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Correia, Raquel Alexandra Jerónimo. "Comportamento alimentar de éguas Puro Sangue Lusitano em pastagens de regadio." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/7901.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia Zootécnica/Produção Animal<br>O comportamento dos equinos em pastagem integra uma série de escolhas que estão relacionadas com características da vegetação e com o próprio animal.
No presente estudo foram avaliadas 15 éguas adultas e 9 poldras alfeiras, totalizando 24 animais, divididas em dois grupos de nível alimentar diferente: a parcela 1 com 7 éguas alimentadas ao nível de manutenção (G100) e 4 poldras em crescimento moderado (CM); a parcela 2 com 8 éguas alimentadas acima da manutenção (G130) e 5 poldras em crescimento óptimo (CO). Pretendeu-se avaliar o comportamento alimentar dos animais, a nível do tempo de busca e preensão de alimento e selecção do alimento.
Verificou-se, num total de 13,15 horas de observação, que os animais passaram cerca de 11h horas em procura e ingestão de alimento (82%). Verificou-se que os animais da parcela 1 passaram mais horas em actividade de busca e preensão de alimento (11,44 horas) do que os animais da parcela 2 (11,03 horas).
Em todos os animais avaliados se verificou que, as gramíneas, foram a família mais selecionada, no entanto, os animais da parcela 2 selecionaram mais gramíneas e leguminosas que os da parcela 1 (P<0,001) e, os animais da parcela 1, ingeriram infestantes e outras em maior proporção que os da parcela 2 (P<0,001).<br>ABSTRACT - FEEDING BEHAVIOUR OF LUSITANO MARES ON IRRIGATED PASTURES - The behaviour of horses on pasture integrates a series of choices that are related to vegetation characteristics and to the animal itself.
In this study 15 adult mares and 9 fillies, totaling 24 animals divided into two groups of different feeding level, were studied: Group 1 with 7 mares fed to maintenance level (G100) and 4 fillies in moderate growth (CM); Group 2 with 8 mares fed above maintenance (G130) and 5 fillies in optimal growth (CO). It was intended to evaluate the animals feeding behaviour, grazing time and selection of food level.
In a total of 13,15 hours of observation, it was found that animals spent approximately 11h hours searching and ingesting food (82%). It was assessed that the animals of Group 1 spent more hours in grazing activity (11,44 hours) than animals of Group 2 (11,03 hours).
In all animals evaluated was assessed that grasses were the most selected species, however, the animals of Group 2 selected more grasses and legumes than the first Group (P <0,001) and the animals of Group 1 ate weeds and other species in a greater proportion than the second Group (P <0,001).
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Nath, Latika. "Conservation management of the tiger, Panthera tigris tigris, in Bandhavgarh National Park, India." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365364.
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Emre, Yasmin. "No Milk Today? Challenges of Maintaining a Vegan Diet in Germany." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-300843.
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Barker, Mary Elizabeth. "The behaviour, body composition and eating habits of adolescent girls." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300826.
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Keeling, Jonathan Giles Matthew. "Ecological determinants of muntjac deer Muntiacus reevesi behaviour." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296650.
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Kronick, Ilana. "Indulging with "impunity": Compensatory intentions and diet-breaking behaviour." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=94936.
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The compensatory beliefs model proposes that when faced with temptation, people form intentions to behaviourally compensate for indulgence. Compensatory beliefs (CBs) are convictions that the consequences of engaging in an indulgent behaviour (eating cake) can be neutralized by the effects of another behaviour (skipping dinner). Compensatory intentions (CIs) are plans to compensate for indulgence that are based on the belief that compensatory behaviours can balance-out the effects of indulgence. I propose that compensatory thinking not only exists in dieters but that forming compensatory intentions results in both a decision to indulge and the act of indulging. The first manuscript shows that (1) dieters form compensatory intentions when experiencing the mental conflict of wanting to lose weight but also desiring to eat, and that (2) forming compensatory intentions results in the decision to indulge. These findings suggest that compensatory beliefs and intentions may be useful tools in helping predict whether or not dieters will adhere to their diets. Using experiential sampling methodology, the second manuscript shows that compensatory thinking contributes to the prediction of caloric intake. Implications of using CBs and CIs in weight loss scenarios are discussed, with particular emphasis on how they have been shown to be risky diet tools due to dieters' general failure to follow through with their intentions to compensate.<br>Le modèle de convictions compensateur propose que quand fait face avec la tentation, les gens forment des intentions de comportement compenser pour l'indulgence. Les convictions compensatrices sont des convictions que les conséquences de s'engager dans un comportement indulgent (mangeant le gâteau) peuvent être neutralisées par les effets d'un autre comportement (sautillant le dîner). Les intentions compensatrices sont des plans de compenser pour l'indulgence qui sont fondés sur la conviction que les comportements compensateurs peuvent équilibrer - des effets d'indulgence. Je propose que la réflexion compensatrice existe non seulement dans dieters, mais que la formation des intentions compensatrices s'ensuit tant dans une décision de céder que dans à l'acte du fait de céder. Le premier manuscrit montre (que 1) dieters forment des intentions compensatrices en connaissant le conflit mental du fait de vouloir maigrir, mais le fait de désirer aussi manger et (que 2) les intentions compensatrices se formant s'ensuivent dans la décision de céder. Ces conclusions suggèrent que les convictions compensatrices et les intentions peuvent être des instruments utiles dans l'aide prédisent si vraiment dieters adhérera à leurs régimes. En utilisant la méthodologie d'échantillonnage expérimentale, le deuxième manuscrit montre que la réflexion compensatrice contribue à la prédiction de consommation calorique. Les implications de former les intentions compensatrices dans les scénarios de perte de poids sont discutées, avec l'accentuation particulière sur comment les intentions compensatrices ont été montrées pour être des instruments de régime risqués en raison de l'échec général de dieter à l'achèvement avec leur intention de compenser.
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Coll, Collette. "The development of Tipula oleracea L. (Diptera: Tipulidae) as a pest of winter cereals : the role of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312616.
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Studies were carried out to investigate the development of <I>Tipula oleracea </I>as a pest of winter cereals in north-east Scotland. Oilseed rape was identified as an important contributing factor to the appearance of this species in winter cereals. Laboratory experiments showed that <I>T. oleracea </I>preferred to egg-lay into oilseed rape crops rather than winter cereals. Field surveys established that larvae were present during the winter within the oilseed rape. Further experimentation showed that larvae reared on diets of oilseed rape, out-performed those fed on winter cereals, in terms of growth, successful development, and subsequent fecundity of emerging females. Studies on behaviour showed that adults emerging from within the oilseed rape in June were trapped by the oilseed rape canopy and that 'normal' dispersal was restricted. Flies could, however, move between plant stalks underneath the canopy, suggesting that mating and egg-laying could continue. It was confirmed that <I>T.oleracea, </I>usually had two flight periods in north-east Scotland, in June, and again in August-September. Population studies determined that adult emergence was variable, suggesting a useful survival strategy, should peak emergence coincide with poor conditions for larval survival. Studies on growth established that the life-cycle of <I>T. oleracea </I>was responsive to temperature and field studies showed that two generations could be completed during the summer months within the oilseed rape crop. It was also shown that <I>T. oleracea </I>had a high egg-laying capacity and had no requirement for a larval diapause. The population dynamics of this species are suited to the exploitation of short term habitats, such as those created within one year arable rotations.
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Lindsay, William Keith. "Feeding ecology and population demography of African elephants in Amboseli, Kenya." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338055.
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Wilkin, Philip John. "A study of the medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis (L), with a strategy for its conservation." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7885.
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Geekie, Moira Anne. "Promoting a reduction in the consumption of dietary fat : the role of perceived control, self-efficacy and personal dietary information." Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312598.
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O'Connell, Sophie. "Seasonal variations in lifestyle behaviours and their relationship with indicators for poor health." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/11716.
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The increasing evidence of associations between physical activity, sedentary behaviour, sleep duration and diet and both immediate and long term health implications is of public health concern. There is a need to further our understanding of the patterns of these behaviours and how they affect poor health indicators individually and simultaneously. This thesis aims to advance the current literature by investigating associations between multiple lifestyle behaviours and indicators for poor health and identifying patterns of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, sleep duration and dietary intake. Anthropometric measurements and bioelectrical impedance analysis were collected from 72 UK adults. These participants were asked to wear an ActiGraph GT1M accelerometer to objectively measure their physical activity and sedentary behaviour across 7 consecutive days. Over these 7 days, participants also completed a self-report daily sleep diary and a food frequency questionnaire. Participants were asked to complete these measurements at 4 different time points across the year in order to capture these behaviours over each season; 46 participants completed all 4 seasons. Using the data collected from the 72 participants who completed at least 1 season, regression analyses were conducted to identify associations between lifestyle behaviours and indicators for poor health. Repeated measures ANOVAs were conducted on data from 52 participants who provided the full 7 days of data during their initial measurement period to assess day of the week variations in physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep patterns. Repeated measures ANOVAs were also conducted on physical activity, sedentary behaviour, sleep and dietary intake data provided by the 46 participants who provided 4 seasons of data to assess seasonal variation. This thesis demonstrated that in a sample of relatively active, UK adults, time spent in moderate-vigorous physical activity and sedentary behaviour had a negative association with BMI and body fat percentage, increased time spent in moderate-vigorous physical activity was also associated with decreases in waist circumference. Light intensity physical activity had a positive association with BMI, body fat percentage and diastolic blood pressure. There were significant day of the week variations in light intensity physical activity, sedentary behaviour and time spent in bed, with light intensity physical activity and time in bed being significantly higher on a Sunday, whilst sedentary behaviour was significantly lower on a Sunday in this sample of UK adults. In addition to day of the week variations, there were seasonal variations in light intensity physical activity, sedentary behaviour and time spent in bed and sleep durations (weekdays only). Over the winter months, light intensity physical activity was significantly lower, whilst sedentary behaviour, time in bed and total sleep time was significantly higher. No seasonal variations in time spent in moderate-vigorous intensity physical activity or diet were observed in the present sample. This thesis demonstrates that lifestyle behaviours that have been found to affect health do vary over the week and across different seasons. This research has implications for surveillance studies which estimate these behaviours at one time point throughout the year, and also for interventions aimed at improving these behaviours which are implemented at just one time period of the year. Strategies for overcoming barriers to PA under unfavourable environmental conditions will be needed for this to be achieved, in addition to interventions reducing SB, even in the winter months.
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Amoroso, Castellanos Hernan Gerardo. "Feeding behaviour of Ateles belzebuth E. Geoffroy 1806 (Cebidae: Atelinae) in Tawadu Forest southern Venezuela." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294487.
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Heslin, Leeane Maree. "Trichogramma larval behaviour and the refinement of an artificial cell line diet /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18963.pdf.
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Leus, Kristin. "Foraging behaviour, food selection and diet digestion of Babyrousa babyrussa (Suidae, Mammalia)." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/1349.
