Academic literature on the topic 'Diet (Analysis) - Brazil'

ABSTRACT Objective To conduct an economic analysis of enteral and parenteral diet costs according to the type of disease and outcome (survivors versus deaths). Methods It is a cross-sectional, observational, retrospective study with a qualitative and quantitative design, based on analysis of hospital accounts from a healthcare insurance provider in the Southern region of Brazil. Results We analyzed 301 hospital accounts of individuals who used enteral and parenteral diets. The total cost of the diet was 35.4% of hospital account total costs. The enteral modality accounted for 59.8% of total dietary costs. The major costs with diets were observed in hospitalizations related to infections, cancers and cerebro-cardiovascular diseases. The major costs with parenteral diet were with admissions related by cancers (64.52%) and dementia syndromes (46.17%). The highest ratio between total diet costs with the total of hospital account costs was in dementia syndromes (46.32%) and in cancers (41.2%). The individuals who died spent 51.26% of total of hospital account costs, being 32.81% in diet (47.45% of total diet value and 58.81% in parenteral modality). Conclusion Enteral and parenteral nutritional therapies account for a significant part of the costs with hospitalized individuals, especially in cases of cancers and dementia syndromes. The costs of parenteral diets were higher in the group of patients who died.

Abstract Catches and exports of skate Rioraja agassizii place this species as “vulnerable to extinction” on the IUCN Red List; therefore, biological and ecological knowledge becomes an important instrument for its conservation control. This study described and quantified the diet composition of R. agassizii by means of stomach analysis contents in the periods 2005-2006 and 2012-2013. We analyzed and quantified stomach contents in terms of abundance (%N), weight (%M), frequency of occurrence (% FO), and index of relative importance (IRI). The results showed differences in the food rates between the periods. However, the groups of food items were the same: Teleostei fish, decapods, and mollusks. In 2005-2006, the diet consisted mainly of shrimp, however, in 2012-2013 it consisted of fish, followed by decapods, especially shrimps. The differences in diets may be attributed to shrimp abundance, which do not characterize a change in the eating habits in 2012-2013, because, in addition to fish, shrimps were also important food sources. The presence of a certain prey is more related to its availability rather than the feeding preference of skate. The amount of ingested items is associated to biological and environmental factors, so that further studies relating diet with capture area, seasonality, depth, and other factors should be conducted.

The Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis) is a small-bodied dolphin distributed along the Atlantic coast from Honduras to southern Brazil. It preys on fish, squid and shrimps. Several seminal studies have described its diet, yet relationships between the species’ feeding plasticity and climate gradients remain unknown. We compiled a large database of Guiana dolphin stomach remains from southeast coastal Brazil. We described the species’ diet using a number of descriptors, multivariate analysis of variance to test possible differentiation in diet composition, and the Morisita index to estimate the extent of trophic niche overlap between groups. We also analysed feeding plasticity using a regression tree analysis followed by an ordination analysis. We present new records of prey for the species in Brazil. Our results suggest that the Guiana dolphin has opportunistic feeding habits, which may exhibit the species’ feeding plasticity. Such feeding plasticity is associated with the capability to prey throughout a wide array of climate conditions. From a conservation ecology perspective, we conclude that estuaries—even ones that are over-depleted and succumbing to human impacts—are paramount environments for the Guiana dolphin, serving as important sources of prey for the species and other sympatric marine mammals.

Food partitioning between species is a common strategy for avoiding resource competition which allows the coexistence of two or more species in the same place. In order to evaluate the feeding of four species of batoids regularly caught by artisanal fisheries in southern Brazil, the present study aimed to analyse and compare the diet of the four batoid species. The Chola guitarfish, Rhinobatos percellens, had a specialized diet, consisting predominantly of blue crabs Callinectes sp., followed by teleost fish. The Lesser guitarfish Zapteryx brevirostris also had a very specialized diet, consuming mainly on Polychaeta, followed by Caridea shrimp. The Cownose ray, Rhinoptera bonasus, fed mainly on Ophiuroidea, followed by Gastropoda and Bivalvia. Finally, the Rio skate Rioraja agassizi, fed on teleost fish, Gammaridae, Caridea shrimp and Dendrobranchiata shrimp. An analysis of similarity showed significant differences among species in their diet. The trophic levels of the batoids in this study are <4.0, placing them in intermediate trophic levels. The analysis of the diets indicates that feeding differs substantially among the four species, suggesting a partitioning of food resources available in the environment.

