Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Diesel motor – Alternate fuels'
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1
White, Timothy Ross Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Simultaneous diesel and natural gas injection for dual-fuelling compression-ignition engines." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/25233.
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The introduction of alternative fuels such as natural gas is likely to occur at an increasing rate. The dual-fuel concept allows these low cetane number fuels to be used in compression-ignition (CI, diesel) type engines. Most CI engine conversions have pre-mixed the alternative fuel with air in the intake manifold while retaining diesel injection into the cylinder for ignition. The advantage is that it is simple for practical adaptation; the disadvantage is that good substitution levels are only obtained at midload. A better solution is to inject both the alternative and diesel fuels directly into the cylinder. Here, the fuel in the end-zone is limited and the diesel, injected before the alternative, has only a conventional ignition delay. This improves the high-end performance. Modern, very high pressure diesel injectors have good turndown characteristics as well as better controllability. This improves low-end performance and hence offers an ideal platform for a dual-fuel system. Several systems already exist, mainly for large marine engines but also a few for smaller, truck-sized engines. For the latter, the key is to produce a combined injector to handle both fuels which has the smallest diameter possible so that installation is readily achieved. There exists the potential for much improvement. A combined gas/diesel injection system based on small, high pressure common-rail injectors has been tested for fluid characteristics. Spray properties have been examined experimentally in a test rig and modelled using CFD. The CFD package Fluent was used to model the direct-injection of natural gas and diesel oil simultaneously into an engine. These models were initially calibrated using high-speed photographic visualisation of the jets. Both shadowgraph and schlieren techniques were employed to identify the gas jet itself as well as mixing regions within the flow. Different orientations and staging of the jets with respect to each other were simulated. Salient features of the two fuel jets were studied to optimise the design of a dual-fuel injector for CI engines. Analysis of the fuel-air mixture strength during the injection allowed the ignition delay to be estimated and thus the best staging of the jets to be determined.
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Hui, Lai-yee, and 許麗儀. "Alternative fuels and reduction of air pollution in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254883.
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Hui, Lai-yee. "Alternative fuels and reduction of air pollution in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk:8888/cgi-bin/hkuto%5Ftoc%5Fpdf?B23424916.
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Ng, Bing Benson. "Cleaner alternative fuels for vehicles a cleaner future for Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk:8888/cgi-bin/hkuto%5Ftoc%5Fpdf?B23426044.
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Tsui, Bing-cheung, and 徐秉璋. "LPG vehicles: will they replace small diesel vehicles in Hong Kong?" Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254123.
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Ng, Bing Benson, and 吳賓. "Cleaner alternative fuels for vehicles: a cleaner future for Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31255036.
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Sinuka, Yonwaba. "Performance testing of a diesel engine running on varying blends of jatropha oil, waste cooking oil and diesel fuel." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2436.
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Thesis (MTech (Mechanical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.The high cost of fossil fuels and the fact that the world has arguably reached its peak oil production, has driven the need to seek alternative fuel sources. The main objective of the current study is to determine the performance of a laboratory-mounted diesel engine when fuelled with varying laboratory prepared biofuel and biodiesel and whether the advancement of the injection timing parameters will improve the engine power output and improve the smoke effect of these different fuel blends. The laboratory prepared biofuels used in this project range from 100% bio-fuel (BF100) to 50%, 30% and 10% biodiesel blends (BF50, BF30 and BF10, respectively). It should be noted that these blends are not commercially available, since they were blended in the laboratory specifically for these tests. The overall results of the study show that there is a distinct opportunity for using certain bio-fuel blends in specific applications as the power outputs are no more than one quarter less than that of base diesel. Concomitantly, the smoke opacity in all of the blends is lower than that of base diesel, which is a significant benefit in terms of their overall air emissions.
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溫雅惠 and Ah-wai Angie Wan. "A policy analysis of the liquefied petroleum gas vehicles scheme in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31967048.
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Toral, del Rio Maria Isabel. "An analysis of the influence of phosphorus poisoning on the exhaust emission after treatement systems of light-duty diesel vehicles." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/697.
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Climate change has become a discussion topic of exponentially increasing urgency and importance amoung world leaders of all disciplines. These changes are brought about by the emission of so-called Greenhouse gases from various human activities. The primary cause of CO2 emissions is the burning of the Earth’s supply of nonrenewable natural fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas. The world first agreed on the prevention of “dangerous” climatic changes at the Earth Summit in 1992. The Kyoto Protocol of 1997 was the first step toward protection of the atmosphere and prescribes restrictions on emission pollutants. Since then the vehicle gas emissions are being controlled by means of different gas emissions norms, like the European Union Norm in Europe. The automotive manufacturers and suppliers are collectively working on reducing overall vehicle emissions. They are focusing on several different emission limiting possibilities, for example improved engine design, special fuel development and exhaust gas treatment systems. The exhaust gas treatment process requires continuous controlling and management of the exhaust gas emissions while driving a vehicle. Certain factors such as high emission temperatures have a negative influence on the life span of these systems. Their functionality and durability is also known to be reduced by the presence of chemical poisoning species like sulphur, phosphorus, zinc and calcium. The chemical poisoning species are produced during combustion of fuel and engine oil. They are therefore contained in the exhaust emissions and can poison the catalyst when passing over it. Phosphorous poisoning is particularly problematic and should be reduced considerably. This study involves the investigation of the phosphorous poisoning process and aims to provide clarity regarding the influences of different fuel and oil compositions on the severity of the process. Engine oil and biodiesel are two major sources of phosphorous poisoning. The phosphorus contained in biodiesel fuel is a natural component and can be minimized during the refining procedure. In contrast to others studies, the biodiesel fuel used during this project was SME (Soya Methyl Ester) with a 20% biodiesel content. This choice of fuel was made because of the increasingly important role that this type of biodiesel is playing in the European market and the future tendency to increase the percentage of biodiesel in the mixture with standard diesel fuel. The phosphorus contained in engine oil is a necessary additive to retain the antioxidant and anti-wear properties of the oil. This study examined the poisoning influences from the most commonly used phosphorus containing oil additive, Zinc Dithiophosphates (ZDDP), as well as a Zn-free, phosphorus containing anti-wear oil additive. This formulation provides information about the phosphorus poisoning process as caused by the engine oil in the absence of Zn in the oil additives. The results show how the phosphorus content in biodiesel fuel affects the functionality of the exhaust gas treatment systems and the importance of reducing the permitted content of phosphorus contained in the fuel. Reducing the phosphorus content in the fuel will conserve the functionality of the exhaust gas treatment systems during their operational life and thereby protect the environmental from emission pollutants. It also provides insight into the differences in the poisoning processes when the phosphorus deposited on the catalyst comes from biodiesel fuel and when it comes from the engine oil. Finally the results also illustrate the influence of different phosphorous forms contained in engine oil additives on the catalyst poisoning process. This information could be used for the development of new oil additive formulations.
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Toback, Andrew Todd. "The effect of alternative fuels and aftertreatment devices on measured mobile school bus emissions /." Full text available online, 2007. http://www.lib.rowan.edu/find/theses.
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Ng, Tze-on, and 吳子安. "A study of sustainable fuel in public transport: the case of public light buses in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31945557.
