Relevant bibliographies by topics / Diet during pregnancy

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Diet during pregnancy'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 June 2021
Last updated: 25 April 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Diet during pregnancy"

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Buttriss, Judy. "DIET DURING PREGNANCY." Nutrition & Food Science 87, no. 4 (April 1987): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb059441.

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Royall, Dawna. "Evaluating Diet during Pregnancy." Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research 72, no. 2 (July 2011): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3148/72.2.2011.56.

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Slomski, Anita. "Mediterranean Diet During Pregnancy." JAMA 322, no. 12 (September 24, 2019): 1134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.13918.

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Snow, Denise. "Vegetarian Diet During Pregnancy." MCN, The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing 42, no. 5 (2017): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nmc.0000000000000365.

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Snow, Denise. "Vegetarian Diet During Pregnancy." MCN, The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing 43, no. 1 (2018): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nmc.0000000000000400.

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Dhiman, Kamini, and K. S. Dhiman. "DIET DURING PREGNANCY: AN AYURVEDIC PERSPECTIVE." Journal of Biological & Scientific Opinion 1, no. 3 (October 21, 2013): 288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2321-6328.01333.

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Ahmed, Faruk, and Marilyn Tseng. "Diet and nutritional status during pregnancy." Public Health Nutrition 16, no. 8 (July 5, 2013): 1337–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980013001651.

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Bunin, G. R., M. E. Gyllstrom, J. E. Brown, E. B. Kahn, and L. H. Kushi. "Recall of Diet during a Past Pregnancy." American Journal of Epidemiology 154, no. 12 (December 15, 2001): 1136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/154.12.1136.

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Lombardi, Christina, Arupa Ganguly, Greta R. Bunin, Saeedeh Azary, Vivian Alfonso, Beate Ritz, and Julia E. Heck. "Maternal diet during pregnancy and unilateral retinoblastoma." Cancer Causes & Control 26, no. 3 (December 27, 2014): 387–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10552-014-0514-z.

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Avalos, Lyndsay A., Bette Caan, Nerissa Nance, Yeyi Zhu, De-Kun Li, Charles Quesenberry, Rebecca J. Hyde, and Monique M. Hedderson. "Prenatal Depression and Diet Quality During Pregnancy." Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 120, no. 6 (June 2020): 972–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2019.12.011.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Diet during pregnancy"

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Allan, Keith M. "Maternal diet during pregnancy and childhood asthma : a prospective study." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2011. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=185609.

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The SEATON cohort comprising 2000 pregnant women recruited 1997-99 was established to test if maternal nutrition during pregnancy affects the likelihood of children developing asthma. At 32 weeks gestation mothers’ diets were assessed by food frequency questionnaire. 1,924 live singleton births comprised the birth cohort with follow-up at 6 months, 1, 2, 5 and 10 years (the latter the focus of this thesis). Children’s diets were assessed at 5 and 10 years. Their asthmatic status was assessed by International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire. Children participating at 5 or 10 years were also invited for measurement of spirometry and allergy. Cross-sectionally at 10 years 934 children (48% boys) participated by return of questionnaire, 449 also took part in the in-depth assessment. Higher maternal vitamin D intakes were associated with decreased odds of ‘doctor diagnosed asthma’, ‘wheeze ever’ and ‘wheeze in the last year’ in the children. Contrary to findings at 5 years no association between maternal vitamin E intake and asthma outcomes was seen. Longitudinally over the 10 years of the study, higher maternal vitamin D and E intakes during pregnancy were both associated with a decreased likelihood of ‘doctor diagnosed asthma’, ‘active asthma’ and ‘wheeze in the last year’ in the children. In conclusion, reduced maternal vitamin D and E intakes during pregnancy are associated with an increased likelihood of childhood asthma during the first ten years of life. Vitamin E appears to be associated with early asthma and wheeze possibly reflecting a role in affecting early airway remodelling processes. Associations with vitamin D were seen consistently over different time-points, possibly having its effect in an immunomodulatory fashion. Intervention trials are required to ascertain if intervention during pregnancy actually reduces childhood asthma rates.
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Kadawathagedara, Manik. "Maternal Diet During Pregnancy and Early Growth : Focus on Diet Duality and Food Chemicals Exposure." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS014/document.