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A population of 79 babirusa distributed over 19 zoos in Europe and the United States were the subject of a study of the foraging behaviour, food selection, and digestion of the babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa). Stomachs of six adult babirusa and one twelve month old animal were collected from zoological gardens. Gross anatomical and microscopic examination revealed the large size of the stomach (approximately 3000cm2 for adults) and the very large area covered by its cardiac glands (more than 70% of the total stomach's mucosal surface area compared to about 33% in the domestic pig (Sus scrofa)). Mucus was produced in the cardiac glands and micro-organisms were found both in the mucus-gel adhering to the stomach surface and within the stomach lumen. The pH in the lumen of the cardiac gland area of the stomach was between 5.3 and 6.4 which is suitable for the survival of microorganisms. Gastric glands were confined to a small region occupying the distal end of the corpus ventriculi which was named the "gastric unit". A comparative study of the digestibility of the dry matter, organic matter and fibre in a basal barley-soya diet supplemented with different amounts of dried grass was carried out with eight babirusa, eight Large White x Landrace and eight Chinese Meishan pigs using the chromic oxide indicator ratio technique. The digestibility of the Acid Detergent Fibre (= cellulose + lignin) component of grass was less in the babirusa than in the domestic pigs. However, babirusa were able to digest Neutral Detergent Fibre (= hemicellulose + cellulose + lignin) and Organic Matter from the total diet better than the domestic pigs. The foraging and other behaviour of a male and female babirusa when given access to a semi-natural enclosure was recorded using one-minute time scans for six hours per day during five consecutive days. Foraging mainly took the form of walking around with the nose close to or on the ground surface while sniffing. Rooting only took place in that part of the enclosure with very loose sand and was never observed in regions with more compact soil. The two most important food items consumed by the babirusa (in addition to the food that was offered to them by the zoo staff)were bramble leaves and cherry fruits. The animals also demonstrated their ability to carefully select certain plant parts when eating herbs and grasses. The results of these three studies suggested that the babirusa was a nonruminant foregut fermenting frugivore/concentrate selector, specialised in the fermentation of plant solubles and more easily digestible fibres and was able to select those plants and plant parts which are more easily digestible. Information on the diet being fed to babirusa in the 19 zoos indicated that fruits were the items most favoured in captivity. The animals also readily consumed a wide variety of leaves, buds and twigs from branches. The range between zoos in the amounts of total food, dry matter, crude protein, fat, fibre and digestible energy being fed was extremely large. Using prediction equations for domestic pig breeds the energy requirements for the babirusa were estimated to be 11.3 MJ/day for males and 8.5 MJ/day for females and the protein requirements were estimated to be 88g CP/day for males and 59g CP/day for females. These results together with other information gathered from the literature support the view that the main items in the diet of wild babirusa are likely to be fruits and leaves supplemented with smaller amounts of herbs, grass, roots and animal matter.
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Dixon, Greg. "The effect of diet change on the behaviour of the domestic fowl." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.411070.
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Boates, J. S. "Foraging and social behaviour of the oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus in relationship to diet specialization." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.381288.
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Francis, Sally Amanda. "Investigating the role of carbohydrates in the dietary choices of ruminants with an emphasis on dairy cows." Connect to thesis, 2002. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/2898.
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This thesis investigated the role of carbohydrates in the dietary choices of ruminants with an emphasis on dairy cows. The first two experiments investigated the ability of sheep to select between feeds based on their carbohydrate degradability. A further two indoor experiments using dairy cows were designed to establish whether post-ingestive feedback from rumen fluid propionic acid concentration influenced preference. The final experiment examined the potential of ryegrass bred for high water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentrations to increase the long-term (9 days) preferences and intake of grazing dairy cows.<br>Constraints to intake imposed by offering sheep access to only one feed were overcome by offering a choice between two feeds simultaneously. Within each choice, sheep generally selected the more slowly degradable option. However, when overall NDF intake could be maintained at approximately 800g/day, the rapidly degraded feed was preferred.<br>Dairy cows were able to form associations between flavour and postingestive feedback from rumen propionic acid concentration. Although a dose-dependent response was not observed between the concentration of ruminal propionic acid infusion and preference intensity, there was a correlation between ruminal propionic acid concentration and energy status of the cow. In the subsequent experiment, the comparative effect of propionate supplied in the form of salt (instead of acid) on food preference was confounded by a flavour bias.<br>Diurnal WSC monitoring of perennial ryegrass cultivars bred in the U.K. for 'typical' and 'high' WSC concentrations, expressed similar concentrations at different times of the day and year when grown in northern Victoria. Consequently, in a test of preference between the cultivars, cows showed only slight preference that was not based on WSC concentration. In other choices between adjacent monocultures, cows selected a mixed diet of 62% white clover and 38% ryegrass.<br>It was concluded that the ideal diet from the animals' perspective is influenced by the rumen propionic acid concentration and the energy status of the animal. Further, an important priority for the ruminant is to maintain an adequate supply of structural carbohydrates to the rumen. Further work is needed to identify the benefits of feeding pasture with higher WSC, but this might be a difficult objective under Australian field conditions until plant material becomes available that more reliably expresses high WSC.
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Burenius, Johanna, and Louise Lien. "Becoming Vegan : Consumers’ perceived barriers when transitioning to a vegan diet." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-447552.
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This qualitative study aims to identify challenges experienced amongst consumers in Stockholm when transitioning to a vegan diet. Five consumers between the ages of 24-27 have during a period of one month assumed the task of transitioning to a vegan diet. The results were analyzed through the lens of The Multidisciplinary Model of the main factors affecting consumer behaviour in the food domain and as well as the Cognitive dissonance theory to enable a deeper analysis. The study shows that information, supply and psychological influences are three main areas in which barriers are present. Lack of marketing in store and online, lack of clear labeling on products and lack of supply in both stores and restaurants were the most apparent challenges experienced amongst consumers which can be barriers when transitioning to a vegan diet. Furthermore, psychological influences that were perceived as barriers by the consumers was the presence of dissonance and the feeling of lack of support and inspiration.
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Spörndly-Nees, Søren. "Physical activity and eating behaviour in sleep disorders." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Sjukgymnastik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-308395.
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Sleep-disordered breathing and insomnia are common sleep disorders and associated with an increased risk of morbidity. The aim of this thesis was to study the contribution of a behavioural sleep medicine perspective on sleep-disordered breathing and insomnia. More specific, factors considered important for changing eating behaviour and the impact of physical activity were studied. Methods: In study I, semi-structured interviews of participants with obstructive sleep apnoea and obesity (n = 15) were analysed using a qualitative content analysis. A population-based female cohort was followed prospectively over ten years in study II and III using a postal questionnaire on two occasions (n = 4,851 and n = 5062, respectively). In study IV, a series of five experimental single-case studies was conducted testing how an aerobic exercise intervention affected selected typical snores, following an A1B1A2B2A3 design over nine days and nights (n = 5). Results: Facilitators and barriers towards eating behaviour change were identified. A low level of self-reported leisure-time physical activity was a risk factor among women for future habitual snoring complaints, independent of weight, weight gain alcohol dependence or smoking. Maintaining higher levels or increasing levels of leisure-time physical activity over the ten-year period partly protected from snoring complaints (study II). Further, a low level of self-reported leisure-time physical activity is a risk factor for future insomnia among women. Maintaining higher levels or increasing levels of leisure-time physical activity over the ten-year period partly protect against self-reported insomnia, independent of psychological distress, age, change in body mass index, smoking, alcohol dependence, snoring status or level of education (study III). Single bouts of aerobic exercise did not produce an acute effect on snoring the following nights in the studied individuals. A pronounced night-to-night variation in snoring was identified (study IV). Conclusion: Women with sleep disorders would benefit from a behavioural sleep medicine perspective targeting their physical activity in the prevention and management of snoring and insomnia. This is motivated by the protective effects of physical activity confirmed by this thesis. Knowledge was added about facilitators and barriers for future eating behaviour change interventions.
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Patch, Craig Stewart. "An analysis of the potential role of functional foods in the primary prevention of coronary heart disease." Access electronically, 2005. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20050914.155815/index.html.
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Cairns, Marie Clare. "An investigation into the feeding behaviour and diet selection of the domestic horse." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/4312.
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Paulse, Jamie. "The behaviour and feeding ecology of extralimital giraffe within Albany Thicket vegetation in the Little Karoo, South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6747.
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Magister Scientiae (Biodiversity and Conservation Biology) - MSc (Biodiv and Cons Biol)<br>Due to their popularity for tourism, giraffes are being introduced into Thicket areas within the Little Karoo region of the Western Cape. However, information regarding the activity budgets and diet selection of these giraffes is lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to achieve three objectives; to determine the diurnal activity budget, diet composition and browsing levels, and the estimated browsing capacities of extralimital giraffe. The study was conducted on two privately owned farms, namely Kareesbos Private Game Reserve and Tsumkwe Private Game Reserves. Observations were completed on both study sites using the interval scan method, whereby observations were conducted on all visible individuals from 6 am – 6 pm for four days every 3 months (winter, spring, summer and autumn). Observations found browsing to be the most dominant activity displayed by both populations, with walking and rumination being the second and third most dominant activity. Females browsed more than males in both study sites.
Dietary observations showed four species (Pappea capensis, Portulacaria afra, Euclea undulata and Searsia longispina) and five species (Searsia longispina, Euclea undulata, Pappea capensis, Vachellia karroo and Grewia robusta) to comprise approximately 90% and 80% of their diet in Kareesbos and Tsumkwe respectively. The importance of flower bearing species (Lycium spp. and Rhigozhum obovatum) increased during the spring and summer seasons in both study sites. In addition to the diet selection, browsing by both giraffe populations was shown to occur mostly below 2 m.
Estimated browsing capacities for Kareesbos and Tsumkwe were 25 and 21, and 107 and 88 ha per giraffe, respectively, for the respective browse height strata of less than two metres and five metres. It is suggested that browsing capacities of less than two metres be considered when stocking giraffe and the number of individuals adjusted accordingly on each farm, due to the continuous low browsing of giraffe at less than two metres. Furthermore, results indicate that these giraffes have adapted to take advantage of forage available in ecosystems outside their natural ranges. Low foraging heights suggests possible niche overlap with other browsers, which may result in increased competition for food when it becomes limited. Long term ecological monitoring of extralimital populations and appropriate management procedures are therefore required to avoid the displacement and degradation of indigenous fauna and flora within the Little Karoo, and possible mortalities amongst the giraffe populations.
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Belfer, Bonnee. "Factors associated with diet behaviour among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending an outpatient clinic." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80224.
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Diet recommendations to achieve target metabolic control for prevention of micro and macrovascular complications have been outlined. Although previous studies in individuals with type 2 diabetes have identified certain factors associated with adherence to diet recommendations, adherence is multi-factorial in nature and includes demographic, biological and psychosocial variables. Our main objective was to identify factors associated With dietary behaviour among individuals with type 2 diabetes attending an out-patient clinic. Furthermore, we attempted to identify factors associated with frequency of seeing the dietitian and stages of change far lower fat intake. Principal hypothesis: those who are younger, female, lower in body mass index (BMI), higher in education level, exposed to a dietitian in the past year, higher in stage of change, having greater nutrition knowledge, greater perception of risk and benefits as well as fewer perceived barriers, would consume less total and saturated fat. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Antunes, Martins Isaura. "Effects of a high-fat diet in health and in Alzheimer's disease : a gender comparison study." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/effects-of-a-highfat-diet-in-health-and-in-alzheimers-disease-a-gender-comparison-study(318efc9c-80d9-4cee-9381-61d4ee652935).html.
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The prevalence of obesity is growing worldwide partly due to an increase in consumption of diets high in fat. Obesity is known as a risk factor for developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) later in life. Both obesity and AD are associated with cognitive deficits and experimental high-fat diets can impair memory in cognitively normal rodents but also worsen memory deficits in AD mouse models. What is still unclear is the molecular mechanisms behind the detrimental effects of a high-fat diet on memory and if sex can influence its effect. Data in this thesis demonstrated that compared to females, male control non-transgenic (Non-Tg) mice had earlier deficits in memory after a high-fat diet that were associated with hyperinsulinemia. However, female Non-Tg mice were more vulnerable to ultrastructural changes in mitochondria morphology and loss of synapses after 6 months of a high-fat diet, changes that were similar to those observed in control-fed female triple-transgenic mice (3xTgAD). Finally, the memory deficits observed after a high-fat diet in cognitively normal mice were not associated with obesity and adiposity, as treatment with resveratrol (RSV) an anti-obesogenic compound, attenuated body weight gain and adipose tissue but failed to reverse memory impairment. In control fed 3xTgAD mice, RSV rescued memory deficits. In all experiments a high-fat diet had no detectable effect on cognitive impairment in 3xTgAD mice. In conclusion, the present thesis demonstrates that the sex-dependent differences in the effect a high-fat diet on memory are likely due to hyperinsulinemia and mitochondrial impairment and do not depend on obesity phenotype. These results demonstrate the importance of gender when studying both obesity and AD and are relevant for future clinical trials.