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Ngan, Shing-kwong, and 顔成廣. "Comparison of electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles & LPG vehicles." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254354.
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Tapasvi, Dhruv 1981. "Evaluating the Economic Feasibility of Canola Biodiesel Production in North Dakota." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2006. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29903.
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Numerous factors have pushed energy from biomass to the forefront of policy and industry discussions. Large harvests of traditional crops, low farm prices, dependence on foreign energy sources, and environmental problems have increased interest in renewable energy sources. Tools are needed to evaluate and compare different available feedstocks and to identify parameters and modifications for the production of renewable fuels such as biodiesel. The first paper examines the development of a biodiesel process model using commonly available spreadsheet software and process-engineering principles. The basis of the model is a continuous process with two stirred-tank reactors and sodium methoxide catalysis. The process is modeled as 27 units with 51 flows and 18 components. Mass flow rates and compositions of the process input and output streams are quantified using mass and component balances, energy balances, stoichiometric relations, and established process parameters. Oil composition and rate, methanol:triglyceride ratio, and expected transesterification of triglyceride are the user-specified inputs in the model. Based on commonly reported parameters (6: 1 methanol:triglyceride ratio and 98%
transesterification) and a basis of 100 kg/h crude soybean oil, the model computes inputs of 13.8, 10.8, and 34.7 (in kg/h) for methanol, 10% sodium methoxide in methanol, and process water, respectively; and outputs of 93.5, 10.3, and 55.6 for soy biodiesel, glycerol, and waste stream, respectively. In the second paper, the mass flow rate data from the developed biodiesel process model are linked to cost data for evaluating the economic feasibility of biodiesel production in North Dakota with canola oil as the feedstock. Estimations of capital investment cost and total annual biodiesel product cost are conducted for two canola biodiesel production plants with 5 and 30 million gallons per year (MGY) capacities. These capacities were selected based on North Dakota and neighboring states' biodiesel demands, respectively. Capital investment cost analysis shows the presence of considerable economies of scale for the biodiesel production process for the two capacities. These cost calculations are based on the purchased equipment cost calculated from the equipment specifications. Total annual biodiesel product cost analysis shows that the major portion (>80%) of the total product cost is the raw material cost, similar to the analysis of previous economic feasibility studies. Cost benefits from the economies of scale are still present for the fixed charges, general expenses, and the manufacturing costs (other than the raw material costs) in the
annual product cost calculations for the two production plant capacities. Finally, based on the gross profit evaluation for both plants, this study concludes that it is more worthwhile to invest in the 30 MGY production plant because of the greater cost returns from the economies of scale benefits. The results are more encouraging after the incorporation of the federal biodiesel tax incentive and favor the investment for biodiesel production in North Dakota.North Dakota. Agricultural Experiment Station
USDA-CSREES (under Agreement No. 2003-34471-13523)
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Vijayan, Abhilash. "Characterization of Vehicular Exhaust Emissions and Indoor Air Quality of Public Transport Buses Operating on Alternative Diesel Fuels." Connect to full text in OhioLINK ETD Center, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1197580927.
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Chien, Jui-Yu. "The future and outlook of alternative fuel bus industry and its marketing strategy." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2002. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2332.
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According to the current governmental regulations, all diesel buses will be replaced in the United States and the European market within the next ten years. There are over 60,000 buses in the United States and each year over 3,000 new buses of approximately 40 feet in length are purchased. The bus market has a growth rate of four to five percent per year over the last two years. The improvements in technology offered by United States companies prove unsatisfactory in terms of bus performance and the emissions of new buses. The energy crisis in the United States and concern over the health hazards of the diesel fuel exhaust gases and particulates, alternative fuel vehicles are in great demand in the transit market world wide.
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Kadiyala, Akhil. "Identification of Factors Affecting Contaminant Levels and Determination of Infiltration of Ambient Contaminants in Public Transport Buses Operating on Biodiesel and ULSD Fuels." Connect to full text in OhioLINK ETD Center, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=toledo1221524830.
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Thesis (M.S.C.E.)--University of Toledo, 2008.Typescript. "Submitted as partial fulfillments of the requirements for The Master of Science in Engineering." "A thesis entitled"--at head of title. Bibliography: leaves 81-92.
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Fung, Kin-lin, and 馮建蓮. "A review of the effectiveness of the Government LPG Taxi Scheme as a fuel switch program for cleaner air: itsimplication for public acceptance and for future policies." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254196.
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Maimoun, Mousa Awad. "Environmental study of solid waste collection." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4793.
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The growing municipal solid waste generation rates have necessitated more efficient, optimized waste collection facilities. The majority of the US collection fleet is composed of diesel-fueled vehicles which contribute significant atmospheric emissions including greenhouse gases. In order to reduce emissions to the atmosphere, more collection agencies are investigating alternative fuel technologies such as natural gas, biofuels (bio-gas and bio-diesel), and hybrid electric technology. This research is an in-depth environmental analysis of potential alternative fuel technologies for waste collection vehicles. This study will evaluate the use of alternative fuels by waste collection vehicles. Life-cycle emissions, cost, fuel and energy consumption were evaluated for a wide range of fossil and bio-fuel technologies. Moreover, the energy consumption and the tail-pipe emissions of diesel-fueled waste collection vehicles were estimated using MOVES 2010a software. Emission factors were calculated for a typical waste collection driving cycle as well as constant speed. Finally, the selection of fuel type by the waste collection industry requires consideration of environmental, security, financial, operational, and safety issues. In this study, a qualitative comparison between alternative fuels was performed; a multifactorial assessment of these factors was conducted taking into account the opinion of the waste collection industry of the importance of each factor. Liquid-petroleum fuels have higher life-cycle emissions compared to natural gas; however landfill natural gas has the lowest life-cycle emissions compared to all other fuel categories. Compressed natural gas waste collection vehicles have the lowest fuel cost per collection vehicle mile travel compared to other fuel categories. Moreover, the actual driving cycle of waste collection vehicles consists of repetitive stops and starts during waste collection; this generates more emissions than constant speed driving. Finally, the multifactorial assessment indicates that natural gas and landfill gas have better environmental, economical, and energy security performance than current liquid-petroleum fuels.ID: 030646260; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (M.S.Env.E.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 72-77).
M.S.Env.E.
Masters
Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Environmental Engineering
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Tsui, Bing-cheung. "LPG vehicles : will they replace small diesel vehicles in Hong Kong? /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19946041.
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Reddy, Varakala Shashidhar. "Evaluation of current and early production electronically controlled heavy-duty diesel engine emissions based on fuel property differences." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2006. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4718.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2006.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 89 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-70).
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Park, Talus. "Dual fuel conversion of a direct injection diesel engine." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=460.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 1999.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 96 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 61-62).
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Nuszkowski, John. "The effects of fuel additives on diesel engine emissions during steady state and transient operation." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/5809.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2008.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xviii, 144 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 106-113).
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Efaw, Trampas Jay. "Characterization of exhaust emissions from palm oil-based and soybean oil-based biodiesel fueled heavy-duty transit buses." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/10587.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2009.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 85, [27] p. : ill. (some col.), col. map. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 84-85).