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Introduction Des études épidémiologiques ont montré qu'une restriction nutritionnelle pendant la grossesse pouvait conduire à une réponse adaptative du fœtus conduisant à une altération durable du métabolisme. Ainsi, les enfants nés avec un petit poids de naissance sont plus à risque de développer des maladies cardiovasculaires à l'âge adulte. L'exposition à des contaminants obésogènes pourrait également jouer un rôle dans l'augmentation du risque d'obésité. L’alimentation est une des principales voies d'exposition à ces contaminants. Après une description de la qualité de l’alimentation pendant la grossesse, l’objectif était d'étudier l'association entre l'exposition prénatale aux contaminants alimentaires et la croissance des enfants.MéthodesLes données de trois cohortes de naissance ont été utilisées : deux études françaises (EDEN et ELFE), et une étude norvégienne (MoBa). Les femmes de ces cohortes, ont rempli un questionnaire de fréquence alimentaire (QFA) portant sur l’alimentation pendant la grossesse. L'évaluation des contaminants a été réalisée en combinant le QFA et des bases de données de contamination, la deuxième Etude de l’Alimentation Total (EAT2) française pour EDEN et plusieurs bases de données de contamination pour MoBa. Premièrement dans ELFE, nous avons créé un score de qualité de l'alimentation et un score spécifique à la grossesse, puis nous avons étudié les facteurs associés à une meilleure qualité alimentaire. Ensuite, nous avons examiné l’association entre la qualité de l'alimentation et la croissance prénatale. Deuxièmement, nous avons étudié la relation entre un contaminant alimentaire : l'acrylamide (AA), et la croissance prénatale, dans EDEN, et la croissance postnatale, dans MoBa. Troisièmement, nous avons étendu nos analyses à tous les contaminants alimentaires de l’EAT2, en analysant les composés pris individuellement, puis considérés en mélange.RésultatsPremièrement, nous avons montré que les recommandations générales et spécifiques étaient globalement bien suivies par les femmes enceintes. Certaines caractéristiques socioéconomiques ou démographiques étaient associées à la fois au score de qualité de l’alimentation et au score spécifique de la grossesse telles que l’âge à l’accouchement, niveau d’étude et revenu du foyer et le tabagisme. Un score élevé de qualité de l’alimentation était associé à un poids de naissance plus élevé et un risque plus faible d'avoir un enfant petit pour l’âge gestationnel (PAG).Deuxièmement, nous avons montré que plus l'exposition pendant la grossesse à l’AA est importante, plus la taille de naissance était faible et plus le risque de PAG est élevé. Dans MoBa, nous avons constaté que l'exposition prénatale à l'AA était associée à une prévalence accrue d'enfants en surpoids ou obèses et à une plus grande vitesse de croissance du poids durant l’enfance.Dans EDEN, sur les 99 composés chimiques sélectionnés, le poids de naissance était associé négativement à l’exposition à quatre contaminants alimentaires et positivement à l’exposition à quatre autres. L'IMC à 5 ans était associé négativement à un contaminant. Aucune de ces associations étaient statistiquement significative après prise en compte de la multiplicité des tests. Lorsque les composés chimiques étaient considérés en mélanges, un mélange de contaminants était positivement associé au poids de naissance et aucun mélange n’était associé à l'IMC à 5 ans.ConclusionUne qualité de l’alimentation élevée est associée à un poids de naissance plus élevé et une diminution du risque de PAG, alors que l'exposition alimentaire à l'AA est associée à une altération de la croissance fœtale. L’exposition prénatale aux contaminants alimentaires, évaluée à partir des données d’EAT, ne semble pas préoccupante vis-à-vis de la croissance prénatale et postnatale précoce car les effets retrouvés sont de faible amplitude et ne sont plus significatifs après prise en compte des tests multiples
Introduction Maternal diet is the only prenatal source of nutrients and the major source for non-nutrients and can influence foetal growth and offspring’s long-term health. Chemicals known as “obesogens” might also play a role in increasing obesity risk and one of the main route of exposure to these chemicals is through foods. After a description of diet quality during pregnancy, the aim of this thesis was to study the association between prenatal exposure to food chemicals and prenatal and postnatal growth among children.MethodsWe used the data of three birth cohort studies: two French studies (EDEN and ELFE), and a Norwegian study (MoBa). We first described the compliance to dietary guidelines of French pregnant women and the impact of a better diet quality on birth outcomes using the data of the ELFE study. Secondly, we studied the relationship of a specific food contaminant, acrylamide, on birth size in the EDEN and postnatal growth in MoBa. Finally, we extended analyses to all available food chemicals in the second French Total Diet Study (TDS).ResultsThe nutritional guidelines for pregnant women were rather well followed in ELFE. The diet quality score was associated with higher birth weight and lower risk of having a small for gestational (SGA) baby. We showed that prenatal dietary exposure to acrylamide was associated with reduced birth size in EDEN, and to increased postnatal growth in MoBA. In EDEN, on the 99 selected food chemicals, birth weight was associated with eight chemicals (four negatively and four positively). BMI at 5 years was associated with one food chemical. These results were not significant after correction for multiple testing. When using the mixture approach, one mixture of chemical was positively associated with postnatal growth.ConclusionsThe diet quality score was associated with higher birth size. Whereas dietary exposure to acrylamide was associated with impaired foetal growth, when looking at a larger number of food chemicals, we did not find concerning association on child prenatal or postnatal growth. Exposure to food chemical assessed by TDS did not appear to be of major concern for growth but other windows of susceptibility, such as early childhood, and other outcomes, such as cognitive development, should be considered in future studies
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Papadopoulou, Eleni 1985. "Dietary exposure to persistent organic pollutants during pregnancy and child health." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/116933.

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Introduction Diet is the main source of exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including dioxins and PCBs. During pregnancy the fetus is exposed to POPs which can lead to adverse health effects. The research hypothesis of this thesis is that maternal diet, as a source of prenatal exposure to POPs, may be linked to impaired fetal growth and endocrine disruptive effects. Methods This thesis included 604 mother-child pairs from the European NewGeneris project, 50,651 mother-child pairs from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort (MoBa) and 707 mother-child pairs from the Rhea and the Hmar studies. Dietary data were collected during pregnancy by food frequency questionnaires. Three approaches were used to derive dietary estimates of prenatal exposure, either related to levels of POPs in maternal and cord blood or in food. Birth outcome information was obtained by medical registries. Anogenital distance measurements were collected and used as a marker of endocrine disruptive effects. Main predictors of anogenital distance were assessed and a reliability study was conducted. Results In the NewGeneris project, a dioxin-diet characterized by high maternal intakes of meat and fish was positively related to dioxins and dioxin-like compounds in maternal blood. High adherence to the dioxin-diet was associated with a reduction of -115g in birth weight. In the MoBa study, an inverse dose-response association was found between dietary dioxins and PCBs intakes during pregnancy and birth size. The negative association remained even for intakes lower than the tolerable weekly intake. In the Rhea and Hmar studies, anogenital distances were related to growth, tracked through early life and were highly reliable anthropometric measurements. A high-fat diet score during pregnancy was positively related to POPs in maternal blood and was associated with 15% reduction in anogenital distance of newborn boys. Conclusions Diet during pregnancy can influence maternal and fetal body burden of POPs. Prenatal exposure to POPs, through maternal diet, may lead to impaired fetal growth and endocrine disruptive effects, even in populations with low background exposures to POPs.
Introducció La dieta és la principal font d'exposició als contaminants orgànics persistents (COP), com les dioxines i els PCBs. Durant l'embaràs el fetus està exposat als COPs, que poden donar lloc a efectes adversos per a la salut. La hipòtesi principal d'aquesta tesi és que la dieta materna, com una font d'exposició prenatal als COPs, podria estar relacionada amb alteracions en el creixement fetal i efectes endocrins perjudicials. Mètodes En aquesta tesi es van incloure 604 parelles mare-fill del projecte europeu NewGeneris, 50.651 parelles mare-fill de la cohort noruega (MOBA) i 707 parells de mares i fills dels estudis RHEA (Grècia) i Hmar (Catalunya). Les dades dietètiques es van recollir durant l'embaràs mitjançant qüestionaris de freqüència d'aliments. Tres mètodes s'han aplicat per derivar estimacions de l'exposició dietètica prenatal, ja sigui en relació als nivells de COP en la sang materna i del cordó o en els aliments. Informació sobre el naixement va ser obtinguda pels registres mèdics. Mesures de les distàncies anogenitals es van recollir i s'han utilitzat com marcadors d'efectes endocrins pertorbadors. Els determinants principals de la distància anogenital van ser avaluats i es va fer un estudi de fiabilitat de les mesures. Resultats En el projecte NewGeneris, una dieta alta en dioxines es caracteritza per una alta ingesta materna de carn i peix, i estava positivament relacionada amb dioxines i compostos similars a les dioxines a la sang materna. Alta adherència a una dieta alta en dioxines es va associar amb una reducció de 115 g de pes al néixer. En l'estudi Moba, es va trobar una relació de dosi-resposta inversa entre la ingesta de dioxines i PCBs durant l'embaràs i el pes en néixer. L'associació es va mantenir fins i tot per una ingesta inferior al límit de ingesta tolerable. En els estudis Rhea i Hmar, les distàncies anogenitals estan relacionades amb el pes al néixer, les mesures al naixement s’associaven amb aquestes dels primers anys de vida, i les mesures antropomètriques van ser altament fiables. Una dieta alta en greixos durant l'embaràs va ser positivament relacionada amb els COP en la sang materna i es va associar amb un 15% de reducció en la distància anogenital dels nounats. Conclusions La dieta durant l'embaràs pot influir en la càrrega corporal materna i fetal dels COP. L'exposició prenatal als COP, a través de la dieta materna, pot conduir a alteracions en el creixement fetal i als efectes pertorbadors endocrins, fins i tot en poblacions amb exposicions sota els límits d’ingesta estipulats.
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Duarte, Salles Talita 1985. "Dietary exposure to contaminants during pregnancy and fetal growth." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/104483.

