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1
Vorob'ev, Yu V., and A. V. Dunaev. "Increasing the calorific value of motor fuels." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 83, no. 8 (August 15, 2016): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66236.
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The results of the studies of mechanochemical activation of motor fuels aimed to increase their calorific value and reduce their consumption in automotive internal combustion engines are summarized. Traditionally, the improvement in fuel efficiency and environmental friendliness of such engines is achieved by high-tech modernization of fuel systems. But it can also be achieved by modification of fuels that changes their properties and increases the calorific value. By means of methods of mechanochemistry, using the equipment with low power consumption and a simple process, the mixtures and separate oil fractions are destroyed with the formation of low molecular homologs, as well as hydrogen and carbon. The degradation of saturated hydrocarbons is the breaking of chains, and unsaturated ones are destroyed through the formation of saturated products. The hydrogenation by degradation products of the starting material is possible. The mechanochemistry of fuels is investigated on the example of a combined static mixer-activator. The activator in the form of cylinder of 150 mm length and 30-50 mm diameter is used for modifying motor fuels; it has three serial camera, embeds in any of the fuel systems of internal combustion engine, does not require the drive, is free of chemical substances, does not affect the performance of gasoline, diesel fuel, aviation kerosene, fuel oil, does not reduce the engine lifetime. The tests were performed on a test bench with YaMZ-236 diesel engine using three different diesel fuels, at first with installation of activator in the fuel supply line of fuel high pressure pump, and then in its main drain line. When idling of diesel engine with engine speed of 900-1300 rpm, the reduction of activated fuel consumption on average by 26.3% is revealed in eleven tests. The methods for improving the calorific value of fuels by different impacts are reviewed.
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Sala, José A., José F. Schlosser, Gilvan M. Bertollo, Daniela Herzog, Rovian Bertinatto, and Leonardo N. Romano. "Performance of a diesel engine using different biodiesel blends and injection configurations." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 27, no. 1 (January 2023): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v27n1p70-78.
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ABSTRACT Diesel cycle engines are widely used in a wide range of agricultural activities. Recently, with the increasing use of biodiesel mixed with petroleum diesel and the introduction of pollutant emission regulations for agricultural and road machinery, there has been a growing migration from mechanical to electronic fuel injection systems. In this experiment, the primary aim was to verify the behavior of a diesel engine, electronically managed, with controlled variation of the fuel feeding system parameters (injection time and volume injected). A four-cylinder agricultural tractor with a turbocharged engine and a common rail electronic fuel injection system was used. Tests with diesel B10 and blends of 20 and 30% biodiesel were carried out, all with 10 ppm of sulfur and the injection system electronically reprogrammed. The tests were performed under full engine load from 1,300 to 2,000 rpm. The torque, power and fuel consumption were evaluated. Advancing the injection point increased the power and decreased the specific fuel consumption for all fuels. The greater amount of injected fuel provided average power gain of up to 14.96% and average torque gain of 15.50%.
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Dubov, Georgiy, Dmitriy Trukhmanov, Iliya Kuznetsov, Sergey Nokhrin, and Aleksey Sergel. "Procedure for Haul Truck On-Board LNG Fuel Systems Performance Evaluation." E3S Web of Conferences 105 (2019): 03019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910503019.
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The state-of-the-art of the advantages of using liquefied natural gas as a motor fuel for haul trucks instead of oil motor fuel is considered. It is noted that the energy intensity of the process of rock mass hauling by dual-fuel (gas-diesel) haul trucks is less than that of haul trucks running on diesel only. It is argued that the most promising in relation to heavy-duty mining trucks, is the conversion of diesel engines to gas-diesel operation. The universal integrated procedure for evaluating currently used haul truck on-board cryogenic fuel systems performance is presented. The method of evaluating the “rate of replacement” of diesel fuel with liquefied natural gas, when operating haul trucks equipped with on-board cryogenic fuel systems, is described in detail. The possible sequence of per-cycle, per-ingle-shift and per-day monitoring of the rate of diesel fuel replacement with liquefied natural gas is presented. The method for evaluating the economic efficiency of the operation of high-payload-capacity haul trucks conversed to gas-diesel operation is given, which allows, among other things, determining the actual service life of on-board cryogenic fuel systems and their time to failure.
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Mal'chuk, V. I., A. Yu Dunin, I. V. Alekseev, Yu V. Trofimenko, and S. M. Kalinina. "Fuel systems for feeding mixed fuels in high-speed diesel engines." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 84, no. 9 (September 15, 2017): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66310.
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The article presents the results of the assembly and testing of the fuel system variants developed at the Moscow State Automobile and Road Technical University for the supply of mixed fuel with the possibility of changing their composition during the injection process. The nozzle housing for mixed fuel differs from the housing of the serial product by the presence of two channels for supplying to the atomizer, respectively, the main fuel and additive. The nozzle is equipped with a sprayer, which also has channels for supplying diesel and alternative fuels. The supply of diesel fuel through the axial channel in the nozzle of the nebulizer is also of fundamental importance, since it inevitably falls into the gap between the needle and the body and thereby facilitates the lubrication of this precision pair. Mixing of the components of the mixture is carried out in the cavity located at the base of the locking cone of the needle. This is another principal feature of the nozzle atomizer design, intended for mixed fuel. Motor fuel mixture research was carried out on a single-cylinder engine mounted on the universal crate of IT-9 (1 Ch 10.5 / 12). It is shown that an increase in the proportion of water in a mixture with diesel fuel leads to an improvement in the composition of combustion products in diesel. Thus, with a 50 % water content, carbon emissions are reduced by almost 10 times, nitrogen oxides by a factor of 2,6, and carbon oxide by a factor of 2,5. The working capacity of the development during its operation as a part of the diesel engine (2 Ch × 10.5 / 12) is shown and the possibility of improving its ecological characteristics with a reduction in the consumption of diesel fuel by partial replacement with ethanol is demonstrated.
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Priporov, Igor. "DIESEL POWER SYSTEM ON MIXED FUEL ON MTP TYPE TRACTOR." SCIENCE IN THE CENTRAL RUSSIA, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35887/2305-2538-2022-3-120-128.
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One of the types of motor fuel for motor diesel engines is a mixed fuel obtained by mixing mineral diesel fuel and vegetable oil. The experience of using such a mixed fuel on the MTР-80 tractor shows that the start and heating of the diesel engine must be carried out on mineral diesel fuel, and the operation of the diesel engine in other modes - on mixed fuel The purpose of the research is to develop a diesel power system on mixed fuel for adapting diesel engines of automotive equipment, for example, MTР type tractors to work on viscous vegetable fuel (31.54-34.56cSt). Most of the known systems have disadvantages, which are inherent in not being adapted to work on rapeseed oil, due to its viscosity, as well as contamination of the two-section pumping pump and mixing of contaminated fuels in the mixer, which leads to their contamination with suspended flakes. At the Department of Tractors, Automobiles and Technical Mechanics, the author proposed a diesel power system on mixed fuel, for which RF patent No. 2757356 was obtained. The article presents the device and the technological process of its operation. The execution of technological operations in the diesel power system on the mixed fuel of the MTР tractor type allows to improve the quality of cleaning due to the high viscosity of vegetable fuel (31.54-34.56 cSt) for the operation of the diesel engine. In addition, a multimedia device and a computer are used in the system, which controls the quality of mixing of two types of fuels. Further scientific research should be aimed at the introduction of computer equipment into the power supply system of the MTР type tractor diesel engine.
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Khakimov, J., M. Shatrov, and J. Turdiev. "INVESTIGATION OF DIESEL ENGINE`S WORKING PROCESS ON LIGHT FUEL." Technical science and innovation 2020, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.51346/tstu-01.20.1-77-0047.
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The article considers the investigation results of the working process of diesel on light fuel. Consumption of natural resources in the form of hydrocarbon fuels, which is steadily increasing in transport, the number of rolling stock, and combustion products of motor fuels cause environmental pollution. It is shown that the transition to cheaper alternative types of fuel, by its characteristics, not inferior to liquid motor fuels, is one of the options to reduce operating costs and harmful emissions. The scheme of classification of gas systems of fuel transfer is presented: by design of the system of filling and storage of gas; by quantity of the substituted basic fuel in the system of fuel supply; by method of dosing of fuel; by name and place of sending of a control signal; by design of the unit of decrease in pressure of gas; by design and a site of heating devices of a gas stream of a high pressure; by a method of ignition of a gas-air mix; by a method of change of indicators of working process; by an aggregate condition of used According to the results of theoretical and operational research of the gas engine based on a supercharged diesel engine: the necessity of using a gas injector power supply system has been established; the power and torque of the gas engine created on the basis of a supercharged diesel engine practically do not differ from that of the diesel engine, which is explained by a relatively high degree of compression for engines with spark ignition (ε=2); it has been shown that in the long term it is possible to use gas supply systems under pressure directly into the engine cylinder. As a result, the most affordable commercial alternative fuel for road transport in Uzbekistan turned out to be natural gas.
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Lenďák, Peter, Juraj Jablonický, Daniela Uhrinová, Ján Kosiba, and Ján Polerecký. "Possible Solutions for Checking Particulate Matter Filters (DPF) in Motor Vehicles." Advanced Materials Research 1059 (December 2014): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1059.119.