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Couto, Mariana Yuan Ribeiro. "Estudo do comportamento alimentar e análise do parasitismo gastrointestinal do burro de Miranda (Equus asinus) em sistema de pastoreio livre." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6888.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária<br>A rotina do burro de Miranda (Equus asinus) no seu solar de criação em Portugal, varia entre a ajuda nos trabalhos agrícolas, o pastoreio livre em lameiros e o confinamento noturno. A pastagem representa, geralmente, a base da alimentação destes animais, podendo haver uma influência da dieta na capacidade de resistência destes animais face aos parasitas gastrointestinais. Este trabalho teve como objetivos principais estudar o comportamento alimentar em liberdade, estimar a composição da dieta e avaliar em simultâneo a carga parasitária de um grupo de burros de Miranda em regime de pastoreio livre. Para o efeito, um grupo de 8 burros de burros de Miranda foram utilizados. O trabalho consistiu em dois períodos de estudo (junho e julho), nos quais os animais estiveram, durante o período de luz, num lameiro de 1,6ha. Cada período de estudo teve a duração de 4 dias nos quais foi avaliado o comportamento alimentar, com colheita de fezes duas vezes ao dia (manhã e final da tarde) e de amostras da pastagem. Nos primeiros dois dias de cada período recolheram-se dados sistemáticos de observação de 15 em 15 min desde o amanhecer ao anoitecer para a estimativa do tempo em pastoreio. A estimativa da dieta realizou-se através da metodologia dos n-alcanos (fezes e amostras da pastagem) durante 4 dias consecutivos. Para a análise parasitológica, utilizou-se o método de McMaster (contagem dos Ovos por Grama, OPG) e coproculturas (para identificação de L3) em todas as amostras. No que respeita aos resultados do comportamento alimentar, não houve diferenças quanto aos padrões de comportamento alimentar, verificou-se que os animais passaram 75,64% do tempo em atividades de pastoreio e cerca de 24,36% do tempo em outras atividades. Quanto à composição da dieta, verificou-se uma diferença entre os períodos de estudo, sendo que em junho a dieta teve uma proporção herbáceas/arbustivas de 66/34, enquanto em julho esta passou para 98/2. Em termos de composição química, os resultados da pastagem estão de acordo com o avançar do ciclo vegetativo das plantas. Na avaliação parasitológica os animais apresentaram, 12% de amostras positivas à contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (valores médio de OPG ao longo do estudo: 0; 6,25; 87,5) e 33% de amostras positivas à coprocultura, com o predomínio de Cyathostomum sensu latum morfotipo A (83,33%).
O estudo sugere que o Burro de Miranda é uma espécie seletiva, apresentando necessidades de fibra consideráveis na alimentação. Houve uma diminuição do consumo de arbustivas ao longo do estudo e um aumento progressivo de OPG. Sugere-se a problemática do controlo da ciatostominose, dada a sua prevalência e abundância, que aumentaram durante o período de estudo. Este trabalho apresenta os primeiros dados sobre o comportamento alimentar e estimativa das dietas em burros de Miranda, e revela informações interessantes que poderão ser usadas em práticas de maneio deste equídeo.<br>ABSTRACT - STUDY OF FEEDING BEHAVIOR AND EVALUATION OF GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITISM IN MIRANDA DONKEY (Equus asinus) IN FREE GRAZING SYSTEM - The role of the Miranda donkey (Equus asinus) in Portugal varies between day work in agriculture lands, grazing in Lameiros and night confinement. Pasture is, generally, the main feed of the donkey and there might be an influence of diet in these animals resistance to gastrointestinal parasites.
The objective of this study was to understand the feeding behaviour, estimate diet composition and evaluate simultaneously the parasite load in a group of donkeys under free range conditions. For this purpose, 8 animals were used. The study occurred in two different periods: June and July. In the study periods, animals were kept during the day hours in a 1,6ha pasture. Feeding behaviour was evaluated by observing the animals every 15 min. on two consecutive days from sunrise to sunset. Diet composition estimation was made using the n-alkane technique. Pasture samples were collected for pasture characterization and faecal samples were collected daily during 4 consecutive days. For parasitological analysis McMaster technique (Eggs per Gram counts, EPG) and fecal cultures for L3 identification were used in all samples.
Results showed no differences concerning feeding behaviour patterns between the two periods; animals spent 75.6% of the time in pasture activities, and 24.4% in other activities. Concerning diet composition, there was a shift in the herbaceous/shrub proportion from June (66/34) to July (98/2). With regard to chemical composition of pasture, the results are consistent with the growing season of plants. Concerning parasitological tests, parasite level showed 12% positive samples for EPG (mean values of EPG during the study: 0, 6.25, 87.5) and 33% positive to cyathostomins in the fecal culture, with the dominance of Cyathostomum sensu latum morphotype A (83.33%).
The study suggests that this species is selective, presenting a considerable need for fiber in the diet. There was a decrease in consumption of shrub through the study period and a progressive increase in EPG. It is suggested the issue of cyathostominosis control according to their prevalence and abundance, which rised through the period of study. This work presents the first data concerning feeding behaviour and diets estimation in Miranda donkeys, and reveals interesting information that can be used in management practices.
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Berry, Robert John. "A systems study of lameness in dairy cattle : effects of management, diet and behaviour /." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/10792.
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The majority of lameness in dairy herds occurs during the winter housing period when management is at its most intensive. This study assessed the impact of different dietary and management regimes at the system, calving season, and individual level. Observational studies of behaviour and subjective assessment of lameness disease types were carried out on two herds of high genetic merit Holstein-Friesian cows. The herds were housed under identical conditions but differed in their dietary and management regimes. One herd, unit 1, was kept on a low dietary concentrate input regime and milked twice daily whilst the other herd, unit 2, was fed large amounts of supplementary concentrate over lactation and milked three times daily. Assessment of clinical disease in each unit showed that there were more lameness cases on the high input regime, unit 2; however unit 1 showed a higher incidence of diseases related to claw horn disorders such as laminitis and sole ulcer. There was a higher incidence of infectious foot disease in unit 2, the high input system. The incidence of subclinical lesions in the hooves was influenced by dietary treatment: unit 2 animals had more lesions 3-5 months postcalving, however there was no difference between treatments in the early postcalving period or during peak lesion incidence 2-3 months postcalving. This indicated that the increased use of concentrates may have sustained the level of subclinical lesions in unit 2 for a prolonged period. Unit 1 animals fed for longer than unit 2 animals, and autumn calvers on unit 1 reduced lying time apparently to maximise feeding time.
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Huyser, Onno Adrian Wallace. "Diet and foraging behaviour of Macaroni and Chinstrap penguins at Bouvetøya, South Atlantic Ocean." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4751.
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Trindade, Júlio Kuhn da. "Modificações na estrutura do pasto e no comportamento ingestivo de bovinos durante o rebaixamento do capim-marandu submetido a estratégias de pastejo rotacionado." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/77971.
Full textAbstract:
Práticas de manejo afetam a estrutura do dossel forrageiro, podendo afetar os padrões de deslocamento, procura e ingestão de forragem pelos animais em pastejo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de estratégias de pastejo rotacionado sobre o comportamento animal e padrões de ingestão de forragem de bovinos de corte em pastos de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. O experimento foi realizado no Departamento de Zootecnia da USP/ESALQ, de novembro de 2005 a abril de 2006. Os tratamentos experimentais compreenderam a combinação entre duas intensidades (altura pós-pastejo de 10 e 15 cm) e dois intervalos entre pastejos (período de tempo necessário para se atingir 95 e 100% de interceptação luminosa pelo dossel durante a rebrotação - IL), e foram alocados às unidades experimentais (piquetes de 1.200 m²) segundo um delineamento inteiramente casualizado e arranjo fatorial 2 x 2, com 3 repetições. As avaliações foram realizadas de forma repetida em duas épocas do ano: (1) primavera (novembro e dezembro de 2005), e (2) verão (janeiro a abril de 2006). A densidade de lotação foi dimensionada para que a duração do período de ocupação fosse de 10 a 12 horas. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis-resposta: distribuição vertical dos componentes morfológicos da massa de forragem, dinâmica do rebaixamento dos pastos, padrões de ingestão (massa do bocado, taxa de bocados e taxa de consumo), comportamento (pastejo, ruminação e outras atividades), composição morfológica da forragem consumida; padrões de deslocamento e busca por alimento (número de estações alimentares por unidade de tempo e número de passos entre estações alimentares), e padrões de desfolhação de perfilhos individuais (profundidade de desfolhação e freqüência e intensidade de desfolhação de folhas em geral e nas categorias folhas em expansão e expandidas). As maiores taxas de rebaixamento foram registradas para os tratamentos 100/10 e 100/15, enquanto as menores para o tratamento 95/15. De modo geral, à medida que os animais permaneceram nos piquetes e ocorria depleção do estrato pastejável, a taxa de rebaixamento diminuiu em virtude da diminuição da altura do dossel e do aumento da presença de colmos e de material morto no horizonte de pastejo. Apesar de a intensidade de pastejo menos severa (altura pós-pastejo de 15 cm) resultar, no início do pastejo, em menor bocado, taxa de consumo e intensidade de desfolhação de folhas em expansão e expandidas, os animais acabaram consumindo uma forragem com maior proporção de folhas. Ao longo do rebaixamento, os tratamentos de 100% IL resultaram em bocados maiores, mas, no entanto, a taxa de consumo e a proporção de folhas na forragem consumida foram menores em relação aos tratamentos de 95% de IL. Os tratamentos 95/10 e 95/15 estiveram associados com maior atividade de pastejo e maior taxa de consumo, sugerindo maior consumo diário. Entretanto, o tratamento 95/15 foi o que resultou na maior proporção de folhas na forragem consumida, e foi o tratamento em que a intensidade e freqüência de desfolhação de folhas foram mais baixas, condicionadas pelas menores densidades de lotação empregadas. Esse padrão de desfolhação resultou em uma maior área foliar remanescente, favorecendo a rebrota seguinte e o rápido retorno dos pastos à utilização. A estratégia de pastejo que resultou em melhor utilização da forragem produzida, foi aquela em que os pastejos foram realizados com 95% de IL até uma altura pós-pastejo de 15 cm.<br>Management practices affect sward structure and may affect patterns of animal movement, search and forage ingestion during grazing. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of rotational grazing practices on animal behaviour and patterns of forage ingestion of beef cattle on Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. The experiment was carried out at Departamento de Zootecnia, USP/ESALQ, from November 2005 to April 2006. Treatments corresponded to combinations between two grazing intensities (post-grazing residues of 10 and 15 cm) and two grazing frequencies (equivalent to the period of time necessary for swards to reach 95 and 100% interception of the incident light during regrowth – LI), and were allocated to experimental units (1200 m2 paddocks) according to a completely randomised design and a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement, with 3 replications. Measurements were performed in two seasons of the year: (1) spring (November and December 2005), and (2) summer (January to April 2006). Stocking density was calculated aiming at an occupation period of paddocks of 10 to 12 hours. The following response variables were analysed: vertical distribution of morphological components of sward herbage mass, dynamics of the grazing down process, patterns of ingestion (bite mass, bite rate, and intake rate), animal behaviour (grazing, rumination and other activities), morphological composition of the consumed herbage, patterns of animal movement and search for forage (number of feeding stations per unit of time and number of steps between feeding stations), and patterns of defoliation of individual tillers (defoliation depth, frequency and intensity of defoliation of leaves – expanding and expanded leaves). The highest rates of decrease in sward height were recorded for treatments 100/10 and 100/15, and the lowest for treatment 95/15. In general, as the occupation period progressed, the grazing stratum was depleted and there was a decrease in the rate swards were lowered, a result of lower sward heights and increased presence of stems and dead material in the stratum used by the animals for grazing. In spite of the lower grazing intensity (post-grazing height of 15 cm) has resulted, at the beginning of grazing, in smaller bites, intake rate and defoliation intensity of expanding and expanded leaves, the ingested herbage had a higher proportion of leaves compared to grazings at 10 cm residue. During the grazing down process, the 100% LI treatments resulted in heavier bites, but lower intake rate and proportion of leaves in the herbage consumed than the 95% LI treatments. Treatments 95/10 and 95/15 were associated with the largest grazing activity and highest intake rate, suggesting higher daily intake. However, 95/15 was the treatment that resulted in the largest proportion of leaves in the herbage consumed, and in the lowest values of frequency and intensity of defoliation of leaves, due to the lowest stocking density used. This pattern of defoliation resulted in a high residual leaf area after grazing, favouring regrowth and quick return of swards to grazing. The grazing strategy that allowed more efficient harvest of herbage was that where grazings were initiated with 95% LI and finished with a 15 cm post-grazing height.