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Introduction: Prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and to acrylamide has been suggested to reduce fetal growth. The role of diet, the main source of exposure to these compounds in the general population, remains uncertain. This thesis aimed to characterize women’s exposure during pregnancy to dietary acrylamide and the genotoxic PAH benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P], and to assess the effects of prenatal exposure to these compounds on fetal growth indicators. Methods: This thesis was done within two large European population-based cohort studies conducted in Spain and Norway: the INfancia y Medio Ambiente (INMA; n=657) and The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort (MoBa; n=50651). Dietary B(a)P and acrylamide intakes were estimated based on information from food frequency questionnaires and the concentrations of these compounds in foods. Results: (i) Smokers had higher dietary intakes of B(a)P and acrylamide compared to non-smokers; (ii) the main predictors of B(a)P intake were shellfish and processed/cured meats while the main predictors of acrylamide intake were snacks, fried potatoes, and crisp bread; (iii) higher prenatal exposure to dietary B(a)P and acrylamide may reduce birth weight and increase the risk of small for gestational age, independently of smoking-related exposure and (iv) stronger effects of dietary B(a)P on fetal growth were observed among women with low vitamin C intake. Conclusions: Dietary B(a)P and acrylamide intakes during pregnancy may impair fetal growth. Therefore, reducing the intake of these compounds from the diet should be recommended in dietary guidelines for pregnant women. Likewise, increasing intakes of fruits and vegetables rich in vitamin C should be recommended given its potential to prevent adverse effects from exposure to such contaminants.
Introducción: La exposición prenatal a los hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos (HAP) y a la acrilamida ha sido asociada con la reducción del crecimiento fetal. El papel de la dieta, la principal fuente de exposición a estos compuestos en la población general, sigue siendo incierto. Los objetivos de esta tesis son caracterizar la exposición a través de la dieta a la acrilamida y a los HAP, específicamente el compuesto genotóxico benzo(a)pireno [B(a)P], durante el embarazo, y evaluar los efectos de la exposición prenatal a estos compuestos sobre indicadores del crecimiento fetal. Métodos: Esta tesis se realizó dentro del marco de dos grandes estudios europeos de cohortes de base poblacional realizados en España y Noruega: INfancia y Medio Ambiente (INMA; n=657) y The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort (MoBa; n=50651). La ingesta de B(a)P y acrilamida fue estimada a partir de información de cuestionarios de frecuencia alimentaria y las concentraciones de estos compuestos en los alimentos. Resultados: (i) Las fumadoras tuvieron mayor ingesta de B(a)P y acrilamida a través de la dieta en comparación con las no fumadoras; (ii) los principales predictores de la ingesta de B(a)P fueron los mariscos y los embutidos, mientras que los principales predictores de la ingesta de acrilamida fueron los aperitivos, las patatas fritas y el pan crujiente; (iii) la exposición prenatal al B(a)P y la acrilamida pueden reducir el peso al nacer y aumentar el riesgo de pequeño para la edad gestacional, independientemente de la exposición relacionada con el tabaco y (iv) los efectos de la ingesta de B(a)P a través de la dieta sobre el crecimiento fetal fueron más fuertes entre las mujeres con baja ingesta de vitamina C. Conclusiones: La ingesta de B(a)P y acrilamida a través de la dieta durante el embarazo, puede perjudicar el crecimiento fetal. Consecuentemente, recomendaciones para la reducción de la ingesta de estos compuestos a través de la dieta deberían ser incluidas en las guías dietéticas para mujeres embarazadas. Asimismo, debería recomendarse un aumento en la ingesta de frutas y verduras con alto contenido en vitamina C por su potencial para prevenir efectos relacionados con la exposición a estos contaminantes.
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Alrutz, Neen Blackwell. "A comparison of weight gains during pregnancy of WIC and non-WIC clinic samples." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41631.

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The purpose of this study was to find the difference, if any, between the weight gain patterns during pregnancy of women attending public health clinics in Northern Virginia who were enrolled in the NIC program and women not enrolled in the NIC program. Women on the NIC program during pregnancy were identified from NIC files. The control group was chosen from among women who were shown to be both nutritionally at risk and eligible for NIC based on income, but who were not receiving NIC benefits during pregnancy.

The sample consisted of M8 subjects in each group who met certain other selection criteria. With the exception of income, there was no statistically significant difference when selected maternal and infant variables were compared.

There was no significant difference (p>.O5) between total weight gain of the two groups, although the NIC mothers gained slightly more during pregnancy than the non-NIC mothers. A series of t-tests, performed between the means of the weekly weight gains, showed no significant difference in the weekly weight gain of the two samples at any week of pregnancy.

Both samples had increased weekly weight gains near the end of pregnancy - the mean of the non-WIC group was higher and occurred slightly later than did that of the WIC group. These higher means near the end of pregnancy for the non-WIC group resulted in statistically significant differences in the two groups when comparing the last part of pregnancy and suggest that the non-WIC group is gaining a larger amount of weight very late in pregnancy.