ABSTRACT: Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a condition that affects the myocardium, seldom reported in pigs. The DCM is characterized by ventricular dilation, which results in systolic and secondary diastolic dysfunction and can lead to arrhythmia and fatal congestive heart failure. This study described the clinical, pathological, chemical and toxicological findings of nutritional dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in nursery pigs through natural and experimental studies. Naturally occurring cases of DCM in three swine farms were investigated through necropsy (fourteen pigs), microscopic, virological, chemical and toxicological exams for the detection of the etiology. The experimental study was conducted with nine 40 days-old piglets, which were divided into three groups of three piglets each. Group 1 was fed with the suspected diet of the naturally occurring cases, Group 2 with half of the suspected diet and half of a control diet, and Group 3 received only the control diet. Clinical signs were recorded. All pigs were submitted of euthanized, necropsie and collection sample for laboratories exams, after 15 days of experiment onset. At the necropsy, all naturally occurring cases had bilateral cardiac dilatation associated to hepatic enhanced lobular pattern (nutmeg liver) and lungs edema. Microscopically, the heart revealed severe hypertrophy and vacuolization of cardiomyocytes, as well as myofiber disarray. Feed analysis revealed low-quality standard soybean meal. After the suspected feed was replaced, clinically ill pigs recovered, and mortality ceased. At the experimental study, two piglets from Group 1 had cough, dyspnea and diarrhea. At the necropsy, these animals had similar gross and microscopic lesions to the natural cases. The nutritional DCM in pigs may be associated to the diet with low-quality soybean meal, as it was further confirmed through an experimental study.

This study focused on the association between dietary patterns and socio-demographic and lifestyle factors. A population-based cross-sectional study was performed in 1,026 adult women from Southern Brazil. Dietary patterns were identified using principal components analysis. In the multivariable analysis, a Poisson regression model was used to estimate the prevalence ratio and 95%CI. Wealthier women were more likely to follow healthy diets. A Low Cost Healthy Diet was more prevalent among women with a partner, and a High Cost Healthy Diet was more prevalent among women not currently working and who exercised regularly. Women with lower education levels were less likely to follow a Low Cost Healthy Diet, but more likely to follow the Higher-Risk Low Cost Diet. The Low Cost Higher-Risk Diet was more prevalent among women with a lower income. Low and medium cost healthy diets were positively associated with age. The results showed that women's dietary choices are influenced by socioeconomic factors and are not only dependent on food prices.

The aim of this study was to determine the diet of coypu (Myocastor coypus) in two areas (Santa Isabel do Sul wetlands - Area 1, and Santa Marta Farm - Area 2) in the Southern region of Brazil, using microhistological analyses of feces. Twenty-four plant species were identified from collected feces samples. Among the identified species, nine are common in the animals' diet in both areas; the presence of Oriza sativa was not detected in any of the samples. Among the identified species, 84% and 54% of the coypu's diet from Areas 1 and 2, respectively, are aquatic plants. Poaceae family was most common, being found in 82% of the samples from both areas. Paspalum disthichum (Area 1) and Panicum tricholaenoides (Area 2) were the most frequent species on the coypu's diet. The diet comparison for both areas indicates that feeding habits vary depending on the type of habitat, environmental conditions and food availability. The absence of rice in our analysis may be an indication for the preservation of native areas around watercourses, so as to prevent coypu from invading irrigated crops.

In this work we aimed to characterise the diet of Astyanax taeniatus (Jenyns 1842) (Characiformes, Characidae) along the Mato Grosso stream and we hypothesised that the diet of this species would vary according to spatial, seasonal and ontogenetic differences. Specimens were collected every second month at three sites with different physical attributes. The feeding habits of 651 specimens were analysed using the Alimentary Index (IAi). Analysis of the diet showed an effect of spatial, temporal and ontogenetic factors. Vegetal allochthonous items were more important in the diet of Astyanax taeniatus in upstream sites while animal autochthonous items were more important downstream. Ontogenetic differences in the diet were significant only in upstream sites, where adults consumed a greater amount of vegetal matter than juveniles. These results reinforce the idea that Astyanax species are opportunistic and show trophic plasticity.

Diet and feeding ecology of the mutton snapper Lutjanus analis were investigated in the Abrolhos Bank, Eastern Brazil, the largest and richest coral reefs in the South Atlantic, where about 270 species of reef and shore fishes occur. To evaluate seasonal and ontogenetic shifts in the diet, specimens of L. analis were obtained through a fish monitoring program in four cities in southern Bahia State, from June 2005 to March 2007. Stomachs from 85 mutton snappers that ranged in size from 18.1 to 74.0 cm TL were examined. Prey were identified to the lowest possible taxon and assessed by the frequency of occurrence and volumetric methods. Variations in volume prey consumption were evaluated using non-metric multi-dimensional scaling ordination, analysis of similarity, and similarity percentage methods. Significant differences in diet composition among size classes were registered, whereas non significant differences between seasons were observed. Considering size-classes, food items consumption showed important variations: juveniles (<34.0 cm TL) fed mostly on crustaceans, sub-adults (34.1-50.0 cm TL) showed a diversified diet and adults (>50.1 cm TL) consumed basically fish, mostly Anguiliformes. Lutjanus analis is an important generalist reef predator, with a broad array of food resources and ontogenetic changes in the diet. This snapper species plays an important role on the trophic ecology of the Abrolhos Bank coral reefs.