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Somuri, Dinesh Chandra. "Study of Particulate Number Concentrations in Buses running with Bio diesel and Ultra Low Sulfur diesel." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1302290189.
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Luebkert, Michael R. "Design and validation of improved dynamic cylinder pressure measurement for a diesel engine." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Sep%5FLuebkert.pdf.
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Shah, Zeban. "Preparing jet engine and diesel engine range fuels from biomass pyrolysis oil through hydrogenation using NiMo as a catalyst." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/171707.
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Neste trabalho, o uso de bio-óleo foi proposto como alternativa aos combustíveis fósseis (petróleo). O bio-óleo foi produzido por pirólise de serragem de eucalipto e óleo de fritura de soja descartado, enquanto que o óxido de cálcio (CaO) foi usado como catalisador de pirólise para melhorar o rendimento de bio-óleo. A temperatura do sistema de pirólise foi iniciada a 25 °C e aumentada para 850 °C. A destilação atmosférica de bio-óleo bruto foi realizada após a pirólise e duas frações foram separadas à temperatura de 80−160 ºC (LFP, Fação Leve da Pirólise do bio- óleo) e 160−240 ºC (HFP, Fração Pesada da Pirólise do bio-óleo) e as quais foram analisadas por TGA (análise térmica gravimétrica), GC-MS (cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massa), FTIR (espectroscopia de infravermelho de transformação de Fourier) e RMN (espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear) verificando-se que havia uma abundância de espécies contendo nitrogênio e oxigênio, bem como outras espécies reativas. Com o objetivo de reduzir a quantidade destas espécies após a pirólise, as frações LFP e HFP foram submetidas ao processo de craqueamento térmico na presença de hidrogênio (hidrogenação) e, novamente submetido a hidrogenação catalítica na presença do catalisador de NiMo. Após a hidrogenação catalítca, foi realizada a segunda destilação atmosférica obtendo-se duas frações à temperatura de 80−160 ºC (LFH, Fração Leve da Hidrogenação ) e 160−240 ºC (HFH, Fração Pesada da Hidrogenação) as quais foram igualmente caracterizadas pelas técnicas acima enumeradas, observando-se que mais de 60% de espécies nitrogenadas, oxigenadas e outras espécies reativas foram convertidas em hidrocarbonetos. As diferenças entre LFP, HFP e LFH, HFH foram apresentadas e discutidas criticamente neste trabalho, onde verificou-se após as análises fisico-químicas como composição química, entalpia de combustão, ponto de congelamento, densidade, viscosidade e volatilidadeque as frações obtidas pelo processo de Page 17 of 115 craqueamento e hidrogenação catalítica (LFH e HFH) podem ser usadas como combustíveis, porque apresentaram semelhanças muito próximas nas propriedades fisico-quimicas importantes do óleo de aviação (AF) e óleo diesel (DF). A partir destas informações foram preparadas formulações com 10 e 20% (m/m) das frações: HFH com óleo de aviação (AF) e LFH com oleo diesel (DF). As análises fisico quimicas destas formulações comparadas com o AF e DF mostraram o potencial uso destas frações como aditivos e consequente contribuição para a amenização da crise energética mundial.
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Castellanelli, Márcio. "Desempenho de motor Ciclo diesel em bancada dinamométrica utilizando Biodiesel etílico de soja." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2006. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/393.
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Previous issue date: 2006-07-27Ahead of the forecast of scarcity of the oil, the ethyl ester (biodiesel) if has presented as an excellent alternative fuel option for engines cycle diesel. The characteristics of biodiesel are similar of diesel in terms of viscosity and the calorific power, being able to be used without adaptations in the engines. For accomplishment of this work, a motor cycle was used diesel, of direct injection with four cylinders, without adaptations. The engine was connected to a dynamometer and systems of acquisition of data auxiliary for the register of the necessary data. The performances of torque, power and brake specific fuel consumption for the following mixtures had been evaluated: B2, B5, B10, B20, B50, B75 and B100. The best registered performance was given with the B20 mixture.
Diante da previsão de escassez do petróleo, o éster etílico (biodiesel) tem se apresentado como uma excelente opção de combustível alternativo para motores ciclo diesel. As características do biodiesel são semelhantes as do diesel em termos de viscosidade e poder calorífico, podendo ser utilizado sem adaptações nos motores. Para realização deste trabalho, utilizou-se um motor ciclo diesel, de injeção direta com quatro cilindros, sem adaptações. O motor foi acoplado a um dinamômetro e sistemas de aquisição de dados auxiliares para o registro dos dados necessários. Avaliaram-se os desempenhos de torque, potência e consumo específico de combustível para as seguintes misturas: B2, B5, B10, B20, B50, B75 e B100. O melhor desempenho registrado deu-se com a mistura B20.
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Zheng, Rebecca. "Gasoline and diesel pricing New Zealand a dissertation submitted to Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business (MBus), 2008." Click here to access this resource online, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10292/548.
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Ozdemir, Ali. "Experimental Investigation Of Use Of Canola Oil As A Diesel Fuel." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12609954/index.pdf.
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In this study, canola oil has been selected for the test on a diesel engine and its
suitability as an alternative fuel has been examined. To decrease the high viscosity of
canola oil, the effect of temperature on viscosity has been researched. Then the fuel
delivery system has been modified to heat canola oil before injecting the oil into the
combustion chamber. Also, ethanol has been tested as an additive by blending with
canola oil. An experimental setup has been installed according to standards to carry
out tests. The set up has been controlled with a computer to take measurements more
precisely and to perform experiment automatically. Experimental investigations
have been conducted on a four cylinder, direct injection diesel engine.
Full load-variable speed tests have been conducted to evaluate engine performance
parameters. In addition 13 mode ESC test cycle has been performed to determine the
exhaust emissions. Engine performance and emissions characteristics of canola oil
and canola-ethanol blend containing 30% ethanol have been compared with those of
baseline diesel fuel. Experimental results show that engine performance decreased
for canola oil. Addition of ethanol into canola oil has been noticed to improve
performance a little with respect to pure canola oil. Although, maximum performance has been obtained with diesel fuel, minimum specifics energy cost is
obtained with canola oil. It has been observed that hydrocarbon (HC) emissions
decrease with canola oil, blending ethanol with canola oil increase HC emissions and
maximum values are read for diesel fuel. Carbon monoxide (CO) emissions have
been observed to be the highest for canola oil but blending ethanol has a decreasing
effect on CO emissions. As for particulate matter (PM), use of canola oil has been
seen to be more pollutant than diesel but adding ethanol in canola reduces PM
emissions significantly.
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Fernandes, Manoel Reginaldo. "?Formula??o de novos combust?veis base diesel: avalia??o de desempenho e emiss?es." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2011. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15909.