Master of Science
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Schumacher, Michael Andrew. "Placental Signaling Mechanisms Linking Maternal Obesity, High-Fat Diet, and Adiponectin Levels During Pregnancy to Fetal Overgrowth." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1243013168.

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Arkkola, T. (Tuula). "Diet during pregnancy:dietary patterns and weight gain rate among Finnish pregnant women." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2009. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514260667.

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Abstract Proper nutrition and optimal weight status in pregnancy are important for both the mother and her child. The present study was aimed at assessment of maternal food and nutrient intake, dietary supplement use, dietary patterns, and weight during pregnancy. Additionally, associations between maternal weight, socio-demographic and perinatal factors and advanced beta cell autoimmunity in the offspring were examined. The results from a one-year cohort of mothers entering the ongoing Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) study in 1998–99 (n =  797) suggested that healthy food choices were positively correlated with maternal age and education. Dietary supplements were used by 85% of the women. However, the intake of vitamin D did not meet the recommendation and folic acid intake was inadequate in 44% of the pregnant women when both food and supplementation intakes were taken into account. Seven dietary patterns were identified in 3730 pregnant women who entered the DIPP study between 1997 and 2002. The ‘healthy’, the ‘low-fat foods’ and the ‘alcohol and butter’ dietary patterns were positively associated with maternal age and education. The ‘fast food’ dietary pattern was positively associated and the ‘alcohol and butter’ pattern was inversely associated with the rate of maternal weight gain during pregnancy. Altogether, 4093 children and their mothers comprised the study population in which the relationships between maternal initial body mass index, weight gain rate, and the development of beta cell autoimmunity in the offspring were examined. Maternal weight status during pregnancy was not related to the risk of advanced beta cell autoimmunity. A higher level of maternal education was significantly associated with a decreased risk of advanced beta cell autoimmunity in children. More attention should be paid to nutritional guidance among Finnish pregnant women, especially as regards young and less well educated women. Dietary patterns may be useful for risk group identification and they may offer a framework for further research concerning diet and health outcomes among mothers and their children.
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Dingwall-Harvey, Alysha. "Evaluating a Lifestyle Intervention During Pregnancy Aimed at Reducing Child Obesity Risk." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38743.

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ABSTRACT Gestational weight gain (GWG) is a normal and expected component of a healthy pregnancy; however, gaining too much or too little weight poses significant risks to maternal and fetal health including fetal under - or overgrowth, downstream obesity, and cardio-metabolic disease. Children born to mothers who exceed the Institute of Medicine GWG recommendations are significantly more likely to have higher birth weights, classify as large for gestational age (LGA) and develop overweight/obesity in infancy, childhood, and adulthood. Furthermore, rapid increases in infant growth weight trajectory, defined by weight-for-length (WFL), as early as six months of life are also associated with obesity in childhood. Energy expenditure and energy intake are known contributors to weight management, have been identified as predictors of excess GWG (eGWG) and are mediators of metabolic dysregulation affecting maternal-fetal health, perhaps independently of eGWG. The ACOG and the Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada/Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology (SOGC/CSEP) currently endorse exercising for 30-minute sessions four times a week during the prenatal period. However, the guidelines are currently being reviewed to update recommendations based on more recent literature. A two-arm, parallel group randomized controlled trial (RCT; the Maternal Obesity Management (MOM) trial), was established to mediate GWG and prevent downstream child obesity. Adult pregnant women mean age 32.6 ± 4.4 years, with pre-gravid BMI > 18.5 kg/m2, between 12 and 20 weeks gestation were randomized into one of two groups: lifestyle intervention (n = 41) who received a structured physical activity (PA) and nutrition program in addition to the MOM trial healthy pregnancy handbook, or a standard clinical care control group (n = 35). The intervention took place throughout pregnancy (~ 6 mos.), with postpartum follow-up assessments on mother and child. GWG and PA were objectively measured at three-time points in pregnancy (prior to intervention, second trimester 26-28 weeks, third trimester 36-40 weeks). Offspring WFL was directly measured at 3 and 6 mos postpartum. We hypothesized that women who participated in the lifestyle intervention including regular PA with a structured prenatal exercise class in combination with a nutrition intervention would be more likely to have offspring follow a healthy growth trajectory as measured by offspring WFL z-score between 3 to 6 months of age We assessed and compared PA which was directly measured at three time points throughout the study (baseline, second trimester between 26-28 weeks, and third trimester between 36-40 weeks gestation) using accelerometers and supported by PA recall for activities not captured by the accelerometer. Compliance to exercise classes was recorded by the instructor. Total GWG was calculated in kilograms, by subtracting weight measured at the first prenatal visit from the last visit as part of the study or last prenatal visit, before birth, to capture the full extent of GWG throughout pregnancy. GWG was also evaluated categorically based on being under, meeting, or exceeding the IOM GWG guidelines. Offspring neonatal birth weight was measured in grams as an absolute value and was obtained from antenatal obstetrical records. Infant birth weight was also evaluated categorically as small for gestational age (SGA), average for gestational age (AGA) or large for gestational age (LGA). Infant body length was collected using a tape measure; two measurements were taken to the nearest 0.5 cm and the mean value was taken as true. The tape measure method has been validated against a measuring board which found no statistically significant difference between the two methods. There were no significant differences in GWG between intervention group and control group (mean difference = 0.3 kg, 95% CI, -2.5 – 3.1, p = 0.838). There were also no significant differences in moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during the second trimester (Z = -0.3408, p = 0.733) and the third trimester of pregnancy (Z = -0.0121, p = 0.9904). However, an increase in light PA from the first study visit in early pregnancy to the second study visit at the end of the second trimester was significantly associated with decreased final GWG in the intervention group, but not in the control group (p = 0.014). Furthermore, a Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test indicated that the change in weight-for-length z-score from 3 months to 6 months was significantly lower in children born to mothers in the intervention group compared to the children in the control group Ws = 481.00, z = 2.67, p = 0.007. Although GWG did not change, an improved early growth trajectory for offspring born to women engaged in the intervention was observed supporting that early exposures to PA, even light PA, may play a role in downstream child growth and development. Future research should further evaluate optimal tools and counselling techniques that help women make the best possible nutrition and PA choices throughout pregnancy in the best interest of maternal and child health.
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Erhuma, Aml. "Effects of maternal low-protein diet during pregnancy on lipid metabolism and gene expression in the offspring." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.435761.