AbstractThis study investigated the diet of longnose stingray Hypanus guttatus in the tropical waters of north-eastern Brazil. Samples were obtained from monthly sampling of artisanal fisheries from August 2007 to July 2008. A total of 258 specimens were examined, 127 females and 131 males, and stomach contents analysis suggested H. guttatus to be a generalist and opportunistic predator feeding on the most available prey in the environment. There was no significant difference in the diet composition of males and females, or between seasons. However, an ontogenetic dietary shift was observed with larger individuals having an increased proportion of molluscs in the diet, whilst smaller individuals predated primarily on small crustaceans.

A associação entre distúrbios metabólicos e carência dietética de zinco mostra-se relacionada com o desequilíbrio de nutrientes na dieta, apontado como um fator interferente na biodisponibilidade desse mineral. Este trabalho teve por objetivo, avaliar a biodisponibilidade do zinco em dieta brasileira, adequada em energia e macronutrientes, utilizando técnica com isótopos estáveis. Depois de identificado o perfil alimentar de 12 indivíduos, do sexo masculino, com idade entre 19 e 42 anos, o grupo consumiu, durante 7 dias, uma dieta experimental, equilibrada e variada. No 8° dia do experimento cada indivíduo recebeu uma dose intravenosa de 70Zn e a refeição do almoço marcada, extrinsecamente, com 67Zn, ambos enriquecidos. Os voluntários, com 68 ± 5kg e 1,73 m, apresentavam-se eutróficos (IMC=23 ± 1) e clinicamente saudáveis, tendo-se constatado um consumo usual de dieta hiperproteica e hiperlipídica, para a maioria do grupo. A análise direta das dietas consumidas revelou que foi atendida 95% da recomendação de energia para o grupo (2809 ± 198,54 kcal), distribuída em 16, 26 e 58% para proteínas, lipídios e carboidratos, respectivamente. Ao contrário do Ca (712 ± 79 mg), as concentrações de Zn (11,62 ± 1,55mg) e Fe (10,65 ± 1,47mg) superaram as recomendações, e as frações IP5 e IP6 do fitato não foram detectáveis (<0,01). Das análises das concentrações de zinco no plasma, eritrócitos e urina, conclui-se que o estado nutricional, relativo ao zinco, da maioria dos voluntários mostrou-se satisfatório, uma vez estar de acordo com os padrões de referência. O enriquecimento dos isótopos 67Zn e 70Zn na urina de cada indivíduo foi determinado pela técnica de espectrometria de massa por plasma induzido (ICP-MS), revelando percentual de absorção de 30%, com variações entre 11 e 47%. Os resultados indicam que a biodisponibilidade do zinco na dieta avaliada pode ser classificada como sendo de moderada a alta, segundo critérios da OMS.
This research aimed to evaluate the bioavailability of zine in the Brazilian diet, containing the required energy and macronutrients, by the use of a stable isotope technique. Twelve male eutrophic healthy individuals in age between 19 - 42 years were enrolled in the study. The group consumed an experimental diet for a week, corresponding to 95% of the energy requirement (RDA-1989) and composed of 16% protein, 26% fat and 58% carbohydrate. In day eighth of the experiment, an intravenous injection of 70Zn was given to each individual and the meal consumed at lunch was extrinsically labeled with 67Zn, in that both stable isotopes were enriched. The percentage increase, or enrichment, of 67Zn and 70Zn in the urine of each individual was evaluated by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and showed an average zinc absorption of 30%, variation from 11 to 47%, and a bioavailability from modest to high, according to the WHO criteria.

