Journal articles: 'Diet during pregnancy'

1

Buttriss, Judy. "DIET DURING PREGNANCY." Nutrition & Food Science 87, no. 4 (April 1987): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb059441.

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Royall, Dawna. "Evaluating Diet during Pregnancy." Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research 72, no. 2 (July 2011): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3148/72.2.2011.56.

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Slomski, Anita. "Mediterranean Diet During Pregnancy." JAMA 322, no. 12 (September 24, 2019): 1134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.13918.

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Snow, Denise. "Vegetarian Diet During Pregnancy." MCN, The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing 42, no. 5 (2017): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nmc.0000000000000365.

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Snow, Denise. "Vegetarian Diet During Pregnancy." MCN, The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing 43, no. 1 (2018): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nmc.0000000000000400.

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Dhiman, Kamini, and K. S. Dhiman. "DIET DURING PREGNANCY: AN AYURVEDIC PERSPECTIVE." Journal of Biological & Scientific Opinion 1, no. 3 (October 21, 2013): 288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2321-6328.01333.

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Ahmed, Faruk, and Marilyn Tseng. "Diet and nutritional status during pregnancy." Public Health Nutrition 16, no. 8 (July 5, 2013): 1337–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980013001651.

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Bunin, G. R., M. E. Gyllstrom, J. E. Brown, E. B. Kahn, and L. H. Kushi. "Recall of Diet during a Past Pregnancy." American Journal of Epidemiology 154, no. 12 (December 15, 2001): 1136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/154.12.1136.

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Lombardi, Christina, Arupa Ganguly, Greta R. Bunin, Saeedeh Azary, Vivian Alfonso, Beate Ritz, and Julia E. Heck. "Maternal diet during pregnancy and unilateral retinoblastoma." Cancer Causes & Control 26, no. 3 (December 27, 2014): 387–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10552-014-0514-z.

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Avalos, Lyndsay A., Bette Caan, Nerissa Nance, Yeyi Zhu, De-Kun Li, Charles Quesenberry, Rebecca J. Hyde, and Monique M. Hedderson. "Prenatal Depression and Diet Quality During Pregnancy." Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 120, no. 6 (June 2020): 972–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2019.12.011.

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Tobias, Deirdre, and Wei Bao. "Diet during Pregnancy and Gestational Weight Gain." Current Nutrition Reports 3, no. 3 (July 3, 2014): 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13668-014-0092-4.

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Miedziaszczyk, Miłosz, Patrycja Ciabach, Edmund Grześkowiak, and Edyta Szałek. "The Safety of TheVegan Diet During Pregnancy." Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej 75 (February 17, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.7495.

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There is an increasing number of people who go vegetarian. Some young parents also switch to this diet. The safety of vegetarian diets, especially ve-gan diets, is very important, especially during pregnancy. Unfortunately, reference publications do not provide coherent data on the safety of vegetar-ian diets during pregnancy. On the one hand, the vegan diet has advantages because it reduces the risk of heart disease and gestational diabetes. On the other hand, vegetarians/vegans should be aware of potential deficiencies of some nutrients (iron, zinc, vitamin B12, vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, cal-cium, iodine) and the clinical consequences for the foetus. For example, iron deficiency may affect cognitive abilities, behaviour, intelligence and increase the risk of preterm birth and low birth weight of infants. Plant food contains non-haem iron with variable absorption. Therefore, the vegan diet should include nutrients increasing the bioavailability of iron, e.g. ascorbic acid, carotene and retinol. Due to the fact that animal food is the main source of vitamin B12, vegans are at very high risk of vitamin B12 deficiency, which will affect the infant’s weight at birth. Low level of vitamin D, which is prevalent in animal food, is the most common deficiency among vegans and lacto-ovo vegetarians. This vitamin prevents gestational diabetes, reduces insulin resistance and guarantees normal function of the musculoskeletal system. Zinc deficiency during pregnancy may lead to preterm birth, neural tube defects or even miscarriage. In view of the clinical consequences of po-tential deficiencies of nutrients, the vegetarian/vegan diet should be well balanced.

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Moore, Vivienne M., and Michael J. Davies. "Diet during pregnancy, neonatal outcomes and later health." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 17, no. 3 (2005): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd04094.

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Renewed interest in nutrition during pregnancy has been generated by the hypothesis that adult disease has origins in early life. Animal experiments clearly show that altering maternal diet before and during pregnancy can induce permanent changes in the offspring’s birth size, adult health and lifespan. Among women living in Western societies, cigarette smoking is the most important factor known to reduce fetal growth, followed by low pre-pregnancy weight and low gestational weight gain. Obesity is also associated with pregnancy complications and adverse neonatal outcomes, so inadequate or excessive energy intake is not optimal for the developing fetus. Against a history of inconsistent results, several recent studies suggest that in Western settings the balance of macronutrients in a woman’s diet can influence newborn size. Effects appear to be modest, but this relationship may not encapsulate the full significance for health of the child, as there is emerging evidence of associations with long-term metabolic functioning that are independent of birth size. Consequences of inadequate maternal nutrition, for the offspring, may depend on timing during gestation, reflecting critical windows for fetal development. Where women are not malnourished, changing a woman’s nutritional plane during pregnancy may be detrimental to the unborn baby, and systematic reviews of the literature on dietary supplementation during pregnancy indicate few benefits and possible risks. In view of this, improved diet before pregnancy deserves greater attention.

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Bhatt, Yamini, and Kalpana Kulshrestha. "Dietary Modifications during Pregnancy through Decades." International Journal of Nutrology 14, no. 02 (August 2021): e43-e48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1733836.