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Solid carbon (C) is produced during hydrocarbon fuels combustion by the molecules heat decomposition process in a local lack of oxygen. More reactive hydrogen consumed the part of oxygen in the zone of an oxygen-rich mixture, so carbon particles are not gaining access to oxygen. Solid carbon particles are bound to other various materials such as mechanical impurities, sulphates, condensates, and liquid fuel residues, some of them with high toxicity – such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The cause of high solid carbon emissions is a significant inhomogeneity of the mixture up to the value λ = 0 inside the fuel droplets where oxygen absences up to λ = ∞ in the space where fuel does not even come. Therefore, solid carbon emissions highly depend on the quality of atomization of the fuel which is injected into the cylinder. The supply of oxygen required for oxidation is improved by increasing the total amount of the air in the cylinder. In Slovakia as well as in other countries (the Czech Republic, etc.), there have been recently multiple instances of removing catalysts from vehicles by services, deactivation of diesel particulate filters (DPF, SCR), or vehicle control units reprogramming (tuning), or a combination of the previous actions. From the perspective of a company and its interest, it is a large interference with vehicle design, and it also affects the relationship with the environment. From the perspective of society, it is irrelevant whether it is the individual's conduct or the conduct of certain groups. This article explores the possible solutions for checking the illegal diesel engines conversion due to deactivation of particulate matter filters in exhaust systems of diesel engines as well as the current legislation that covers this issue.
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KROPIWNICKI, Jacek, Przemysław DOMINICZAK, Zbigniew KNEBA, Sławomir MAKOWSKI, Janusz CIEŚLIŃSKI, and Maciej ZIÓŁKOWSKI. "Analysis of the possibilities of using of DME fuel in motor boat drive systems." Combustion Engines 171, no. 4 (November 1, 2017): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2017-413.
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The characteristics of alternative fuel for diesel: dimethyl ether (DME) and an analysis of the potential to reduce emissions of toxic compounds by the engines when running on this fuel have been presented in this work. Basic types of design solutions of gas supply and control systems, possible for use in internal combustion engines with DME supply have been also presented. The paper presents a study of the legislation and an analysis of the feasibility of the system storage and fueling DME on board small vessels.
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Y, Kryzhanivskyi, Kryshtopa S, Kryshtopa L, Hnyp M, and Mykytii I. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF DIESEL ENGINE INDICATORS WORKING ON THE MIXTURES OF BIODIESEL FUELS RECEIVED FROM BLUE-GREEN ALGAE." National Transport University Bulletin 1, no. 46 (2020): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33744/2308-6645-2020-1-46-153-162.
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This article considers usage of blue-green algae as biomaterials for creation of motor biofuels. The object of the study is effect of blended biodiesel fuels from blue-green algae on the environmental and energy performances for the diesel engine. The purpose of the work is experimental study of changes of power and ecological characteristics of automobile diesel engines using petroleum diesel and their mixtures with biofuels derived from blue-green algae. Methods of research are experimental, laboratory ones. As a result of performed experimental researches dependences of changing of the effective engine power on the use of diesel fuel and a mixture of diesel fuel with the received bioactive supplements based on methyl esters of the lipid fraction of blue-green algae Chroococcfles in the amount of 5, 10 and 20% were established. It has been experimentally established that the effective power of an engine using a mixture of diesel fuel with the derived bioactive compounds based on methyl esters of the lipid fraction of blue-green algae Chroococcfles in the amount of 5, 10 and 20% will decrease by an average of 0,9, 1,8 and 3,5 %. It has been experimentally determined that the content of carbon monoxide in the use of a mixture of diesel fuel with the derived bioactive compounds based on methyl esters of the lipid fraction of blue-green algae Chroococcfles in the amount of 5, 10 and 20 % will decrease by an average of 6,5, 13,9 and 28,7 %. The obtained results allow to optimize the choice of fuels for power systems of internal combustion engines and to reduce emissions of harmful substances in exhaust gases of automobile diesel engines. KEY WORDS: BIOFUELS, DIESEL ENGINE, ALGAE, POWERFUL CHARACTERISTICS, ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS.
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Knaub, Ludmila. "Improvement of mixing processes in diesel engines." Technology audit and production reserves 3, no. 1(59) (June 30, 2021): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2021.232050.
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The object of research is gas-dynamic vortex processes in heterogeneous polydisperse flows. One of the most problematic issues in engine building is the completeness of combustion and the rate of fuel burnout in the given coordinates on the allotted hourly interval in the combustion chamber. These indicators, in turn, determine stringent requirements for used fuels in terms of thermophysical parameters that affect sawing, evaporation and mixing with an oxidizer. In the course of the study, methods of mathematical modeling were used based on the theory of similarity. Methods have been developed for preparing a combustible mixture for detonation-free combustion of a cheap alternative fuel. A method for assessing the quality of spraying low cetane fuel is proposed. A mathematical model is obtained for calculating the change in the parameters of the quality of atomization and the differential characteristics of fuel injection. This is necessary for theoretical studies of gas-dynamic processes in additional power systems for diesel engines in an unsteady three-dimensional flow with variable parameters of a polydisperse flow of a combustible mixture. It has been proven that with a decrease in the camshaft rotational speed, the injection speed will be insufficient to achieve the required spray quality due to a decrease in the speed. This made it possible to redesign the additional system using a separate dual fuel supply. Research samples of an additional power supply system for the ЯМЗ–24 ОН diesel engine (Yaroslavl Motor Plant, Russia) have been developed. Comparative tests of the engine operation on stable gas condensate with the main fuel equipment and an additional system have been carried out. Oscillograms of the tests were obtained and analyzed. The research results provided the basis for the use of low cetane cheap gas condensate in diesel engines. This will improve the economic, power and environmental performance of the engines. Compared to standard cetane fuels, the price of fuel will decrease by 40 %, engine power will increase by 20 %, and the environmental performance of exhaust gases will decrease by 10–30 %.
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Kryshtopa, S. І., L. І. Kryshtopa, М. М. Hnyp, and І. М. Mykytii. "Energy efficiency of diesel engines in the oil and gas industry when transferred to alternative fuels." Oil and Gas Power Engineering, no. 2(32) (December 27, 2019): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9868-2019-2(32)-88-96.
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This article considers usage of blue-green algae as biomaterials for creation of motor biofuels. Proliferation of blue-green algae leads to water rotting, destruction of aquatic ecosystems and destruction of rivers and lakes that is why clearing of water bodies from blue-green algae is an urgent task. The object of the study is effect of blended biodiesel fuels from blue-green algae on the environmental and energy performances for the diesel engine. The purpose of the work is experimental study of changes of power and ecological characteristics of automobile diesel engines using petroleum diesel and their mixtures with biofuels derived from blue-green algae. Methods of research are experimental, laboratory ones. Laboratory researches were carried out on an experimental installation based on the serial diesel engine D21A1. As a result of performed experimental researches dependences of changing of the effective engine power on the use of diesel fuel and a mixture of diesel fuel with the received bioactive supplements based on methyl esters of the lipid fraction of blue-green algae Chroococcfles in the amount of 5, 10 and 20 % were established. It has been experimentally established that the effective power of an engine using a mixture of diesel fuel with the derived bioactive compounds based on methyl esters of the lipid fraction of blue-green algae Chroococcfles in the amount of 5, 10 and 20 % will decrease by an average of 0,9, 1,8 and 3,5 %. It has been experimentally determined that the content of carbon monoxide in the use of a mixture of diesel fuel with the derived bioactive compounds based on methyl esters of the lipid fraction of blue-green algae Chroococcfles in the amount of 5, 10 and 20 % will decrease by an average of 6,5, 13,9 and 28,7 %. The obtained results allow to optimize the choice of fuels for power systems of internal combustion engines and to reduce emissions of harmful substances in exhaust gases of automobile diesel engines.
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Voron, O. A. "The use of liquefied natural gas in the combined power unit of autonomous refrigerated car." Vestnik of the Railway Research Institute 78, no. 3 (July 28, 2019): 188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21780/2223-9731-2019-78-3-188-192.
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A specific feature of the market for the transport of perishable goods is the length of the routes. As part of the implementation of new technical solutions for isothermal rolling stock, research is being conducted on the development of autonomous power supply complexes. The article discusses combined power supply system of an autonomous refrigerated car (ARC), which includes a diesel generator set and a carriage generator. Possibility of using liquefied natural gas as a motor fuel for a diesel generator set, as well as generator and drive units with a car generator is being evaluated. Taking into account the operating experience of power plants of cars in the mode of unmanned technologies, the advantages of using liquefied gas as fuel are described. Comparative calculation of the costs of various types of fuel by the ARC power plant is given. The advantages of using the utilization of the heat of vaporization of liquefied natural gas (LNG) to increase the cooling capacity of a regular refrigeration unit are substantiated. Article gives comparative calculated economic assessment of fuel costs when using different options for power supply systems on routes when driving at high speed and accelerated refrigerated trains, which allows determining the required onboard fuel supply for different options. The use of LNG as a motor fuel and an additional source of cold for ARC is promising. Autonomy of the car on existing fuel reserves is increased by reducing the operating time of refrigeration and power plants. Reducing operating costs is achieved through savings on the purchase of fuel, since the price of an equivalent amount of LNG is lower than that of gasoline or diesel fuel. Operational advantages of LNG are to protect the fuel system from corrosion and contamination. The use of a generator-drive unit with a car generator will save from 30 to 70 % of the fuel used (LNG or diesel), depending on the speed of the freight train on routes of considerable length.