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Previous issue date: 2011-05-16The industry, over the years, has been working to improve the efficiency of diesel engines. More recently, it was observed the need to reduce pollutant emissions to conform to the stringent environmental regulations. This has attached a great interest to develop researches in order to replace the petroleum-based fuels by several types of less polluting fuels, such as blends of diesel oil with vegetable oil esters and diesel fuel with vegetable oils and alcohol, emulsions, and also microemulsions. The main objective of this work was the development of microemulsion systems using nonionic surfactants that belong to the Nonylphenols ethoxylated group and Lauric ethoxylated alcohol group, ethanol/diesel blends, and diesel/biodiesel blends for use in diesel engines. First, in order to select the microemulsion systems, ternary phase diagrams of the used blends were obtained. The systems were composed by: nonionic surfactants, water as polar phase, and diesel fuel or diesel/biodiesel blends as apolar phase. The microemulsion systems and blends, which represent the studied fuels, were characterized by density, viscosity, cetane number and flash point. It was also evaluated the effect of temperature in the stability of microemulsion systems, the performance of the engine, and the emissions of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, unburned hydrocarbons, and smoke for all studied blends. Tests of specific fuel consumption as a function of engine power were accomplished in a cycle diesel engine on a dynamometer bench and the emissions were evaluated using a GreenLine 8000 analyzer. The obtained results showed a slight increase in fuel consumption when microemulsion systems and diesel/biodiesel blends were burned, but it was observed a reduction in the emission of nitrogen oxides, unburned hydrocarbons, smoke index and f sulfur oxides
A ind?stria, ao longo dos anos, vem trabalhando no sentido de melhorar a efici?ncia dos motores. Mais recentemente surgiu, tamb?m, a necessidade de reduzir as emiss?es de poluentes para se adequar ?s severas leis ambientais. Isto tem despertado o interesse de desenvolver pesquisas no sentido de substituir os combust?veis derivados do petr?leo por diversos tipos de combust?veis menos poluentes, tais como: misturas de ?leo diesel com ?steres de ?leos vegetais e ?leo diesel com ?leos vegetais e ?lcool, emuls?es e microemuls?es. Este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver sistemas microemulsionados a partir de tensoativos n?o i?nicos dos grupos nonilfenois etoxilados e ?lcoois l?uricos etoxilados, misturas com etanol/diesel e misturas diesel/biodiesel para uso em motores diesel. Em uma primeira fase, visando selecionar os sistemas microemulsionados, foram obtidos diagramas tern?rios das misturas, sendo os sistemas compostos por: tensoativos n?o-i?nicos, ?gua como fase polar e como fase apolar o diesel e/ou misturas diesel/biodiesel. Os sistemas microemulsionados e as misturas, que representam os combust?veis estudados, foram caracterizados quanto ? massa espec?fica, a viscosidade, o ?ndice de cetano e o ponto de fulgor. Tamb?m foram avaliados o efeito da temperatura nos sistemas microemulsionados, o desempenho do motor, e as emiss?es de mon?xido de carbono, ?xidos de nitrog?nio, hidrocarbonetos n?o queimados e fuma?a de todos os sistemas. Os ensaios de consumo espec?fico e das emiss?es em fun??o da pot?ncia foram realizados em um motor de ciclo diesel em uma bancada dinamom?trica e o analisador de emiss?es GreenLine 8000. Os resultados mostraram um pequeno aumento no consumo espec?fico para os combust?veis microemulsionados, nas misturas diesel/biodiesel em rela??o ao diesel puro, por?m com uma redu??o nas emiss?es de ?xidos de nitrog?nio, hidrocarbonetos n?o queimados, ?ndice de fuma?a e ?xidos de enxofre
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Sun, Wai-choi Sunny. "A feasibility study of switching from the diesel to petrol light road transport to improve the urban air quality in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B14723153.
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Estrada, Javier Solis. "DESEMPENHO E EMISSÕES DE UM MOTOR DE TRATOR AGRÍCOLA OPERANDO COM MISTURAS DE ÓLEO DIESEL E ETANOL." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2015. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/7597.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoThe growing demand of energy in the world, the decrease of petroleum reserves and the current problems of environmental contamination, increase the interest in renewable energy study for internal combustion engines, to replace partially or completely to petroleum based fuels. In Brazil, among the alternatives fuels, stands out the use of sugarcane ethanol, seen that it is from renewable sources and has high oxygen content, which is favorable to reduce pollutant gases emissions of engine. The blend of ethanol and diesel (ED) has received in recent years and in different countries, more attention for use in diesel engines. However, there are difficulties to partially replace diesel use. The main disadvantages are the differences in their physical-chemical properties. A percentage up to 15% of ethanol is used in diesel engines without making mechanical changes. In this way, the objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and emissions of a diesel engine in an agricultural tractor, using blends of diesel and hydrated ethanol. Were used as fuel, Diesel (B5) and mixture with 3% (ED3), 6% (ED6), 9% (ED9), 12% (ED12) and 15% (ED15) of hydrous ethanol. Performance parameters evaluated were the power, torque and specific fuel consumption. Were also evaluated emissions of CO2, NOx e O2, and the opacity of the gases through the k value. Both, engine performance and emissions experiment were analyzed in a completely randomized with bifactorial design. The results indicate that as the percentage of ethanol increased, the average values of torque and engine power decreased. Using the B5 and the ED3, these variables did not differ statistically, in addition, with the ED3 was obtained the lower specific fuel consumption. Using ED12, the engine performance has reduced power and torque in 2.97% e 2.95%, respectively, compared with B5, while their fuel consumption had no statistical difference. The greater opacity and gas emissions were archive with ED3, while the lower emission occurred when the engine operated with ED12 and ED15. With these fuels, the reduction of opacity, CO2 and NOX, in relation to B5, was 22.22 24.44%, 5.20 5.60% e 6.65 - 10.48%, respectively. It can be considerate that operating with ED12, pollutant emissions are reduced significantly without a significant loss in engine performance.
A crescente demanda mundial de energia, a diminuição das reservas do petróleo e os atuais problemas de poluição ambiental, incrementam o interesse no estudo de fontes renováveis de energia para os motores de combustão interna, visando substituir, de forma parcial ou total, os combustíveis derivados do petróleo. No Brasil, entre os combustíveis alternativos, se destaca o uso do etanol de cana-de-açúcar, visto que é de origem renovável e possui um alto conteúdo de oxigênio, o qual pode favorecer a redução das emissões de gases poluentes do motor. A mistura etanol- Diesel (ED) vem recebendo, nos últimos anos, e em diferentes países, maior atenção para ser utilizado em motores ciclo Diesel. No entanto, existem dificuldades para sua utilização visando substituir parcialmente o óleo Diesel. Os principais inconvenientes são as diferenças nas suas propriedades físico-químicas. Em porcentagens de até 15%, o etanol pode ser utilizado em motores ciclo Diesel, sem realizar modificações mecânicas. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho e as emissões de um motor ciclo Diesel de um trator agrícola, utilizando misturas de óleo Diesel e etanol hidratado. Foram utilizados como combustíveis o óleo Diesel (B5) e sua mistura com 3% (ED3), 6% (ED6), 9% (ED9), 12% (ED12) e 15% (ED15) de etanol. Os parâmetros avaliados de desempenho foram: a potência, o torque e consumo específico de combustível. Foram também avaliadas as emissões de CO2, NOx, O2 e a opacidade dos gases, por meio do valor k. Ambos os experimentos de desempenho e emissões do motor foram analisados em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em um esquema bi fatorial. Os resultados indicam que conforme aumentou a porcentagem de etanol, os valores médios de torque e potência do motor diminuíram. Utilizando o B5 e o ED3, estas variáveis não diferiram estatisticamente, além disso, com o ED3 foi obtido o menor consumo de combustível. Utilizando o ED12 o desempenho do motor teve reduções de potência e torque de 2,97% e 2,95%, respectivamente, em relação ao B5, enquanto que os consumos de combustível não tiveram diferença estatística. A maior opacidade e emissões de gases foram alcançadas com ED3, enquanto que as menores emissões ocorreram quando o motor operou com o ED12 e ED15. Com estes combustíveis, a redução da opacidade, CO2 e NOx, em relação ao B5 foi de 22,22 - 24,44%, 5,20 - 5,60% e 6,65 - 10,48%, respectivamente. Pode-se considerar que operando com o ED12, as emissões de poluentes são reduzidas significativamente sem uma perda considerável no desempenho do motor.