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AbstractThe present study aimed to explore the modifications in diet during pregnancy over three generations in the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand. For the selection of the sample, the respondents were categorized in 3 age groups: 20 to 34 years; 35 to 55 years; and ≥ 56 years. Structured diet recall interviews were scheduled for the collection of data. The subjects were asked about their dietary habits during pregnancy and food items that they included and excluded during that period. Most food items mentioned included were milk, fruits, and nutritional supplements. The exclusion of fruits like banana and papaya, of rice, and of leafy green vegetables (LGVs) was mainly observed. Among the age group of ≥ 56 years, the respondents with no changes in their diet during pregnancy were more from rural areas (92%) than from urban areas (62.26%), while in the age group of 20 to 34 years, 25% of the respondents with no change in their diet lived in rural areas, and 8.06% lived in urban areas. There has been an increase in the population with dietary modifications through generations; however, the overall changes are still not satisfying. The present study shows that there is a high need for nutritional education during pregnancy, especially in rural areas.

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Yang, Yijun, Justin Kurian, Giana Schena, Jaslyn Johnson, Hajime Kubo, Joshua G. Travers, Chunya Kang, et al. "Cardiac Remodeling During Pregnancy With Metabolic Syndrome." Circulation 143, no. 7 (February 16, 2021): 699–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.120.051264.

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Background: The heart undergoes physiological hypertrophy during pregnancy in healthy individuals. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is now prevalent in women of child-bearing age and might add risks of adverse cardiovascular events during pregnancy. The present study asks if cardiac remodeling during pregnancy in obese individuals with MetS is abnormal and whether this predisposes them to a higher risk for cardiovascular disorders. Methods: The idea that MetS induces pathological cardiac remodeling during pregnancy was studied in a long-term (15 weeks) Western diet–feeding animal model that recapitulated features of human MetS. Pregnant female mice with Western diet (45% kcal fat)–induced MetS were compared with pregnant and nonpregnant females fed a control diet (10% kcal fat). Results: Pregnant mice fed a Western diet had increased heart mass and exhibited key features of pathological hypertrophy, including fibrosis and upregulation of fetal genes associated with pathological hypertrophy. Hearts from pregnant animals with WD-induced MetS had a distinct gene expression profile that could underlie their pathological remodeling. Concurrently, pregnant female mice with MetS showed more severe cardiac hypertrophy and exacerbated cardiac dysfunction when challenged with angiotensin II/phenylephrine infusion after delivery. Conclusions: These results suggest that preexisting MetS could disrupt physiological hypertrophy during pregnancy to produce pathological cardiac remodeling that could predispose the heart to chronic disorders.

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Lukoyanova, O. L., T. E. Borovik, A. K. Baturin, M. L. Starovoitov, and U. M. Lebedeva. "Women’s Diet During Pregravid Preparation, Pregnancy and Lactation." Current pediatrics 15, no. 6 (January 1, 2016): 625–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vsp.v15i6.1661.

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17

Miedziaszczyk, Miłosz, Patrycja Ciabach, Edmund Grześkowiak, and Edyta Szałek. "The Safety of a Vegan Diet During Pregnancy." Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej 75 (June 16, 2021): 417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.9343.

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There is an increasing number of people who go vegetarian. Some young parents also switch to this diet. The safety of vegetarian diets, especially vegan diets, is very important, especially during pregnancy. Unfortunately, reference publications do not provide coherent data on the safety of vegetarian diets during pregnancy. On the one hand, the vegan diet has advantages because it reduces the risk of heart disease and gestational diabetes. On the other hand, vegetarians/vegans should be aware of potential deficiencies of some nutrients (iron, zinc, vitamin B12, vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, calcium, iodine) and the clinical consequences for the fetus. For example, iron deficiency may affect cognitive abilities, behavior, intelligence and increase the risk of preterm birth and low birth weight of infants. Plant food contains non-haem iron with variable absorption. Therefore, the vegan diet should include nutrients increasing the bioavailability of iron, e.g. ascorbic acid, carotene and retinol. Due to the fact that animal food is the main source of vitamin B12, vegans are at a very high risk of vitamin B12 deficiency, which will affect the infant’s weight at birth. Low level of vitamin D, which is prevalent in animal food, is the most common deficiency among vegans and lacto-ovo vegetarians. This vitamin prevents gestational diabetes, reduces insulin resistance and guarantees normal function of the musculoskeletal system. Zinc deficiency during pregnancy may lead to preterm birth, neural tube defects or even miscarriage. In view of the clinical consequences of potential deficiencies of nutrients, the vegetarian/vegan diet should be well balanced.

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18

Jardí, Cristina, Estefania Aparicio, Cristina Bedmar, Núria Aranda, Susana Abajo, Gemma March, Josep Basora, and Victoria Arija. "Food Consumption during Pregnancy and Post-Partum. ECLIPSES Study." Nutrients 11, no. 10 (October 14, 2019): 2447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11102447.

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Inadequate maternal diet can adversely affect mother and child. Our aim was to assess adherence to the Spanish dietary guidelines and to the Mediterranean diet, to analyze changes in diet during pregnancy and post-partum, and to identify maternal factors associated with food consumption. A total of 793 healthy pregnant women were recruited during the first prenatal visit and followed until the post-partum period. Data from the clinical history, anthropometric measurements, and lifestyle habits were collected. Food consumption was evaluated using a food frequency questionnaire. The results show that in pregnant women the consumption of healthy foods did not meet recommendations, whereas consumption of red and processed meat and sweet food exceeded recommendations. The results also show a medium adherence to the Mediterranean diet that remained unchanged throughout pregnancy. A significant decrease was observed in the consumption of fruits, followed by vegetables and then salted and sweet cereals from pregnancy to post-partum. A better adherence to the Mediterranean diet has been reported by pregnant women that are older, of higher social class, and higher education level, and who do not smoke nor drink (p < 0.005). In conclusion, the diet of pregnant women from Spain departs from recommendations, medium adherence to the Mediterranean diet was maintained throughout the pregnancy and post-partum, and a decreasing consumption of healthy food from the first trimester to the post-partum period was observed. Maternal factors such as age, social class, education, and smoking influence diet quality.