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Duan, Zheng, Yajie Chen, Haibo Gao, and Linhao Liao. "Analysis of Key Technologies for New Green Marine Propulsion Systems." E3S Web of Conferences 194 (2020): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019402008.
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The new green Marine propulsion system, as a new generation of marine propulsion, has advantages of strong mobility, low fuel consumption, low noise, safety and comfort. Three green propulsion solutions for different ship types are proposed, including pure electric propulsion system, compound energy storage electric propulsion system and diesel-electric hybrid propulsion system. The structure features and performance advantages are introduced and the key technologies such as new energy storage, DC network and shaft generator/motor are discussed. The related research achievements and typical project cases are also introduced.
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Kang, Lili, Dongjie Jiang, Chaoying Xia, Yongjiu Xu, and Kaiyi Sun. "Research and Analysis of Permanent Magnet Transmission System Controls on Diesel Railway Vehicles." Electronics 10, no. 2 (January 14, 2021): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10020173.
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As the energy crisis and environmental pollution continue to be a gradual threat, the energy saving of transmission systems has become the focus of railway vehicle research and design. Due to their high-power density and efficiency features, permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) have been gradually applied in railway vehicles. To improve the efficiency of the transmission system of diesel railway vehicles, it is a good option to use PMSM as both a generator and traction motor to construct a full permanent magnet transmission system (FPMTS). Due to the application of the new FPMTS, some of the original control strategies for diesel railway vehicle transmission systems are no longer applicable. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust and improve the control strategies to meet the needs of FPMTS. We studied several key issues that affect the reliability and comfort of the vehicles. As such, this paper introduced the FPMTS control strategy, including the coordinated control strategy of the diesel and the traction motor, the two degrees of freedom (2DOF) decoupling current regulator, the maximum torque control of the standardized unit current, the wheel slip protection control, and the fault protection strategy. The experiment was carried out on the test platform and the test run of the diesel shunting locomotive equipped with the FPMTS. The results showed that the control strategy described in this paper met the operation characteristics of the FPMTS and that the control performance was superior. The study of FPMTS lays the foundation for the subsequent application of permanent magnet motors in high-powered diesel locomotives and high-speed diesel multi-units.
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JAWORSKI, Artur, Kazimierz LEJDA, Janusz LUBAS, and Maksymilian MĄDZIEL. "Comparison of exhaust emission from Euro 3 and Euro 6 motor vehicles fueled with petrol and LPG based on real driving conditions." Combustion Engines 178, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2019-318.
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Constantly increasing requirements regarding emission limits for harmful exhaust components force vehicle manufacturers to im-prove the construction of vehicle engines as well as exhaust gas cleaning systems. In addition to modifications in the field of technology of motor vehicles themselves, it is also important to study the impact of alternatives to petrol or diesel fuels. One of the most popular fossil fuel is liquid petroleum gas. In the paper, the results of comparative studies on the emission of harmful exhaust components of vehicles meeting the Euro 3 and Euro 6 standards in the field of petrol and LPG fuel use are presented. Emission measurement was performed using a portable emission measurement system from Horiba OBS-2200 under real traffic conditions. The presented results show the differences between the tested vehicles and the fuels used.
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Bayraktar, Murat, and Mustafa Nuran. "An assessment of electric motors from the point of marine propulsion systems." World Journal of Environmental Research 12, no. 1 (May 31, 2022): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/wjer.v12i1.7733.
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The global environmental concern and the limited resources of fossil fuels warrant the use of alternative and renewable energy sources. The International Maritime Organisation aims to increase energy efficiency and reduce emissions from marine vessels. In this context, in addition to the conventional propulsion system, the application of hybrid propulsion system (HPS) and diesel-electric propulsion system (DEPS) comes to the fore. This study aims to analyse electric motors, one of the HPS and DEPS equipment, in detail. In this study, HPS gains are described by performing application load tests on electric motors and diesel engines in detail. Consequently, this article found that HPS and DEPS systems will be used more widely in the maritime industry in the future, especially on tugboats operated at low loads for most of their operating time. This paper will be a prominent source for researchers and maritime sector stakeholders whose studies are concerning HPS and DEPS, particularly on electric motors.
Keywords: Efficiency, energy, electric motor, marine vessels, propulsion, system;
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Morales Vásquez, Cristian A. "Evaluation of Medium Speed Diesel generator sets and energy storage technologies as alternatives for reducing fuel consumption and exhaust emissions in electric propulsion systems for PSVs." Ciencia y tecnología de buques 9, no. 18 (January 29, 2016): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.25043/19098642.128.
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The use of electric propulsion systems in PSVs in Brazil has recently increased, leading to be the standard for most support vessels. In those ships, the common arrangement uses high speed Diesel generator sets for power generation and induction motors driving propellers, reporting significant reductions in the fuel consumption and exhaust emissions compared with mechanically propelled PSVs. However, further abatements in these parameters could be achieved by implementing other technologies for power production. In this work, the use of medium- speed Diesel generator sets and energy storage technologies in electrically propelled PSVs is evaluated. For the above, the fuel consumption, exhaust emissions, mass, volume and acquisition costs of four arrangements are estimated and compared. Two of the arrangements are equipped with medium-speed Diesel generator sets, two with energy storage units and one with high-speed Diesel generator sets. Energy storage appears as interesting alternative for decreasing fuel consumption and emissions by optimal loading of Diesel engines. Medium speed generators also showed reductions in fuel consumption, but highest emissions. The arrangements with high-speed generators presented the lowest mass, volume and acquisition costs.
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Mares, Jaromir, Vaclav Zajicek, and Katerina Pochobradska. "The Monitoring Of Operating Costs Of The Vehicles In The Czech Army." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 21, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2015-0055.
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Abstract The paper deals with monitoring of operating costs of the vehicles in the Czech Army. The cost reduction is realized through the methods of controling, improvement of field maintenance quality, modularization of the units, acquiring of new equipment, the options of reducing fuel consumption by additives, trends in the maintenance area and surveillance systems implemented for check of the vehicles operation. Significantly, we proceeded to the method of cost reduction by implementing new equipment. We have proved the method success. Especially with vehicles T 810 the demostrated savings were about 12.7% of motor diesel in 2008. Similarly, it was also proved in 2009, when that the savings for the same vehicle T 810 in seven modifications were about 11.9% of diesel. The total contribution for the selected military facility of Czech Army was shown by significant overall saving. In 2009, the selected military facility used a total of 9 pieces of new vehicles T 810. The saving of the replaced equipment meant a total fuel savings of 1862 liters, which amounted to 2.34% of the total consumption of diesel.
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Kuharonak, G. M., D. V. Kapskiy, and V. I. Berezun. "Ensuring Requirements for Emissions of Harmful Substances of Diesel Engines." Science & Technique 19, no. 4 (August 5, 2020): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2227-1031-2020-19-4-305-310.
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The purpose of this work is to consider the requirements for emissions of harmful substances of diesel engines by selecting design and adjustment parameters that determine the organization of the workflow, and the exhaust gas cleaning system, taking into account the reduction of fuel consumption. Design elements and geometric characteristics of structures for a turbocharged diesel engine of Д-245 series produced by JSC HMC Minsk Motor Plant (4ЧН11/12.5) with a capacity of 90 kW equipped with an electronically controlled battery fuel injection have been developed: exhaust gas recirculation along the high pressure circuit, shape and dimensions of the combustion chamber, the number and angular arrangement of the nozzle openings in a nozzle atomizer, and inlet channels of the cylinder head. Methods for organizing a workflow are proposed that take into account the shape of the indicator diagrams and affect the emissions of nitrogen oxides and dispersed particles differently. Their implementation allows us to determine the boundary ranges of changes in the control parameters of the fuel supply and exhaust gas recirculation systems when determining the area of minimizing the specific effective fuel consumption and the range of studies for the environmental performance of a diesel engine. The paper presents results of the study on the ways to meet the requirements for emissions of harmful substances, obtained by considering options for the organization of working processes, taking into account the reduction in specific effective fuel consumption, changes in the average temperature of the exhaust gases and diesel equipment. To evaluate these methods, the following indicators have been identified: changes in specific fuel consumption and average temperature of the toxicity cycle relative to the base cycle, the necessary degree of conversion of the purification system for dispersed particles and NOx. Recommendations are given on choosing a diesel engine to meet Stage 4 emission standards for nitrogen oxides and dispersed particles.
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Dubov, Georgiy, Dmitriy Trukhmanov, Sergey Nokhrin, and Aleksey Sergel. "Method for installing cryogenic fuel tanks on the deck of BelAZ 7513 mining dump truck." E3S Web of Conferences 174 (2020): 03016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017403016.