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Ogden, Lori. "THE IMPACT OF MATERNAL NUTRITION DURING PREGNANCY ON INFLAMMATION AND BIRTH OUTCOMES." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/nursing_etds/49.

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More than 85% of American adults do not consume recommended amounts of fruits or vegetables. Preterm birth and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are common adverse conditions affecting pregnancy and are leading causes of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Preterm birth affects nearly 10% of all births in the United States and is on the rise, as are hypertensive disorders, which have increased by 25% over the last two decades. Pregnancy is a state of controlled inflammation, and dysregulation has been linked to preterm birth and other adverse gestational outcomes. A healthy diet is recommended in pregnancy, but little is known about the effect fruit and vegetable intake on perinatal outcomes. Omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids are essential dietary components and are known to affect inflammatory state, but little is known about how they affect inflammation in pregnancy. As current evidence is lacking, further research is needed to investigate the relationships between maternal nutrition in pregnancy, inflammation and birth outcomes. The purposes of this dissertation were to: 1) to review and evaluate the current evidence on the relationship between n-3 fatty acids and inflammation in pregnancy; 2) to evaluate the current state of the science on the impact of maternal dietary consumption of fruits and vegetables on preterm birth, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, small for gestational age, gestational weight gain and measures of inflammation or oxidative stress in pregnancy; and 3) to examine relationships between maternal dietary intake of fruits and vegetables, cytokine expression in early and mid-pregnancy, preterm birth and gestational hypertension. A critical review of literature examining the relationship between inflammation and n-3 intake during pregnancy found that multiple inflammatory cytokines in maternal and fetal tissues were lower in women who received n-3 supplements. A second review of literature review supported an inverse relationship between fruit and vegetables and risk of preeclampsia and suboptimal fetal growth. The available evidence was insufficient to establish relationships between fruit and vegetable intake and gestational diabetes, preterm birth or inflammation. A study evaluating the relationships between maternal fruit and vegetable intake, inflammation and birth outcomes was conducted. This study provided evidence supporting a relationship between first and second trimester cytokine expression and maternal dietary intake of fruits and vegetables. Those who met recommended vegetable intake in the first trimester had higher first trimester serum CRP, IL1-α, IL-6 and TNF-α and lower first trimester cervicovaginal IL-6 levels. Those who met recommendations for first trimester fruit intake had 56% lower risk for preterm birth. Those who met second trimester vegetable intake recommendations had more than twice the risk of developing gestational hypertension. The results of this dissertation provide support for the beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids and fruit and vegetable intake in pregnancy. Maternal intake of these dietary components may promote optimal immune status during pregnancy. Supplementation of maternal omega-3 fatty acids may help regulate inflammation via the anti-inflammatory effects their bioactive eicosanoids exert. Fruit and vegetables have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects that may also help balance the inflammatory state during pregnancy. These dietary components may help promote favorable immune status during pregnancy and reduce risk of adverse perinatal outcomes such as poor fetal growth, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and preterm birth.
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Books on the topic "Diet during pregnancy"

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Sweeney, Alison. The mommy diet: A month-by-month plan for a healthy body and mind before, during and after pregnancy. New York: Gallery Books, 2011.

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Si, Kamen, and Kamen Betty, eds. Total nutrition during pregnancy: How to make sure you and your baby are eating the right stuff. New Canaan, Conn: Keats Pub., 1986.

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Swinney, Bridget. Eating expectantly: Practical advice for healthy eating before, during and after pregnancy. 4th ed. El Paso, Tex: Healthy Food Zone, 2013.

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Control, Institute of Medicine (U S. ). Subcommittee on Nutrition and Diarrheal Diseases. Nutrition issues in developing countries: Part I, diarrheal diseases, part II, diet and activity during pregnancy and lactation. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1992.

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Jones, Isabel. Pregnancy Diet: A Complete Guide to Healthy and Nutritional Diet During Pregnancy. Independently Published, 2020.

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Weijohn, Terrilee T. Perceptions about weight gain and diet during pregnancy among WIC clients. 1989.

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Gluckman, Sir Peter, Mark Hanson, Chong Yap Seng, and Anne Bardsley. Macronutrients and fibre requirements during pregnancy. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722700.003.0004.

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In this chapter, the impact of varying intakes of protein, carbohydrate and lipids, which are the key nutrients that contribute to calorie intake, is examined. Fibre is also an important food component that needs to be considered. The maternal macronutrient profile can influence embryonic and fetal development. For instance, both low and excessively high protein intakes during pregnancy are associated with restricted growth, increased adiposity, and impaired glucose tolerance. High-fat maternal diets can significantly increase the susceptibility to diet-induced obesity and percentage total body fat in offspring, although types of fats need to be considered, as intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids is important for fetal development. The type and content of carbohydrate (high- vs low-glycaemic sources) in the maternal diet influences blood glucose concentration, which has a direct effect on fetal glucose levels and metabolism.
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Grant, Amanda. Healthy Eating for Pregnancy: The Complete Guide to a Healthy Diet Before, During and After Pregnancy. MITCH, 2003.

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Healthy Eating for Pregnancy: The Complete Guide to a Healthy Diet Before, During and After Pregnancy. MITCH, 2008.

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Pregnancy Diet and Cancer: A High Fat Diet During Pregnancy May Program Your Unborn Child for Cancer in Later Life. McCuaig Publishing Company, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Diet during pregnancy"

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Chatzi, Leda, and Nikos Stratakis. "Maternal Fish Intake During Pregnancy and Effects on the Offspring." In Diet, Nutrition, and Fetal Programming, 241–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60289-9_19.

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Steldinger, R., B. Weber, J. Kneer, and H. Hättig. "The Impact of Diet-induced Ketosis During Pregnancy on the Offspring." In Gestational Diabetes, 176–81. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-8925-2_18.

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Dahlen, Hannah Grace, and Charlene Thornton. "Mental Health and Diabetes During Pregnancy: Is It Chicken or Egg?" In Nutrition and Diet in Maternal Diabetes, 39–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56440-1_4.

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Rofe, A. M., J. C. Philcox, M. Sturkenboom, and P. Coyle. "Zinc homeostasis during pregnancy in metallothionein-null mice on a low zinc diet." In Metallothionein IV, 309–13. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8847-9_44.