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Silva, Cecília Augusta Moraes Oliveira, Julia Magalhães de Souza, Larissa Bueno Ferreira, Rafaela Cristina Vieira Souza, Nitin Shivappa, James R. Hébert, and Luana Caroline Santos. "Diet during pregnancy: Ultra-processed foods and the inflammatory potential of diet." Nutrition 97 (May 2022): 111603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2022.111603.

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Schwedhelm, Carolina, Leah M. Lipsky, Chelsie D. Temmen, and Tonja R. Nansel. "Eating Patterns during Pregnancy and Postpartum and Their Association with Diet Quality and Energy Intake." Nutrients 14, no. 6 (March 10, 2022): 1167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14061167.

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This study investigates the relationship between meal-specific eating patterns during pregnancy and postpartum with maternal diet quality and energy intake. Participants in a prospective cohort study completed 24-h dietary recalls three times throughout both pregnancy and 1 year postpartum (n = 420). Linear regressions estimated the associations of eating frequency (number of daily main meals and eating occasions), meal and energy regularity (meal skipping and variation of daily energy intake), and intake timing patterns (distribution of energy intake throughout the day, derived using principal component analysis) with daily energy intake and diet quality (Healthy Eating Index-2015, calculated daily and overall, across both pregnancy and postpartum). Eating frequency was positively associated with energy intake and daily diet quality. Irregular meals were associated with lower energy intake in pregnancy but not postpartum and with lower pregnancy and postpartum diet quality. Energy irregularity was not associated with energy intake or diet quality. Higher postpartum diet quality was associated with a morning energy intake pattern (versus late morning/early afternoon or evening). Differences in these associations between pregnancy and postpartum suggest that efforts to support optimal energy intake and diet quality by modifying eating patterns may require specific strategies for pregnancy and postpartum.

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Wesołowska, Ewelina, Agnieszka Jankowska, Elżbieta Trafalska, Paweł Kałużny, Mariusz Grzesiak, Jolanta Dominowska, Wojciech Hanke, Gemma Calamandrei, and Kinga Polańska. "Sociodemographic, Lifestyle, Environmental and Pregnancy-Related Determinants of Dietary Patterns during Pregnancy." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 5 (March 2, 2019): 754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050754.

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Background: Characterization of dietary patterns represents a valid and meaningful measure of overall diet quality and nutrient intake. The study aims at evaluating the sociodemographic, lifestyle, environmental, and pregnancy-related determinants of maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy. Methods: The analysis was conducted on a group of pregnant women from the Polish Mother and Child Cohort (REPRO_PL). During the second trimester of pregnancy, 1306 women filled in a modified version of the validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Dietary patterns were estimated using an exploratory factor analysis. Potential dietary determinants were assessed via a questionnaire or biomarker measurements (saliva cotinine level). Results: Two dietary patterns were identified. The Prudent dietary pattern was characterized by high consumption of fruit, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, poultry, and low-fat dairy products, while the Western dietary pattern included high intake of refined grains, processed meat, potatoes, and very low intake of whole grains. Clear sociodemographic, environmental, lifestyle, and pregnancy-related determinants of diet quality were established. Older age (β = 0.2; p < 0.01), higher educational level (β = 0.3; p < 0.01), and socioeconomic status (SES) (β = 0.2; p < 0.01), overweight/obesity before (β = 0.3; p < 0.01), as well as physical activity during pregnancy (β = 0.2; p = 0.01) were positive determinants of a healthier diet (increasing Prudent–Western difference in dietary pattern scores). On the other hand, parity (β = −0.2; p = 0.04) and living in small cities (β = −0.3; p = 0.02) were significantly related to a rather Western dietary pattern. Conclusions: The current study presents evidence on specific factors influencing dietary patterns. They need to be accounted for in educational programs and interventions focused on healthy diet recommendations during pregnancy.

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Wang, Xinyan, Wen Li, Zhenshu Li, Yue Ma, Jing Yan, John X. Wilson, and Guowei Huang. "Maternal Folic Acid Supplementation During Pregnancy Promotes Neurogenesis and Synaptogenesis in Neonatal Rat Offspring." Cerebral Cortex 29, no. 8 (August 23, 2018): 3390–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhy207.

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Abstract Maternal folic acid supplementation during pregnancy is associated with improved cognitive performances in offspring. However, the effect of supplementation on offspring’s neurogenesis and synaptogenesis is unknown, and whether supplementation should be continued throughout pregnancy is controversial. In present study, 3 groups of female rats were fed a folate-normal diet, folate-deficient diet, or folate-supplemented diet from 1 week before mating until the end of pregnancy. A fourth group fed folate-normal diet from 1 week before mating until mating, then fed folate-supplemented diet for 10 consecutive days, then fed folate-normal diet until the end of pregnancy. Offspring were sacrificed on postnatal day 0 for measurement of neurogenesis and synaptogenesis by immunofluorescence and western blot. Additionally neural stem cells (NSCs) were cultured from offspring’s hippocampus for immunocytochemical measurement of their rates of proliferation and neuronal differentiation. The results demonstrated that maternal folic acid supplementation stimulated hippocampal neurogenesis by increasing proliferation and neuronal differentiation of NSCs, and also enhanced synaptogenesis in cerebral cortex of neonatal offspring. Hippocampal neurogenesis was stimulated more when supplementation was continued throughout pregnancy instead of being limited to the periconceptional period. In conclusion, maternal folic acid supplementation, especially if continued throughout pregnancy, improves neurogenesis and synaptogenesis in neonatal offspring.

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Doyle, Ina-Merle, and Jacob Spallek. "Determinants of dietary behaviour during pregnancy." Public Health Forum 24, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 231–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pubhef-2016-0063.

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Abstract: Diet is crucial for maternal and child health, and pregnancy may be a good time for initiating behaviour change. Research from developed countries indicates inadequate diets despite food abundance. Dietary behaviour in pregnancy appears to be determined by socio-demographic, lifestyle, pregnancy-related and environmental factors. Practitioners should pay particular attention to younger and less educated women as well as those showing low levels of health consciousness.

