Relevant bibliographies by topics / Diesel ignition engine

Academic literature on the topic 'Diesel ignition engine'

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Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Diesel ignition engine"

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GĘCA, Michał, Zbigniew CZYŻ, and Mariusz SUŁEK. "Diesel engine for aircraft propulsion system." Combustion Engines 169, no. 2 (May 1, 2017): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2017-202.

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Stricter requirements for power in engines and difficulties in fueling gasoline engines at the airport make aircraft engine manufac-turers design new engines capable of combusting fuel derived from JET-A1. New materials used in compression-ignition engines enable weight reduction, whereas the technologies of a Common Rail system, supercharging and 2-stroke working cycle enable us to increasethe power generated by an engine of a given displacement. The paper discusses the parameters of about 40 types of aircraft compression ignition engines. The parameters of these engines are compared to the spark-ignition Rotax 912 and the turboprop. The paper also shows trends in developing aircraft compression-ignition engines.
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Kong, S. C., and R. D. Reitz. "Multidimensional Modeling of Diesel Ignition and Combustion Using a Multistep Kinetics Model." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 115, no. 4 (October 1, 1993): 781–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906775.

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Ignition and combustion mechanisms in diesel engines were studied using the KIVA code, with modifications to the combustion, heat transfer, crevice flow, and spray models. A laminar-and-turbulent characteristic-time combustion model that has been used successfully for spark-ignited engine studies was extended to allow predictions of ignition and combustion in diesel engines. A more accurate prediction of ignition delay was achieved by using a multistep chemical kinetics model. The Shell knock model was implemented for this purpose and was found to be capable of predicting successfully the autoignition of homogeneous mixtures in a rapid compression machine and diesel spray ignition under engine conditions. The physical significance of the model parameters is discussed and the sensitivity of results to the model constants is assessed. The ignition kinetics model was also applied to simulate the ignition process in a Cummins diesel engine. The post-ignition combustion was simulated using both a single-step Arrhenius kinetics model and also the characteristic-time model to account for the energy release during the mixing-controlled combustion phase. The present model differs from that used in earlier multidimensional computations of diesel ignition in that it also includes state-of-the-art turbulence and spray atomization models. In addition, in this study the model predictions are compared to engine data. It is found that good levels of agreement with the experimental data are obtained using the multistep chemical kinetics model for diesel ignition modeling. However, further study is needed of the effects of turbulent mixing on post-ignition combustion.
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Stelmasiak, Zdzisław. "Application of Alcohols to Dual - Fuel Feeding the Spark-Ignition and Self-Ignition Engines." Polish Maritime Research 21, no. 3 (October 28, 2014): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2014-0034.

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Abstract This paper concerns analysis of possible use of alcohols for the feeding of self - ignition and spark-ignition engines operating in a dual- fuel mode, i.e. simultaneously combusting alcohol and diesel oil or alcohol and petrol. Issues associated with the requirements for application of bio-fuels were presented with taking into account National Index Targets, bio-ethanol production methods and dynamics of its production worldwide and in Poland. Te considerations are illustrated by results of the tests on spark- ignition and self- ignition engines fed with two fuels: petrol and methanol or diesel oil and methanol, respectively. Te tests were carried out on a 1100 MPI Fiat four- cylinder engine with multi-point injection and a prototype collector fitted with additional injectors in each cylinder. Te other tested engine was a SW 680 six- cylinder direct- injection diesel engine. Influence of a methanol addition on basic operational parameters of the engines and exhaust gas toxicity were analyzed. Te tests showed a favourable influence of methanol on combustion process of traditional fuels and on some operational parameters of engines. An addition of methanol resulted in a distinct rise of total efficiency of both types of engines at maintained output parameters (maximum power and torque). In the same time a radical drop in content of hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides in exhaust gas was observed at high shares of methanol in feeding dose of ZI (petrol) engine, and 2-3 fold lower smokiness in case of ZS (diesel) engine. Among unfavourable phenomena, a rather insignificant rise of CO and NOx content for ZI engine, and THC and NOx - for ZS engine, should be numbered. It requires to carry out further research on optimum control parameters of the engines. Conclusions drawn from this work may be used for implementation of bio-fuels to feeding the combustion engines.
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Lin Tay, Kun, Wenbin Yu, Feiyang Zhao, and Wenming Yang. "From fundamental study to practical application of kerosene in compression ignition engines: An experimental and modeling review." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 2-3 (April 8, 2019): 303–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407019841218.