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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever a dieta e o estado nutricional de uma população com síndrome coronariana aguda no Projeto Estratégia de Registro da Insuficiência Coronariana (Projeto ERICO) na unidade de emergência do Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo e estimar o número de óbitos em decorrência de doenças cardiovasculares em um ano de acompanhamento desses pacientes. Foram selecionados 290 pacientes de uma população de 841 indivíduos com diagnóstico de síndrome coronariana aguda. Foram avaliados dados demográficos, IMC e variáveis de nutrição a partir de um Questionário de Frequência Alimentar previamente validado e posterior análise do Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado. As variáveis de nutrição utilizadas foram valor calórico total, carboidrato, proteína, lipídeo, ácidos graxos polinsaturados, ácidos graxos monoinsaturados, ácidos graxos saturados, ácidos graxos trans, ácidos graxos linolênico, ácidos graxos linoléico, colesterol e fibras. O cálculo do valor nutritivo dos alimentos consumidos e registrados foi realizado utilizando o programa Virtual Nutri com banco de dados de alimentos da tabela de composição química da United States Departement of Agriculture. Com exceção do colesterol e fibras, todas as variáveis tiveram seus valores absolutos e ajustados para a dieta descritos nas análises. Para a avaliação da qualidade da dieta, foi utilizado o Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado e análise dos 12 componentes que caracterizam diferentes aspectos de uma dieta saudável. Cada componente foi avaliado e uma pontuação foi atribuída variando de zero a vinte. Os valores intermediários foram calculados proporcionalmente à quantidade de alimento consumido. Os indivíduos que possuíram ingestão igual ou superior ao nível recomendado atingiram a pontuação máxima (cinco, dez ou 20 pontos), a depender do componente em questão. No final, a pontuação de todos os componentes foi somada gerando o Índice de Qualidade da Dieta revisado. O valor máximo do Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado é 100 pontos. As variáveis dependentes foram os três tipos de síndrome coronariana aguda: angina instável, infarto agudo do miocárdio sem elevação e infarto agudo do miocárdico com elevação do segmento ST no eletrocardiograma de repouso e para a análise de sobrevida, o óbito após um ano de arrolamento a partir da data de entrada no Hospital Universitário. Para análise dos dados foi feita inicialmente uma análise exploratória dos dados, mostrada em forma de tabelas, gráficos e medidas descritivas, com o intuito de obter uma visualização. Para mensuração do nível de associação entre variáveis nominais (sexo e etnia) com o tipo de síndrome coronariana aguda, foi utilizado o teste de quiquadrado de Pearson. As variáveis contínuas foram categorizadas de acordo com o valor de corte estabelecido na literatura, independente da distribuição dos dados na amostra e para estas, também foi aplicado o teste qui-quadrado com nível de significância (alfa) de 5%, excetuando-se o valor energético total que utilizou a mediana da população. Os dados categóricos foram representados em frequências absoluta (n) e relativa (%). As variáveis quantitativas foram submetidas ao teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov para verificar o grau de aderência à distribuição normal. O teste de variância Levene foi utilizado para analisar a homocedasticidade. As variáveis quantitativas foram descritas por frequências, medidas de tendência central e de dispersão. Os dados paramétricos foram representados por média e desvio padrão e comparados por análise de variância para medidas não repetidas (one way ANOVA) com teste post-hoc de Bonferroni para comparação de três variáveis e teste-T não pareado para comparação de duas variáveis. Os dados foram analisados de acordo com o gênero. Os dados não paramétricos foram representados por mediana e comparados com o teste de Kruskal-Wallis com post-hoc Dunn para comparação de três variáveis e teste de Mann-Whitney para duas variáveis. Para analisar a relação do tipo de síndrome coronariana aguda (variável dependente) com as variáveis de nutrição foi feita uma análise de regressão logística binária, considerando a angina instável e IAM sem supra como uma variável e IAM com supra como outra variável dependente. As análises de regressão foram utilizadas para estimar a odds ratio e intervalo de confiança. Análises não ajustadas foram conduzidas para as variáveis separadamente. As variáveis de cada bloco foram analisadas simultaneamente usando o método Enter. Utilizou-se a abordagem da análise de sobrevivência considerando como evento de interesse o óbito com a probabilidade acumulada de sobrevida em dias. Nenhum paciente perdeu o seguimento durante a duração do estudo. Para a análise de tempo desde o dia de internação até a data de última ligação foi utilizado, inicialmente, o estimador produto limite de Kaplan Meier. Na análise univariada das variáveis qualitativas, para verificar a influência do Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado no óbito, realizou-se a construção de curvas Kaplan-Meier e a comparação estatística foi feita pelo teste log-rank. O tempo de sobrevida foi determinado, contado em dias, entre o dia de entrada no Hospital Universitário e a data de óbito. O nível de significância estabelecido para a análise foi de 0,05. As curvas de Kaplan-Meier foram apresentas segundo o tercil de Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado. A digitação e codificação das informações coletadas foram realizadas no programa Excel; posteriormente os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pelo programa SPSS versão 17.0. Os procedimentos para o desenvolvimento deste estudo respeitaram as diretrizes e normas que regulamentam as pesquisas envolvendo seres humanos, aprovadas pela Resolução n° 169, de 10 de outubro de 1996, do Conselho Nacional de Saúde. Desta forma, no banco de dados da pesquisa principal está mantido o anonimato e a confidencialidade dos dados. A maior parte dos indivíduos foram homens adultos com etnia branca, com sobrepeso e diagnóstico IAM sem supra. A dieta média foi considerada hipercalórica, hipoglicídica, normoprotéica e hiperlipídica com aumento da quantidade do valor calórico total em relação ao aumento da gravidade de síndrome coronariana aguda e relação inversa para proteína. Em relação aos micronutrientes, as quantidades foram adequadas para ácidos graxos polinsaturados, ácidos graxos monoinsaturados, ácidos graxos trans e colesterol e consumos abaixo do recomendado para ácidos graxos linolênicos e ácidos graxos linoleicos. O colesterol teve aumento de consumo médio em relação ao aumento da gravidade de síndrome coronariana aguda, enquanto ácidos graxos polinsaturados, ácidos graxos linoleicos e ácidos graxos trans tiveram aumento em relação à diminuição da gravidade da síndrome coronariana aguda. Além disso, qualidade da dieta necessita melhorar. Para os componentes cereal total, carne e derivados, leguminosas, leite e derivados, óleo e gorduras e sódio, o aumento dos mesmos, aumentou em relação à gravidade da doença. Não foi observada relação com a gravidade de síndrome coronariana aguda para os outros componentes, nem mesmo com a pontuação total do Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado. Os valores médios mais baixos em relação à pontuação total foram para os componentes cereal integral, leite e derivados e gordura saturada enquanto os mais altos foram vegetal total, óleo e derivados e sódio