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Feitosa, Marcelo Valente. "Desenvolvimento do motor de ignição por compressão alimentado por injeção direta de óleo diesel e por etanol pós-vaporizado no coletor de admissão." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18135/tde-15032016-135844/.
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Desenvolveu-se um sistema de alimentação misto para motores de ignição por compressão turboalimentados, o qual utiliza diesel injetado normalmente na câmara de combustão e etanol pós-vaporizado, injetado líquido no coletor de admissão e vaporizado pela grande disponibilidade de energia contida no ar comprimido. Foram possíveis substituições de até 55% da massa de diesel por etanol; funcionamento regular e repetitivo foi verificado, resultado da admissão de álcool na forma de vapor. Constatou-se que o rendimento térmico e as emissões de gases poluentes eram bastante influenciados pelo sistema de alimentação desenvolvido: ganhos de até 25,6% no rendimento térmico foram possíveis com reduções máximas de 81% na emissão de material particulado e 80% em NOx, pela queima mais eficiente do diesel na presença do vapor de etanol. Reduções notáveis na temperatura do ar comprimido foram atingidas, possibilitando a substituição dos \"intercoolers\". A análise teórica da implantação do sistema desenvolvido, numa frota de veículos de transporte coletivo da região metropolitana de São Paulo, indicou viabilidade econômica e ambiental.It was developed a supplementary fueling system for turbocharged compression ignition, which uses diesel injected usually in the combustion chamber and post-vaporized ethanol, that is injected in the liquid state inside the intake manifold and vaporized by the energy in the compressed air. It was possible to replace up to 55% of the diesel mass by ethanol; regular and repetitive operation was verified, result of the alcohol induction in the vapor state. It was verified that engine\'s efficiency and pollutant gases emissions were quite influenced by the fueling system developed: improvements of up to 25,6% in the efficiency were possible, with maximum reductions of 81% in particulate matter and 80% in NOx, as a result of a more efficient diesel oxidation in presence of ethanol vapor. Notable reductions in the compressed air temperature were reached, making possible the substitution of the \"intercoolers\". The theoretical analysis to implantation of the developed system, on vehicles of public transportation in the metropolitan area of São Paulo, indicated economical and environmental viability.
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Udell, Thomas Gregory. "Reducing emissions of older vehicles through fuel system conversion to natural gas." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19896.
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Nabti, Brahim. "Contribution à l'étude du comportement d'un moteur diesel à préchambre alimentée à l'huile de colza." Valenciennes, 1987. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/95663265-c958-4285-8c93-1f4e25558999.
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Etude de la combustion dans un moteur diesel à préchambre utilisant de l'huile de colza. Calcul de la quantité de chaleur dégagée. Comparaison des délais d'inflammation. Modélisation et optimisation du cycle moteur.
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Lim, McKenzie C. H. "Chemical and physical characterization of aerosols from the exhaust emissions of motor vehicles." Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16428/.
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The number concentration and size distribution of particles in Brisbane have been studied extensively by the researchers at The International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology (Morawska et al., 1998, 1999a, 1999b). However, the comprehensive studies of chemical compositions of atmospheric particles, especially with regard to the two main classes of pollutants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and trace elements), that are usually of environmental and health interest, have not been fully undertaken. Therefore, this thesis presents detailed information on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and elemental compositions of vehicle exhausts and of urban air in Brisbane. The levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and elements in three of Brisbane's urban sites (Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba and ANZ stadium sites) were measured. The most common PAHs found in all sites were naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene and chrysene while Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Si, Sn, Sr and Zn were the most common elements detected in the total suspended particles and fine particle (PM2.5). With the aid of multivariate analysis techniques, several outcomes were obtained. For example: -- Major human activities such as vehicular and industrial sources were the most contributing pollution sources in Brisbane. However, these two sources have different influential strength on the compositions of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and trace inorganic elements found in the urban air. -- Woolloongabba bus platform was the most polluted site on the basis of the elemental and PAH compositions in its air samples while QUT site was the worst polluted site in terms of PM2.5 elemental contents. These results demonstrated that the impact of traffic related pollutants on Brisbane's urban air is significant. This led to the investigations of the direct emissions of pollutants from exhaust vehicular source in the second part of this research work. The exhaust studies included the investigations of PAHs, trace inorganic elements and particles. At the time of the study, the majority of vehicles in Brisbane used low sulfur diesel (LSD) fuel or unleaded petrol (ULP). However, the importance of vehicles using ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is constantly growing. Therefore, the exhaust emission studies on chassis dynamometer from heavy duty non-catalyst-equipped buses powered by LSD and ULSD with 500 ppm and 50 ppm sulfur contents respectively as well as passenger cars powered by ULP and LPG were explored. The outcomes of such studies are summarized as follows: -- Naphthalene, acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, anthracene, phenanthrene, fluorene, fluoranthene and pyrene were frequently emitted by the buses powered by LSD and ULSD. However, buses powered by ULSD emitted 91% less PAHs than those powered by LSD. On the other hand, Mg, Ca, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ti, Ni, Pb, Be, P, Se, Ti and Ge were found in measurable quantities in the exhaust of the buses. The emissions of the elements were found to be strongly influenced by the engine driving conditions of the buses and fuel parameters such as sulfur content, fuel density and cetane index. -- Naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo(a)anthracene and benzo(b)fluoranthene were predominantly emitted by ULP and LPG cars. On the average, the total emission factors of PAHs from LPG cars were generally lower than those of ULP cars, but given the large variations in the emission factors of cars powered by the same type of fuel, differences in the emission factors from both car types were statistically insignificant. In general, platinum group elements and many other elements were found in the exhausts of cars powered by both fuels. Emissions of inorganic elements from the cars were dependent on the type and the mileage of the cars. For example, ULP cars generally emitted higher levels of Cu, Mg, Al and Zn while LPG cars emitted higher level of V. In addition, cars with higher mileages were associated with higher emissions of the major elements (Zn, Al, Fe, V and Cu). -- Buses powered by ULSD usually emitted fewer particles, which were generally 31% to 59% lower than those emitted by LSD powered buses. Similarly, cars powered by LPG emitted less particles from those powered by ULP fuel. However, more nanoparticles (those with aerodynamic diameters of less than 50 nm) were emitted by LPG powered cars than their ULP counterparts. Health effect assessment of the exhaust PAHs was evaluated in terms of benzo(a)pyrene toxicity equivalent (BAPeq). The potential toxicities of PAHs emitted by ULSD powered buses were generally lower than those emitted by their LSD counterparts. A similar trend with lower emissions of PAHs from LPG cars than from ULP cars was observed when otherwise identical passenger cars were powered by LPG and ULP fuels. In summary, this thesis has shown that the majority of airborne particles found around Brisbane have anthropogenic origins, particularly vehicle emissions, and that fuel or lubricant formulations and engine operating conditions play important roles in the physical and chemical characteristics of pollutants emitted by vehicles. The implications of these results on worldwide strategies to reduce the environmental and health effects of particles emitted by motor vehicles were discussed. In this regard, direct emission measurements from vehicles powered by LSD, ULSD, ULP and LPG unveiled the relative environmental benefits associated with the use of ULSD in place of LSD to power diesel engines, and of LPG in place of ULP to power passenger cars.