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Oliveira, Sheyla Costa de, Ana Fatima Carvalho Fernandes, Míria Conceição Lavinas Santos, Eliane Maria Ribeiro de Vasconcelos, and Marcos Venícios De Oliveira Lopes. "Educational interventions for a healthy diet promotion during pregnancy." Revista de Enfermagem UFPE on line 12, no. 4 (April 4, 2018): 962. http://dx.doi.org/10.5205/1981-8963-v12i4a230185p962-975-2018.

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RESUMOObjetivo: identificar a eficácia das intervenções educativas destinadas a melhorar os resultados clínicos obstétricos e ou neonatal, e comportamentos alimentares saudáveis em mulheres grávidas. Método: revisão sistemática realizada de acordo com a orientação para revisões em cuidados de saúde do Centre for Reviews and Dissemination at the University of York em que cinco bases de dados de artigos publicados entre 2000-2011 e referências citadas em artigos que foram inicialmente selecionados, mas não identificadas nas bases de dados relevantes, foram incluídos. Características metodológicas foram descritas utilizando as normas Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials Criteria. A pontuação da escala de Jadad foi utilizada para medir a qualidade metodológica dos ensaios clínicos randomizados elegíveis. Resultados: as estratégias educativas incluíram o uso de vídeos interativos, aconselhamento sobre dieta e estilo de vida, e o uso de brochuras. Os resultados significativos das estratégias foram o aumento do consumo de frutas, verduras, legumes e alimentos ricos em fibras e ingestão reduzida de gordura e açúcar. Conclusão: a escassez de trabalhos sinaliza uma lacuna na utilização de estratégias para educação nutricional na gestação. Descritores: Pratica Clínica Baseada em Evidencias; Educação em Saúde; Enfermagem; Nutrição, Cuidado Pré-Natal; Gravidez.ABSTRACT Objective: to identify the effectiveness of educational interventions designed to improve obstetric and/or neonatal clinical outcomes, and healthy eating behaviors in pregnant women. Method: systematic review performed in accordance with the orientation for revisions in health care of the Center for Reviews and Dissemination at the University of York in which five databases of articles published between 2000-2011 and references cited in articles that were initially selected, but not identified in the relevant databases, were included. Methodological characteristics were described using the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials Criteria. The score of the Jadad scale was used to measure the methodological quality of eligible randomized clinical trials. Results: The educational strategies included the use of interactive videos, advice on diet and life style, and the use of brochures. The significant results of strategies were the increased intake of fruits, vegetables, legumes and fiber-rich foods and reduced intake of fat and sugar. Conclusion: the scarcity of studies indicates a gap in the use of strategies for nutritional education in pregnancy. Descriptors: Clinical Practice Based on Evidence; Health Education; Nursing; Nutrition, Prenatal Care; Pregnancy.RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad de las intervenciones educativas diseñadas para mejorar los resultados clínicos obstétricos y/o neonatales, y comportamientos saludables de alimentación en mujeres embarazadas. Método: revisión sistemática realizada en conformidad con la orientación para las revisiones del Center for Reviews and Dissemination at the University of York, en la que cinco bases de datos de artículos publicados entre 2000-2011 y las referencias citadas en los artículos que fueron seleccionados inicialmente, pero no identificadas en las bases de datos relevantes, fueron incluidos. Se describieron las características metodológicas utilizándose Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials Criteria. La puntuación de la escala de Jadad fue utilizada para medir la calidad metodológica de los ensayos clínicos aleatorios elegibles. Resultados: Las estrategias educativas incluyeron el uso de videos interactivos, asesoramiento sobre dieta y estilo de vida, y el uso de los folletos. Los resultados significativos de estrategias fueron el aumento en el consumo de frutas, verduras, legumbres y alimentos ricos en fibra y la reducción de la ingesta de grasa y azúcar. Conclusión: la escasez de estudios indica una brecha en el uso de estrategias para la educación nutricional en el embarazo. Descriptores: Práctica Clínica Basada en la Evidencia; Educación en Salud; Enfermería; Nutrición; Atención prenatal; Embarazo.

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Wyness, L. "Diet during pregnancy can lead to obesity in offspring." Nutrition Bulletin 36, no. 3 (August 11, 2011): 367–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-3010.2011.01912.x.

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Radesky, Jenny S., Emily Oken, Sheryl L. Rifas-Shiman, Ken P. Kleinman, Janet W. Rich-Edwards, and Matthew W. Gillman. "Diet during early pregnancy and development of gestational diabetes." Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 22, no. 1 (December 19, 2007): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3016.2007.00899.x.

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Brown, J., D. Tuthill, and M. Alfaham. "Mothers' knowledge of diet during pregnancy and early childhood." Archives of Disease in Childhood 95, Suppl 1 (April 2010): A50.3—A51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.2010.186338.112.

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Lamb, Molly M., Mark A. Myers, Katherine Barriga, Paul Z. Zimmet, Marian Rewers, and Jill M. Norris. "Maternal diet during pregnancy and islet autoimmunity in offspring." Pediatric Diabetes 9, no. 2 (April 2008): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5448.2007.00311.x.

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Petridou, Eleni, Mary Koussouri, Nektaria Toupadaki, Sotiris Youroukos, Antigoni Papavassiliou, Stephanos Pantelakis, Jorn Olsen, and Dimitrios Trichopoulos. "Diet during pregnancy and the risk of cerebral palsy." British Journal of Nutrition 79, no. 5 (May 1998): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19980069.