The present study aimed to describe the diet and nutritional status of a population with acute coronary syndrome in the Project Strategy Registry of Coronary Insufficiency (ERICO study) at the emergency unit of the University Hospital of the University of São Paulo and estimate the number of deaths in due to cardiovascular diseases in one year follow up of these patients. It was selected 290 patients from a population of 841 individuals diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome. It was evaluated variables of demographics, BMI and nutritional variables from a Food Frequency Questionnaire previously validated and further analysis of the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index-Revised. The variables used were total caloric value, carbohydrate, protein, fat, polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, linolenic fatty acids, linoleic fatty acids, cholesterol and fiber. The calculation of the nutritional value of consumed foods was performed using the Virtual Nutri software with the food chemical composition of United States Departement of Agriculture database. With the exception of cholesterol and fiber, all variables and their absolute values described in the analyzes were adjusted to the diet. For the quality of the diet evaluation, the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index-Revised was used with its analysis of the 12 components featuring different aspects of a healthy diet was used. Each component was evaluated and was assigned with a score ranging from zero to twenty. Intermediate values were calculated in proportion to the amount of food consumed. Individuals who had intake with the limit or above the recommended level reached the maximum score (five, ten or 20 points ), according to the component in question . In the end, the scores of all components were added generating the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index-Revised. The maximum value of the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index-Revised is 100 points. The dependent variables were the three types of acute coronary syndrome: unstable angina, acute myocardial infarction STEMI and NSTEMI and for the survival analysi , death after one year of enrollment from the entry date into the University Hospital. For the data analysis, an exploratory analysis was first done and shown in tables, charts and descriptive measures. The level of association between nominal variables (gender and ethnicity) with the type of acute coronary syndrome was measured with the chi-squared test. Continuous variables were categorized according to the cutoff value established in the literature, regardless of the data distribution in the sample and for these, the chi- squared test with a significance level (alfa) of 5% was also applied, excepting the total caloric value which was used with the median value of the population. Categorical data were presented as absolute (n) and relative (%) frequencies. Quantitative variables were assessed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to check the level of normal distribution. The variance of Levene\'s test was used to analyze the homoscedasticity. Quantitative variables were described by frequencies, central tendency and dispersion measures. Parametric data were expressed as mean and standard deviation and compared by one way analysis of variance (one way ANOVA) and for post hoc analysis, Bonferroni test was used for comparison of three variables and Student\'s t-test was used for comparison of two variables. The data was analyzed according to gender. The non-parametric data were expressed by median and compared with the Kruskal-Wallis test with its post hoc called Dunn test to compare three variables. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare two variables. The relationship of the type of acute coronary syndrome (dependent variable) with the variables of nutrition was examined with the binary logistic regression analysis of binary logistic regression, considering the unstable angina and NSTEMI myocardial infarction as a single variable and STEMI myocardial infarction as another dependent variable. Regression analyzes were used to estimate odds ratios and confidence intervals. Unadjusted analyzes were performed separately for the variables. The variables in each group were analyzed simultaneously using the Enter method. We used the approach of survival analysis as the event of interest considering death with a cumulative probability of survival expressed in days. No patients had follow-up lost during the study. It was considered the day of admission at the hospital until the last call date for the time analysis and the Kaplan-Meier method was estimated. To verify the influence of the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index-Revised in death, there was the construction of Kaplan-Meier curves and statistical comparison was done by log-rank test. The level of significance for the analysis was 0.05. The typing and encoding data were performed in Excel and subsequently the data were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 17.0. The procedures for the development of this study are complied with the guidelines and rules that regulate research involving human subjects, approved by 169 Resolution from October 10, 1996 by the National Board of Health. By this way, the database of the research maintained its anonymity and its confidentiality of the data. Most subjects were adults, men, with white ethnicity, overweight diagnosis and with NSTEMI acute myocardial. The average of diet was considered hypercaloric, hypoglycemic, with normal protein value and high in fat with increased amounts of the total caloric value in relation to the increased severity of acute coronary syndrome and inverse relation to protein value. Regarding micronutrients, the quantities were appropriate for polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids and cholesterol intakes below the recommended level for linolenic fatty acids and linoleic fatty acids. The cholesterol had increased average consumption in relation to increased severity of acute coronary syndrome, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic fatty acids and trans fatty acids were increased in relation to reducing the severity of acute coronary syndrome. Furthermore, diet quality needs to improve. For full cereal components, meat products, legumes, dairy products, oils and fats and sodium, an increase of them increased the severity of the disease. There wasn\'t relationship with the severity of acute coronary syndrome for the other components, not even with the total score of the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index-Revised. The lowest average values for the total score were components for whole grain, dairy and saturated fat while the highest were the total vegetable oil and derivatives and sodium