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The state of the issue of the relevance and efficiency of the technology of using liquefied natural gas as a partial replacement of diesel fuel in mining vehicles is considered. It is argued that this technology does not require complex and time-consuming re-engineering of internal com- bustion engines, which makes it economically feasible. It is noted that liq- uefied natural gas seems to be the most promising alternative to petroleum motor fuels in heavy-duty mining dump trucks. The use of liquefied natu- ral gas as a motor fuel reduces the environmental burden; increases the energy efficiency of the rock mass hauling process and reduces fuel costs. It is said that developments aimed at substantiating and choosing design and layout solutions for the placement and arrangement of cryogenic equipment on mining vehicles are relevant. The new method for installing cryogenic fuel tanks on the deck of the BelAZ 7513 series mining dump truck with a payload capacity of 130 tons is described in detail. Layout so- lutions for the modernization of the deck of the BelAZ 7513 series dump truck allowing placing additional cryogenic equipment on its board are presented. The data presented indicate that the successful implementation of the proposed method is confirmed by the project on equipping the BelAZ 75131 mining dump truck with cryogenic onboard fuel systems, implemented in practice.
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Kalinichenko, Antonina, Valerii Havrysh, and Vasyl Perebyynis. "Evaluation of Biogas Production and Usage Potential." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 23, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 387–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2016-0027.
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Abstract The aim of the research is the development of theoretical and methodical bases for determining the feasibility of plant raw materials growing for its further bioconversion into energy resources and technological materials to maximize profit from business activities. Monograph, statistics, modelling and abstract logical methods have been used during the research. Directions of biogas usage have been examined. Biogas yields from different crops have been analyzed. It has been determined that high methane yields can be provided from root crops, grain crops, and several green forage plants. So, forage beet and maize can provide more than 5,500 m3 of biogas per hectare. Attention is paid to the use of by-products of biogas plants, especially carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is an important commodity and can increase profitability of biogas plant operating. It can be used for different purposes (food industry, chemical industry, medicine, fumigation, etc). The most important parameters of the biogas upgrading technologies have been analyzed. If output of an upgrade module is more than 500 nm3/h, investment costs of different available technologies are almost equal. According to experts, it is economically feasible to use anaerobic digestion biogas systems to upgrade biomethane provided their performance is equivalent to 3,000 litres of diesel fuel per day. The economic and mathematical models have been suggested to determine the feasibility of growing plant materials to maximize the gross profit. The target function is the maximum gross income from biogas utilization. It has the following limitations: annual production of biogas, consumption of electricity, heat and motor fuels. The mathematical model takes into account both meeting own requirement and selling surplus energy resources and co-products including carbon dioxide. In case of diesel fuel substitution, an ignition dose of diesel fuels has been considered. The algorithm for making a decision on construction of a biogas plant has been offered.
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Kovbasenko, Serhii, Andrii Holyk, and Vatalii Simonenko. "Determining the effect of change in the gas injection timing on the performance indicators of the diesel engine operating in the diesel-gas cycle." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 2, no. 1 (110) (April 20, 2021): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.230226.
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This paper reports a study into the fuel, economic, energy, and environmental indicators of the diesel engine operating in the diesel-gas cycle. It was established that the injection timing has a significant impact on the diesel engine indicators, in particular emissions of harmful substances with exhaust gases. The gas injection timing was investigated at crankshaft speeds n=1,300 rpm and n=1,600 rpm. At these crankshaft speeds, measurements were carried out at three different values of the injection timing. It has been determined that for each crankshaft speed of the diesel engine, the rational values of the injection timing of compressed natural gas are different. This is due to the time limits for supplying compressed natural gas to cylinders. Bench motor tests were carried out to analyze the effect of change in the gas injection timing on the diesel engine performance indicators operating in the diesel-gas cycle. The diesel engine performance indicators were also determined during a diesel cycle and during a diesel-gas cycle. The analysis has established the effect of change in the injection timing on the concentrations of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and the smoke of exhaust gases under different speed and load modes of diesel engine operation. This effect manifests itself by a slight decrease in the concentration of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, by the increase in the concentration of nitrogen oxides (up to 30 %), and by a significant reduction in the smoke of exhaust gases (up to 90 %). The improvement of environmental indicators of the diesel engine has been confirmed when switching its operation to the diesel-gas cycle, by 10‒16 %, with similar fuel, economic, and energy indicators. Thus, there are grounds to assert the importance of choosing and establishing the rational value for the injection timing of compressed natural gas, depending on the speed and load modes of diesel engine operating in the diesel-gas cycle.
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Kicha, Gennadiy Petrovich, Sergey Petrovich Boyko, and Paul Petrovich Kicha. "Modeling working processes of self-regenerating filters functioning in lubricating systems of ship diesels." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Marine engineering and technologies 2020, no. 2 (May 22, 2020): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-1574-2020-2-69-80.
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The article highlights the urgency of the research of working processes of a self-cleaning filter designed to purify the engine oil in the internal combustion engines. There was carried out experimental modeling of countercurrent regeneration of self-cleaning filters used in fuel preparation and diesel lubrication systems on ships. The layout of the unit for modeling the working processes of self-regenerating filters includes a service tank, a hydraulic motor with a stirrer, a pump, a hydraulic cylinder, a receiver of compressed air, a waste tank, a filtering element, shut-off and pneumatic control equipment, a pollution gauge, a temperature sensor, and other elements. A planning matrix is formed, and the experiment results on evaluating the efficiency of the self-regenerating filters are illustrated. The main factors of the regeneration coefficient are considered. There are presented the dependencies of evaluating the process effectiveness and predicting the life of filters between dry cleanings. The methods of calculating the regeneration parameters of automated filters based on the SRF-60 and SRFD-120 modules have been presented, which allows choosing the hydrodynamic modes and backwash time of filter elements taking into account the operating conditions of oil filters. The influence of the filtering process regeneration efficiency identified by the specific intensity of the removal of the dispersed phase from the oil, hydrodynamics (Reynolds number) and the relative backwash time, the adhesive properties of sludge, the filter design, and dispersion of the pollution are analyzed. The evidence of the validation of the calculated experimental dependences obtained from the laboratory tests of the filter model and their compliance with the results of field tests of self-cleaning filters on ships are presented. The possibility of calculating and adjusting the off-line operation of the self-cleaning filter in the lubrication systems of marine diesel engines is presented subject to diesel forcing, fuel quality and lubricants used, oil aging, additives wear and contamination by coarse-grained mechanical impurities.
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Khooban, Mohammad Hassan, Navid Vafamand, and Jalil Boudjadar. "Tracking Control for Hydrogen Fuel Cell Systems in Zero-Emission Ferry Ships." Complexity 2019 (November 15, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5358316.
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For more than a century, conventional marine vessels spatter the atmosphere with CO2 emissions and detrimental particles when operated by diesel motors/generators. Fuel cells have recently emerged as one of the most promising emission-free technologies for the electrification of ship propulsion systems. In fuel cell-based ship electrification, the entire marine power system is viewed as a direct current (DC) microgrid (MG) with constant power loads (CPLs). A challenge of such settings is how to stabilize the voltages and currents of the ship’s grid. In this paper, we propose a new modified backstepping controller to stabilize the MG voltage and currents. Finally, to study the performance and efficiency of our proposal, we run an experiment simulation using dSPACE real-time emulator.
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Tatarynow, Dawid, Rafał Longwic, Przemysław Sander, Łukasz Zieliński, Michał Trojgo, Wincenty Lotko, and Paweł Lonkwic. "Test Stand for a Motor Vehicle Powered by Different Fuels." Applied Sciences 12, no. 20 (October 21, 2022): 10683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122010683.
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This article discusses current testing methods for motor vehicle engines. Traction engines have so far been tested, for example, according to WLTP (Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Procedure) driving tests, but due to the “VW—gate” incident, these are now to be supplemented by RDE (Real Driving Emissions) tests, conducted under real road conditions. The analyses of the state of knowledge and the directions of research to date unequivocally indicate the need for the construction of a stand that allows: testing of a complete vehicle admitted to traffic; testing of a motor vehicle with the possibility of simulating real operating conditions; load setting with the possibility of its regulation; feeding the engine with various fuels; modification of the software of controllers having a direct impact on the control strategies of the engine; transmission and traction control system; reading, recording and analysis of the parameters of the operation of control systems in real time; detailed recording and analysis of the combustion process occurring directly in the combustion chamber; and the measurement of emitted toxic substances. On a bench with the above features, tests were carried out on a diesel motor vehicle, which were based on recording changes in the parameters of the combustion and injection process. The tests were conducted under static and dynamic conditions. Tests under static conditions were conducted on a chassis dynamometer. They consisted of indicating the engine for different fuel dose control maps. The vehicle equipped with the test engine was driven at a constant speed on the chassis dynamometer and loaded with a drag force of 130 Nm. Tests under dynamic conditions were conducted under real traffic conditions. They were limited to the presentation of results under static conditions. The main results of the tests are given in the conclusion and include a general summary. In particular, the presented results of the diesel tests demonstrate an attempt to adapt the engine to co-power with hydrogen.
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Antonetti, Claudia, Samuele Gori, Domenico Licursi, Gianluca Pasini, Stefano Frigo, Mar López, Juan Carlos Parajó, and Anna Maria Raspolli Galletti. "One-Pot Alcoholysis of the Lignocellulosic Eucalyptus nitens Biomass to n-Butyl Levulinate, a Valuable Additive for Diesel Motor Fuel." Catalysts 10, no. 5 (May 6, 2020): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10050509.
