditory ones.
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Wright, M. W., D. Franzen, H. Hemmati, and M. Sandor. "Qualification and Reliability Testing of a Microchip Laser System for Space Applications." In ASME 2003 International Electronic Packaging Technical Conference and Exhibition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2003-35298.
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A compact microchip laser pumped by a single fiber coupled diode laser was developed for a scanning laser radar instrument called Laser Mapper (LAMP) to be used as a guidance and control sensor in future JPL/NASA missions [1]. The system involves commercial-off-the-shelf components that were packaged and qualified for space applications. In particular, the system has to meet a 5000 hour minimum life requirement on a LEO platform. This paper discusses the process being used and the results of the selection and qualification of a low cost prepackaged diode laser with a custom packaged microchip laser crystal. The environmental testing would be applicable to a variety of commercial photonic systems. The topics to be discussed include: • The selection of the diode pump laser; • Upscreening of commercial parts; • Qualification sampling tests including temperature cycling, vibration, outgassing; • Physical construction analysis. The testing requirements and screening flow to ensure the lifetime reliability will be presented. This was determined based on input from Telcordia standards that apply to optoelectronic systems used in the telecommunications industry but upgraded to account for the unique aspects of the devices, such as the high optical power. The key elements in packaging high power optoelectronic devices for harsh environments include managing the thermal loading through the expected spacecraft temperature extremes and addressing the die mounting, optical fiber coupling and jacket assembly. Each of these aspects will be discussed in light of the testing results.
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An, Na, Wei Zeng, and Binman Yang. "Research on geo-ecological restoration of mountain towns upon the influence of earthquake disaster. A case study of 4.20 Lushan Earthquake." In Post-Oil City Planning for Urban Green Deals Virtual Congress. ISOCARP, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/lzak8080.
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Earthquakes have a great destructive effect on the geo-ecological environment of mountain towns, and the restoration of the geo-ecological environment after the disaster is of great significance to the sustainable development of mountain towns. This paper applies the improved ecological footprint method to build a geo-ecological restoration footprint evaluation model from the aspects of factors affecting the geological ecology. Moreover, Comprehensive evaluation of geo-ecology were selected to analyse the dynamic change process of geological ecology before and after the Lushan earthquake in 2010-2017. The results show that earthquake disasters have a long-term and dual impact on the geo-ecological environment of mountainous towns. Earthquake disasters can change the geo-ecological footprint by reducing the output of ecological products, changing the population composition, diet structure and even the fuel ratio, thereby affecting the geo-ecological restoration process for a long time. On the one hand, the effect of sustainable restoration of the ecology after the disaster in Lushan County has achieved initial results, the geo-ecological deficit has been reduced by more than 43%. But on the other hand, the comprehensive evaluation of ecological restoration in Lushan County is in an unsustainable state and the geo-ecological environment is facing tremendous pressure. Based on this, this article considers the degree of geoecological restoration in Lushan County, and proposes a countermeasure for future geological and ecological restoration in Lushan County.
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He, Beichang, Youdong Zhou, Ramesh Gambheera, and Shesh K. Srivatsa. "Turbine Disk Forging Process Optimization." In ASME 1999 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc99/dac-8604.
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Abstract This paper addresses one of the important aspects of the turbine disk forging process — the design of die geometry to achieve near-net-shape forging. The problem is formulated as a parametric geometry and high-fidelity analysis based optimization problem. The forging weight is minimized within prescribed processing windows and forging rules including bounds on strain, temperature, strain rate, press capacity, dwell time, sonic coverage, fillet radius, draft angles, etc. A fully automated analysis and optimization system that works in a heterogeneous and networked computing environment is built on the top of three commercial software packages: DEFORM for simulating metal forming process, Unigraphics for defining and manipulating geometry, and iSIGHT for software integration and optimization. The system is applied to the optimization of turbine disks.
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Scott, Dane, Erin O’Donnell, Tahir Malik, and Rajesh Jain. "Global Die Ultra-Thin Silicon for Backside Diagnostics and Circuit Edit." In ISTFA 2009. ASM International, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2009p0110.
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Abstract For more than 10 years, silicon thinning techniques have been relegated to an art form of mere necessity to enable complex optical probing and circuit edit analysis. Silicon thinning is a fundamental aspect of diagnostic analysis and while it is well-understood that limitations in the area of silicon thinning can severely limit high-quality diagnostic results, poor thinning results have generally been accepted as standard environmental operating conditions with which optical probe and circuit edit engineers must cope. Presented here is a scientific approach to thinning silicon to enable predictable high-precision, high-quality results. Remaining silicon thickness (RST) has been debated throughout the years because it was uncertain how much thinning was excessive. Primary perceived limitations included mechanical constraints (package / die warping) and post-thinning thermal control. Adding to the complexity of the discussion has been the fact that RST has been largely uncertain because analysis usually involved determining how much silicon was removed rather than how much silicon remains. All of these challenges have been overcome. A novel process has been developed to ultra-thin bulk Si to as low as 10um remaining Si thickness, eliminating the need for the Laser Chemical Etcher for circuit edit and improving optical emission probing considerably. This sample preparation process has been used on Intel Core2 Duo products with a success rate of 98%. Post FIB unit testing is a critical step in this debug process. A technique was developed to calibrate the change in thermal resistivity of the ultra-thin unit such that it will remain within 100ps of its original FMax performance in 90% of tests.