Thesis (M.A.)--Kent State University, 2007.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed March 27, 2008). Advisor: Chet C. Sherwood. Keywords: hippocampus, spatial memory, diet, habitat, home range, activity pattern, primate, independent contrast. Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-89).

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The diet of Otter longicaudis was characterized by fecal analysis and spatial and temporal aspects in their main prey consumption were analyzed. The study was conducted systematically in three rivers of the Iguaçu National Park, an Atlantic forest reserve located in southern Brazil. For a year, samples were taken monthly along three sections totaling 46 km, in order to find fecal samples. The analysis of 367 fecal samples collected showed a piscivorous diet, which includes four main fish families: Characidae Cichlidae, Pimelodidae and Loricariidae, with consumption of crustacean belonging to the family Trichodactilidae. Mollusks, birds, mammals, reptiles and insects were found in the diet. Seeds, vegetable fibers and materials of anthropogenic origin were also found. Differences in diet composition were found between the Iguaçu River and the other, which is probably related to the physical characteristics of these rivers reflecting distinct prey items available. The crabs were used as complementary resources for neotropical otters, when the consumption of their main prey (fish) decreased. An increased frequency of occurrence of prey categories was recorded in spring and summer, except for crabs and molluscs in two of the three rivers, which contrasts with the high consumption of fish during all seasons. Correlation was found between precipitation and consumption of fish families, which in turn seems to be due changings and the river otter and the habits of those arrested. In this region, otters depend on the features of the aquatic environment, forecasting the Mayor attention to the maintenance of rivers, shores and natural features (such as flow regimes and water), especially the river Gonçalves Dias, borders the east side of the National Park Iguaçu, with areas of heavy anthropogenic land use
A dieta de Lontra longicaudis foi caracterizada por análise fecal e aspectos espaciais e temporais no consumo de suas presas principais foram analisados. O estudo foi realizado sistematicamente em três rios do Parque Nacional do Iguaçu, uma reserva de Mata Atlântica localizado no sul do Brasil. Durante um ano, foram amostragens realizadas mensalmente ao longo de três trechos, totalizando 46 km, a fim de encontrar amostras fecais. A análise de 367 amostras fecais coletadas apresentaram uma dieta piscívoro, que inclui quatro principais famílias de peixes: Characidae, Cichlidae, Pimelodidae e Loricariidae, com consumo de crustáceo pertencente à família Trichodactilidae. Moluscos, aves, mamíferos, répteis e insetos foram detectados na dieta. Sementes, fibras vegetais e materiais de origem antrópica também foram encontradas. Diferenças na composição da dieta foram encontradas entre rio Iguaçu e os outros, que provavelmente está relacionado com as características físicas desses rios refletindo distinta presa disponibilidade itens. Os caranguejos foram utilizados como recursos complementares para as lontras neotropicais, quando o consumo de sua principal presa (peixes) diminuiu. Uma freqüência aumentado da ocorrência de categorias de presas foi registrada na primavera e no verão, com exceção de caranguejos e moluscos, em dois dos três rios, o que contrasta com o elevado consumo de peixes ao longo todas as estações. Correlação foi encontrada entre a precipitação eo consumo de famílias de peixes, o que por sua vez parece ser changings devido o rio e os hábitos da lontra e essas presas. Nesta região, as lontras dependem dos recursos do ambiente aquático, prevendo a atenção prefeito para a manutenção dos rios, margens e características naturais (como fluxo e regimes de água), em especial do rio Gonçalves Dias, fronteiras do leste lado do Parque Nacional do Iguaçu, com áreas de uso da terra pesada antrópica