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The role of maternal diet in the development of the fetal brain has not been adequately explored. Marine n-3 fatty acids have, however, been proposed to be important for brain development. The present case–control study aimed to investigate the relationship between dietary intake during pregnancy and the occurrence of cerebral palsy (CP) in the offspring. Children with CP (n 109), born between 1984 and 1988 to mothers residing in the Greater Athens area, were identified at any time in 1991 or 1992 through institutions delivering care and rehabilitation. Successful nutritional interviews were conducted with ninety-one of these children. Controls were chosen among the neighbours of the CP cases or were healthy siblings of children with neurological diseases other than CP, seen by the same neurologists as the children with CP. A total of 278 control children were chosen, and 246 of them were included in the nutritional study. Guardians of all children were interviewed in person on the basis of a questionnaire covering obstetric, perinatal socioeconomic and environmental variables. A validated semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire of 111 food items was used to estimate maternal dietary intake during pregnancy. Statistical analysis was done by modelling the data through logistic regression. Food groups controlling for energy intake were alternatively and simultaneously introduced in a core model containing non-nutritional confounding variables. Consumption of cereals (mostly bread) and fish intake were inversely associated with CP (P < 0·05 and P < 0·09 respectively) whereas consumption of meat was associated with increased risk (P < 0·02). A protective effect of fish consumption and a detrimental effect of meat intake have been suggested on the basis of earlier work and appear to be biologically plausible. If corroborated by other studies, these results could contribute to our understanding of the nutritional influences on fetal brain development.

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Kesary, Yuval, Kerem Avital, and Liran Hiersch. "Maternal plant-based diet during gestation and pregnancy outcomes." Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 302, no. 4 (August 10, 2020): 887–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00404-020-05689-x.

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Hull, M. R., and J. F. Pope. "Diet modifications of older African-American adolescents during pregnancy." Journal of the American Dietetic Association 94, no. 9 (September 1994): A60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-8223(94)91797-3.

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32

Wang, Xiaobin. "Healthy diet during pregnancy—navigating the double-edged sword." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 114, no. 2 (May 26, 2021): 414–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab168.

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Mishra, Pratiksha, Nirmal Kaur, and Neha Qumar. "IMPACT OF NUTRITION DURING PREGNANCY UPON HEALTH OF PREGNANT WOMEN." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 4, no. 8 (August 31, 2016): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v4.i8.2016.2579.

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Pregnancy is a period of considerable physiological and nutritional stress, during which the maternal requirements of almost all the nutrients are greatly increased. Pregnant women are considered as a vulnerable group because of increased physiological demands. Diet during pregnancy is one of the most important factors in achieving a successful outcome of pregnancy in terms of healthy baby and maintenance of her own health, as the overall development of child is determined to a great extent by the type of nourishment it receives right from the conception. By keeping in mind about the importance of nutritional diet the study was conducted with following objectives i.e. to study the knowledge about diet amongst pregnant women as well as diet taken by pregnant women (24 hour dietary recall) health problems among pregnant women as well as comparison between RDA and actual intake of nutrients. Results showed that near about 50% respondents has no idea about which nutrient rich diet should be taken during pregnancy. On the basis of 24 hour dietary recall it was found that more than 60%respondents do not gave importance to the inclusion of pulses, cereal, green leafy vegetables, fruits and milk in their diet. Besides this it was also found that 63.33 %respondents were having low hemoglobin level. There were 63.33% women having low blood pressure and 16.66% were having high blood pressure. In case of blood sugar level it was found that 60% were having low sugar level and 26.66 % were having high level.

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Bédard, Annabelle, Kate Northstone, A. John Henderson, and Seif O. Shaheen. "Mediterranean diet during pregnancy and childhood respiratory and atopic outcomes: birth cohort study." European Respiratory Journal 55, no. 3 (December 12, 2019): 1901215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01215-2019.

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Evidence for associations between Mediterranean diet during pregnancy and childhood asthma, allergy and related outcomes is conflicting. Few cohorts have followed children to school age, and none have considered lung function.In the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, we analysed associations between maternal Mediterranean diet score during pregnancy (estimated by a food frequency questionnaire, using an a priori defined score adapted to pregnant women; score ranging from 0 (low adherence) to 7 (high adherence)) and current doctor-diagnosed asthma, wheeze, eczema, hay fever, atopy and lung function in 8907 children at 7–9 years. Interaction between maternal Mediterranean diet and maternal smoking in pregnancy was investigated.The maternal Mediterranean diet score was not associated with asthma or other allergic outcomes. Weak positive associations were found between maternal Mediterranean diet score and childhood maximal mid-expiratory flow (forced expiratory flow at 25–75% of forced vital capacity (FEF25–75%)) after controlling for confounders. Higher Mediterranean diet scores were associated with increased FEF25–75% z-scores adjusted for age, height and sex (β 0.06, 95% CI 0.01–0.12; p=0.03, comparing a score of 4–7 versus a score of 0–3). Stratifying associations by maternal smoking during pregnancy showed that associations with FEF25–75% were only seen in children of never-/passive-smoking mothers, but no evidence for a statistically significant interaction was found.Results suggest adherence to a Mediterranean diet during pregnancy may be associated with increased small airway function in childhood, but we found no evidence for a reduced risk of asthma or other allergic outcomes.

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Howie, Graham J., Deborah M. Sloboda, Clare M. Reynolds, and Mark H. Vickers. "Timing of Maternal Exposure to a High Fat Diet and Development of Obesity and Hyperinsulinemia in Male Rat Offspring: Same Metabolic Phenotype, Different Developmental Pathways?" Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/517384.

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Objective.Offspring born to mothers either fed an obesogenic diet throughout their life or restricted to pregnancy and lactation demonstrate obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperleptinemia, irrespective of their postweaning diet. We examined whether timing of a maternal obesogenic diet results in differential regulation of pancreatic adipoinsular and inflammatory signaling pathways in offspring.Methods.Female Wistar rats were randomized into 3 groups: (1) control (CONT): fed a control diet preconceptionally and during pregnancy and lactation; (2) maternal high fat (MHF): fed an HF diet throughout their life and during pregnancy and lactation; (3) pregnancy and lactation HF (PLHF): fed a control diet throughout life until mating, then HF diet during pregnancy and lactation. Male offspring were fed the control diet postweaning. Plasma and pancreatic tissue were collected, and mRNA concentrations of key factors regulating adipoinsular axis signaling were determined.Results.MHF and PLHF offspring exhibited increased adiposity and were hyperinsulinemic and hyperleptinemic compared to CONT. Despite a similar anthropometric phenotype, MHF and PLHF offspring exhibited distinctly different expression for key pancreatic genes, dependent upon maternal preconceptional nutritional background.Conclusions.These data suggest that despite using differential signaling pathways, obesity in offspring may be an adaptive outcome of early life exposure to HF during critical developmental windows.