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Boyadzhieva, Maria. "Evaluation of Glycemic Control Indexes During Pregnancy: The Role of HbA1c, Glycated Albumin, and Fructosamine." In Nutrition and Diet in Maternal Diabetes, 29–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56440-1_3.

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Ringholm, Lene, Björg Ásbjörnsdóttir, Henrik Ullits Andersen, Peter Damm, and Elisabeth R. Mathiesen. "Dietary Advice and Glycaemic Control in Women with Type 1 Diabetes During Preconception Counselling, Pregnancy and Breastfeeding." In Nutrition and Diet in Maternal Diabetes, 385–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56440-1_30.

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Prior, Larissa Jane, Geoffrey Albert Head, and James Andrew Armitage. "Experimental Models of Maternal Obesity and High-Fat Diet During Pregnancy and Programmed Obesity in the Offspring." In Obesity Before Birth, 241–59. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7034-3_12.

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Cinti, Saverio. "The Nutritional System." In Perspectives in Nursing Management and Care for Older Adults, 215–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63892-4_17.

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AbstractThe white and brown adipose tissues are organized to form a true organ. They have a different anatomy and perform different functions, but they collaborate thanks to their ability to convert mutually and reversibly following physiological stimuli. This implies a new fundamental property for mature cells, which would be able to reversibly reprogram their genome under physiological conditions. The subcutaneous mammary gland provides another example of their plasticity. Here fat cells are reversibly transformed into glands during pregnancy and breastfeeding. The obese adipose organ is inflamed because hypertrophic fat cells, typical of this condition, die and their cellular residues must be reabsorbed by macrophages. The molecules produced by these cells during their reabsorption work interfere with the insulin receptor, and this induces insulin resistance, which ultimately causes type 2 diabetes. The adipose organ collaborates with those of digestion. Both produce hormones that can influence the nutritional behavior of individuals. They produce molecules that mutually influence functional activities including thermogenesis, which contributes to the interruption of the meal. The nutrients are absorbed by the intestine, stored in the adipose organ, and distributed by them to the whole body between meals. Distribution includes offspring during breastfeeding. The system as a whole is therefore called the nutritional system.
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"Diet before and during pregnancy." In Oxford Handbook of Nutrition and Dietetics, edited by Joan Webster-Gandy, Angela Madden, and Michelle Holdsworth, 217–36. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199585823.003.0012.

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Pre- and peri-conceptional nutrition in women 218 Dietary reference values and dietary guidelines during pregnancy 222 Vitamin and mineral supplements in pregnancy 224 Food safety in pregnancy 226 Maternal weight gain 228 Dietary problems in pregnancy 230 Vulnerable groups in pregnancy 234 Useful websites 236...
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"Diet before and during pregnancy." In Oxford Handbook of Nutrition and Dietetics, edited by Joan Webster-Gandy, Angela Madden, and Michelle Holdsworth, 237–56. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198800132.003.0012.

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Conference papers on the topic "Diet during pregnancy"

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L Kempster, Catherine, and Rasika S. Jayasekara. "The effects of diet and exercise programs for overweight or obese women during pregnancy." In 1st Annual Worldwide Nursing Conference (WNC 2013). Global Science and Technology Forum Pte Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2315-4330_wnc13.41.

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Widhiyanti, Fitria, Yulia Lanti Retno Dewi, and Isna Qodrijati. "Fad Diets and Other Factors Affecting the Risk of Chronic Energy Deficiency among Adolescent Females at The Boarding School." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.102.

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ABSTRACT Background: Women of reproductive need higher nutrition intake to obtain adequate levels of nutrition prepare for pregnancy and during their pregnancy. Inadequate nutrition intakes in pregnant women have been reported to lead to poor maternal and infant outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the effects of fad diets and other factors on the risk of chronic energy deficiency among adolescent females at the boarding school. Subjects and Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Islamic boarding school in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. A sample of 200 female adolescents aged 19-24 years was selected by simple random sampling. The dependent variable was CED. The independent variables were perception toward body image, calorie intake, protein intake, fad diet, stress, and knowledge toward nutrition. The data were collected by digital weight scale, microtoise, mid-upper arm circumference tape, and questionnaire. The data were analyzed by a multiple logistic regression run on Stata 13. Results: The risk of CED in female adolescents increased with negative body image (OR= 2.30; 95% CI= 1.02 to 5.18; p= 0.044), fad diet (OR= 3.94; 95% CI= 1.71 to 9.08; p= 0.001), and high stress (OR= 7.02; 95% CI= 2.93 to 16.83; p<0.001). The risk of CED decreased with high calorie intake (OR= 0.31; 95% CI= 0.14 to 0.69; p= 0.005), high protein intake (OR= 0.30; 95% CI= 0.11 to 0.83; p= 0.020), and high knowledge toward nutrition (OR= 0.43; 95% CI= 0.20 to 0.96; p= 0.038). Conclusion: The risk of CED in female adolescents increases with negative body image, fad diet, and high stress. The risk of CED decreases with high calorie intake, high protein intake, and high knowledge toward nutrition. Keywords: chronic energy deficiency, body image, fad diet Correspondence: Fitria Widhiyanti. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: fwidhiyanti@gmail.com. Mobile: +6282135793992. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.102
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Ramlochansingh, Carlana, Carla Harris, Olaf Uhl, Hans Demmelmair, Joachim Heinrich, Marie Standl, Berthold Koletzko, and Elisabeth Thiering. "P I – 3–2 Association of maternal diet during pregnancy and metabolite profile in cord blood." In ISEE Young 2018, Early Career Researchers Conference on Environmental Epidemiology – Together for a Healthy Environment, 19–20 March 2018, Freising, Germany. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-iseeabstracts.87.

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Liu, Isabella, Le Ye Lee, and Jia Ming Low. "352 Outcomes of diet control in gestational diabetes during pregnancy with counselling and food nutrition mobile application." In RCPCH Conference Singapore. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2021-rcpch.191.

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de Assis, Sonia, Ulusola Laja, Anni Warri, M. Idalia Cruz, Lu Jin, Dominic Kim, and Leena Hilakivi-Clarke. "Abstract 5442: MicroRNAs may mediate multigenerational epigenetic inheritance of mammary cancer risk caused by maternal exposure to high-fat diet during pregnancy." In Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-5442.

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Rao, Arun Kumar, and Dharmender Gupta. "IDDF2019-ABS-0259 Prevention of gestational diabetes before and during pregnancy, survey in darbhanga, india: role of daily diet leafy green vegetables, fruit, and milk." In International Digestive Disease Forum (IDDF) 2019, Hong Kong, 8–9 June 2019. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Society of Gastroenterology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2019-iddfabstracts.50.