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The use of kerosene in direct injection compression ignition engines is fundamentally due to the introduction of the Single Fuel Concept. As conventional direct injection compression ignition diesel engines are made specifically to use diesel fuel, the usage of kerosene will affect engine emissions and performance due to differences between the fuel properties of kerosene and diesel. As a result, in order for kerosene to be properly and efficiently used in diesel engines, it is needful for the scientific community to know the properties of kerosene, its autoignition and combustion characteristics, as well as its emissions formation behavior under diesel engine operating conditions. Moreover, it is desirable to know the progress made in the development of suitable kerosene surrogates for engine applications as it is a crucial step toward the development of reliable chemical reaction mechanisms for numerical simulations. Therefore, in this work, a comprehensive review is carried out systematically to better understand the characteristics and behavior of kerosene under direct injection compression ignition engine relevant conditions. In this review work, the fuel properties of kerosene are summarized and discussed. In addition, fundamental autoignition studies of kerosene in shock tube, rapid compression machine, fuel ignition tester, ignition quality tester, constant volume combustion chamber, and engine are compiled and evaluated. Furthermore, experimental studies of kerosene spray and combustion in constant volume combustion chambers are examined. Also, the experimental investigations of kerosene combustion and emissions in direct injection compression ignition engines are discussed. Moreover, the development of kerosene surrogates, their chemical reaction mechanisms, and the modeling of kerosene combustion in direct injection compression ignition engines are summarized and talked about. Finally, recommendations are also given to help researchers focus on the areas which are still severely lacking.
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Zhang, G. Q., and D. N. Assanis. "Manifold Gas Dynamics Modeling and Its Coupling With Single-Cylinder Engine Models Using Simulink." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 125, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 563–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1560708.

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A flexible model for computing one-dimensional, unsteady manifold gas dynamics in single-cylinder spark-ignition and diesel engines has been developed. The numerical method applies an explicit, finite volume formulation and a shock-capturing total variation diminishing scheme. The numerical model has been validated against the method of characteristics for valve flows without combustion prior to coupling with combustion engine simulations. The coupling of the gas-dynamics model with single-cylinder, spark-ignition and diesel engine modules is accomplished using the graphical MATLAB-SIMULINK environment. Comparisons between predictions of the coupled model and measurements shows good agreement for both spark ignition and diesel engines. Parametric studies demonstrating the effect of varying the intake runner length on the volumetric efficiency of a diesel engine illustrate the model use.
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Teoh, Yew Heng, Hishammudin Afifi Huspi, Heoy Geok How, Farooq Sher, Zia Ud Din, Thanh Danh Le, and Huu Tho Nguyen. "Effect of Intake Air Temperature and Premixed Ratio on Combustion and Exhaust Emissions in a Partial HCCI-DI Diesel Engine." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (August 1, 2021): 8593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158593.

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Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is considered an advanced combustion method for internal combustion engines that offers simultaneous reductions in oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions and increased fuel efficiency. The present study examines the influence of intake air temperature (IAT) and premixed diesel fuel on fuel self-ignition characteristics in a light-duty compression ignition engine. Partial HCCI was achieved by port injection of the diesel fuel through air-assisted injection while sustaining direct diesel fuel injection into the cylinder for initiating combustion. The self-ignition of diesel fuel under such a set-up was studied with variations in premixed ratios (0–0.60) and inlet temperatures (40–100 °C) under a constant 1600 rpm engine speed with 20 Nm load. Variations in performance, emissions and combustion characteristics with premixed fuel and inlet air heating were analysed in comparison with those recorded without. Heat release rate profiles determined from recorded in-cylinder pressure depicted evident multiple-stage ignitions (up to three-stage ignition in several cases) in this study. Compared with the premixed ratio, the inlet air temperature had a greater effect on low-temperature reaction and HCCI combustion timing. Nonetheless, an increase in the premixed ratio was found to be influential in reducing nitric oxides emissions.
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Siwale, Lennox. "Effect of oxygenated fuels on emissions characteristics: a comparative study between compression ignition and spark ignition engines." International Journal of Petrochemical Science & Engineering 4, no. 2 (2019): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/ipcse.2019.04.00104.