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Shrestha, Nirajan, Simone L. Sleep, James S. M. Cuffe, Olivia J. Holland, Andrew J. McAinch, Marloes Dekker Nitert, and Deanne H. Hryciw. "Pregnancy and diet-related changes in the maternal gut microbiota following exposure to an elevated linoleic acid diet." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 318, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): E276—E285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00265.2019.

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Dietary intakes of linoleic acid (LA) have increased, including in women of reproductive age. Changes in maternal gut microbiome have been implicated in the metabolic adaptions that occur during pregnancy. We aimed to investigate whether consumption of a diet with elevated LA altered fecal microbiome diversity before and during pregnancy. Female Wistar-Kyoto rats consumed a high-LA diet (HLA: 6.21% of energy) or a low-LA diet (LLA: 1.44% of energy) for 10 wk before mating and during pregnancy. DNA was isolated from fecal samples before pregnancy [embryonic day 0 (E0)], or during pregnancy at E10 and E20. The microbiome composition was assessed with 16S rRNA sequencing. At E0, the beta-diversity of LLA and HLA groups differed with HLA rats having significantly lower abundance of the genera Akkermansia, Peptococcus, Sutterella, and Xo2d06 but higher abundance of Butyricimonas and Coprococcus. Over gestation, in LLA but not HLA rats, there was a reduction in alpha-diversity and an increase in beta-diversity. In the LLA group, the abundance of Akkermansia, Blautia, rc4.4, and Streptococcus decreased over gestation, whereas Coprococcus increased. In the HLA group; only the abundance of Butyricimonas decreased. At E20, there were no differences in alpha- and beta-diversity, and the abundance of Roseburia was significantly increased in the HLA group. In conclusion, consumption of a HLA diet alters gut microbiota composition, as does pregnancy in rats consuming a LLA diet. In pregnancy, consumption of a HLA diet does not alter gut microbiota composition.

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Dhaliwal, Satvinder K., Greta Wilkening, Angela Lee-Winn, Deborah Glueck, Dana Dabelea, and Wei Perng. "242 Characterization of Maternal Stress During Pregnancy." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 6, s1 (April 2022): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2022.130.

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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: 1. To characterize domains of maternal psychosocial stress from the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and Cohens Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) administered during pregnancy using principal components analysis (PCA). 2. To identify sociodemographic, perinatal, and lifestyle correlates of maternal psychosocial stress domains. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Using data from 1,079 pregnant women in the Healthy Start Study who completed both the EPDS and PSS in early pregnancy, we ran PCA and retained factors representative of uncorrelated domains of maternal psychosocial stress based on the Scree plot and Eigenvalues >1. We then used linear regression to identify sociodemographic, perinatal, and lifestyle correlates of each maternal stress domain, followed by multivariable models that mutually adjusted for all characteristics that were statistically significant at alpha = 0.10. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We identified three domains of maternal psychosocial stress based on PCA results: Feeling Overwhelmed (Domain 1), Anhedonia (Domain 2), and Lack of Control (Domain 3). In unadjusted analyses, lower household income and poor diet quality were associated with higher scores for all three domains. In adjusted analyses, lower household income, being multiparous, inadequate or excessive GWG, and poor diet quality were associated with Feeling Overwhelmed. Older age, Hispanic ethnicity, and poor diet quality were associated with Anhedonia. Non-Hispanic, Black race/ethnicity, lower educational attainment, having a partner born outside the US, larger household size, receiving public assistance, and smoking during pregnancy were associated with Lack of Control. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: We identify three unique domains of maternal psychosocial stress that are differentially related to sociodemographic, perinatal, and lifestyle characteristics. Correlates of stress domains shed light on upstream determinants and biological and psychosocial mechanisms through which experiences of stress manifest.

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Bompiani, G. D., and R. M. Botta. "Treatment of non insulin-dependent diabetic women during pregnancy." Acta Endocrinologica 113, no. 3_Suppl (August 1986): S56—S59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.111s00056.

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Abstract. From 1981 to 1984 90 cases of diabetic pregnancy were seen at the Palermo Center. Twentynine patients (32%) had prepregnancy type 2 diabetes, 20 (69%) of these were obese and were studied further. The patients were divided into 2 groups of 13 and 7 patients. The first group was given a diet of 30 kcal/kg ideal prepregnancy weight. The second group was prescribed a low energy diet of on average 1200 kcal/day. In the diet-restricted group, weight gain was less pronounced (7.9 ± 1.2 sd vs. 12.7 ± 8.6 kg), insulin requirement was lower (0.56 ± 0.22 vs. 1.00 ± 0.34 U/kg body weight) and the metabolic control was better than observed in the group given 30 kcal/kg body weight. The weight gain during pregnancy was proportional to the fetal weight index at birth (r = 0.72, P < 0.0005). It is concluded that obese type 2 diabetic women are best treated by a low caloric diet and, when necessary, small doses of insulin. To establish the optimal caloric intake for obese pregnant type 2 diabetic women, the following formula is proposed: (30 kcal/kg prepregnancy ideal body weight/24 h) – X, where X is the % of prepregnancy obesity exceeding 120.

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Yisahak, Samrawit F., Sunni L. Mumford, Jagteshwar Grewal, Mengying Li, Cuilin Zhang, Katherine L. Grantz, and Stefanie N. Hinkle. "Maternal diet patterns during early pregnancy in relation to neonatal outcomes." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 114, no. 1 (March 19, 2021): 358–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab019.