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The present investigation represents a concrete example of complete valorization of Eucalyptus nitens biomass, in the framework of the circular economy. Autohydrolyzed-delignified Eucalyptus nitens was employed as a cheap cellulose-rich feedstock in the direct alcoholysis to n-butyl levulinate, adopting n-butanol as green reagent/reaction medium, very dilute sulfuric acid as a homogeneous catalyst, and different heating systems. The effect of the main reaction parameters to give n-butyl levulinate was investigated to check the feasibility of this reaction and identify the coarse ranges of the main operating variables of greater relevance. High n-butyl levulinate molar yields (35–40 mol%) were achieved under microwave and traditional heating, even using a very high biomass loading (20 wt%), an eligible aspect from the perspective of the high gravity approach. The possibility of reprocessing the reaction mixture deriving from the optimized experiment by the addition of fresh biomass was evaluated, achieving the maximum n-butyl levulinate concentration of about 85 g/L after only one microwave reprocessing of the mother liquor, the highest value hitherto reported starting from real biomass. The alcoholysis reaction was further optimized by Response Surface Methodology, setting a Face-Centered Central Composite Design, which was experimentally validated at the optimal operating conditions for the n-butyl levulinate production. Finally, a preliminary study of diesel engine performances and emissions for a model mixture with analogous composition to that produced from the butanolysis reaction was performed, confirming its potential application as an additive for diesel fuel, without separation of each component.
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Khvatov, Oleg Stanislavovich, Ilya Aleksandrovich Tarpanov, and Pavel Vadimovich Kuznecov. "Ship power plant with reversible shaft generator unit operating by dual-power machine scheme and variable speed diesel generator." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Marine engineering and technologies 2021, no. 3 (August 31, 2021): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-1574-2021-3-93-100.
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The article presents the analysis of the operating modes of small displacement vessels, which states that most of the working time the vessels are in standby mode, or move at low speed. The main ship diesel engines operate at a load of 10-15% (maximum 20%), which impacts the operational performance: the oil and water jacket of the engine do not have time to warm up, fuel and oil consumption increases. There takes place coking of piston rings, intercoolers and other components, which leads to a sharp decrease in the service life of the engine. In order to eliminate the disadvantages happening in the main engines operation in shared load modes, it is considered to use the shaft generator unit as a propeller shaft unit in the prolonged operation of the vessel at passing with a low speed and maneuvering. Such a variant of the shaft generator can be called a reversible shaft generator unit (RSGU) capable of operating in both generator and motor modes. At the same time, it is advisable to power the reversible shaft generator and general ship consumers from a diesel generator, which, in order to save fuel, can be applied as a variable speed diesel generator unit. There is presented a RSGU variant based on an asynchronous machine with a phase rotor and a frequency converter in the rotor (a double power supply machine). The functional and structural schemes of the ship’s electric power system using the variable speed diesel generator and the propulsive system based on the reversible shaft generator are presented. In the Matlab software there are developed the simulation models and presented the results of simulation modeling of the operating modes of the above systems.
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Dallmann, T. R., T. B. Onasch, T. W. Kirchstetter, D. R. Worton, E. C. Fortner, S. C. Herndon, E. C. Wood, et al. "Characterization of particulate matter emissions from on-road gasoline and diesel vehicles using a soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 3 (February 14, 2014): 4007–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-4007-2014.
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Abstract. Particulate matter (PM) emissions were measured in July 2010 from on-road motor vehicles driving through a highway tunnel in the San Francisco Bay area. A soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS) was used to measure the chemical composition of PM emitted by gasoline and diesel vehicles at high time resolution. Organic aerosol (OA) and black carbon (BC) concentrations were measured during various time periods that had different levels of diesel influence, as well as directly in the exhaust plumes of individual heavy-duty (HD) diesel trucks. BC emission factor distributions for HD trucks were more skewed than OA distributions, with the highest 10% of trucks accounting for 56 and 42% of total measured BC and OA emissions, respectively. A comparison of measured OA and BC mass spectra across various sampling periods revealed a high degree of similarity in BC and OA emitted by gasoline and diesel engines. Cycloalkanes predominate in exhaust OA emissions relative to saturated alkanes (i.e., normal and iso-paraffins), suggesting that lubricating oil rather than fuel is the dominant source of primary organic aerosol (POA) emissions in diesel vehicle exhaust. This finding is supported by the detection of trace elements such as zinc and phosphorus in the exhaust plumes of individual trucks. Trace elements were emitted relative to total OA at levels that are consistent with typical weight fractions of commonly used additives present in lubricating oil. The presence of trace elements in vehicle exhaust raises the concern that ash deposits may accumulate over time in diesel particle filter systems, and may eventually lead to performance problems that require servicing.
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Katrašnik, Tomaž, Ferdinand Trenc, Vladimir Medica, and Stojan Markič. "An Analysis of Turbocharged Diesel Engine Dynamic Response Improvement by Electric Assisting Systems." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 127, no. 4 (July 23, 2004): 918–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1924533.
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It is well known that turbocharged diesel engines suffer from an inadequate response to sudden load increase, this being a consequence of the nature of the energy exchange between the engine and the turbocharger. The dynamic response of turbocharged diesel engines could be improved by electric assisting systems, either by direct energy supply with an integrated starter-generator-booster (ISG) mounted on the engine flywheel, or indirect energy supply with an electrically assisted turbocharger. A previously verified zero dimensional computer simulation method was used for the analysis of both types of electrical assistance. The credibility of the data presented is further assured by the experimentally determined characteristics of the electric motors used as input parameters of the simulation. The paper offers an analysis of the interaction between a turbocharged diesel engine operating under various load conditions and electric assisting systems, as well as the requirements for supporting electric motors suitable for the improvement of an engine’s dynamic response. It is evident that an electrically assisted turbocharger outperforms an integrated starter-generator-booster for vehicle application, however ISG is the preferred solution when instant power increase is demanded.
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Abenoja, Ryan, Roger Montepio, and Roland Bayron. "A New Solar-Powered Rice-Fish Farming System for Yield Improvement." Southeastern Philippines Journal of Research and Development 25, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.53899/spjrd.v25i1.42.
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Rice-fish farming is widely practiced all over the world, but since some areas lack irrigation, diesel pumps are often needed. Solar-powered irrigation systems (SPIS) are considered to be a more sustainable option than traditional pumps, but are more costly to set up, limiting their use to direct rice irrigation. This study intended to integrate solar-powered pumps in the irrigation system and investigate its viability through the following: establish an appropriate motor size, determine solar panel tilt, and compare with traditional irrigation pumping. The system was comprised of a positive displacement-type solar pump, photovoltaic panels, a charge controller, a battery, and an elevated, lined water impounding system for aquaculture. Tilt angles varying between 5 and 10 degrees were tested by measuring the current drawn from the photovoltaic panels. Three motor sizes were used and compared based on flow rate and volume of water pumped per full 100Ah battery, and the effect of the water impounding system along with raising tilapia on the growth of rice was determined. Results revealed that a 200-watt motor pumps the most water per full battery charge, and that the monthly computed panel tilt had the highest harvested energy. Furthermore, solar-powered rice-fish culture gave a higher yield compared to traditional diesel-pump irrigation, and calculations on the system’s economic feasibility show a benefitcost ratio of 1.26 and a payback period of 2.87 years.
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Kurtenbach, Ralf, Kai Vaupel, Jörg Kleffmann, Ulrich Klenk, Eberhard Schmidt, and Peter Wiesen. "Emissions of NO, NO<sub>2</sub> and PM from inland shipping." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 22 (November 16, 2016): 14285–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-14285-2016.
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Abstract. Particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides NOx (NOx = NO2+ NO) are key species for urban air quality in Europe and are emitted by mobile sources. According to European recommendations, a significant fraction of road freight should be shifted to waterborne transport in the future. In order to better consider this emission change pattern in future emission inventories, in the present study inland water transport emissions of NOx, CO2 and PM were investigated under real world conditions on the river Rhine, Germany, in 2013. An average NO2 ∕ NOx emission ratio of 0.08 ± 0.02 was obtained, which is indicative of ship diesel engines without exhaust gas aftertreatment systems. For all measured motor ship types and operation conditions, overall weighted average emission indices (EIs), as emitted mass of pollutant per kg burnt fuel of EINOx = 54 ± 4 g kg−1 and a lower limit EIPM1 ≥ 2.0 ± 0.3 g kg−1, were obtained. EIs for NOx and PM1 were found to be in the range of 20–161 and ≥ 0.2–8.1 g kg−1 respectively. A comparison with threshold values of national German guidelines shows that the NOx emissions of all investigated motor ship types are above the threshold values, while the obtained lower limit PM1 emissions are just under. To reduce NOx emissions to acceptable values, implementation of exhaust gas aftertreatment systems is recommended.
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Chaitidis, Gavriil D., Panagiotis K. Marhavilas, and Venetis Kanakaris. "Potential Effects on Human Safety and Health from Infrasound and Audible Frequencies Generated by Vibrations of Diesel Engines Using Biofuel Blends at the Workplaces of Sustainable Engineering Systems." Sustainability 14, no. 13 (June 21, 2022): 7554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14137554.