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It is agreed by scientists world-wide that continued burning of petroleum oils without intervention is a great threat to the environment. In this study a comparison is made of the extent of emissions produced between diesel and gasoline engines using oxygenated blends. In the gasoline engine 20% methanol -80%, gasoline M20 was used. In the diesel engine, 20% n-butanol and 80% diesel B20 was the test fuel. The gasoline engine was a naturally aspirated Suzuki RS-416 1.6L engine type and the diesel type engine was a 1Z type, 1.9L Turbo-Direct injection (TDI). The results obtained were as follows: the NOx emissions increased with an increasing BMEP for Diesel Fuel (DF) but was slightly lower than the blend B20 at 50 and 75 % load; whereas using M20, Nox reduced in reference to gasoline fuel (GF) but was four times higher than that obtained in diesel engine; using B20 diminished the quality of Unburned hydrocarbons (uHc) emissions in diesel engine based on the reference fuel DF. The range of emissions of uHC however was far less in the diesel engine than in the gasoline engine.10-60 ppm and 600 to 700 ppm respectively. The blend M20 reduces uHc more than the GF above 25% brake mean effective pressure (bmep).The formation of Carbon monoxide (CO) was rapid for M20 than GF; emission concentration of CO in B20 increased above DF. Exhaust gases temperature (EGT) was lower for all oxygenated blends, M20 and B20, than neat or pure hydrocarbon (HC) fuels: GF and DF.
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Siwale, Lennox. "Effect of oxygenated fuels on emissions characteristics: a comparative study between compression ignition and spark ignition engines." International Journal of Petrochemical Science & Engineering 4, no. 2 (2019): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/ipcse.2019.04.00104.

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It is agreed by scientists world-wide that continued burning of petroleum oils without intervention is a great threat to the environment. In this study a comparison is made of the extent of emissions produced between diesel and gasoline engines using oxygenated blends. In the gasoline engine 20% methanol -80%, gasoline M20 was used. In the diesel engine, 20% n-butanol and 80% diesel B20 was the test fuel. The gasoline engine was a naturally aspirated Suzuki RS-416 1.6L engine type and the diesel type engine was a 1Z type, 1.9L Turbo-Direct injection (TDI). The results obtained were as follows: the NOx emissions increased with an increasing BMEP for Diesel Fuel (DF) but was slightly lower than the blend B20 at 50 and 75 % load; whereas using M20, Nox reduced in reference to gasoline fuel (GF) but was four times higher than that obtained in diesel engine; using B20 diminished the quality of Unburned hydrocarbons (uHc) emissions in diesel engine based on the reference fuel DF. The range of emissions of uHC however was far less in the diesel engine than in the gasoline engine.10-60 ppm and 600 to 700 ppm respectively. The blend M20 reduces uHc more than the GF above 25% brake mean effective pressure (bmep).The formation of Carbon monoxide (CO) was rapid for M20 than GF; emission concentration of CO in B20 increased above DF. Exhaust gases temperature (EGT) was lower for all oxygenated blends, M20 and B20, than neat or pure hydrocarbon (HC) fuels: GF and DF.
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LONGWIC, Rafał, Gracjana WOŹNIAK, and Przemysław SANDER. "Compression-ignition engine fuelled with diesel and hydrogen engine acceleration process." Combustion Engines 180, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2020-108.

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The paper presents the results of research consisting in acceleration of a diesel engine powered by diesel and hydrogen. The test stand included a diesel engine 1.3 Multijet, hydrogen cylinders and measuring equipment. Empirical tests included engine testing at idle and at specified speeds on a chassis dynamometer, vehicle acceleration in selected gears from specified initial values of engine revolutions was also tested.. Selected parameters of the diesel fuel combustion and injection process were calculated and analyzed. The paper is a preliminary attempt to determine the possibility of co-power supply to diesel and hydrogen engines.
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Kurczyński, Dariusz, Piotr Łagowski, and Saugirdas Pukalskas. "Nitrogen oxides concentrations and heat release characteristics of the Perkins 1104D-E44TA dual-fuel engine running with natural gas and diesel." Archives of Automotive Engineering – Archiwum Motoryzacji 84, no. 2 (June 28, 2019): 117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14669/am.vol84.art9.