This collection of essays seeks to complicate the notion of the supremacy of the brain as the key organ of the Enlightenment, by focusing on the workings of the bowels and viscera that obsessed writers and thinkers during the long eighteenth century. These inner organs and their mysterious processes of digestion acted as complicating counterpoints to politeness and modes of refined sociability, drawing attention to the deeper, more fundamental, workings of the self. In a form of ‘history from below’, the volume situates the period’s preoccupations with waste, dirt, and detritus within the context of cultures seeking to understand their material dynamics. The collection presents new research on eighteenth-century literature, urban and material history; art history; and the medical humanities. Focussing on bellies, bowels, and entrails, both as recurring tropes and as objects of medical and scientific knowledge, these essays explore the manifold conceptions and understandings of the viscera. This volume analyses how the period probed their inner depths to try and incorporate, rather than simply reject, their material essence.

This chapter identifies school meal programs in Brazil and Canada as sustainable alternatives to some of the harms caused by the dominance large corporations exert on the global food system. It analyses the new version of the Brazilian National School Meal Program (PNAE) and British Columbia’s Farm to School initiative (F2S BC) in Canada. On one hand, PNAE creates an institutional market for family farmers, while offering students a greater amount of locally produced fresh and healthy food. On the other, F2S BC takes form through activities such as school gardens, food education and incentives to purchase locally produced food. This work finds that PNAE has more reach but limits school meals to consumption, whereas F2S BC emphasizes the role of schools as spaces for growing and recognises food as a pedagogical resource.

This chapter discusses Woolf’s reception in Brazil as revealed through the work of Brazilian women writers. As a theoretical framework, the chapter relies on a transnational approach including Jessica Berman’s Modernist Commitments: Ethics, Politics and Transnational Modernism; Chandra Talpade Mohanty’s ‘Under Western eyes: Feminist scholarship and colonial discourse’, Gayatri C. Spivak’s article ‘Can the subaltern speak?’ and Pelogia Goulimari’s Women Writing Across Cultures. The chapter traces the waves of feminism in Brazil over the decades, examines Woolf’s surge of popularity in Brazil following the publication of Brenda Silver’s Virginia Woolf Icon (1999), and analyses Woolf’s impact on multiple Brazilian women writers: Tetrá de Teffé (1897–1995), Lucia Miguel Pereira (1901–59), Clarice Lispector (1920–77), Carolina Maria de Jesus (1914–77), Ana Cristina Cesar (1952–83), Lygia Fagundes Telles (1923–), Hilda Hilst (1930–2004), Sônia Coutinho (1939–), Adriana Lunardi (1964–), Luiza Lobo (1948–) and Hilda Gouveia de Oliveira (1946–). By the twenty-first century, Woolf’s work has become truly global. Woolf died more than sixty years ago, but her texts are still alive, and she is still moving and inspiring other women writers, to the point that we can talk about a multiplicity of Woolfs.

Our signal processing is fantastic, as we can distinguish different sources of sound, analyse them into their component frequencies and higher harmonics, accurately recognize how the sounds build up in intensity and die away, and therefore clearly identify who is speaking or singing, and which musical instruments are being played. This is a technological level that has only been reached within the 21st century. The brain is more compact and uses less power than many of the electronic equivalent detectors. This chapter explains how this is possible, and how we can also make mistakes as we mentally attempt shortcuts in the analysis in order to have an instant real-time interpretation.