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Wright, Gillian H. "Consumer Reaction to Food and Health. A longitudinal study of U. K. consumer behaviour and attitudes towards health, with particular reference to food purchasing and consumption habits, product quality, nutritional composition, ingredients and production methods." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/3907.
Full textAbstract:
Consumers have increasing choice in food products and within
the social environment of today's consumer, the factors of
demand are increasingly complex. Food is no longer simply a
primary necessity for survival, it is a leisure and family
activity, the participation in which, takes up a
considerable amount of time. Today, food is a social and a
political issue - something about which people have
opinions, be it food quality, healthiness, or the food
supply itself. It is also central to consumer's self-image.
There is a large sector of the economy which supplies
food demand, and this sector is itself now under
considerable scrutiny from the consumer.
This thesis examines consumer behaviour and attitudes
towards food, with particular reference to the health
aspects of food issues. It describes a programme of
qualitative and quantitative research - group
discussions, personal interviews and postal questionnaires.
The programme examines milk (particularly low fat milk) as a
diet and health case study; knowledge about food; attitudes
towards food; the food industry and related issues; shopping
behaviour and eating habits.
It is important to both the consumer and the supplier of
food, that consumer behaviour and attitudes are understood
as fully as possible. This research highlights the
misunderstandings between consumer and producer, emphasises
the mistrust of the consumer for the producer and concludes
with the need for communication between them. The thesis
discusses the background to diet and health as an issue,
describes the development of the current consumer
environment and gives a profile of today's consumer. It then
goes on to detail the research - two quantitative surveys,
each undertaken over two years and a series of group
discussions. The final section summarises the findings of
each individual piece of the programme as a whole for
various groups: food Oroducers; food manufacturers; food
retailers; advertisers; the media; health professionals; the
consumer; consumer organisations and government.
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Trindade, Júlio Kuhn da. "Modificação na estrutua do pasto e no comportamento ingestivo de bovinos durante o rebaixamento do capim-marandu submetido a estratégias de pastejo rotacionado." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-12042007-165145/.
Full textAbstract:
Práticas de manejo afetam a estrutura do dossel forrageiro, podendo afetar os padrões de deslocamento, procura e ingestão de forragem pelos animais em pastejo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de estratégias de pastejo rotacionado sobre o comportamento animal e padrões de ingestão de forragem de bovinos de corte em pastos de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. O experimento foi realizado no Departamento de Zootecnia da USP/ESALQ, de novembro de 2005 a abril de 2006. Os tratamentos experimentais compreenderam a combinação entre duas intensidades (altura pós-pastejo de 10 e 15 cm) e dois intervalos entre pastejos (período de tempo necessário para se atingir 95 e 100% de interceptação luminosa pelo dossel durante a rebrotação - IL), e foram alocados às unidades experimentais (piquetes de 1.200 m²) segundo um delineamento inteiramente casualizado e arranjo fatorial 2 x 2, com 3 repetições. As avaliações foram realizadas de forma repetida em duas épocas do ano: (1) primavera (novembro e dezembro de 2005), e (2) verão (janeiro a abril de 2006). A densidade de lotação foi dimensionada para que a duração do período de ocupação fosse de 10 a 12 horas. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis-resposta: distribuição vertical dos componentes morfológicos da massa de forragem, dinâmica do rebaixamento dos pastos, padrões de ingestão (massa do bocado, taxa de bocados e taxa de consumo), comportamento (pastejo, ruminação e outras atividades), composição morfológica da forragem consumida; padrões de deslocamento e busca por alimento (número de estações alimentares por unidade de tempo e número de passos entre estações alimentares), e padrões de desfolhação de perfilhos individuais (profundidade de desfolhação e freqüência e intensidade de desfolhação de folhas em geral e nas categorias folhas em expansão e expandidas). As maiores taxas de rebaixamento foram registradas para os tratamentos 100/10 e 100/15, enquanto as menores para o tratamento 95/15. De modo geral, à medida que os animais permaneceram nos piquetes e ocorria depleção do estrato pastejável, a taxa de rebaixamento diminuiu em virtude da diminuição da altura do dossel e do aumento da presença de colmos e de material morto no horizonte de pastejo. Apesar de a intensidade de pastejo menos severa (altura pós-pastejo de 15 cm) resultar, no início do pastejo, em menor bocado, taxa de consumo e intensidade de desfolhação de folhas em expansão e expandidas, os animais acabaram consumindo uma forragem com maior proporção de folhas. Ao longo do rebaixamento, os tratamentos de 100% IL resultaram em bocados maiores, mas, no entanto, a taxa de consumo e a proporção de folhas na forragem consumida foram menores em relação aos tratamentos de 95% de IL. Os tratamentos 95/10 e 95/15 estiveram associados com maior atividade de pastejo e maior taxa de consumo, sugerindo maior consumo diário. Entretanto, o tratamento 95/15 foi o que resultou na maior proporção de folhas na forragem consumida, e foi o tratamento em que a intensidade e freqüência de desfolhação de folhas foram mais baixas, condicionadas pelas menores densidades de lotação empregadas. Esse padrão de desfolhação resultou em uma maior área foliar remanescente, favorecendo a rebrota seguinte e o rápido retorno dos pastos à utilização. A estratégia de pastejo que resultou em melhor utilização da forragem produzida, foi aquela em que os pastejos foram realizados com 95% de IL até uma altura pós-pastejo de 15 cm.<br>Management practices affect sward structure and may affect patterns of animal movement, search and forage ingestion during grazing. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of rotational grazing practices on animal behaviour and patterns of forage ingestion of beef cattle on Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. The experiment was carried out at Departamento de Zootecnia, USP/ESALQ, from November 2005 to April 2006. Treatments corresponded to combinations between two grazing intensities (post-grazing residues of 10 and 15 cm) and two grazing frequencies (equivalent to the period of time necessary for swards to reach 95 and 100% interception of the incident light during regrowth ? LI), and were allocated to experimental units (1200 m2 paddocks) according to a completely randomised design and a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement, with 3 replications. Measurements were performed in two seasons of the year: (1) spring (November and December 2005), and (2) summer (January to April 2006). Stocking density was calculated aiming at an occupation period of paddocks of 10 to 12 hours. The following response variables were analysed: vertical distribution of morphological components of sward herbage mass, dynamics of the grazing down process, patterns of ingestion (bite mass, bite rate, and intake rate), animal behaviour (grazing, rumination and other activities), morphological composition of the consumed herbage, patterns of animal movement and search for forage (number of feeding stations per unit of time and number of steps between feeding stations), and patterns of defoliation of individual tillers (defoliation depth, frequency and intensity of defoliation of leaves ? expanding and expanded leaves). The highest rates of decrease in sward height were recorded for treatments 100/10 and 100/15, and the lowest for treatment 95/15. In general, as the occupation period progressed, the grazing stratum was depleted and there was a decrease in the rate swards were lowered, a result of lower sward heights and increased presence of stems and dead material in the stratum used by the animals for grazing. In spite of the lower grazing intensity (post-grazing height of 15 cm) has resulted, at the beginning of grazing, in smaller bites, intake rate and defoliation intensity of expanding and expanded leaves, the ingested herbage had a higher proportion of leaves compared to grazings at 10 cm residue. During the grazing down process, the 100% LI treatments resulted in heavier bites, but lower intake rate and proportion of leaves in the herbage consumed than the 95% LI treatments. Treatments 95/10 and 95/15 were associated with the largest grazing activity and highest intake rate, suggesting higher daily intake. However, 95/15 was the treatment that resulted in the largest proportion of leaves in the herbage consumed, and in the lowest values of frequency and intensity of defoliation of leaves, due to the lowest stocking density used. This pattern of defoliation resulted in a high residual leaf area after grazing, favouring regrowth and quick return of swards to grazing. The grazing strategy that allowed more efficient harvest of herbage was that where grazings were initiated with 95% LI and finished with a 15 cm post-grazing height.
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Keränen, A. M. (Anna-Maria). "Lifestyle interventions in treatment of obese adults:eating behaviour and other factors affecting weight loss and maintenance." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2011. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514294457.
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Abstract The prevalence of working-aged weight losers is high because of high prevalence of obesity. Unfortunately, the loss of weight is often temporary. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of intensive counselling on maintained weight loss and eating behaviour (cognitive restraint, emotional eating, uncontrolled eating and binge eating). Additionally, the associations of eating behaviour with maintained weight loss, discontinuation, dietary intake and anhedonia were studied. Eighty-two overweight or obese subjects (body mass index >27) participated in either intensive (n=35) or short-term (n=47) weight loss counselling (based on the Finnish Current Care guidelines) in a randomized weight loss follow-up study lasting 18 months. The subjects in the intensive counselling group lost more weight than those in the short-term counselling group at the 6 months follow-up (5.0±5.7kg, 2.4±2.5kg, respectively). The weight loss results were not maintained in either of the groups. The cognitive restraint increased and the emotional eating, uncontrolled eating and binge eating symptoms decreased in both groups. There were subjects in both counselling groups who succeeded in weight loss (weight loss result 9.3±6.3%) and those who failed (gained 3.3±1.7% of body weight). Those who succeeded had the highest score for cognitive restraint and lowest for uncontrolled eating, binge eating and emotional eating. In failure group, the scores for uncontrolled eating and binge eating were the highest already at the beginning of study. Those with the highest cognitive restraint at 18 months reported low intake of energy and fat while their intake of carbohydrates and fibre was high. Anhedonia existed in 24.4% of the participants at least once during the study period. They had higher binge eating scores continously, more uncontrolled eating and emotional eating at 6 months and they lost less weight than those without anhedonia. Thirty-two participants (39%) discontinued the study. Discontinuation was independently associated with a lack of free-time and a high weight loss goal. The association of eating behaviour with weight loss and dietary intake suggest that enhancing eating behaviour could be a target for improving the success of weight loss. The assessment and then the treatment of psychological factors (such as anhedonia), focus on setting realistic weight loss targets as well as emphasizing the fact that counselling visits and lifestyle changes are time consuming processes should be included in weight loss counselling<br>Tiivistelmä Lihavuuden lisääntyessä myös työikäisten laihduttajien määrä kasvaa. Laihdutustulos jää valitettavan usein väliaikaiseksi. Tämän työn tavoitteena oli tutkia tehostetun ohjauksen vaikutusta laihtumistulokseen ja syömiskäyttäytymiseen (tietoinen syömisen hillintä, tunnesyöminen, impulsiivinen syöminen ja ahmimistaipumus). Lisäksi tutkittiin syömiskäyttäymisen yhteyksiä laihtumistulokseen, tutkimuksen keskeyttämiseen, energiaravintoaineiden saantiin sekä anhedoniaan. Tutkimukseen osallistui 82 ylipainoista tai lihavaa henkilöä (painoindeksi >27kg/m2). Heidät satunnaistettiin kahteen tutkimusryhmään: tehostetun ohjauksen (n=35) ja lyhytohjauksen ryhmään (n=47). Ohjaus perustui aikuisten lihavuuden Käypä hoito -suositukseen. Tutkimuksen kesto ohjaus- ja seurantajakson kanssa oli 18 kuukautta. Tehostetun ohjauksen ryhmässä henkilöt laihtuivat ensimmäisen kuuden kuukauden aikana enemmän kuin lyhytohjausryhmässä (5.0±5.7kg ja 2.4±2.5kg). Laihtumistulos ei kuitenkaan ollut pysyvä. Syömiskäyttäytymisessä tapahtui pysyvä muutos kummassakin tutkimusryhmässä; tietoinen hillintä lisääntyi, ja samanaikaisesti tunnesyöminen, impulsiivinen syöminen ja ahmiminen vähenivät. Kummassakin ryhmässä oli laihtumisessa onnistuneita (laihtumistulos 9.3±6.3 %) sekä epäonnistuneita (paino nousi 3.3±1.7 %). Onnistujilla esiintyi enemmän tietoista syömisen hillintää ja samanaikaisesti vähiten tunnesyömistä, impulsiivistä syömistä ja ahmimistaipumusta. Epäonnistujat söivät jo alkutilanteessa impulsiivivisemmin, ja heillä oli enemmän ahmimistaipumusta kuin onnistujilla. Henkilöt, joilla oli korkein tietoinen syömisen hillintä, saivat vähiten energiaa ja rasvaa mutta eniten hiilihydraatteja ja kuitua. Anhedoniaa esiintyi 24.4 %:lla tutkituista ainakin kerran tutkimuksen kuluessa. Anhedoniaan yhdistyi myös muita korkeammat ahmimistaipumuspisteet koko tutkimuksen ajan, eniten impulsiivista syömistä ja tunnesyömistä kuuden kuukauden seurannassa ja vähäisempi laihtuminen kuin henkilöillä, joilla ei esiintynyt anhedoniaa. Tutkimuksen keskeytti 39 % mukaan lähteneistä. Keskeyttämisen itsenäisiä riskitekjöitä olivat vapaa-ajan puute ja suuri laihtumistavoite. Syömiskäyttäytymisen yhteys sekä laihtumiseen että energiaravintoaineiden saantiin osoittaa, että syömiskäyttäytymisen ohjaus tulisi olla keskeinen osa laihdutusohjausta. Myös ahedonian arviointi ja hoito sekä keskustelu realistisesta painotavoiteesta ja elämäntilanteen kuorimittavuudesta voisivat tehostaa laihdutuksen onnistumista
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Muscati, Siham K. (Siham Khalili). "Balance between fetal growth and maternal weight retention : effects of maternal diet, weight and smoking behaviour." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40405.