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de Assis, Sonia, M. Idalia Cruz, Anni Warri, and Leena Hilakivi-Clarke. "Abstract 2931: Exposure of rat dams to a high-fat or estradiol-supplemented diet during pregnancy alters mammary gland morphology and increases mammary cancer risk in their daughters and granddaughters." In Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am10-2931.

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Yoshimura, Adriana Akemi, André Mattar, Bruna S. Mota, Carlos Elias Fristachi, Eduardo Carvalho Pessoa, Felipe Eduardo Andrade, Giuliano Tosello, et al. "A MULTICENTRIC STUDY ON BREAST CANCER IN ULTRA YOUNG WOMEN: III – THERAPEUTIC ASPECTS AND ONCOLOGICAL OUTCOMES." In Scientifc papers of XXIII Brazilian Breast Congress - 2021. Mastology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29289/259453942021v31s1091.

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Introduction: We have originally introduced the concept of ultra young women (UYW), defined as age ≤30 years old. It is generally accepted that UYW patients with breast cancer (BC) share some unfavorable outcomes and the patients are faced with family and professional problems, and unique quality of life issues, including loss of fertility, contraception, pregnancy, sexuality, cancer during pregnancy, body image and emotional distress, that complicate treatment decisions making. Objectives: Study the type of surgical and systemic treatment and oncologic outcomes in UYW with BC. Methods: We conducted a multicentric, observational, retrospective study of consecutive BC UYW patients. Only patients with infiltrating BC were included. Nine Mastology Centers located in the State of São Paulo participated. The following data were recorded: type of surgery, chemotherapy, endocrinetherapy, and radiotherapy. Individual oncologic evolution was analyzed and the patients were classified as alive without disease (AWD), alive with local recurrence (ALR), alive with systemic recurrence (ASR), died from BC (DBC) or died from another cause (DOC). The research protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of all Collaborative Centers. Results: Sixteen percent of UYW with BC underwent mastectomies, 10% nipple-sparing mastectomies and 16% breast conservative surgeries. About 50% had immediated breast reconstruction. Sentinel node biopsy was performed in 24%. 18% had more than four compromised LNs, 8% with extracapsular leak. 37% received adjuvant or palliative chemotherapy. 61% were submitted to irradiation. 54% had adjuvant hormonetherapy. The mean time of follow-up was 41.5 months (1.5-207). It was observed that 59% were AWD, 1% ALR, 7% ASR and 23% DBC, unfortunately standing out the elevated contingent of BC-related deaths. Conclusions: BC therapy in UYW were tailored according to individual characteristics, but the oncological outcomes in this age range at the moment could be considered unfavorable.
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Madmarov, Nurbek, and Metin Bayrak. "Determinants of Maternal Mortality Rate in The Kyrgyz Republic Regions." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c09.02001.

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Population is an important factor in development of a country. As a constraint, not only the size of the population is important but also its quality in the development process. Women’s health is considered all over the world and the data about this aspect is published by the World Health Organization annually. Among others maternal mortality rate is one of the major problems affecting women’s health and population. Everyday 830 women die due to the problems related to pregnancy and childbirth in the world. While this number is relatively lower in the developed countries, it is higher in the underdeveloped and developing countries. In addition, the maternal mortality rate in the Caucasus and Central Asia ranks in the worst third in the world. In the Kyrgyz Republic, this rate is 82.083333 per 10000 live births which is the worst in the region. Therefore, it is among one of the countries where the maternal mortality should be reduced in the framework of the Millennium Development Goals. In this study, the determinants of maternal mortality rate are analyzed in the Kyrgyz Republic regions during 2000-2015 by using static panel data methods fixed effects and random effects. The findings show that there are significant decreasing effects of GDP, number of assistant physicians, births by skilled staff, improved sanitation facilities, and gender wage equality, there are significant increasing effects of health expenditures, medical facilities, and poverty among women on the maternal mortality.
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Eldor, A., and M. Rose. "RELAPSING THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIA PURPURA (TTP): A CLINICAL STUDY OF 38 PATIENTS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644590.

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A dramatic change in the prognosis of TTP has taken place since the introduction of plasma therapy in 1977. However, plasma therapy does not always result in a complete cure since TTP manifestation may reappear. We describe 38 patients who were treated for TTP in 15 hospitals in Israel and New York City since 1977. 37 patients received plasma (transfusions and exchanges) and 30 survived. 12 patients (37%) developed relapsing TTP. Infections, pregnancy and surgery frequently preceded the initial episodes and the relapses. To evaluate the clinical course of relapsing TTP, a scoring system was developed based on 4 parameters: neurological findings, renal function impairment, platelet count and hemoglobin value at presentation. Each parameter was marked on a scale of 0 to 2: 0= no abnormality, 1= moderate impairment, 2= severe impairment. The severity of each episode was the sum of the 4 scores. The cases were divided into 3 groups: Group A= patients who died during 1st episode; Group B= patients who had only one episode; Group C= patients who relapsed. The following are the average severity scores:The differences between Groups A and B; A and C; B and C; and B and the relapses are significant (p<0.005)(Chi-square test). The differences between Group C first episode* and subsequent relapses are not significant (paired t-test). Hence, relapsing TTP was manifested by a milder clinical course, however two relapses were fatal, demonstrating that this is not a benign disorder. Therapy consisted of plasma, plasmapheresis, steroids, platelet-inhibitor drugs and 11 patients underwent splenectomy. Addition of vincristin seemd to shorten the duration of the TTP episode. No differences were observed in the treatment of Group A, B and C patients. However, during relapses, patients received less therapy probably due to their milder clinical course. Splenectomy did not prevent relapses, but prolonged the remission duration. Based on our data, we recommend that the severity score be used in determining the intensity of treatment.
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Reports on the topic "Diet during pregnancy"

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Donovan, Sharon, Kathryn Dewey, Rachel Novotny, Jamie Stang, Elsie Taveras, Ronald Kleinman, Ramkripa Raghavan, et al. Maternal Diet during Pregnancy and Lactation and Risk of Child Food Allergies and Atopic Allergic Diseases: A Systematic Review. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review, July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.52570/nesr.dgac2020.sr0207.