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Employees involved in various occupational environments that include vibration machines and any kind of vehicles are adversely subjected to multiple source noise. Thus, the corresponding noise frequencies (and mainly the infrasound ones) present high interest, especially from the viewpoint of sustainability, due to the potential effects on human safety and health (H_S&H) in sustainable engineering projects. Moreover, the occupational safety and health (OSH) visualization (a fact of unveiling the social dimension of sustainability) of occupational workplaces (by evaluating the infrasound and audible noise frequencies generated by diesel engines) could help a safety officer to lessen crucial risk factors in the OSH field and also to protect, more efficiently, the employees by taking the most essential safety measures. This study (i) suggests a technique to determine the infrasound and audible sound frequencies produced due to vibrations of diesel engines, by using biofuels (i.e., sustainable utilization of resources), in order to evaluate potential effects on human safety and health at the workplaces of sustainable engineering projects, and (ii) it ultimately aims to contribute to the improvement of the three “sustainability pillars” (economy, social, and environmental). Therefore, it provides experimental results of the frequency of the noise (regarding the infrasound and audible spectrum) that a diesel motor generates by vibration, in the frame of using different engine rpms (850, 1150, and 2000) and a variety of biofuel mixtures (B20-D80, B40-D60, B60-D40, and B80-D20). The article shows that the fuel blend meaningfully affects the generated noise, and more particularly, the usage of biofuel blends coming from mixing diesel oil with biodiesel (a fact of the emerging environmental dimension of sustainability) can produce various noise frequencies, which are determined in the infrasound and audible spectra (~10–23 Hz). The suggested technique, by ameliorating the OSH situation, doubtless will help enterprises to achieve the finest allocation of limited financial resources (a fact corresponding to the economic dimension of sustainability), allowing financial managers to have more available budget for implementing other risk-reduction projects.
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Dilibe, Ifeanyi. "Computational model of the fuel consumption and exhaust temperature of a heavy duty diesel engine using MATLAB/SIMULINK." Poljoprivredna tehnika 45, no. 4 (2020): 51–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/poljteh2004051d.
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A model of a diesel engine and its electronic control system was developed to investigate the engine behaviour in a vehicle simulation environment. The modelled quantities were brake torque, fuel consumption and exhaust gas temperature and were based on engine speed and pedal position. In order to describe these outputs the inlet air flow and boost pressure were also modelled and used as inner variables. The model was intended to be implemented on board a vehicle in a control unit which had limited computational performance. To keep the model as computationally efficient as possible the model basically consists of look-up tables and polynomials. First order systems were used to describe the dynamics of air flow and exhaust temperature. The outputs enable gear shift optimization over three variables, torque for vehicle acceleration, fuel consumption for efficiency and exhaust temperature to maintain high efficiency in the exhaust after treatment system. The engine model captures the low frequent dynamics of the modelled quantities in the closed loop of the engine and its electronic control system. The model only consists of three states, one for the pressure build up in the intake manifold and two states for modelling the exhaust temperature. The model was compared to measured data from an engine test cell (as got in INNOSON NIG. LTD.) and the mean absolute relative error were lower than 6.8%, 7.8% and 5.8% for brake torque, fuel consumption and exhaust gas temperature respectively. These results were considered good given the simplicity of the model.
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Burnett, Justin, Frank R. Rack, Daren Blythe, Pat Swanson, Dennis Duling, Dar Gibson, Chad Carpenter, et al. "Developing a hot-water drill system for the WISSARD project: 3. Instrumentation and control systems." Annals of Glaciology 55, no. 68 (2014): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2014aog68a039.
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AbstractThe WISSARD (Whillans Ice Stream Subglacial Access Research Drilling) traversable hot-water drill system was designed to create various-diameter ice boreholes to a depth of >800 m, with most major components being controllable from a single user interface. The drill control system operates four low-pressure pumps for water generation and circulation, two hot-water generation units containing a total of six diesel burner modules with integrated high-pressure pumps, three winches (one with independent level-wind motor), a four-motor linear traction drive, and a large number of analog and digital sensors to monitor system performance and cleanliness. Due to development time constraints the control system design focused on utilizing commercial off-the-shelf components, while being highly modular, easily expandable and rapidly deployable. Additional emphasis was placed on providing redundant manual operator controls and maintaining a low degree of system automation to avoid dependence on software control loops for first-season deployment. The result of this design paradigm was a control system that was taken from concept to full operation in <6 months, successfully performing in the field without insurmountable problems.
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Sidorov, Kirill M., Baurzhan K. Ospanbekov, Aleksandr G. Grishchenko, Vladimir I. Stroganov, and Vladimir E. Yutt. "Algorithm for evaluating the directional characteristics of an antenna array with electric scanning in the observation coordinate system." T-Comm 15, no. 10 (2021): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36724/2072-8735-2021-15-10-18-26.
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Improving the fuel, economic and environmental indicators of the process of generating electrical energy is an urgent problem of small-scale power generation, due to a significant share of traditional solutions based on diesel generator sets, which are not highly efficient in the overall structure of primary fuel use (including the stages of production, transportation and final transformation). At the same time, the modern development of technologies in the field of promising energy sources and power electronics contributes to the sustainable diversification of energy resources, strengthening the position of environmentally friendly renewable energy. However, the use of alternative types of fuels for variable speed engine generators, photovoltaic and wind power plants is associated with the need to use additional devices for converting electrical energy – stabilizing voltage converters. This article is devoted to issues related to the design of autonomous power systems based on these voltage converters using mathematical modeling tools. The paper describes a complex mathematical model of an autonomous power plant with a variable speed motor-generator and an electric energy storage device, presents a mathematical description of the main components of such a system, and also provides examples of the model implementation in a specialized software environment. A distinctive feature of the proposed model is an approach to modeling the operating modes of an engine-generator set, which is a synthesis of multi-parameter characteristics of an internal combustion engine, analytical expressions for energy storage and conversion systems. The presented complex model makes it possible to determine the electrical, energy and environmental indicators of autonomous power plants when the power of the electrical load changes. The article provides an example of the nature of the results obtained in computer modeling.
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Sá Júnior, Arionaldo De, and Jacinto de Assunção Carvalho. "ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA DO CUSTO PARA APLICAÇÃO DE UMA LÂMINA DE IRRIGAÇÃO UTILIZANDO ENERGIA ELÉTRICA E DIESEL." ENERGIA NA AGRICULTURA 31, no. 3 (December 30, 2016): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.17224/energagric.2016v31n3p259-266.
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Objetivou-se com a realização deste trabalho, estimar o custo com energia elétrica e à diesel para aplicação de 1 milímetro de lâmina de irrigação em uma área de 1 hectare. O grupo tarifário considerado foi o “B” para baixa tensão e subgrupo “B2 - Rural”. Os valores tarifários aplicados foram obtidos na Companhia energética de Minas Gerais – CEMIG. O valor adotado para o diesel foi respectivo à média observada na região sul de Minas Gerais no segundo semestre de 2012. Para efeito de cálculos, os rendimentos globais do conjunto motobomba e alturas manométricas totais adotadas foram, respectivamente; 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% e 10, 25, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175 e 200 m.c.a. Para o cálculo do custo total com a aplicação da lâmina de 1mm ha-1 foi considerado que o custo com a energia na atividade de irrigação representa 65% e 75% para elétrica e diesel, respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos mostram um crescimento linear dos custos com energia com o aumento da altura manométrica total. A utilização de sistemas motobomba mais eficientes reduz o custo com energia elétrica na ordem de 7% a 20% e diesel entre 4% a 16%, para as situações propostas.Em todos os casos a energia elétrica é mais favorável com relação ao custo.Palavras-chave: Lâmina de irrigação, Motobomba, Tarifa, Grupo tarifário.COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE COST OF AN IRRIGATION DEPTH USING ELECTRIC ENERGY AND DIESELABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to estimate the cost of electricity and diesel use for application of 1 mm water depth in an area of 1 hectare. The tariff group considered was "B" for low voltage and subgroup "B2 - Rural". The applied tariff rates were obtained from the energy company of Minas Gerais - CEMIG. The value adopted for a liter of diesel fuel was the average observed in the southern region of Minas Gerais in the second semester of 2012. To do the calculation, the overall yields adopted for the whole pump and manometer total elevation were, respectively, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% and 10, 25, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200 meters of water column. To calculate the total cost of 1mm ha-1 application, it was considered that the cost of energy on irrigation activity represents 65% and 75% for electricity and diesel, respectively. The results showed a linear increase of energy costs by increasing the manometer total elevation. The use of more efficient pump systems reduces the cost of electric power in the range of 7% to 20% and of diesel by 4% to 16% considering the proposed situations. In all cases, the electrical energy is more advantageous regarding the cost.Keywords: Depth irrigation, Motor-pump, Tariff, Tariff Group.
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FLUDER, Kinga, Ireneusz PIELECHA, and Wojciech CIEŚLIK. "The impact of drive mode of a hybrid drive system on the energy flow indicators in the RDE test." Combustion Engines 175, no. 4 (November 1, 2018): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2018-403.
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The drive to reduce fuel consumption of vehicles equipped with internal combustion engines leads to an increasing share of hybrid drives used in various means of transport. Such hybrid vehicles, thanks to the use of diesel-electric drive systems, allow for a fuel consumption reduction, and thus to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions. This fuel consumption reduction results from a specifically selected energy flow strategy in hybrid systems. This strategy was the focus of the research performed in order to identify the energy flow conditions in a hybrid drive system in driving conditions corresponding to the RDE test. A Lexus LS 500h vehicle was tested in two drive modes, while determining the related energy flow conditions, including the operating conditions of: electric motors, internal combustion engine and battery. Energy balance was determined taking into account the high voltage battery discharge and charging energy as well as the energy recovered during regenerative braking. It was found that in the RDE test conditions the vehicle is in electric mode for over 30% of the distance and 35% of the drive time, with the energy balance of the vehicle being positive (SOCend > SOCstart). Additionally, it was pointed out that the time spent in the electric mode when driving in urban conditions is about 50% and decreases to about 15% for highway conditions.