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The interrelation among maternal dietary intake, pregravid weight, amount and pattern of gestational weight gain and cigarette smoking in influencing the balance between fetal growth and maternal postpartum weight retention was in investigated in 1,330 healthy participants in the PEI Nutritional Counselling Program. Among nonsmokers, gestational weight gain was the main predictor of postpartum weight retention and explained 65.3% of its variability, while explaining only 4.7% of infant birth weight variability. Women with higher postpartum weight retention gained more weight during pregnancy and most of the difference between higher and lower weight retention groups occurred in the first 20 weeks. When comparing infant size between smoking and nonsmoking mothers, birth weight increased linearly with maternal weight gain in all weight status groups except in overweight nonsmokers where birth weight reached a plateau at weight gains $>$17 kg. Among smokers, infant length increased at a higher rate with weight gain than nonsmokers. Although higher weight gains seemed to partially mitigate the effect of smoking on the risk of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants, such risk remained $>$10% at elevated weight gains among underweight smokers. The effects of smoking in reducing maternal and infant weights were not mediated by lower energy intake, as smokers consumed more energy than nonsmokers after controlling for physical activity and pregravid weight. The independent relative risks of SGA infants due to maternal smoking, pregravid underweight and low weight gain, were 3.23, 1.80 and 1.72 respectively, implying that smoking has the greatest effect on SGA. Based on current smoking prevalence in Canada, the population etiologic fraction of SGA due to the direct effect of smoking is 30.8%; approximately twice that for maternal underweight or low weight gain. Efforts to increase infant birth weight through higher maternal weight gain would require impractically high ene
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Watt, Cortney. "Narwhal (Monodon monoceros) diet and dive behaviour as an assessment of foraging adaptability with changing climate." Ecosphere, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/30138.
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Narwhals (Monodon monoceros) are sentinel species in the Arctic environment and are a vital component for Inuit culture and subsistence. The Arctic is undergoing rapid changes in temperature and sea ice cover and relatively little is known about how this has and will change narwhal foraging behaviour. There are three narwhal populations in the world, the Baffin Bay (BB), Northern Hudson Bay (NHB), and East Greenland (EG) populations; however, foraging behaviour, in terms of dive behaviour and primary dietary components, has really only been investigated in the BB population. Using a combination of stable isotopes, fatty acids, genetic techniques, and satellite tracking technologies I evaluated foraging behaviour in all three of the world’s narwhal populations. I also investigated social structure in the BB population to determine how adaptable narwhals are to a changing and dynamic Arctic environment. Stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) and fatty acids are chemical signatures in the tissues of an organism that can provide long-term information on their diet over varying temporal scales depending upon the tissue. Stable isotope analysis in the three narwhal populations found they forage on different primary prey, suggesting narwhal are adaptable in their preferred prey and that there is potential for them to adjust foraging behavior in the face of changing climate. Dietary changes were also assessed over three decades to determine how sea ice changes have affected narwhal foraging for the NHB and BB populations. Dietary changes were evident and can be attributed to changes in sea ice patterns and an altered migratory pathway for narwhals. An understanding of narwhal social structure is also needed to determine how behaviourally flexible narwhal are in diet and site fidelity. Genetic relatedness and dietary signatures from fatty acids were assessed for an entrapped group to determine if individuals that are closely related forage together, which would support a matrilineally driven social structure where females teach their young foraging strategies, and/or travel and forage together. I found no evidence that narwhals form a matrilineal social group, but they may display a fission-fusion structure, which may be an adaptation to patchy prey distribution in the Arctic. Finally, narwhal dive behaviour in all three populations was investigated to determine if dive behaviour could be used to predict diet. Dive differences among populations did correspond with differences in diet, suggesting that narwhals employ specialized foraging strategies. This has repercussions for their ability to adapt to ecosystem changes. Overall, narwhals may be more flexible in terms of their foraging behaviour than previously believed. However, an increased resilience to changing food webs will not be the only predictor of how narwhals will fare in the face of a changing climate; how they respond to increased industrial activities in their preferred habitats, increased predation from southern predators, and increased competition from southern cetaceans and humans alike, will play an equally large role in how they cope with the future.
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Steele, William K. "Distribution, diet and kleptoparasitic behaviour of gulls (Aves: Laridae) in the southwestern Cape Province, South Africa." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8427.
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Bibliography: leaves 159-175.<br>The southwestern Cape coastline supports only two common, resident gull species, Hartlaub's Gull Larus hartlaubii and the larger Kelp Gull L. dominicanus. Hartlaub's Gull is endemic to southern Africa and the Kelp Gull that occurs in this region is sub-specifically distinct, L. d. vetula. Although locally abundant, both the Kelp and particularly Hartlaub's Gull have been relatively little studied. This study addressed three aspects of the two gull species' ecology related to foraging. The diet of both species was studied through direct observation and analysis of pellets, scats and stomach samples. Diet was quantified at a range of foraging habitats; (i) a sandy beach; (ii). a rocky shore; (iii) a fishing harbour; and, (iv) a refuse dump. In addition, the proportion of marine prey in the diet of Kelp Gulls at a refuse dump, a sandy beach and at archaeological sites was estimated using stable carbon isotope analysis of bone collagen. Both gulls are generalist foragers feeding on a wide and diverse range of prey species. The Kelp Gull is able to feed on a wider range of prey species than is Hartlaub's Gull due to its larger size. The preferred natural foraging habitat of the Kelp Gull is sandy beaches, where the sand mussel Donax serra is the most important prey. Present day Kelp Gull diet at an undisturbed• sandy beach includes a similar proportion of marine protein to prehistoric gull diet in the same area. Hartlaub's Gull most commonly forages on swarms of invertebrates associated with accumulations of stranded kelp e.g. Ecklonia maxima.
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Rouche, Manon. "Socioeconomic and sociocultural disparities in the dietary habits of adolescents in Belgium: Analysis of the "Health Behaviour in School-aged Children" Surveys." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/331610.
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Diet contributes to a large proportion of preventable deaths and diseases. Adolescence is a period during which diet may particularly evolve, and therefore represents an opportunity to develop long-lasting healthy dietary behaviours. However, dietary habits are particularly subject to social variations, which may lead to social inequalities in health. Tackling them requires public health actions based on a comprehensive approach of social determinants at this life stage. This doctoral thesis aimed to examine socioeconomic and sociocultural disparities in dietary habits among adolescents, using the repeated cross-sectional Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) surveys conducted in French- and Dutch-speaking Belgian schools. The three specific objectives of this aim were: (i) to study the socioeconomic disparities in dietary habits of adolescents from different migration status; (ii) to determine trends in dietary disparities between 1990 and 2014; (iii) to estimate disparities in dietary habits according to the socioeconomic and migration status at both individual and contextual levels. Firstly, different socioeconomic disparity patterns according to the migration status were observed, with narrower disparities in 1st-generation immigrants than among natives, highlighting the major role of cultural influences in immigrant populations. Secondly, the long-term trend analyses emphasised increasing disparities for healthy foods and decreasing disparities for unhealthy foods. In addition, when the consumption of a food group increased overall, disparities decreased, and vice-versa. Finally, the multilevel analyses showed that individual and school disparities were independently associated with food consumption frequencies. Furthermore, this observational assessment revealed the weak relationships between nutrition policy in schools and dietary habits. Note that in the Brussels-Capital Region, native adolescents were at higher risk of unhealthy dietary behaviours than immigrants, but the risk of unhealthy behaviours tended to be higher when, in the school, the socioeconomic index decreased, and the proportion of immigrants increased. Overall, our analyses underlined the need to include, in addition to the socioeconomic factors, cultural components in public health actions aimed at addressing social inequalities in adolescent diet, in a multicultural context such as Belgium. Support to schools, with a greater emphasis on those disadvantaged in order to prevent increased inequalities, is needed to develop a consistent and effective nutrition policy. Finally, further studies are needed to better understand the mechanisms behind dietary disparities among adolescents, particularly those related to their migration status and broader socioeconomic environment.<br>Doctorat en Santé Publique<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Wright, Gillian H. "Consumer reaction to food and health : a longitudinal study of U.K. consumer behaviour and attitudes towards health, with particular reference to food purchasing and consumption habits, product quality, nutritional composition, ingredients and production methods." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/3907.
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Consumers have increasing choice in food products and within the social environment of today's consumer, the factors of demand are increasingly complex. Food is no longer simply a primary necessity for survival, it is a leisure and family activity, the participation in which, takes up a considerable amount of time. Today, food is a social and a political issue - something about which people have opinions, be it food quality, healthiness, or the food supply itself. It is also central to consumer's self-image. There is a large sector of the economy which supplies food demand, and this sector is itself now under considerable scrutiny from the consumer. This thesis examines consumer behaviour and attitudes towards food, with particular reference to the health aspects of food issues. It describes a programme of qualitative and quantitative research - group discussions, personal interviews and postal questionnaires. The programme examines milk (particularly low fat milk) as a diet and health case study; knowledge about food; attitudes towards food; the food industry and related issues; shopping behaviour and eating habits. It is important to both the consumer and the supplier of food, that consumer behaviour and attitudes are understood as fully as possible. This research highlights the misunderstandings between consumer and producer, emphasises the mistrust of the consumer for the producer and concludes with the need for communication between them. The thesis discusses the background to diet and health as an issue, describes the development of the current consumer environment and gives a profile of today's consumer. It then goes on to detail the research - two quantitative surveys, each undertaken over two years and a series of group discussions. The final section summarises the findings of each individual piece of the programme as a whole for various groups: food Oroducers; food manufacturers; food retailers; advertisers; the media; health professionals; the consumer; consumer organisations and government.
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Okutani, Daiki, and Dairong Wu. "How can insect-based food appeal to consumers in the Swedish market? : A qualitative study on identifying major factors that impact purchasing insect-based food and examining how novel companies can penetrate the Swedish market." Thesis, Jönköping University, IHH, Redovisning, Marknadsföring, SCM, Informatik och Rättsvetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-52841.