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Aziz, El-Sayed, and C. Chassapis. "An Intelligent Design System for Agile Design and Manufacturing of Mechanical Transmission Systems." In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/ptg-48050.
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Product development is a process with complicated procedures, which incorporate many aspects of knowledge, experience and teamwork. Specifically, mechanical system design requires an iterative process to determine the desired component design parameters that would satisfy kinematic, performance and manufacturability requirements, which would result in an efficient and reliable operation of speed reduction units. This article describes an approach towards the development of intelligent design support environments for mechanical transmission systems, along with implementation details of a distributed knowledge-based gearing design and manufacturing system that is deployed over the Internet. The system embodies the various tasks of the design process, with modules that address: performance evaluation, process optimization, manufacturability analysis, and provides reasoning and decision-making capabilities for reducing the time between gear tooth creation, detailed design and final production. This methodology is highly desirable in that it is able to simulate real working conditions, evaluate and optimize the design effectively, prevent designers from time-consuming iterations and reduce long and expensive test phases. In an application example relating to process design of a forged gearing system, once a successful power rating is achieved within the design environment through FEA based techniques, the system automatically feeds input parameters into the manufacturing module which carries out all process design and planning stages. Estimation of the number of preforming stages, generation of detail die drawings, and forging load and energy requirements are calculated based on available material design databases, knowledge-based rules and feature-level calculations. Utilization of the World Wide Web, as a medium for the implementation of gear design and its agile manufacturing over the Internet is also being demonstrated. A combination of HTML, JavaScript, VRML, CGI Script and C++ based procedures is used to bring this capability to users distributed anywhere in the world. With the above developments, the problems of experience and expertise for the designers are overcome and unexpected design iterations that cause wastage of engineering time and effort, are avoided. The environment can be easily enhanced with other types of gearing systems.
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Nikhare, Chetan P. "A Numerical Study on Channel Deformation and Springback Using Tool Rollers." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23084.
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Abstract A sudden increase in the usage of automotive vehicles results in sudden increases in the fuel consumption which results in an increase in air pollution. To cope up with this challenge federal government is implying the stricter environmental regulation to decrease air pollution. To save from the environmental regulation penalty vehicle industry is researching innovation which would reduce vehicle weight and decrease the fuel consumption. Thus, the innovation related to light-weighting is not only an option anymore but became a mandatory necessity to decrease fuel consumption. To achieve this target, the industry has been looking at fabricating components from high strength to ultra-high strength steels or lightweight materials. With the usage of advanced high strength steels, the lightweight was achieved by reducing a gage thickness without compromising the strength aspect. However due to their high strength property often challenges occurred are higher machine tonnage requirement, sudden fracture, geometric defect, etc. The geometric defect comes from the elastic recovery of a material, which is also known as a springback. Springback is commonly known as a manufacturing defect due to the geometric error in the part, which would not be able to fit in the assembly without secondary operation or compensation in the forming process. It is learned that the springback of the material increases with an increase in the material strength and/or decrease in material thickness. In advanced high strength steels, higher strength and lower gage thickness options make the part prone to higher springback. Due to these many challenges with the materials and their properties which affect the springback, other research routes involved are innovative forming processes which would reduce the springback such as applying electricity through the material after forming and before the release of the load, performing warm or hot forming, die compensation, etc. One such innovative and patented process which is studied in the paper is using rollers in the tool i.e., in die and punch during the forming process. In this paper, the 2D channel strip of the aluminum 2024 high strength and thin material will be used in the bending processes. The process will be simulated in ABAQUS finite element software. First, the conventional channel bending process will be performed and springback will be analyzed as compared to the desired shape. Then the tool rollers will be implied to the die and punch corner radius and then the channel bending process will be performed and springback will be analyzed. The roller rotations will be set constant in this study, but the motion i.e., clockwise or counterclockwise in both die and punch will be studied on the springback of the channel. In addition, the no rotation of the roller effect on the springback will be studied and results will be compared. Further the maximum stress before and after springback and the stress distribution all cases will be analyzed and presented.
Reports on the topic "Diet – Environmental aspects"
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Cnaani, Avner, Gordon Grau, Darren Lerner, and Sheenan Harpaz. Gastrointestinal osmoregulatory activity in Tilapia and its effects on growth, an opportunity for fish diet developments. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594393.bard.
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Fish living in freshwater and seawater environments experience constant osmotic pressure between their internal body and the surrounding water. Regulation of ion and water balance under these conditions is highly energetic demanding, and eventually, affects the fish growth. While the role of the gills in osmoregulation was extensively studied, the osmoregulatory activity of the gastrointestinal tract is less known. In this study we characterized the tilapia intestine as a multifunctional organ, having a role in both nutrition and in ion regulation. We studied the pituitary endocrine regulation of intestinal salinity adaptation, the salinity-dependent physiological activity along different intestinal sections, and specific genes that are linking nutrient absorption with ion and acid-base regulation. The results of this study indicate that different intestinal sections developed various specific activities. Their endocrine regulation is now better understood, a large data-set of salinity dependent gene transcript was developed, as well as new tools and methods to study new aspects of intestinal physiology.