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Burkov, А. F., V. V. Mikhanoshin, and V. K. Nguyen. "Improving energy efficiency of power electric power plants of low-tonnage passenger ships." Omsk Scientific Bulletin, no. 178 (2021): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.25206/1813-8225-2021-178-46-51.
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The article is devoted to solving the problem of improving the energy efficiency of power plants of high-speed lowtonnage (planing) vessels used for passenger transportation between coastal settlements on the example of the port of Vladivostok located on the Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula, which has mainly land communication with settlements located on the coast. The oversaturation of motor transport, due to the need for communication between localities, which are usually characterized by dense buildings, is one of the main causes of many hours of traffic congestion, which worsen the environmental situation and increase social tension in society. At the same time, the tourist attractiveness of Primorye is also decreasing. One of the promising areas for solving this transport problem is the use of low-tonnage passenger vessels, in particular planing vessels, with hybrid electrified power propulsion systems. According to the available data, such vessels have reduced consumption of fuel and lubricants necessary for the operation of power plants and reduction in harmful emissions into the surrounding atmosphere by more than two times compared to similar traditional diesel vessels. In addition, the prospects of the proposed scientific and technical solution are due to the reduction in the time of passenger transportation while reducing the cost of travel
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Panting, J., K. R. Pullen, and R. F. Martinez-Botas. "Turbocharger motor-generator for improvement of transient performance in an internal combustion engine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 215, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): 369–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954407011525700.
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Turbocharging of internal combustion engines is an established technology used for the purpose of increasing both power density and in some cases the cycle efficiency of diesel engines relative to naturally aspirated engines. However, one significant drawback is the inability to match the characteristics of the turbocharger to the engine under full load and also to provide sufficiently good transient response. Under many conditions this results in reduced efficiency and leads to higher exhaust emissions. The design of turbocharger components must be compromised in order to minimize these drawbacks throughout the entire operating range. However, when shaft power can be either added to or subtracted from the turbocharger shaft by means of a direct drive motor-generator, an additional degree of freedom is available to the designer to achieve a better turbocharger-engine matching. Both engine efficiency and transient response can be significantly improved by means of this method, normally described as hybrid turbocharging. This paper describes the results of a theoretical study of the benefits of hybrid turbocharging over a basic turbocharged engine in both steady state and transient operation. The new system and its benefits are described and four different engine-turbocharger systems are analysed in addition to the baseline engine. The main conclusion of the paper is that a significant increase in design point cycle efficiency can be afforded by re-matching the turbocharger components under steady state conditions while at the same time improving full throttle transient performance. Emissions are not considered in this paper.
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Hidayat, Lukman, Fitri Electrika Dewi Surawan, and Arga Harianda Lumban Raja. "KAJIAN SUMBER ENERGI PADA PENGOLAHAN KELAPA SAWIT MENJADI CRUDE PALM OIL (CPO) DI PT. ALNO AGRO UTAMA SUMINDO OIL MILL, BENGKULU UTARA." AGROINTEK 11, no. 2 (September 21, 2017): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/agrointek.v11i2.3175.
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Increasing demand for Crude Palm Oil (CPO) as the vegetable oil was causing the industry to cultivate palm oil increased, so that the energy required to produce CPO also increased. The purpose of this study is to identify the type, source and calculate the amount of energy needs, calculate the level of efficiency and energy savings opportunities. Stages of the research are initial energy analysis, a detailed energy, and energy analysis in processing systems. Based on the research results, to produce each kg of CPO processing capacity of 60 ton TBS / hour with a recovery rate of 20.59% of primary energy needs of 16.200679 MJ / kg. Real boiler efficiency of 45.69%, the real efficiency of the turbine was 94, 86%. Turbine efficiency to generate electrical energy by 1.09%, the technical efficiency of 66.80% turbines, diesel generators technical efficiency of 47.25%, the technical efficiency of electric motors by 59.37%. The total efficiency of electricity use by 4,75%, the efficiency of diesel estate of 1.379% and the efficiency of the use of steam at 93.77%. Energy can be saved by 0.0442 MJ / kg with a description of human powered energy of 0.0004316 MJ / kg, energy electrical energy by .04372 MJ / kg. While energy can be stored on the excess energy to fuel biomass boiler was 1.45 MJ / kg
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Nayana. "Investigation of Operational Efficiency using Stochastic Models for Electric propulsion in Ships." Journal of Electrical Engineering and Automation 2, no. 2 (May 10, 2020): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jeea.2020.2.004.
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In various models of vehicle drive trains, issues such as improving electric propulsion reliability, environmental performance, and economic efficiency has been enabled by the recent developments in electric power engineering in terms of materials, equipment and technologies. The increasing requirements in ecological parameters, efficiency for fault tolerance and reliability, accurate selection of design features and type of electric propulsion drive as well as the limitations on the traction equipment weight and installation space are the important parameters for execution of the system approach. The automobile electric propulsion systems consisting of one or more traction motors and few generating elements and their operational efficiency are analysed by means of stochastic models. Aircrafts, hybrid cars, diesel-electric locomotives, arctic cargo ships and icebreakers are ideal platforms for implementation of the propulsion system. The load modes of traction electric motors, operational fuel consumption, energy output of thermal engines and several other probabilistic characters of operational processes and random factors that influence the simulation result accuracy cannot be evaluated using the deterministic approach.
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Muna, Yirga Belay, and Cheng-Chien Kuo. "Feasibility and Techno-Economic Analysis of Electric Vehicle Charging of PV/Wind/Diesel/Battery Hybrid Energy System with Different Battery Technology." Energies 15, no. 12 (June 15, 2022): 4364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15124364.
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Promoting the development of green technologies and replacing fossil fuel vehicles with electric ones can abate the environmental anxieties and issues associated with energy supply security. The increasing demand for electric vehicles requires an upgrade and expansion of the available charging infrastructure to accommodate the fast public adoption of this type of transportation. Ethiopia set a pro-electric cars policy and made them excise-free even before the first electric vehicle charging stations were launched by Marathon Motors Engineering in 2021. This paper presents the first ever technical, economic and environmental evaluation of electric vehicle charging stations powered by hybrid intermittent generation systems in three cities in Ethiopia. This paper tests this model using three different battery types: Lead-acid (LA), Flow-Zince-Bromine (ZnBr) and Lithium-ion (LI), used individually. Using these three battery technologies, the proposed hybrid systems are then compared in terms of system sizing, economy, technical performance and environmental stability. The results show that the feasible configuration of Solar Photovoltaic (PV)/Diesel Generator (DG)/ZnBr battery systems provide the lowest net present cost (NPC), with values of $2.97M, $2.72M and $2.85M, and cost of energy (COE), with values $0.196, $0.18 and $0.188, in Addis Ababa, Jijiga and Bahir Dar, respectively. Of all feasible systems, the Wind Turbine (WT)/PV/LI, PV/LI and WT/PV/LI configurations have the highest values of NPC and COE in Addis Ababa, Jijiga and Bahir Dar. Using this configuration, the results demonstrate that ZnBr battery is the most favorable choice because the economic parameters, including total NPC and COE, are found to be lowest.
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RUDENKO, VIRA, VITALY CHUMAK, VALERIY YEFIMENKO, OLENA KOSENKO, and ОLENA SPAS’KA. "OXIDATIVE DESULFURIZATION OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS." HERALD OF KHMELNYTSKYI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 297, no. 3 (July 2, 2021): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5732-2021-297-3-199-203.
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The modern world market makes stringent requirements for the quality of motor fuels, in particular for sulfur content in them. The main classes of sulfur-containing compounds in petroleum fractions are thiols, dialkyl and cycloalkyl sulfides, alkylaryl sulfides, as well as heteroaromatic compounds – benzothiophene, dibenzothiophene and their alkyl derivatives. They have a negative impact on the quality of petroleum products. Growing demands on the quality of oil and petroleum products have led to the search for ways to reduce the sulfur content in oils and which would not lead to deterioration of physicochemical parameters of oil, such as viscosity, density, acidity, elemental and fractional composition, etc. Among the existing methods of desulfurization of oils and their fractions, special attention is drawn to oxidation methods that allow organic sulfur compounds to be converted into sulfoxides and sulfones which are easily removed by conventional separation methods, in particular by extraction or adsorption. The prospects of the oxidation method are due to the possibility of practical use of sulfoxides and sulfones in various sectors of the economy. The most common oxidants in the processes of oxidative desulfurization of petroleum fractions are hydrogen peroxide and alkylhydroperoxides in combination with catalysts that provide high selectivity and speed of the process. Transition metal compounds (Mo, V, W,) are most often used as catalysts because they are able to form peroxocomplexes in the presence of peroxides. Heterogeneous catalytic systems consisting of various solid carriers (salts, oxides, activated carbon, zeolites) and peroxide oxidants (hydrogen peroxide or alkyl hydroperoxides) are actively developing. Molybdenum-containing catalysts are one of the most efficient heterogeneous systems for oxidative desulfurization of diesel fuel. There is proved the effectiveness of oxidative desulfurization, which is a combination of catalytic oxidation of sulfur-containing compounds in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst and adsorption on activated carbon. Methods of oxidative desulfurization with their advantages and disadvantages can be logical addition to large-tonnage hydrotreating processes, and also potentially can be used as an independent method of deep purification of oil and petroleum products from sulfur-containing compounds.