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Wright, Monica Elizabeth. "An Investigation of Urban Mobile Source Aerosol Using Optical Properties Measured by CRDT/N: Diesel Particulate Matter and the Impact of Biodiesel." PDXScholar, 2012. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/673.
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Mobile source emissions are a major contributor to global and local air pollution. Governments and regulatory agencies have been increasing the stringency of regulations in the transportation sector for the last ten years to help curb transportation sector air pollution. The need for regulations has been emphasized by scientific research on the impacts from ambient pollution, especially research on the effect of particulate matter on human health. The particulate emissions from diesel vehicles, diesel particulate matter (DPM) is considered a known or probable carcinogen in various countries and increased exposure to DPM is linked to increased cardiovascular health problems in humans. The toxicity of vehicle emissions and diesel particulate emissions in particular, in conjunction with an increased awareness of potential petroleum fuel shortages, international conflict over petroleum fuel sources and climate change science, have all contributed to the increase of biodiesel use as an additive to or replacement for petroleum fuel. The goal of this research is to determine how this increased use of biodiesel in the particular emission testing setup impacts urban air quality. To determine if biodiesel use contributes to a health or climate benefit, both the size range and general composition were investigated using a comprehensive comparison of the particulate component of the emissions in real time. The emissions from various biodiesel and diesel mixtures from a common diesel passenger vehicle were measured with a cavity ring-down transmissometer (CRDT) coupled with a condensation particle counter, a SMPS, a nephelometer, NOx, CO, CO2, and O3 measurements. From these data, key emission factors for several biodiesel and diesel fuel mixtures were developed. This approach reduces sampling artifacts and allows for the determination of optical properties, particle number concentration, and size distributions, along with several important gas phase species' concentrations. Findings indicate that biodiesel additions to diesel fuel do not necessarily have an air quality benefit for particulate emissions in this emission testing scenario. The often cited linear decrease in particulate emissions with increasing biodiesel content was not observed. Mixtures with half diesel and half biodiesel tended to have the highest particulate emissions in all size ranges. Mixtures with more than 50% biodiesel had slightly lower calculated mass for light absorbing carbon, but this reduction in mass is most likely a result of a shift in the size of the emission particles to a smaller size range, not a reduction in the total number of particles. Evaluation of the extensive optical properties from this experimental set-up indicates that biodiesel additions to diesel fuel has an impact on emission particle extinction in both visible and near-IR wavelengths. The B99 mixture had the smallest emission factor for extinction at 532 nm and at 1064 nm. For the extinction at 532 nm, the trend was not linear and the emission factor peaked at the B50 mixture. Results from intensive properties indicate that emissions from B5 and B25 mixtures have Ångström exponents close to 1, typical for black carbon emissions. The mixtures with a larger fraction of biodiesel have Ångström exponent values closer to 2, indicating more absorbing organic matter and/or smaller particle size in the emissions. Additional experimental testing should be completed to determine the application of these results and emission factors to other diesel vehicles or types of diesel and biodiesel fuel mixtures.
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Pereira, Flávio Marcos de Melo. "Estudo da degradação do óleo lubrificante em motores alimentados com biodiesel B100." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1345.
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A crescente preocupação com a poluição ambiental nos centros urbanos tem motivado a adoção de medidas que visam a reduzir o impacto que os agentes poluidores causam. Na cidade de Curitiba, PR, esta preocupação levou os órgãos reguladores do transporte urbano a fomentar o uso do biodiesel B100 como combustível para um conjunto de 34 ônibus da frota da cidade. Entretanto, a adoção desta medida trouxe a necessidade de garantir a vida útil dos motores, o que foi feito definindo-se um plano de manutenção muito mais conservador que o usual, e que previa a troca do óleo lubrificante com o dobro da frequência normalmente praticada. A proposta deste trabalho de mestrado foi a de fazer um estudo que possa subsidiar cientificamente a definição da frequência de troca do lubrificante nos veículos abastecidos com biodiesel B100 no transporte urbano de Curitiba. Para isto, ao longo de um período de 18 meses, o lubrificante desses veículos foi periodicamente analisado, a fim de caracterizar a evolução de seu estado, bem como a degradação de seu desempenho pelo o uso em conjunto com o biodiesel B100. Para obter uma representatividade estatística, tais análises foram feitas em uma população de sete veículos, quatro dos quais eram alimentados com biodiesel B100 e três com óleo diesel convencional, sendo que estes últimos serviam como referência para comparação. As características do lubrificante que foram levadas em conta durante o estudo incluem a viscosidade, a basicidade, a acidez, a oxidação, a contaminação por fuligem, a contaminação por compostos nitrogenados, a contaminação por água, bem como os teores de ferro, chumbo, alumínio, cobre, cromo, silício e molibdênio, elementos estes que tipicamente provêm do desgaste de componentes do motor. O estudo permitiu identificar a viscosidade como a característica que mais se degrada com o envelhecimento do lubrificante pelo seu uso concomitante com o combustível B100. Assim, este parâmetro foi o fator determinante para caracterizar, com base nos resultados obtidos no estudo, que a vida útil do lubrificante deve ser de 9.900 km para o caso de veículos biarticulados, e de 13.100 km para os veículos articulados. Cumpre ressaltar que a realização deste estudo só foi possível pelo interesse e pela colaboração das empresas que juntamente com a UTFPR fizeram parte do projeto LUB-B100: Chevron Brasil Lubrificantes (fabricante de óleos lubrificantes), Volvo do Brasil (montadora de ônibus), Auto Viação Redentor (permissionária do transporte urbano de Curitiba), Nórdica Veículos S. A. (concessionária de veículos) e URBS – Urbanização de Curitiba S. A. (fiscalizadora e reguladora do transporte urbano coletivo de Curitiba).The increasing levels of pollution in urban centers have induced the adoption of mitigating measures in order to reduce negative consequences. In Curitiba, Southern Brazil, the office that regulates urban passenger transport in the city has promoted the use of pure biodiesel (B100) as fuel for a fleet of 34 buses. However, as this measure was put into practice, concerns related to a possible reduction of engine service life were raised, thus forcing the vehicles-owner companies to adopt a conservative maintenance plan, which doubled the frequency of lubricant oil replacement. This was the opportunity for the present study, which aimed to define on a scientific basis the frequency of lubricant oil replacement in engines fueled with biodiesel B100. In order to characterize both the evolution of lubricant oil degradation, as well as the deterioration of lubricant performance due to the use of biodiesel B100, samples of engine lubricant were collected and analyzed along 18 months. Additionally, aiming to confer statistical representativeness to collected data, a population of 7 buses was considered, four of these being fueled with biodiesel B100, while the other 3 with conventional diesel fuel, thus the latter group served as a reference for comparisons. The following parameters of the lubricant oil were measured and analyzed: viscosity, basicity, acidity, oxidation, contamination by soot, contamination by nitrogenous substances, contamination by water, as well as contents of iron, lead, aluminum, copper, chrome, silicon and molybdenum, which are elements typically originated from the wear of metallic components. The conducted study allowed to point out the viscosity as the lubricant parameter that is most sensitive to concomitant use with biodiesel B100. Thus, this parameter was decisive to conclude that based on measured data the service life of the lubricant should be 9900 km for bi-articulated buses, and 13100 km for the articulated ones. It is worth mentioning that the completion of this study became possible by virtue of the collaboration with those companies that took part of the project named LUB-B100, together with the Federal University of Technology - Parana. These companies are Chevron Brasil Lubrificantes (a lubricant maker company), Volvo do Brasil (a bus manufacturer company), Auto Viação Redentor (a company that operates the passenger urban transport in Curitiba), Nórdica Veículos S. A. (a Volvo dealership company) and URBS – Urbanização de Curitiba S. A. (the office that regulates the urban passenger transport in Curitiba).