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The main purpose of this study was to examine the main factors that both positively and negatively influence consumers purchasing behavior in terms of insect-based food. By investigating the factors, the study aimed to shed light on how insect-based food can seamlessly penetrate the Swedish market with the use of marketing strategies. In order to further facilitate the study, a qualitative research with an inductive approach was selected. With the foundation of formulated questions, the semi-structured interviews were conducted to gain deeper insights in relation to the study. The interviewees included Swedish residents in the age range of 20-40 and 13 individual interviews were carried out to ensure the quality of data. The study identified some major contributing factors: sustainability, product quality and availability. These major factors, therefore, created a need for potential marketing strategies, which primarily focuses on extensive information sharing and green labelling.
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Campbell, Hamish Alistair. "The bioenergetics and behaviour of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) when feeding on a copper contaminated diet." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2387.
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The long-term effects of sub-lethal dietary Cu-exposure were investigated in relation to consequential energy shifts and resultant locomotory adaptation in 0. mykiss. This study represents the first to attempt to quantify the physiological cost of dietary heavy-metal exposure, the timing and extent of daily behavioural adaptation and resultant significance, in terms of ecologically important behaviours to the fish. Two long-term (2 & 3 months) dietary exposures of 730 mg Cu kgˉ¹ mg d.w. feed showed exposed fish to have a 3-fold increase in liver [Cu] and 10-fold increase in intestinal [Cu] compared to control fish. Consequently exposed fish elicited a detoxification response, and metallothionein production was also greatly increased in these tissues. Cu-uptake was regulated into the body and physiological homeostasis was maintained although a 2-fold increase in lipid peroxidation product was found in the liver of exposed fish. Simultaneous analysis of voluntary spontaneous swimming and VO2. showed exposed fish to have a 1.52 mmol 02 kgˉ¹ hˉ¹ increase over controls, and it was also shown that the cost of routine metabolism became more critical for exposed fish at higher swimming speeds. Although results further showed that the increase in both standard metabolism and routine metabolism over controls by Cu-exposed fish varied greatly between individuals. The increased energetic requirement to remain active when feeding on a Cu-contaminated diet was off-set by a reduction in swimming activity. Growth rates remained indifferent between treatments suggesting that the reduction in activity fully compensated for the increased cost of standard, and routine metabolism in exposed fish. Finite behavioural analyses over the 24-h cycle showed control fish to display periodicity in specific swimming speed, peaking in activity during the night-dawn period. Cu-exposed fish exhibited a different circadian behavioural profile, lacking distinct periodicity in specific swimming speed favouring low-level activity during the night-dawn period, and investing in higher cost swimming activity only during feeding periods. It was suggested that the high swimming activity of control fish during non-feeding periods was associated with inter-individual competition and development of the feeding hierarchy. Direct observation of trout social groups, showed a 50% reduction in the activity of the alpha fish leading to a similarly sized reduction in encounters with subordinates when the group was feeding on a Cu-contaminated diet. Consequently, a general reduction was observed in the strength of the feeding hierarchy, measured as a reduction in the size disparity between individuals within a discrete social group, and a reduction in social stress effects on subordinate fish estimated from lactate accumulation within the muscle. Feeding hierarchies are a result of initial paired interactions, and direct behavioural examination showed that fish feeding on a Cu-contaminated diet were less willing to compete in expensive escalated interactions, favouring withdrawal at a lower level of energetic investment. This lower withdrawal threshold in Cu-exposed fish, was suggested to be related to lower self-assessment of Resource Holding Power (RHP), due to the increased metabolic costs of routine metabolism in Cu-exposed fish, and a reduced resource value of a contaminated diet. The results of this investigation are discussed with regard to energetic decisions undertaken by the fish, associated with the relative costs and benefits of investing energy into growth or activity, to maximise net energy intake (food) when feeding in a social group. And how evaluation of strategies to maximise net energy gain may become more critical in rainbow trout when feeding on a Cu-contarninated diet.
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Mummah, Sarah. "Integrating behavioural science and design thinking : development and evaluation of a mobile intervention to increase vegetable consumption." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2016. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/276478.
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Poor diet including inadequate vegetable consumption is among the leading causes of death in the US and UK. Mobile applications (apps) have been heralded as a potentially transformative tool for delivering behavioural nutrition interventions at scale, but most have yet to incorporate theory-based strategies known to drive changes in health behaviours or undergo systematic testing to demonstrate their effectiveness. Moreover, published frameworks to guide the development of such technologies have yet to integrate best practices from academia and industry. The aim of this dissertation was therefore to introduce a process for guiding the development of more effective mobile interventions and to apply that process in the development and evaluation of a mobile application to increase vegetable consumption. This dissertation introduced IDEAS (Integrate, DEsign, Assess, Share), a step-by-step process for integrating behavioural theory, design thinking, and evaluation to guide the development of more effective mobile health interventions. IDEAS was then applied in the iterative development of Vegethon, a mobile app to increase vegetable consumption among overweight adults. Behavioural theory and two stages of qualitative interviews with participants (n=18; n=14) shaped intervention conception and refinement. The final mobile app enabled easy self-monitoring and incorporated 18 behaviour change techniques including goal setting, feedback, social comparison, prompts, framing, and identity. A pilot randomized controlled trial among overweight adults (n=17) was conducted and indicated the initial acceptance, feasibility, and efficacy of the intervention, showing significantly greater consumption of vegetables among the intervention vs. control condition after 12 weeks (adjusted mean difference: 7.4 servings; 95% CI: 1.4, 13.5; p=0.02). A more substantially powered randomized controlled trial among overweight adults (n=135) was conducted and similarly found significantly greater daily vegetable consumption in the intervention vs. control condition (adjusted mean difference: 2.0 servings; 95% CI: 0.2, 3.8, p=0.03). These findings show, for the first time in a rigorous randomized controlled trial, the efficacy of a stand-alone theory-based mobile app to increase vegetable consumption. Given the improved health outcomes associated with greater vegetable consumption, these data indicate the need for longer-term evaluations of Vegethon and similar technologies among overweight adults and other suitable target groups. Theory-based mobile apps may present a low-cost and readily scalable tool for delivering behavioural health interventions. The IDEAS framework may be useful to investigators in the development of their own mobile health interventions.
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Rubinfeld, Alissa. "Body composition modulates the effect of a high-fat diet on the learned eating behaviour in male rats." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=121405.
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Meal pattern and eating behaviour in animals and humans are learned over time and involve both innate/biological and environmental factors. It has been shown that animals can learn to anticipate certain outcomes following a behaviour (instrumental conditioning), i.e. anticipatory hunger/satiety. First reported by Jacques le Magnen in 1957, rats learn to eat a smaller amount of food that is followed by a short period of food deprivation than of a food followed specifically by a long fast. High-fat diet (HFD) and obesity directly affect the hippocampus and hence learning and memory processes. Mechanisms are elusive, but key mechanisms proposed are those involving insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and impaired neuronal plasticity. Other crucial factors involved in the relationship between HFD and learning are hormones such as ghrelin and leptin, which both have roles in food intake and energy homeostasis but also in mechanisms of learning and memory because of their ability to cross the blood brain barrier. Anticipatory eating is a hunger-reinforced instrumental behavior that is attenuated by the ingestion of HFD as a maintenance diet. The purpose of the present work was to investigate the results of an experiment investigating the effect of high-fat maintenance diet on food intake, learning of anticipatory eating, and body weight and composition in adult male rats. Thirty Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to either a high-fat maintenance diet or Purina chow and were subjected to an anticipatory learning experimental paradigm for 10 cycles of 2 days including one deprivation period (8 h). HFD rats were grouped based on body weight and fat gain. Results indicated that pre-training and post-training, total body fat and abdominal fat did not differ in high body-weight gainers and low weight gainers, but were significantly greater compared to controls. Because weight gain did not correlate with fat gain, HFD rats were grouped into high weight/high fat gainers, high weight/low fat gainers, low weight/high fat gainers, and low weight/low fat gainers. Learning of anticipatory eating was evident in all rats as but the proportion of first peaks in the earlier cycles was greater in the group maintained on the HFD as a whole, indicating greater speed of learning. However, within the HFD group, those who gained the most amount of fat (g) showed slower learning. Significant diet and cycle effects indicated numerical evidence of reward, with highest reliability in the low-weight, low-fat gainer group. This indicates that a specific type of body composition developed through HFD may influence certain learning processes. The idea that cognitive processes contribute to the control of food intake in rats is also present in human eating behaviour. Anticipatory eating reflects a capacity for managing hunger: that is, humans may learn subconsciously to eat more food before a period of hunger before the conventional time to eat. Impairments in this capacity may contribute to the development of obesity, as an issue primarily of the mental mechanisms organizing eating behaviour.<br>Les modèles de repas et de comportement alimentaire chez les animaux et les humains sont appris au fil du temps et impliquent des facteurs environnementaux et biologiques/innés. On a montré que les animaux peuvent apprendre à anticiper certains résultats suite à un comportement (conditionnement instrumental), telle la faim/satiété anticipée. Signalé pour la première fois en 1957 par Jacques le Magnen, des rats apprennent à manger une petite quantité de nourriture suivie d'une courte période de privation de nourriture plutôt que d'un aliment suivi d'un long jeûne. Un régime riche en gras (RRG) et l'obésité influent directement l'hippocampe et donc l'apprentissage et les processus de mémoire. Les mécanismes sont insaisissables, mais les principaux mécanismes proposés comprennent l'insulino-résistance, l'intolérance au glucose et la plasticité neuronale réduite. D'autres facteurs essentiels dans le lien entre le RRG et l'apprentissage sont les hormones telles que la ghréline et la leptine, qui jouent un rôle dans l'ingestion alimentaire et l'homéostasie énergétique et aussi dans les mécanismes d'apprentissage et la mémoire compte tenu de leur capacité à traverser la barrière hémato-encéphalique. L'ingestion anticipatoire est un comportement instrumental renforcé par la faim qui est atténué par l'ingestion d'un régime de maintien RRG.. Le but de ce travail était d'analyser les résultats d'une expérience sur les effets d'un régime alimentaire de maintien RRG sur la prise alimentaire, l'apprentissage de l'ingestion alimentaire anticipatoire et le poids et la composition corporelle de rats mâles adultes. Trente rats Sprague Dawley ont été assignés au hasard à un régime de maintien RRG ou au Purina chow et ont été soumis à un modèle expérimental de l'apprentissage anticipée pendant 10 cycles de 2 jours, y compris une période de privation de nourriture (8 h). Les rats nourris avec le RRG on été groupés selon leur gain de poids et de gras corporel. Chez les animaux qui ont gagné beaucoup ou peu de poids corporel, le gras corporal total ainsi que le gras abdominal avant et après l'entraînement de l'apprentissage anticipé n'étaient pas différents; cependant le gain de gras corporel total et le gras abdominal étaient significativement plus élevés que chez les animaux témoins. Comme le gain de poids n'était pas corrélé avec le gain de gras corporel, les animaux nourris avec le RRG ont été subdivisés en quatre sous-catégories comprenant ceux qui : avaient gagné beaucoup de poids mais peu de gras corporel, avaient gagné beaucoup de poids et de gras corporel, ainsi que les rats qui avaient gagné peu de poids mais beaucoup de gras corporel et ceux qui avaient gagné peu de poids et peu de gras corporel. L'apprentissage de l'ingestion anticipatoire a été observé chez tous les animaux, mais la proportion des premiers pics d'ingestion au cours des premiers cycles d'entraînement était plus élevée chez les rats nourris avec le RRG, indiquant un apprentissage plus rapide. Cependant, chez les animaux nourris avec le RRG, ceux qui avaient gagné le plus de gras corporel (g) avaient un apprentissage plus lent. Les effets significatifs du régime alimentaire et du cycle indiquaient une évidence de récompense, avec un effet plus robuste chez les animaux qui avaient gagné le moins de poids et de gras corporel. Cela indique qu'un type spécifique de composition corporelle développé par RRG peut influencer certains processus d'apprentissage. L'idée que les processus cognitifs contribuent au contrôle de la prise alimentaire chez le rat est aussi importante chez l'homme. L'ingestion alimentaire anticipatoire reflète une capacité de gestion de la faim : autrement dit, les humains peuvent apprendre inconsciemment à manger plus de nourriture avant une période de faim, précédant l'heure conventionnelle à manger. Une déficience de cette capacité pourrait contribuer au développement de l'obésité, relevant de mécanismes mentaux organisant le comportement alimentaire.