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ABSTRACT Background Research has established that maternal diet influences fetal growth and preterm birth, but most studies only evaluate single nutrients. Relations between dietary patterns and neonatal outcomes are understudied. Objective We evaluated associations of neonatal outcomes with maternal diet patterns derived using 3 a priori diet scores [Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI-2010), alternate Mediterranean diet score (aMed), and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)] as well as principal components analysis (PCA). Methods We studied 1948 women from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Fetal Growth Studies-Singletons, a racially diverse multisite cohort of pregnant women in the USA (2009–2013). Diet in the past 3 mo was assessed using a self-administered FFQ at 8–13 weeks of gestation. Birthweight was abstracted from medical records and neonatal anthropometry measured postdelivery using standardized protocols. Results All 3 a priori scores were significantly associated with increased birthweight, and aMed was also associated with reduced odds of low birthweight [quartile 4 versus 1: ORadj = 0.42; 95% CI: 0.18, 1.00 (P-trend = 0.02)]. Greater aMed and DASH scores were significantly associated with increased length [aMed: quartile 4 versus 1: 0.54 cm; 95% CI: 0.10, 0.99 (P-trend = 0.006); DASH: quartile 4 versus 1: 0.62 cm; 95% CI: 0.25, 0.99 (P-trend = 0.006)] and upper arm length. Neither diet pattern derived from PCA was significantly associated with birthweight. Conclusion Among mostly low-risk pregnant women, pre- and early pregnancy healthful diet quality indices, particularly the aMed score, were associated with larger neonatal size across the entire birthweight distribution. In the absence of generally accepted pregnancy-specific diet quality scores, these results provide evidence for an association between maternal diet patterns and neonatal outcomes.

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Fossee, Erica, Astrid Zamora, Karen Peterson, Alejandra Cantoral, Wei Perng, Martha Maria Téllez-Rojo, and Erica Jansen. "A Prospective Study of Prenatal Maternal Dietary Patterns and Offspring Adipokine Levels During Adolescence." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab046_042.

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Abstract Objectives Maternal diet during pregnancy has been associated with offspring adipokine levels related to insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia during infancy. However, whether this relationship persists into adolescence is unknown. We examined the association between maternal prenatal diet patterns with adolescent leptin and adiponectin levels a Mexico City cohort. Methods Data from 379 mother-adolescent dyads from the Mexico City ELEMENT cohort were analyzed. Diet patterns were derived from principal component analysis of food frequency questionnaire data collected during pregnancy trimesters. Adolescent serum leptin and adiponectin were measured at ages 10–17. Information on maternal covariates was measured during pregnancy. Multiple linear regression was used to examine overall and sex-stratified associations between quartiles of diet patterns with leptin and adiponectin, adjusting for maternal marital status, education, and parity. Results Three maternal diet patterns were identified: Prudent Diet (PD), high in fish and vegetables, the High Meat & Fat Diet (HMFD), high in pork and processed meats, and the Transitioning Diet (TD), high in corn tortillas and sugar beverages. At follow-up, the mean (SD) of leptin and adiponectin were 24.3 (18.2) ng/ml and 11.7 (3.9) ng/ml. A significant positive association was demonstrated between first trimester TD scores and adipokines in girls. In a multivariate-adjusted model, compared to girls in the lowest quartile (Q1) of the TD pattern, the highest quartile of the TD pattern (Q4) had 10.39 ng/mL higher leptin (95% CI: 3.1, 17.6; p for trend = 0.0024). In addition, compared to girls in the lowest quartile (Q1) of the TD pattern, those in the third quartile (Q3) of the TD pattern had 1.86 ng/mL lower adiponectin (95% CI: −3.5, −0.2; p for trend = 0.168). Associations were mostly consistent across all trimesters. Conclusions During pregnancy, a Transitioning Diet pattern was positively associated with leptin and non-monotonically inversely associated with adiponectin in females. Findings suggest maternal diet patterns during pregnancy may influence offspring leptin and adiponectin levels in adolescent girls. Funding Sources Funded by grant P01ES022844.

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Stråvik, Mia, Karin Jonsson, Olle Hartvigsson, Anna Sandin, Agnes E. Wold, Ann-Sofie Sandberg, and Malin Barman. "Food and Nutrient Intake during Pregnancy in Relation to Maternal Characteristics: Results from the NICE Birth Cohort in Northern Sweden." Nutrients 11, no. 7 (July 22, 2019): 1680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11071680.

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Linkages between diet and other lifestyle factors may confound observational studies. We used cluster analysis to analyze how the intake of food and nutrients during pregnancy co-varies with lifestyle, clinical and demographic factors in 567 women who participated in the NICE (nutritional impact on immunological maturation during childhood in relation to the environment) birth-cohort in northern Sweden. A food frequency questionnaire, Meal-Q, was administered in pregnancy Week 34, and the reported food and nutrient intakes were related to maternal characteristics such as age, education, rural/town residence, parity, pre-pregnancy smoking, first-trimester BMI, allergy and hyperemesis. Two lifestyle-diet clusters were identified: (1) High level of education and higher age were related to one another, and associated with a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and fish, and (2) smoking before pregnancy and higher BMI in early pregnancy were related to one another and associated with a diet that contained white bread, French fries, pizza, meat, soft drinks, candy and snacks. More than half of the women had lower-than-recommended daily intake levels of vitamin D, folate, selenium, and iodine. Complex lifestyle-diet interactions should be considered in observational studies that link diet and pregnancy outcome.

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van der Post, J. A. M., B. J. A. van Buul, A. A. M. Hart, J. J. van Heerikhuize, G. Pesman, J. J. Legros, E. A. P. Steegers, D. F. Swaab, and K. Boer. "Vasopressin and oxytocin levels during normal pregnancy: effects of chronic dietary sodium restriction." Journal of Endocrinology 152, no. 3 (March 1997): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1520345.