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In the near future, natural gas may become a fuel, which will see increased use in powering internal combustion engines. Due to its properties, it can be used to power spark-ignition engines without major obstacles. Yet using natural gas to power compression-ignition engines proves to be more difficult. One of the possibilities are the dual-fuel compression-ignition engines running with gas fuel and diesel fuel, enabling ignition through compression and combustion of gas fuel. The article presents the heat release characteristics of the Perkins 1104D-E44TA engine powered by compressed natural gas and diesel fuel. Characteristics of heat release are an image of the combustion process. They affect the engine performance indicators. The determined heat release characteristics for a dual-fuel-powered engine were compared with the heat release characteristics for a diesel engine under the same operating conditions. An analysis of heat release characteristics was carried in the scope of their influence on the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust of the tested engine. The effect of the relative amount of heat released and the heat release rate during the combustion process in the Perkins 1104D-E44TA engine cylinder running dual-fuel with CNG+diesel on the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust, as compared to the values measured when running with diesel fuel only, was demonstrated. Higher share of natural gas in the total amount of energy supplied to the engine cylinders results in greater differences in the course of the combustion process and result in a greater reduction in the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust of the tested engine.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Diesel ignition engine"

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Wiseman, Marc William. "Spark ignition engine combustion process analysis." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1990. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11131/.

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Cylinder pressure analysis is widely used in the experimental investigation of combustion processes within gasoline engines. A pressure record can be processed to reveal detail of charge burning, which is a good indicator of combustion quality. The thesis describes the evaluation of an approximate technique for calculating the mass fraction of the charge that has burnt; a novel approach for determining heat loss to the block; the development of a powerful system for combustion analysis; and the investigation of the correlation between the crank angle location of the 50% mass burnt and minimum timing advance necessary to obtain the maximum engine torque. A detailed examination has been carried out into the uncertainties in the determination of the mass fraction burnt as suggested by Rassweiler and Withrow. A revised procedure has been developed which does not require a priori identification of the combustion end point, and a new approach is suggested to calculate the polytropic indices necessary for the pressure processing. This particular implementation of the analysis is able to identify late burning and misfiring cycles, and then take appropriate steps to ensure their proper analysis. The problems associated with the assumption of uniform pressure; alignment of the pressure changes to the volume changes; pressure sampling rate; clearance volume estimation; and calibrating the acquired pressure to absolute are also evaluated. A novel method is developed to ascertain, directly from the pressure history, the heat loss to the cylinder block. Both experimental and simulated data are used to support the accuracy of the suggested heat loss evaluation, and the sensitivity of the method to its inputs is examined. The conversion of procedures for combustion analysis into a format suitable for undertaking high speed analysis is described. The analysis techniques were implemented so that the engine can be considered to be on-line to the analysis system. The system was entitled Quikburn. This system can process an unlimited number of cycles at a particular running condition, updating the screen every 1.5 seconds. The analysis system has been used to study the potentially beneficial correlation between the location of the 50% mass burnt and MBT. The correlation is examined in detail, and found to be valid except under lean fueling conditions, which is seen to be caused by slow flame initiation. It is suggested that the optimum location of the 50% mass burnt can be used as a reference setting for the ignition timing, and as an indicator of combustion chamber performance. An engine simulation was employed to verify that changes in bum shape account for the small variation seen in the optimum 50% bum locations at different operating conditions of the engine. The bum shape changes also account for the range of optimum locations of the 50% mass burnt encountered in different engines.
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Newnham, S. K. C. "The combustion of ethanol in a spark-assisted diesel engine." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1990. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/2157/.

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Norouzi, Shahrouz. "Interaction of diesel type fuels and engine fuel system components in compression ignition engines." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5369/.

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Contact of fuels with engine components at low and elevated temperatures for various amounts of time is found to be challenging as this contact has several effects on engine fuel system components and fuels. Also, storage of fuels for a long period of time is found to have almost the same effect on both engine components and fuels upon engine use. In this thesis fuel and engine components’ contact have been studied for four typical metals used in the construction of many engine fuel systems; in form of pure or alloys (copper, aluminium, mild carbon steel and stainless steel), studied after contact with three of the currently available fuels for use in compression ignition engines. Ultra-low sulphur diesel fuel (ULSD) was used as the fossil fuel, rapeseed methyl ester (RME) as the first generation biofuel and finally gas-to-liquid (GTL) as the second generation of biofuel, obtained via the Fischer-Tropsch process. The investigation was performed in different sections: fuels and metals have been studied for any degradation after contact at low and high temperatures for short and long exposure times, and an understanding of the corrosion process and any degradation on both metals and fuels has been achieved; due to the high hygroscopic character of these fuels and the presence of possible impurities in the fuel, the investigation was extended for analysis of the effect of the presence or absence of absorbed water and dissolved air (in the form of Oxygen) in fuels on degradation and corrosion characteristics of these fuels.
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Russell, Brian Bailie. "Investigation of combustion systems for a two-stroke cycle diesel engine." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317118.