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Abdulhamid, Haji. "Use of clove stem oil as an alternative fuel for diesel engines." 2008. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001045.
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Taylor, Andrew Bruce. "Combustion stress in compression-ignition engines." Thesis, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/9572.
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South Africa produces alternative fuels from a number of different
sources. The properties of a fuel are known to affect the nature
of combustion in compression-ignition engines significantly, and
have occasionally resulted in engine failures. Combustion analyses
have been conducted on a wide range of fuels and combustion has
been thoroughly quantified. However, the role played by the
different combustion variables in failures was not known. The
result was that it was not possible to predict the implications of
variations in the nature of combustion. There was thus a need to
investigate the relative role of combustion variables in the
failure of engines.
The mechanisms of combustion and engine failure were studied. All
the variables required to determine combustion and engine
durability were measured simultaneously. This research required
the development of a complete engine research facility as well as
specialized transducers. Fast response surface thermocouples were
designed and constructed in order to monitor transient surface
temperatures. Heat transfer rates were then calculated with the
aid of Fourier analysis. Dynamic stresses were monitored by
strain-gauges applied to the engine.
A special high speed data
acquisition system was developed. An existing heat release model
was modified and used to calculate combustion rates. A
comprehensive finite element model was developed to calculate
piston temperatures and stresses. The role of each combustion
variable in stress and durability was investigated by statistical
analysis.
The results successfully identified the causes of combustion
related engine failures. The primary cause of engine failure was found to be thermal loading. The principal cause of any variation
in thermal loading and thus engine durability was maximum cylinder
pressure. The life of the engine was proved to be determined
almost entirely by peak cylinder pressure. The role of the rate
of pressure rise was proved to be insignificant.
All the implications of variations in the nature of combustion can
now be determined accurately. It will thus be possible to optimise
engine modifications and fuel properties before validation by
durability testing.Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1989.
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Wain, Kimberly Susan. "A study of alternative diesel fuel lubricity, deposit formation, and material compatibility : dimethyl ether, biodiesel and ultra low sulfur diesel fuels /." 2004.
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Cramer, John Mark. "Combustion characteristics of a two-stroke, spark-assisted diesel engine using alternative fuels." 1985. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/12285173.html.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1985.Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 95-97).
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(11198994), Vrushali Satish Deshmukh. "ALTERNATE FUELS FOR ON-ROAD ENGINES AND IMPACT ON REDUCING CARBON FOOTPRINT." Thesis, 2021.
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Variable valve actuation remains one of the most studied technologies for diesel engines for fuel benefits, efficiency improvements and emission control. The same can be implemented on natural gas engines however presence of throttle valve in the spark ignited natural gas engine leads to different set of challenges and outcomes. In this document, focus is on GT power led analyses for a mid-range natural gas engine and the VVA strategy applied is modulation of intake valve closure timing. The simulations are run for early intake valve closure and late intake valve closure, both applied independently and run for steady state conditions. The focus is on the low torque range to study the impact of IVC modulation on throttling losses for low torque region. The simulation studies showed that IVC strategies both early as well as late IVC do benefit in terms of thermal efficiency improvements by up to 3% and reduction in brake specific fuel efficiency by up to 13%.It also showed considerable reduction in pumping loop and increase in open cycle efficiency when IVC modulation is applied. Validating the model further with real on-engine data and then calibrating the existing GT power with the on-engine data to validate the conclusions drawn would be the next set of goals for this project.Second part of this document is focused on real life testing of soy biodiesel fueled heavy duty on-road engine with modern exhaust aftertreatment system with SCR. Soybean based biodiesel remains one of the most sought-after alternate fuel and biofuel to be used in on-road engines. Burning biodiesel leads to a cleaner exhaust compared to conventional diesel as the biofuel is oxygenated fuel leading to more complete combustion and lower amount of emission species such as CO, CO2and PM in the exhaust. The experiments discussed in this document consisted of developing torque curve envelopes and steady state tests (RMC set points). Three soy biodiesel blends were studied which included B20-20% biodiesel, B50 –50% biodiesel and B100 –100% biodiesel. NOx emissions were observed to be considerably higher for B100 at engine outlet by up to80% as well as at tailpipe outlet increased by up to380%, compared to that of conventional diesel which is attributed to the thermal mechanism of NO production. The exhaust gas temperatures were observed to be lower by up to40-degreeC while the urea dosing was considerably higher by up to83% when using biodiesel blend B100.Thisresearch paves the way to testing further using varying biodiesel blends for regulation certification trials, for tuning the diesel engines for different biodiesel blends and for developing the control strategy for the existing diesel engines to accommodate biodiesel.
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Curran, Scott James. "On-road emissions evaluation of student-produced biodiesel." 2009. http://etd.utk.edu/2009/May2009Theses/CurranScottJames.pdf.
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Kivevele, Thomas. "Oxidation stability of biodiesel from non-edible oils." 2011. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000630.
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M. Tech. Mechanical Engineering.Biodiesel, produced from the transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats with simple alcohol in the presence of a catalyst, is well positioned to replace petroleum-based diesel. Biodiesel is a non-toxic, biodegradable and renewable fuel. Despite its advantages, the chemical nature of biodiesel makes it more susceptible to oxidation compared to mineral diesel during long-term storage. The production of Croton Oil Methyl Ester (COME), Moringa Oil Methyl Ester (MOME) and Jatropha Oil Methyl Ester (JOME) was therefore carried out. Also, a determination of the fuel related properties and investigation of oxidation stability of the methyl esters produced without and with antioxidants and its blends with mineral diesel were conducted. The results showed that most of the measured fuel related properties of produced methyl esters fulfilled the minimum requirements of EN 14214 and ASTM 6751 biodiesel standards. However, COME and MOME did not meet EN 14214 oxidation stability standards (6 h) while JOME displayed very high oxidation stability (10.43 h) well within specified oxidation stability standards. Overall, the biodiesel derived from non-edible oils of African origin such as COME, MOME and JOME can be utilized as a partial substitute for mineral diesel. This study recommends that PY and PG antioxidants be used for safeguarding biodiesel fuel from the effects of autoxidation during storage.