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Kovalov, Serhii, and Serhii Plys. "Design of control system for the gas engine with an electronic control unit and sequential fuel injection." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 1, no. 2(115) (February 25, 2022): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2022.251993.
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This paper reports the results of studying the electronic control system designed for a gas internal combustion engine with spark ignition operated on liquefied petroleum gas. A new feature in the control system is the possibility to provide the most effective sequential type of gas fuel injection, in which fuel is injected in a sequence corresponding to the order of operation of the cylinders. The special feature of the designed control system is that a movable voltage distributor (ignition distributor) of the ignition system was modified to ensure sequential injection. The ignition distributor modification involves installing an additional setting disc with one integrated permanent magnet on its drive shaft and an additional Hall sensor on the body of the ignition distributor. This makes it possible to ensure that the electronic control unit receives a signal about the angular position of the camshaft, thereby enabling consistent fuel injection. The principle of operation of the gas engine control system provided by the electronic control unit has been described. The structure of the modified ignition distributor is shown. Tests of the gas engine with a new control system involving the designed electronic control unit Avenir Gaz 37 "B" and the software module "B2" were carried out. The tests confirmed the feasibility of the designed electronic control system, which implies consistent injection of gas fuel. In addition, idling tests have shown that the carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon content in exhaust engine gases is significantly lower than the maximum allowable for motors without catalysts. The control system designed could be used for converting the diesel vehicles in operation into gas engines. The use of this control system ensures their safe operation.
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Bordian, Р., A. Malishkin, O. Bosyj, L. Gordishevski, and S. Kostyuchenko. "SUBSTANTIATION OF PROPOSALS FOR THE NEED FOR INTRODUCTION OF PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE OF CAR VEHICLES." Collection of scientific works of Odesa Military Academy 1, no. 13 (December 30, 2020): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.37129/2313-7509.2020.13.1.253-257.
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The article substantiates the proposals that affect the need for the introduction of preventive maintenance of automotive equipment. Ensuring the operability of the car during operation is especially important for the road transport used today in the east of Ukraine. The purpose of this article is to avoid the above disadvantages, to ensure the performance of the car during operation, especially for road transport used today in the East of Ukraine, this is possible through preventive maintenance. The failure rate parameter is determined for cars that are divided into service groups depending on their operating time and service life. We will take admissible value of parameter of a stream of failures of the car as a criterion of an estimation of time of its faultless work. The lists of works on increase of reliability of the car are established for those elements of the car which, according to results of statistical research, most often lead to loss of the last working capacity. The implementation of preventive maintenance of automobiles during operation will ensure the maintenance of a given level of reliability by preventing failures by determining the residual life of the failure-free operation of vehicle systems and assigning optimal lists of additional work to increase the efficiency of system elements. An example of this is the fulfillment of the tasks of technical support of troops (forces) during an anti-terrorist operation, involving specialists from state enterprises. Such a positive experience needs to be built up and in parallel to equip cars with special devices that are not available in the repair facilities of repair units. As long as the staffing of repair units with such devices continues, it is necessary to create and send staffed teams from state enterprises to military units to carry out adjustment work not only on fire control systems, stabilizers, but also on diesel engine fuel equipment and more, especially Soviet-made equipment. The implementation of preventive maintenance of the car will allow: – reduce vehicle downtime to eliminate failures by preventing them; – reduce the number of current repairs; – reduce operating costsю. Keywords: tuning up (maintenance and repair) of motor vehicles, vehicles operability, reliability, preventive maintenance.
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Khots, M. S., V. I. Nazarov, and K. B. Rudyak. "Calculation of diesel fuel motor characteristics." Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 22, no. 2 (February 1994): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-7439(93)e0050-e.
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Kurganov, V. M., M. V. Gryaznov, A. N. Dorofeev, and A. A. Aduvalin. "METHODOLOGY FOR RATIONING MATERIAL RESOURCES FOR BUSES." Intelligence. Innovations. Investment, no. 1 (2022): 102–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.25198/2077-7175-2022-1-102.
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Abstract. The industry standards for the consumption of material resources currently in force in road transport are advisory in nature and are used by carriers in their current work for production planning. Industry standards, regulated, for example, by order of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation No. 158 dated May 30, 2019, establish resource consumption on an average for all road carriers of the Russian Federation. Taking into account the individual operating conditions of the rolling stock and the organization of the transport process is possible only by a correction factor to the fuel consumption rate, the calculation method of which is not regulated. The result is low convergence of planned and actual traffic figures. An effective solution to this problem is the use of resource consumption rates calculated on the basis of statistical data on the consumption of material resources obtained using the means of objective control and data storage of ERP systems. This will make it possible to fully take into account the complex of significant factors that determine the volume of consumption of material resources, reduce the amount of inventory, increase the turnover of funds, and increase the accuracy of rationing and pricing processes for any trucking company. However, the substantiation of such resource consumption norms requires an assessment of the influence of significant factors, the establishment of a relationship between them and the development of a mathematical apparatus for normalization. Therefore, the purpose of this study, which is to increase the efficiency of passenger transportation by buses based on ensuring the reliability of material resource consumption rates, taking into account individual operating conditions, is aimed at solving an urgent scientific and practical problem. Theoretical studies are carried out on the basis of the analysis of scientific and regulatory and technical literature, the legal framework, systemic, statistical, factorial and technical and economic analysis, economic and mathematical modeling of the transport process, and expert evaluation. Experimental studies were carried out in the conditions of operating passenger transport enterprises using the methods of mathematical statistics, computer modeling, field observations. The main results of scientific novelty are: a set of qualitative characteristics and quantitative indicators of factors that determine the consumption of material resources in the operation of the bus fleet; mathematical models for calculating the consumption rates of fuels and lubricants, spare parts and car tires, as well as the corresponding standard operating costs; dependence of indicators of operating consumption of diesel fuel, resource mileage of automobile tires on the magnitude of significant factors established for domestically produced buses of various capacities. Further research is supposed to be carried out in the direction of the development of resource saving methods in the motor transport complex.
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Grieshop, A. P., N. M. Donahue, and A. L. Robinson. "Laboratory investigation of photochemical oxidation of organic aerosol from wood fires 2: analysis of aerosol mass spectrometer data." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, no. 6 (March 27, 2009): 2227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-2227-2009.
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Abstract. Experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of photo-oxidation on organic aerosol (OA) in dilute wood smoke by exposing emissions from soft- and hard-wood fires to UV light in a smog chamber. This paper focuses on changes in OA composition measured using a unit-mass-resolution quadrupole Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS). The results highlight how photochemical processing can lead to considerable evolution of the mass, volatility and level of oxygenation of biomass-burning OA. Photochemical oxidation produced substantial new OA, more than doubling the OA mass after a few hours of aging under typical summertime conditions. Aging also decreased the volatility of the OA and made it progressively more oxygenated. The results also illustrate strengths of, and challenges with, using AMS data for source apportionment analysis. For example, the mass spectra of fresh and aged BBOA are distinct from fresh motor-vehicle emissions. The mass spectra of the secondary OA produced from aging wood smoke are very similar to those of the oxygenated OA (OOA) that dominates ambient AMS datasets, further reinforcing the connection between OOA and OA formed from photo-chemistry. In addition, aged wood smoke spectra are similar to those from OA created by photo-oxidizing dilute diesel exhaust. This demonstrates that the OOA observed in the atmosphere can be produced by photochemical aging of dilute emissions from different types of combustion systems operating on fuels with modern or fossil carbon. Since OOA is frequently the dominant component of ambient OA, the similarity of spectra of aged emissions from different sources represents an important challenge for AMS-based source apportionment studies.
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Shekihachev, Yuri, Vladimir Batirov, Ruslan Balkarov, Timur Apkhudov, and Khachim Ashabokov. "Evaluation of the efficiency of using biodiesel fuel as a motor fuel." АгроЭкоИнфо 5, no. 47 (October 31, 2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.51419/20215529.
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The article analyzes the problem of replacing traditional fossil fuels with alternative renewable fuels. Indicators characterizing the operation of a diesel engine when it is converted to biodiesel fuel are given. The main criteria that are recommended for assessing the efficiency of using biodiesel fuel as a motor fuel are considered. Key words: DIESEL ENGINE, FUEL, MIXTURE, ECOLOGY, INDICATOR, CRITERION, EFFICIENCY
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Zhukov, Vladimir Anatoljevich, Oleg Konstantinovich Bezjukov, and Maad Makhfud. "MOTOR TESTS OF DIESEL ENGINE’S FUEL WITH MODIFICATION." Vestnik Gosudarstvennogo universiteta morskogo i rechnogo flota imeni admirala S. O. Makarova 8, no. 4 (August 31, 2016): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21821/2309-5180-2016-8-4-122-131.
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