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Oak, Sushil Shreekant. "Second law analysis of premixed compression ignition combustion in a diesel engine using a thermodynamic engine cycle simulation." Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/86040.

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A second law analysis of compression ignition engine was completed using a thermodynamic engine cycle simulation. The major components of availability destruction and transfer for an entire engine cycle were identified and the influence of mode of combustion, injection timing and EGR on availability balance was evaluated. The simulation pressure data was matched with the available experimental pressure data gathered from the tests on the Isuzu 1.7 L direct injection diesel engine. Various input parameters of the simulation were changed to represent actual engine conditions. Availability destruction due to combustion decreases with advanced injection timing and under premixed compression ignition (PCI) modes; but it is found to be insensitive to the level of EGR. Similarly, trends (or lack of trends) in the other components of availability balance were identified for variation in injection timing, EGR level and mode of combustion. Optimum strategy for efficient combustion processes was proposed based on the observed trends.
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Chen, Xiang-Dong. "Measurement and modelling of diesel engine combustion with particular reference to soot formation." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333281.

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Christodoulou, Fanos. "Hydrogen, nitrogen and syngas enriched diesel combustion." Thesis, Brunel University, 2014. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/9109.

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On-board hydrogen and syngas production is considered as a transition solution from fossil fuel to hydrogen powered vehicles until problems associated with hydrogen infrastructure, distribution and storage are resolved. A hydrogen- or syngas-rich stream, which substitutes part of the main hydrocarbon fuel, can be produced by supplying diesel fuel in a fuel-reforming reactor, integrated within the exhaust pipe of a diesel engine. The primary aim of this project was to investigate the effects of intake air enrichment with product gas on the performance, combustion and emissions of a diesel engine. The novelty of this study was the utilisation of the dilution effect of the reformate, combined with replacement of part of the hydrocarbon fuel in the engine cylinder by either hydrogen or syngas. The experiments were performed using a fully instrumented, prototype 2.0 litre Ford HSDI diesel engine. The engine was tested in four different operating conditions, representative for light- and medium-duty diesel engines. The product gas was simulated by bottled gases, the composition of which resembled that of typical diesel reformer product gas. In each operating condition, the percentage of the bottled gases and the start of diesel injection were varied in order to find the optimum operating points. The results showed that when the intake air was enriched with hydrogen, smoke and CO emissions decreased at the expense of NOx. Supply of nitrogen-rich combustion air into the engine resulted in a reduction in NOx emissions; nevertheless, this technique had a detrimental effect on smoke and CO emissions. Under low-speed low-load operation, enrichment of the intake air with a mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen led to simultaneous reductions in NOx, smoke and CO emissions. Introduction of a mixture of syngas and nitrogen into the engine resulted in simultaneous reductions in NOx and smoke emissions over a wide range of the engine operating window. Admission of bottled gases into the engine had a negative impact on brake thermal efficiency. Although there are many papers in the literature dealing with the effects of intake air enrichment with separate hydrogen, syngas and nitrogen, no studies were found examining how a mixture composed of hydrogen and nitrogen or syngas and nitrogen would affect a diesel engine. Apart from making a significant contribution to existing knowledge, it is 3 believed that this research work will benefit the development of an engine-reformer system since the product gas is mainly composed of either a mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen or a mixture of syngas and nitrogen.
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Petersen, Ulf. "Jet mixing in DI diesel engine combustion chamber model under quiescent and swirling conditions." Thesis, University of Bath, 1991. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306381.

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Fang, Ming. "Analysis of Variability and Injection Optimization of a Compression Ignition Engine." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1250532113.

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Bech, Alexander. "Thermal analysis and fuel economy benefits of cylinder deactivation on a 1.0l spark ignition engine." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/49777/.