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Pang, Shih-Hao. "Life cycle inventory incorporating fuel cycle and real-world in-use measurement data for construction equipment and vehicles." 2007. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-12152007-080346/unrestricted/etd.pdf.
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Siwale, Lennox Zumbe. "Effect of oxygenated additives in conventional fuels for reciprocating internal combustion engines on performance, combustion and emission characteristics." 2012. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001029.
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D. Tech. Mechanical Engineering.Discusses how to reduce the negative impacts of petroleum oil based fuels in reciprocating engines on the environment through the use of oxygenated (alcohol) blends, while not deteriorating engine performance. The specific objectives are as follows: To evaluate the performance characteristics of n-butanol-diesel blends: B5, B10 and B20, in a direct-injection turbo-charged diesel engine and to compare findings with a study that was carried out by others (Sayin, 2010). To compare the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of dual alcohol-gasoline with single alcohol-gasoline blends fired in a naturally-aspirated (NA) spark ignition (SI) engine. To compare the combustion and emission characteristics of dual alcohol (methanol-n-butanol-gasoline) blends with single alcohol (methanol-gasoline) blends in a single-cylinder SI engine. To evaluate the combustion and regulated emission characteristics of DF and n-butanol/diesel blends (B5, B10, and B20 where B5 represents 5 % shared volume of n-butanol to 95 % diesel fuel) fired in a high load turbo-charged diesel engine and to compare the findings with a study that was conducted by Raslavicius & Bazaras, (2010).
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Govindasamy, Prabeshan. "Predicting emissions using an on-road vehicle performance simulator." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4522.
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South Africa is coming under increasing pressure to conform to the rest of the world in
terms of emissions regulations. The pressure is caused by a number of factors:
international organisations requiring local companies to adhere to environmental
conservation policies, evidence from within South Africa that efforts are being made to
reduce environmental pollution in line with other countries and keeping abreast of the
latest technologies that have been incorporated into vehicles to reduce emissions.
In light of these problems associated with emiSSions, a study was initiated by the
Department of Transport and the School of Bioresources Engineering and
Environmental Hydrology at the University of Natal to investigate and develop a
method of predicting emissions from a diesel engine. The main objective of this
research was to incorporate this model into SimTrans in order to estimate emissions
generated from a vehicle while it is travelling along specific routes in South Africa.
SimTrans is a mechanistically based model, developed at the School, that simulates a
vehicle travelling along a route, requiring input for the road profile and vehicle and
engine specifications.
After a preliminary investigation it was decided to use a neural network to predict
emissions, as it provides accurate results and is more suitable for a quantitative analysis
which is what was required for this study. The emissions that were predicted were NOx
(Nitric oxide-NO and Nitric dioxide-N02), CO (carbon monoxide), HC (unbumt
hydrocarbons) and particulates. The neural netWork was trained on emissions data
obtained from an ADE 447Ti engine. These neural networks were then integrated into
the existing SimTrans. Apart from the neural network, an algorithm to consider the
effect of ambient conditions on the output of the engine was also included in the model.
A sensitivity analysis was carried out using the model to prioritise the factors affecting
emissions. Finally using the data for the ADE 447Ti engine, a trip with a Mercedes
Benz 2644S-24 was simulated using different scenarios over the routes from Durban to
Johannesburg and Cape Town to Johannesburg in South Africa to quantify the
emissions that were generated.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2002.
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Pandey, Sunil Kumar. "Exploration And Assessment of HCCI Strategies for a Multi-Cylinder Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine." Thesis, 2016. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2005/2720.
Full textAbstract:
Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) combustion is an alternative combustion mode in which the fuel is homogeneously mixed with air and is auto-ignited by compression. Due to charge homogeneity, this mode is characterized by low equivalence ratios and temperatures giving simultaneously low nitric oxide (NOx) and soot in diesel engines. The conventional problem of NOx-soot trade-off is avoided in this mode due to absence of diffusion combustion. This mode can be employed at part load conditions while maintaining conventional combustion at high load thus minimizing regulatory cycle emissions and reducing cost of after-treatment systems. The present study focuses on achieving this mode in a turbocharged, common rail, direct injection, four-cylinder, heavy duty diesel engine. Specifically, the work involves a combination of three-dimensional CFD simulations and experiments on this engine to assess both traditional and novel strategies related to fuel injection.
The first phase of the work involved a quasi-dimensional simulation of the engine to assess potential of achieving HCCI. This was done using a zero-dimensional, single-zone HCCI combustion model with n-heptane skeletal chemistry along with a one-dimensional model of intake and exhaust systems. The feasibility of operation with realistic knock values with high EGR rate of 60% was observed. The second aspect of the work involved three-dimensional CFD simulations of the in-cylinder process with wall film prediction to evaluate injection strategies associated with Early Direct Injection (EDI). The extended Coherent Flame Model-3Zone (ECFM-3Z) was employed for combustion simulation of conventional CI and EDI, and was validated with experimental in-cylinder pressure data from the engine. A new Uniformity Index (UI) parameter was defined to assess charge homogeneity. Results showed significant in-homogeneity and presence of wall film for EDI. Simulations were conducted to assess improvement of charge homogeneity by several strategies; narrow spray cone angle, injection timing, multiple injections, intake air heating, Port Fuel Injection (PFI) as well as combination of PFI and EDI. The maximum UI achieved by EDI was 0.78. The PFI strategy could achieve UI of 0.95; however, up to 50% of fuel remained trapped in the port after valve closure. This indicated that except EDI, none of the above-mentioned strategies could help achieve the benefits of the HCCI mode.
The third part of the work involved engine experimentation to assess the EDI strategy. This strategy produced lower soot than that of conventional CI combustion with very short combustion duration, but led to high knock and NOx which is attributed to pool fire burning phenomenon of the wall film, as confirmed by CFD. An Optimized EDI (OptimEDI) strategy was then developed based on results of CFD and Design of Experiments. The Optim EDI consisted of triple injections with split ratio of 41%-45%-14% and advancing the first injection. This strategy gave 20% NOx and soot reduction over the conventional CI mode. Although this strategy gave encouraging results, there was a need for more substantial reduction in emissions without sacrificing efficiency. Hence, a novel concept of utilizing air-assisted Injection (AAI) into the EGR stream was employed, as this implied injecting very small droplets of fuel into the intake which would have sufficient residence time to evaporate before reaching the cylinder, thereby enabling HCCI. The fourth and final part of the work involved engine experimentation with AAI, and combination of OptimEDI with AAI. Results with 20% EGR showed that 5 to 10% of AAI gave further reduction in NOx but not in soot. With experiments involving 48% EGR rate, there was soot reduction of 75% due to combined AAI-EDI. NOx was negligible due to the high EGR rate. Thus, the significant contribution of this work is in proving that combining AAI with EDI as a novel injection strategy leads to substantial NOx and soot reduction.