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Anderson, Rhonda Laurelle. "Exercise and dietary behaviour change in a sample of midlife Australian women." Queensland University of Technology, 2008. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/18573/.
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The purpose of this study was to understand the factors that encourage midlife women to make exercise and dietary changes, the prevalence of those changes, the process by which women make them, the factors that support or impede them, and how we can enhance women’s capacity to make health behaviour changes in midlife. Since the literature highlighted the importance of self-efficacy in changing health behaviour, and of health-related quality of life as a widely recognized measure of women’s mental and physical wellbeing, the study sought to understand the relationship between exercise and dietary self-efficacy, health behaviour change and health-related quality of life (SF-36), by testing a modified version of Bandura’s 1977 and 2002/2004b models of self-efficacy.
The methodology involved postal surveys as well as semi-structured interviews with a subsample of the women who completed the survey. Surveys were sent to 866 women aged 51-66 years from rural and urban locations in Queensland, Australia. Five hundred and sixty-four (69%) were completed and returned. Survey data was analysed using descriptive and bivariate statistics and structural equation modeling. Thematic analysis was used to analyse interviews.
The results confirmed that midlife is a significant time for women to make positive health behaviour changes. Almost 40% of women made a change to their exercise and around 60% made a dietary change since turning 40. The main exercise change was doing more walking and the most common dietary change was reducing fat intake. Self-efficacy was shown to be a key influence on whether women made positive changes to their health in midlife. In the relationship between health behaviour change and health-related quality of life, making a positive change to exercise was significantly related to physical but not mental health, and making a dietary change was not related to either physical or mental health. Body mass index was shown to be an important influence on both self-efficacy and health-related quality of life (particularly physical health).
Interviews were conducted with 29 of the participants. Interview data reinforced that the main motivations to make a positive health behaviour change among midlife women were being overweight, having an injury or being diagnosed with an illness or health condition. Witnessing the hardship experienced by others with a degenerative disease could also prompt a positive behaviour change. Successful changes mainly involved modifying existing practices and repeating new behaviours until they became part of the daily routine. The main facilitators of health behaviour change were having positive role models, having more time due to retirement, and having support from significant others (such as husbands), health professionals and organizations such as Weight Watchers. The main obstacles to making changes were work, care giving, illness and injury.
Bandura’s (1977, 2000/2004b) model was partially supported, but the cross-sectional nature of the study may have been a limitation in demonstrating all aspects of the self-efficacy process.
In summary, women are willing to make positive health behaviour changes in midlife, but they need education and support to have those changes be effective. It is anticipated that this research will lead to a greater understanding of the significance of midlife as a time for making healthy lifestyle changes that have the potential to improve women’s health and quality of life in later years.
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Santana, Marina Marques de. "Comportamento, dieta e uso do espaço em um grupo de guigó-de-coimbra (Callicebus coimbrai Kobayashi & Langguth 1999) no RVS Mata do Junco Capela-SE." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2012. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/4450.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>Callicebus coimbrai is a recently-discovered primate species endangered with extinction due to the ongoing degradation of its natural habitat. Despite recent advances in research, the ecology of this species is still poorly-known. The present study aimed to further our knowledge of the ecology of the species, with the principal objective of guaranteeing its long-term conservation. A group of titis was monitored in the Mata do Junco Wildlife Refige in the municipality of Capela. The study group was initially composed of a breeding pair, an adult, two subadults, and a juvenile, and was monitored between August and December, 2011. Quantitative behavioural data were collected using continuous scan-sampling, with one-minute samples being collected at five-minute intervals. In November, the non-breeding adult disappeared and a pair of twins was born. The animals spent 34.6% of their time at rest, 26.9% feeding, 22.4% moving, 6.9% in social behaviour, 4.7% vocalising, and 2.0% foraging (2.5% miscellaneous). The diet was composed of fruit (62.9%), leaves (28.4%), seeds (5.0%), and flowers (3.6%), with a total of 21 species being exploited. The most frequently-used species were of the families Melastomataceae, Apocynaceae, and Dilleniaceae. Fruit was consumed significantly more frequently during the rainy season, whereas consumption of leaves and flowers increased during the dry season. This variation was accompanied by a shift in the activity pattern, with feeding and moving being significantly more frequent during the rainy season, and rest increasing in the dry. The home range recorded during the study was of 8.7 ha, but was probably underestimated due to the short duration of the study. Overall, the behaviour of the study group was typical of the genus Callicebus, although some differences were observed in comparison with previous studies of C. coimbrai, such as relatively frequent interactions with Callithrix jacchus. The results re-emphasised the tolerance of these animals towards habitat fragmentation, based on the behavioural flexibility and capacity to exploit alternative resources. The study contributed to the consolidation of a database on the ecology of C. coimbrai, which should guarantee the conservation of the species and the ecosystems it inhabits over the long term.<br>Callicebus coimbrai é uma espécie de primata ameaçada de extinção por conta da contínua degradação de seus habitats naturais. Foi descoberta há pouco tempo e apesar dos avanços nos estudos com este primata, ainda se precisa saber mais acerca de sua ecologia. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avançar nosso conhecimento da ecologia da espécie, visando principalmente a sua conservação em longo prazo. Um grupo de guigós foi monitorado no Refúgio da Vida Silvestre Mata do Junco, no município de Capela. O grupo de estudo era composto inicialmente por um casal reprodutivo, um adulto, dois subadultos e um juvenil e foi monitorado de agosto a dezembro de 2011. Dados comportamentais quantitativos foram coletados em uma amostragem contínua de varredura instantânea, com amostras de um minuto coletadas em intervalos de cinco minutos. Em novembro, o adulto não-reprodutivo desapareceu e um par de gêmeos nasceu. Os animais passaram 34,6% do tempo descasando, 26,9% se alimentando, 22,4% em deslocamento, 6,9% interagindo socialmente, 4,7% vocalizando e 2,0% forrageando (2,5% outros). A dieta foi composta por frutos (62,9%), folhas (28,4%), sementes (5,0%) e flores (3,6%), com um total de 21 espécies exploradas. As espécies mais utilizadas eram das famílias Melastomataceae, Apocynaceae e Dilleniaceae. O consumo de frutos foi significativamente maior durante a estação chuvosa, enquanto o de folhas e flores foi maior durante a seca. Esta variação foi acompanhada por mudanças no padrão comportamental, com a alimentação e deslocamento sendo significativamente mais freqüentes na estação chuvosa, e o descanso maior na seca. A área de vida registrada durante o estudo foi de 8,7 ha, mas provavelmente foi subestimada devido à curta duração do estudo. De um modo geral, o comportamento do grupo de estudo foi típico do gênero Callicebus, embora foram encontradas algumas diferenças em relação aos estudos anteriores de C. coimbrai, como interações freqüentes com Callithrix jacchus. Os resultados re-enfatizaram a tolerância desses animais a fragmentação de habitas baseada em sua flexibilidade comportamental e capacidade de explorar recursos alternativos. O estudo contribuiu para a consolidação de uma base de dados sobre a ecologia de C. coimbrai visando garantir a conservação da espécie e dos ecossistemas que habita em longo prazo.
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Ibrahim, Amir Ali. "Diet choice, foraging behaviour and the effect of predators on feeding in the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.)." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1988. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6550/.
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This thesis describes a study on diet choice, foraging behaviour and the effect of predators on feeding in three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) from three sites in Scotland. The profitability values of prey items of various types and sizes were determined in a simple laboratory experiment, by dividing the mean energetic contents of each prey type by the mean handling time for that prey type. Profitability increases with fish size and with prey size (for some but not all prey types). Handling time increases with the amont of food in the stomach. Both fixation and handling times are an increasing function of prey size and a decreasing function of fish size. Both fixation and handling times differ from one prey type to another. The effect of experience on various components of feeding on natural prey in sticklebacks was investigated by testing two groups of fish, one reared with only frozen brine shrimps and the other caught in the wild where a wide range of food was available to them. Feeding latency, fixation and handling times and the number of grasps required before natural prey could be eaten are lower in fish with experience with natural food. However, this reduced feeding efficiency in naive fish disappears within just a few days of experience with natural prey. Differences between populations of sticklebacks exposed in nature to different invertebrate fauna in the efficiency (the net energy gain per unit time) of feeding on zooplankton or benthos were investigated. The results suggest that sticklebacks from areas with abundant zooplankton feed more efficiently on this kind of food than sticklebacks from areas of low zooplankton but high benthos which in turn feed more efficiently on benthos (this difference is not significant). Both groups of fish feed more efficiently on zooplankton compared to benthos but this difference is more marked in the case of fish derived from areas with abundant zooplankton. The role of prey profitability in food choice was investigated by using two different sizes of sticklebacks choosing between prey of different profitabilities in a series of laboratory tests. Fish of both sizes do not always choose the more profitable of two prey items. In the overall comparisons, only in 33.3% and 66.6% (for smaller and larger sized fish respectively), of the cases the more profitable prey type was selected. The role of the various visual stimuli that differentiate the natural prey types (speed and type of movement, colour, shape and size) in food selection was investigated systematically. The results suggest that sticklebacks differentiate among various configuration of each stimulus and that the different kinds of stimuli differ in their importance as determinants of prey choice. The results obtained when sticklebacks were offered a choice between prey of different profitability (see above) arose because the fish choose the prey on the basis of one or more preferred visual cues. In some cases, these cues lead the sticklebacks to the most profitable prey and in others they do not do so. The distribution of potential food was studied on three different types of substrates in Loch Lomond over the summer of 1985. The abundance of different food types varies according to the kind of substrate, even within few yards, and from month to month within a single season. Food selection in sticklebacks was also studied in relation to these variations in prey availability. Sticklebacks select zooplankton rather than benthos, but this selection is influenced by the type of substrate above which the fish are feeding and by time of year. Generally, the selective feeding under natural conditions can be explained in terms of the set of preferred visual cues identified in the laboratory experiments (see above), but in this case these cues lead the sticklebacks to the most profitable prey types (zooplankton). Prey size selection was also investigated by comparing prey size distribution in the diet.
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Castiglione, Kate Elizabeth. "Investigations into the effect of a high-fat diet (HFD) on gastrointestinal and physiological mechanisms associated with eating behaviour." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370054.
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Smyth, Catherine M. "Carers' intentions to encourage healthy diet in people with a learning disability : the application of Theory of Planned Behaviour." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25209.
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People with learning disabilities are increasingly living in community settings with support from care staff who have a large influence on their lives, including diet. The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) is a model that has been used to examine many health behaviours with reference to underlying beliefs. This model has only recently been applied to proxy populations, i.e. with one group about the health behaviours of another. The purpose of the current project was to determine if the TPB was a useful predictor of care staff’s intentions to encourage a healthy diet in their clients with a learning disability. Method: 112 care staff from five voluntary or charitable organisations that provide support to people with learning disabilities were involved in the study and care staff from each completed a TPB questionnaire regarding their intention to encourage healthy eating over the next year for their clients. Results: The results indicate that the Theory of Planned Behaviour is indeed applicable to this population. The variables which make up the original model of Theory of Planned Behaviour: attitudes, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control, were found to be statistically significant predictors of carers’ intentions to encourage healthy diet in their client. Additional variables (self-efficacy and self identity) were not found to improve the model. Subjective norm was found to be the most predictive variable within the model. The results are discussed with a view to how Theory of Planned Behaviour could be a useful model in guiding healthy eating interventions within this population.