41 artefacts recovered from the Przeworsk culture cemetery in Żelazna Nowa were originally selected for archaeometric examination. Of that number, 24 brooches and 13 various objects made from copper alloy were analysed. The choice was dictated by their good state of preservation, allowing for reliable results. The method applied was non-destructive energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis (ED-XRF), using an X-ray spectrometer operating at 45kV. In addition, selected artefacts were examined using a scanning electron microscope. The results of chemical analyses are presented in Tables 11.1 and 11.2, with weight percent values given, while the raw material and technical data are shown in Tables 11.3 and 11.4. The results indicate that among the 24 brooches and their fragments analysed, 16 were made of brass, including eight made of multi-component tin brass, one made of tinlead brass, and one made of tin-silver brass. Among the remaining eight brooches one was made of iron and seven were bronze pieces, including two made of multi-component zinc bronze, one of lead bronze, and one of silver bronze (inv. no. CCXXIII/15). The addition of lead had significant technological impact on the alloys used for creating the brooches. Even in small quantities, even far below 1%, this element improves the castability and workability of the metal. Zinc, in turn, is added to bronzes as a reducing agent, making the alloy self-reducible. This also makes it possible to reduce the contents of phosphorus. Moreover, the addition of zinc to bronze significantly lowers its melting temperature. The remaining alloying additions (apart from elements recorded in trace amounts, like Ag, Sb, and Fe, which naturally occurred in copper alloys) have had no significant impact on the quality of the raw material used for manufacturing the artefacts under discussion. The presence of silver (a few percent) recorded in two brooches (inv. nos XXXIII/15 and CCXXIII/15) indicates they may have originally been silver-plated. Two brooches (inv. nos XCIX/15 and 21/08) were inlaid with silver wire. The first one was cast from tin bronze and adorned with a filigree wire (Fig. 11.1) in the type of a simple braid, made of highquality (92.99%) silver (Fig. 11.2). The silver wire with a diameter of merely 338.38 μm (Fig. 11.3) was produced by drawing through a die, and it was later braided and hammered into grooves previously prepared on the two crests of the brooch. The second brooch, made of iron (inv. no. 21/08), was adorned with silver of a similarly high quality (91.85%). In this case, however, the exposure to fire resulted in complete destruction of the decoration: its traces only remained in a few places in the form of tiny melt-down droplets. It is worth noting the similar standard of silver used as inlays in both brooches. This seems to corroborate the assumption that the standards of silver used in trade were generally similar over larger areas. It is worth noting two brooches which, despite representing different types, are made of chemically very similar alloys (Tables 11.1–3). One (inv. no. CCIX/15) belongs to type A.III.58, while another represents group A.IV (inv. no. CIX/17). This may indicate that both were manufactured in the same workshop. Except for one brooch forged from iron, all the remaining brooches were cast using the lost wax technique (Table 11.3). Cast pieces also prevail among other artefacts, especially those having profiled surfaces (Table 11.4). Examples include a fragment of a J.7 shield grip (inv. no. XVI/15), a belt finial of type “O” (inv. no. CCXLIX/15), and fragments of bracelets with round terminals (inv. nos XIII/15 and LXXXVI/17). The performed raw material analysis of copper alloy artefacts from Żelazna Nowa produced interesting findings. The results confirm that during the Older Roman Period brass artefacts prevailed among small metal dress items in the Przeworsk culture. Among the 37 copper alloy artefacts analysed, as many as 27 (75%) are brass objects. A similar picture was observed in other sites, with a prevalence of brass artefacts recorded in cemeteries such as those in Karczyn/Witowy, Sadłów, and Szarbia.

On February 19, 2003, a 3-year-old child was sent downstairs to retrieve a toy. Shortly after, her guardian heard a noise and ran to find her lying at the bottom of the split-foyer stairs. She was rushed to the hospital immediately by paramedics. She died five days later and the cause of death determined was brain herniation due to anoxic/ischemic brain injury. The objective of this research was to determine which fall scenario(s) matched the trauma sustained utilizing scientifically proven quantitative measures.

Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are solid state devices that convert thermal energy into electrical energy using the Seebeck effect. They can be used for energy harvesting in trucks and passenger vehicles by taking advantage of the temperature difference between the exhaust pipes and ambient environment. The key issue with thermoelectric devices today is the demand for increased operating temperatures while maintaining adequate reliability and low cost. Since, TEGs are subjected to sub-critical thermal cyclic loading, ensuring satisfactory reliability is important for commercially viable products. TEGs used in passenger vehicles should be able to withstand extreme environmental conditions such as high temperature, shock and mechanical vibration [1]. Since the operating temperatures of TEGs can reach temperatures higher than 500 °C, aluminum brazes offer a good high temperature solution for die attach applications. The thermoelectric materials of TEGs are prone to oxidation and sublimation. A solution to minimize these phenomena is to enclose the TEG device in a hermetic package. This paper analyzes the reliability of aluminum alloy braze Al 718 (12% Si, 88% Al) used in TEG packages under fatigue loading. A power cycling temperature fluctuation method was employed to simulate the operating conditions of the TEGs for passenger vehicle. Low cycle fatigue simulations were performed using the direct cyclic approach embedded in the finite element software ABAQUS. Direct cyclic approach uses an extrapolation technique, which allows for efficient and computationally inexpensive simulations. The numerical model was validated using experimental test data. A validated damage model was used to analyze the cyclic damage evolution in the aluminum alloy braze for the hermetic TEG packages.