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Neurohypophysial hormones are thought to be involved in alterations in fluid balance during pregnancy and delivery. In the course of normal pregnancy intravascular volume is increased whereas sodium restriction is thought to reduce plasma volume and cardiac output. In the present study, we measured the effect of long-term severe sodium restriction on vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) levels during normal pregnancy and after delivery. Fifty-nine healthy nulliparous women were randomized either for a low sodium diet (20 mmol sodium daily) or for a normal diet from week 12 of pregnancy onwards. Circulating plasma levels and urinary excretion of AVP and OT, their neurophysins (Np-AVP and Np-OT) and AVP bound to platelets were determined at regular intervals during pregnancy and after delivery. After completion of the study, women on a sodium-restricted diet were compared with control women on a normal diet using repeated measurement ANOVA with adjustment for potentially confounding variables. After randomization, a reduction in urinary sodium excretion of, on average, 40–82% was found. In general, no effect of sodium restriction could be demonstrated on the various parameters (0·53<P<0·98) with the exception of a significantly lower 24-h urinary AVP excretion by non-smokers with sodium restriction compared with non-smokers having a normal diet (P=0·018) For all parameters, clear changes were found in the course of pregnancy and puerperium (P<0·0001 to P<0·005). Platelet-bound AVP decreased and Np-OT increased during pregnancy. After birth, free plasma AVP, plateletbound AVP, OT, osmolality, sodium and potassium increased, while Np-AVP and Np-OT decreased. Although elevated Np-AVP and Np-OT levels during pregnancy seem to indicate increased release of neurohypophysial hormones, pregnancy up to 36 weeks of gestation is accompanied by low circulating AVP and OT levels. Long-term severe sodium restriction diminishes urinary AVP excretion in (non-smoking) pregnant women, without changing circulating levels of AVP and OT, despite the known reduction in circulating volume. The reduced circulating (platelet-bound) AVP levels during pregnancy, whether or not in combination with severe sodium restriction, support the absence of significant non-osmotic stimulation of AVP during pregnancy. Journal of Endocrinology (1997) 152, 345–354

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Haggarty, Paul, Doris M. Campbell, Susan Duthie, Katherine Andrews, Gwen Hoad, Chandrika Piyathilake, and Geraldine McNeill. "Diet and deprivation in pregnancy." British Journal of Nutrition 102, no. 10 (August 17, 2009): 1487–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114509990444.

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Deprivation is associated with poor pregnancy outcome but the role of nutrition as a mediating factor is not well understood. We carried out a prospective cohort study of 1461 singleton pregnancies in Aberdeen, UK during 2000–6. We measured nutrient intake and supplement use, B vitamin and homocysteine status, birth weight, gestational age, neonatal treatment and socio-economic deprivation status. Women in the most deprived deciles were approximately 6 years younger and half as likely to take folic acid supplements periconceptually as the least deprived mothers. Deprivation was associated with low blood folate, high homocysteine and diets low in protein, fibre and many of the vitamins and minerals. The diets of the more deprived women were also characterised by low intakes of fruit, vegetables and oily fish and higher intakes of processed meat, fried potatoes, crisps and snacks. Deprivation was related to preterm birth (OR 1·14 (95 % CI 1·03, 1·25); P = 0·009) and whether the baby required neonatal treatment (OR 1·07 (95 % CI 1·01, 1·14); P = 0·028). Low birth weight was more common in women consuming diets low in vitamin C (OR 0·79 (95 % CI 0·64, 0·97); P = 0·028), riboflavin (OR 0·77 (95 % CI 0·63, 0·93); P = 0·008), pantothenic acid (OR 0·79 (95 % CI 0·65, 0·97); P = 0·023) and sugars (OR 0·78 (95 % CI 0·64, 0·96); P = 0·017) even after adjustment for deprivation index, smoking, marital status and parity. Deprivation in pregnancy is associated with diets poor in specific nutrients and poor diet appears to contribute to inequalities in pregnancy outcome. Improving the nutrient intake of disadvantaged women of childbearing age may potentially improve pregnancy outcome.

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van der Louw, Elles J. T. M., Tanya J. Williams, Bobbie J. Henry-Barron, Joanne F. Olieman, Johannes J. Duvekot, Marijn J. Vermeulen, Natalja Bannink, et al. "Ketogenic diet therapy for epilepsy during pregnancy: A case series." Seizure 45 (February 2017): 198–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2016.12.019.

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Clapp, James F. "Effects of Diet and Exercise on Insulin Resistance during Pregnancy." Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders 4, no. 2 (June 2006): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/met.2006.4.84.

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Petridou, Stoikidou, Diamantopoulou, Mera, Dessypris, and Trichopoulos. "Diet during pregnancy in relation to birthweight in healthy singletons." Child: Care, Health and Development 24, no. 3 (May 1998): 229–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2214.1998.00068.x.

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Savage, Jessica H., Kathleen A. Lee-Sarwar, Joanne E. Sordillo, Nancy E. Lange, Yanjiao Zhou, George T. O'Connor, Megan Sandel, et al. "Diet during Pregnancy and Infancy and the Infant Intestinal Microbiome." Journal of Pediatrics 203 (December 2018): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.07.066.

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&NA;. "A marine diet is associated with lower BP during pregnancy." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 806 (September 1991): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199108060-00027.

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Hrolfsdottir, Laufey, Casper G. Schalkwijk, Bryndis E. Birgisdottir, Ingibjorg Gunnarsdottir, Ekaterina Maslova, Charlotta Granström, Marin Strøm, Sjurdur F. Olsen, and Thorhallur I. Halldorsson. "Maternal diet, gestational weight gain, and inflammatory markers during pregnancy." Obesity 24, no. 10 (September 1, 2016): 2133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oby.21617.

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Carter, R. Colin, Marjanne Senekal, Neil C. Dodge, Lori J. Bechard, Ernesta M. Meintjes, Christopher D. Molteno, Christopher P. Duggan, Joseph L. Jacobson, and Sandra W. Jacobson. "Maternal Alcohol Use and Nutrition During Pregnancy: Diet and Anthropometry." Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 41, no. 12 (October 31, 2017): 2114–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acer.13504.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Diet during pregnancy'

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