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Wahlström, Annsofie. "Diet x hybrid interactions in large groups of laying hens /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1999. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1999/91-576-5728-9.pdf.
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Ahlbeck, Ida. "Living in a predation matrix : Studies on fish and their prey in a Baltic Sea coastal area." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Systemekologiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-75238.
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This thesis was written within the framework of a biomanipulation project where young-of-the-year (YOY) pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) were stocked to a Baltic Sea bay to improve water quality through a top-down trophic cascade. The aim of my doctorial studies was however focused on a broader ecological question, namely predation (the main driving force in a biomanipulation). Hence, this thesis consists of four papers where we study the interactions between predator and prey using fish and zooplankton and how these interactions can be measured. In paper I we evaluated the performance of different diet analysis methods by individual based modelling and found that when having a nutritional gain perspective, mass based methods described diets best. Paper II investigated how the explorative, foraging and anti-predator behaviour of the YOY pikeperch used for stocking were affected by their rearing environment (pond vs. tank rearing). The more complex and varied environment in the semi-natural ponds seemed to promote a more flexible and active behaviour, better equipping young fish for survival in the wild. For paper III we studied the diel vertical migration in the six copepodite stages of the zooplankton Acartia spp. and Eurytemora affinis in relation to fish biomass, phytoplankton abundance and temperature. Both species migrated and in addition showed increased migration range with size within species, indicating evasion from visual predators. Paper IV addressed the movement of littoral Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) via stable isotope signatures (13C and 15N) and body condition. We found clear indications of sedentarity and intra-habitat dietary differences. Interactions between predators and prey are complex and affected by both physiological and environmental characteristics as well as behavioural traits. The results in this thesis suggest that different species and even different life stages pursue different strategies to survive.<br>At the time of doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Submitted. Paper 2: In press. Paper 4: Submitted.
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Junior, Salim Jacaúna de Souza. "Modificações na estrutura do dossel, comportamento ingestivo e composição da dieta de bovinos durante o rebaixamento do capim-mulato submetido a estratégias de pastejo rotativo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-23112011-152320/.
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Durante o rebaixamento ocorrem modificações muito rápidas na estrutura do dossel forrageiro, fato que afeta os padrões de deslocamento, procura e ingestão de forragem, os padrões de desfolhação e seletividade e a composição da dieta consumida. Contudo, essas variações podem ser manipuladas por meio de ajustes na frequência e severidade de pastejo, resultantes de variações nas metas pré e pós-pastejo utilizadas. O objetivo com este trabalho foi mensurar e descrever a influência de estratégias de pastejo rotativo sobre a estrutura do dossel forrageiro, padrões de deslocamento, procura e ingestão de forragem, padrões de desfolhação e seletividade e composição da dieta consumida por bovinos em pastos de capim-mulato ao longo do processo de rebaixamento. O experimento foi realizado em área do Departamento de Zootecnia da ESALQ/USP, de outubro de 2008 a abril de 2009. Os tratamentos corresponderam a combinações entre duas condições pós- (alturas pós-pastejo de 15 e 20 cm) e duas condições pré-pastejo (95% e máxima interceptação de luz pelo dossel forrageiro - IL) e foram alocados às unidades experimentais (piquetes de 1200 m2) segundo arranjo fatorial 2x2 e delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. As avaliações foram realizadas em duas épocas do ano: (1) primavera (outubro a dezembro de 2008); e (2) verão (janeiro a abril de 2009). Foram avaliados os seguintes grupos de variáveis-resposta: (1) modificações na estrutura do dossel e dinâmica do rebaixamento - relação folha:colmo, distribuição vertical dos componentes morfológicos da massa de forragem; (2) padrões de deslocamento e procura por forragem - número de estações alimentares, número de passos entre estações alimentares, número de bocados por estação alimentar, taxa de deslocamento e tempo de permanência por estação alimentar; (3) características do processo de ingestão e comportamento animal - massa do bocado, taxa de bocados, taxa de consumo, tempo dedicado às atividades de pastejo, ruminação e outras; (4) Padrões de desfolhação e seletividade - profundidade dos bocados, frequência e severidade de desfolhação de folhas e perfilhos, índices de seletividade de folhas e perfilhos; (5) composição morfológica da forragem consumida - porcentagem de folhas, colmos e material morto. Maiores taxas de rebaixamento foram registradas para os tratamentos 99/20 e 95/20 na primavera e 95/20 no verão logo no início do período de ocupação dos pastos. O tratamento 95/20 apresentou menor proporção do tempo gasto em atividade de pastejo e maior taxa de consumo, sugerindo maior consumo diário. Os tratamentos 95/20 e 95/15 resultaram em maiores valores de bocados por estação alimentar, com cerca de 10 a 11 na primavera e no verão, respectivamente. Os padrões de desfolhação de folhas expandidas e em expansão variaram ao longo do rebaixamento. Durante o rebaixamento do dossel, pastejos mais frequentes e menos severos permitem otimizar o processo de pastejo, oportunizando a seleção de dietas com elevada proporção de folhas mesmo em condições controladas de pastejo rotativo, sendo as metas de manejo pré- e pós-pastejo de 95% de IL (equivalente a 30 cm de altura) e 20 cm, respectivamente, as que propiciaram as melhores condições de pastejo.<br>During grazing of rotationally stocked pastures changes in sward structure happen quickly and interfere with patterns of movement, search and intake of herbage, patterns of defoliation and selectivity and diet composition. However, these changes can be manipulated by adjustments in frequency and severity of grazing related to the management targets used. The objective with this experiment was to measure and describe the influence of rotational grazing strategies on sward structure, patterns of movement, search and intake of herbage, patterns of defoliation and selectivity and diet composition of cattle on mulato grass throughout the occupation period of paddocks. The experiment was carried out at Departamento de Zootecnia, ESALQ/USP, from October 2008 to April 2009. Treatments corresponded to combinations between two post-grazing (post-grazing heights of 15 and 20 cm) and two pre-grazing (95% and maximum light interception by sward canopy LI) conditions, and were allocated to experimental units (1200 m2 paddocks) according to a 2x2 factorial arrangement and a completely randomised design, with three replications. Measurements were performed in two seasons of the year: (1) spring (October to December, 2008); and summer (January to April, 2009). Response variables corresponded the following groups: (1) Modifications in sward structure and dynamics of the grazing down process leaf-to-stem ratio, vertical distribution of morphological components in sward herbage mass; (2) Patterns of movement and search for herbage number of feeding stations, number of steps between feeding stations, number of bites per feeding station, rate of movement (steps/min) and time spent per feeding station; (3) Characteristics of the herbage intake process and animal behaviour bite mass, bite rate, intake rate, time spent grazing, ruminating and with other activities; (4) Patterns of defoliation and selectivity bite depth, frequency and severity of defoliation of leaves and tillers, selectivity indexes for leaves and tillers; (5) Morphological composition of the consumed herbage percentage of leaf, stem and dead material. Larger rates of decrease in sward height were recorded for treatments 99/20 and 95/20 in spring and 95/20 in summer right at the outset of the occupation period. Treatment 95/20 resulted in the smallest proportion of time spent on grazing and in the highest rate of herbage intake, suggesting a larger daily herbage intake. Treatments 95/20 and 95/15 resulted in the largest number of bites per feeding station, around 10 and 11 in spring and summer, respectively. Patterns of defoliation of expanding and expanded leaves varied throughout the occupation period. Overall, during grazing, more frequent and less severe defoliation allowed optimisation of the grazing process, favouring the selection of diets with high proportion of leaves even under the controlled conditions of rotational stocking management, being the pre- and post-grazing targets of 95% LI (equivalent to 30 cm) and 20 cm, respectively, the ones that provided the best grazing conditions.
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Dingwall-Harvey, Alysha. "Evaluating a Lifestyle Intervention During Pregnancy Aimed at Reducing Child Obesity Risk." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38743.
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ABSTRACT
Gestational weight gain (GWG) is a normal and expected component of a healthy pregnancy; however, gaining too much or too little weight poses significant risks to maternal and fetal health including fetal under - or overgrowth, downstream obesity, and cardio-metabolic disease. Children born to mothers who exceed the Institute of Medicine GWG recommendations are significantly more likely to have higher birth weights, classify as large for gestational age (LGA) and develop overweight/obesity in infancy, childhood, and adulthood. Furthermore, rapid increases in infant growth weight trajectory, defined by weight-for-length (WFL), as early as six months of life are also associated with obesity in childhood.
Energy expenditure and energy intake are known contributors to weight management, have been identified as predictors of excess GWG (eGWG) and are mediators of metabolic dysregulation affecting maternal-fetal health, perhaps independently of eGWG. The ACOG and the Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada/Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology (SOGC/CSEP) currently endorse exercising for 30-minute sessions four times a week during the prenatal period. However, the guidelines are currently being reviewed to update recommendations based on more recent literature.
A two-arm, parallel group randomized controlled trial (RCT; the Maternal Obesity Management (MOM) trial), was established to mediate GWG and prevent downstream child obesity. Adult pregnant women mean age 32.6 ± 4.4 years, with pre-gravid BMI > 18.5 kg/m2, between 12 and 20 weeks gestation were randomized into one of two groups: lifestyle intervention (n = 41) who received a structured physical activity (PA) and nutrition program in addition to the MOM trial healthy pregnancy handbook, or a standard clinical care control group (n = 35). The intervention took place throughout pregnancy (~ 6 mos.), with postpartum follow-up assessments on mother and child. GWG and PA were objectively measured at three-time points in pregnancy (prior to intervention, second trimester 26-28 weeks, third trimester 36-40 weeks). Offspring WFL was directly measured at 3 and 6 mos postpartum. We hypothesized that women who participated in the lifestyle intervention including regular PA with a structured prenatal exercise class in combination with a nutrition intervention would be more likely to have offspring follow a healthy growth trajectory as measured by offspring WFL z-score between 3 to 6 months of age
We assessed and compared PA which was directly measured at three time points throughout the study (baseline, second trimester between 26-28 weeks, and third trimester between 36-40 weeks gestation) using accelerometers and supported by PA recall for activities not captured by the accelerometer. Compliance to exercise classes was recorded by the instructor. Total GWG was calculated in kilograms, by subtracting weight measured at the first prenatal visit from the last visit as part of the study or last prenatal visit, before birth, to capture the full extent of GWG throughout pregnancy. GWG was also evaluated categorically based on being under, meeting, or exceeding the IOM GWG guidelines. Offspring neonatal birth weight was measured in grams as an absolute value and was obtained from antenatal obstetrical records. Infant birth weight was also evaluated categorically as small for gestational age (SGA), average for gestational age (AGA) or large for gestational age (LGA). Infant body length was collected using a tape measure; two measurements were taken to the nearest 0.5 cm and the mean value was taken as true. The tape measure method has been validated against a measuring board which found no statistically significant difference between the two methods.
There were no significant differences in GWG between intervention group and control group (mean difference = 0.3 kg, 95% CI, -2.5 – 3.1, p = 0.838). There were also no significant differences in moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during the second trimester (Z = -0.3408, p = 0.733) and the third trimester of pregnancy (Z = -0.0121, p = 0.9904). However, an increase in light PA from the first study visit in early pregnancy to the second study visit at the end of the second trimester was significantly associated with decreased final GWG in the intervention group, but not in the control group (p = 0.014). Furthermore, a Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test indicated that the change in weight-for-length z-score from 3 months to 6 months was significantly lower in children born to mothers in the intervention group compared to the children in the control group Ws = 481.00, z = 2.67, p = 0.007. Although GWG did not change, an improved early growth trajectory for offspring born to women engaged in the intervention was observed supporting that early exposures to PA, even light PA, may play a role in downstream child growth and development.
Future research should further evaluate optimal tools and counselling techniques that help women make the best possible nutrition and PA choices throughout pregnancy in the best interest of maternal and child health.
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Pouliot, Catherine. "The Effect of an 8-Week Aerobic Exercise Program on the Diet and Eating Behaviours of Adolescents with a Normal Weight and Excess Body Weight." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38101.
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