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Donovan, Sharon, Kathryn Dewey, Rachel Novotny, Jamie Stang, Elsie Taveras, Ronald Kleinman, Ramkripa Raghavan, et al. Maternal Diet during Pregnancy and Lactation and Risk of Child Food Allergies and Atopic Allergic Diseases: A Systematic Review. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review, July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.52570/nesr.dgac2020.sr0207.

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Brosh, Arieh, David Robertshaw, Yoav Aharoni, Zvi Holzer, Mario Gutman, and Amichai Arieli. Estimation of Energy Expenditure of Free Living and Growing Domesticated Ruminants by Heart Rate Measurement. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580685.bard.

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Research objectives were: 1) To study the effect of diet energy density, level of exercise, thermal conditions and reproductive state on cardiovascular function as it relates to oxygen (O2) mobilization. 2) To validate the use of heart rate (HR) to predict energy expenditure (EE) of ruminants, by measuring and calculating the energy balance components at different productive and reproductive states. 3) To validate the use of HR to identify changes in the metabolizable energy (ME) and ME intake (MEI) of grazing ruminants. Background: The development of an effective method for the measurement of EE is essential for understanding the management of both grazing and confined feedlot animals. The use of HR as a method of estimating EE in free-ranging large ruminants has been limited by the availability of suitable field monitoring equipment and by the absence of empirical understanding of the relationship between cardiac function and metabolic rate. Recent developments in microelectronics provide a good opportunity to use small HR devices to monitor free-range animals. The estimation of O2 uptake (VO2) of animals from their HR has to be based upon a consistent relationship between HR and VO2. The question as to whether, or to what extent, feeding level, environmental conditions and reproductive state affect such a relationship is still unanswered. Studies on the basic physiology of O2 mobilization (in USA) and field and feedlot-based investigations (in Israel) covered a , variety of conditions in order to investigate the possibilities of using HR to estimate EE. In USA the physiological studies conducted using animals with implanted flow probes, show that: I) although stroke volume decreases during intense exercise, VO2 per one heart beat per kgBW0.75 (O2 Pulse, O2P) actually increases and measurement of EE by HR and constant O2P may underestimate VO2unless the slope of the regression relating to heart rate and VO2 is also determined, 2) alterations in VO2 associated with the level of feeding and the effects of feeding itself have no effect on O2P, 3) both pregnancy and lactation may increase blood volume, especially lactation; but they have no effect on O2P, 4) ambient temperature in the range of 15 to 25°C in the resting animal has no effect on O2P, and 5) severe heat stress, induced by exercise, elevates body temperature to a sufficient extent that 14% of cardiac output may be required to dissipate the heat generated by exercise rather than for O2 transport. However, this is an unusual situation and its affect on EE estimation in a freely grazing animal, especially when heart rate is monitored over several days, is minor. In Israel three experiments were carried out in the hot summer to define changes in O2P attributable to changes in the time of day or In the heat load. The animals used were lambs and young calves in the growing phase and highly yielding dairy cows. In the growing animals the time of day, or the heat load, affected HR and VO2, but had no effect on O2P. On the other hand, the O2P measured in lactating cows was affected by the heat load; this is similar to the finding in the USA study of sheep. Energy balance trials were conducted to compare MEI recovery by the retained energy (RE) and by EE as measured by HR and O2P. The trial hypothesis was that if HR reliably estimated EE, the MEI proportion to (EE+RE) would not be significantly different from 1.0. Beef cows along a year of their reproductive cycle and growing lambs were used. The MEI recoveries of both trials were not significantly different from 1.0, 1.062+0.026 and 0.957+0.024 respectively. The cows' reproductive state did not affect the O2P, which is similar to the finding in the USA study. Pasture ME content and animal variables such as HR, VO2, O2P and EE of cows on grazing and in confinement were measured throughout three years under twenty-nine combinations of herbage quality and cows' reproductive state. In twelve grazing states, individual faecal output (FO) was measured and MEI was calculated. Regression analyses of the EE and RE dependent on MEI were highly significant (P<0.001). The predicted values of EE at zero intake (78 kcal/kgBW0.75), were similar to those estimated by NRC (1984). The EE at maintenance condition of the grazing cows (EE=MEI, 125 kcal/kgBW0.75) which are in the range of 96.1 to 125.5 as presented by NRC (1996 pp 6-7) for beef cows. Average daily HR and EE were significantly increased by lactation, P<0.001 and P<0.02 respectively. Grazing ME significantly increased HR and EE, P<0.001 and P<0.00l respectively. In contradiction to the finding in confined ewes and cows, the O2P of the grazing cows was significantly affected by the combined treatments (P<0.00l ); this effect was significantly related to the diet ME (P<0.00l ) and consequently to the MEI (P<0.03). Grazing significantly increased O2P compared to confinement. So, when EE of grazing animals during a certain season of the year is estimated using the HR method, the O2P must be re measured whenever grazing ME changes. A high correlation (R2>0.96) of group average EE and of HR dependency on MEI was also found in confined cows, which were fed six different diets and in growing lambs on three diets. In conclusion, the studies conducted in USA and in Israel investigated in depth the physiological mechanisms of cardiovascular and O2 mobilization, and went on to investigate a wide variety of ruminant species, ages, reproductive states, diets ME, time of intake and time of day, and compared these variables under grazing and confinement conditions. From these combined studies we can conclude that EE can be determined from HR measurements during several days, multiplied by O2P measured over a short period of time (10-15 min). The study showed that RE could be determined during the growing phase without slaughtering. In the near future the development microelectronic devices will enable wide use of the HR method to determine EE and energy balance. It will open new scopes of physiological and agricultural research with minimizes strain on animals. The method also has a high potential as a tool for herd management.
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Diet and exercise can reduce the risk of developing diabetes during pregnancy. National Institute for Health Research, December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/signal-000701.

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Diet diversity among pregnant women and young children—Insights for improving malaria, family planning, and maternal and child health outcomes in northwestern Nigeria through social and behavior change programming. Population Council, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh15.1085.

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This research brief provides rigorous, evidence-based insights to policy-makers, implementers, and researchers of social and behavior change (SBC) programs on maternal and child nutrition during the 1,000-day period between a woman’s pregnancy and her child’s second birthday. It is one of a series of briefs presenting findings from a Breakthrough RESEARCH study that uniquely captures data on a wide range of psychosocial drivers of behavioral outcomes in family planning, malaria, and maternal, newborn and child health and nutrition (MNCH+N) in the three northwestern states of Nigeria.
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