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The deactivation of a cylinder on a 1.0litre three cylinder turbocharged gasoline engine has been investigated providing novel information on thermal and fuel consumption effects associated with the technology. This comes in light of providing solutions to reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emissions resulting from internal combustion engines. The investigation has been carried out through the PROgram for Modelling of Engine Thermal Systems (PROMETS). A version of PROMETS was extensively developed to characterise a commercially produced TCE not fitted with cylinder deactivation technology. Developments include an improved gas-side heat transfer expression to account for increased heat transfer to coolant due to the addition of an integrated exhaust manifold; addition of an expression to represent natural convection to model heating of quiescent coolant in the block; and a method to estimate the boosted intake manifold pressure past the throttle due to turbocharging on a gasoline engine. The 0-D approach used in this thesis compared to higher resolution computational tools has allowed for thermal and performance predictions to be made within a couple of minutes compared to several hours or days. In effect, PROMETS has been a time and cost effective tool during the development stages of a prototype engine. The PROMETS model indicated that no adverse changes in engine thermal behaviour arose with cylinder deactivation. The largest temperature change of < 400 occurs in the exhaust valve lower stem for the deactivated cylinder. Temperature changes in other components throughout the engine are an order of magnitude smaller. Although the largest temperature differences between the deactivated and firing cylinders were found to be in the range of < 70 , these remain within normal engine operating temperatures of < 100 . Also, by on-setting deactivation past an oil temperature of 40 , warm-up times were marginally extended compared to operation on all cylinders from key-on. Experimental inputs representing changes in engine gross indicated thermal efficiency and the work loss associated with the motoring of a piston complemented modelling work in predicting fuel consumption changes due to deactivation. Reductions in pumping losses account for the majority of the fuel consumption benefit associated with deactivating a cylinder. The main limitation in the employment of cylinder deactivation stems from the deterioration in the gross indicated thermal efficiency. Modelled results show that fuel consumption improvements are highest on low and part load operation envelopes. As such over the NEDC and FTP-75 benefits are in the range of 3.5%. Applying the technology over dynamically loaded cycles such as the WLTC and ARTEMIS, results in benefits of less than 1.6%. Further to modelling work on cylinder deactivation, experimental work has been carried out with the aim of allowing any engine size to be tested to cover transient drive cycles for future research. Future research could be in the aim of investigating technologies to reduce CO2 and emissions resulting from ICEs. Results show that the control solution implemented has allowed eddy-current dynamometers normally used for constant speed and brake load conditions to operate cycles such as the WLTC or any transient brake torque and engine speed pattern. Benchmark fuel consumption values for two engines of differing swept volume are within a 4g error band equivalent to a 0.36% and 0.67% percentage error band demonstrating the excellence of the control system.
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Books on the topic "Diesel ignition engine"

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Engineers, Society of Automotive, ed. Spark ignition and compression ignition engine modeling. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 2002.

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Neame, Ghabi R. Bluff-body stabilized glow plug ignition of a methanol-fueled IDI diesel engine. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1993.

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Abate, Vito J. Natural gas ignition delay study under diesel engine conditions in a combustion bomb with glow plug assist. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2001.

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American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Internal Combustion Engine Division. Technical Meeting. Alternate fuels, engine performance and emissions: Presented at the 15th Annual Fall Technical Conference of the ASME Internal Combustion Engine Division, Morgantown, West Virginia, September 26-29 1993. New York, N.Y: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993.

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Zhao, Hua. Advanced direct injection combustion engine technologies and development. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2010.

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Engineers, Society of Automotive, and International Spring Fuels & Lubricants Meeting (2000 : Paris), eds. Combustion in diesel and SI engines. Warrendale, Pa: Society of Automotive Engineers, 2000.

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Engineers, Society of Automotive, and SAE International Spring Fuels & Lubricants Meeting and Exposition (2004 : Toulouse, France), eds. Modeling for SI & diesel engines. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 2004.

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SAE Powertrain & Fluid Systems Conference & Exhibition. Homogeneous charge compression ignition. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 2005.

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Engineers, Society of Automotive, and SAE Powertrain & Fluid Systems Conference & Exhibition (2004 : Tampa, Fla.), eds. Homogeneous charge compression ignition. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 2004.

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Institution of Mechanical Engineers (Great Britain). Combustion Engines Group., ed. Lean burn combustion engines: 3-4 December 1996. Bury St. Edmunds: Published by Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited for the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Diesel ignition engine"

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Lakshminarayanan, P. A., and Yogesh V. Aghav. "Ignition Delay in a Diesel Engine." In Mechanical Engineering Series, 59–78. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3885-2_5.

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Lakshminarayanan, P. A., and Yogesh V. Aghav. "Ignition Delay in a Diesel Engine." In Mechanical Engineering Series, 71–94. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6742-8_5.

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AlRamadan, Abdullah S., and Gustav Nyrenstedt. "Injection Strategies and Auto-Ignition Features of Gasoline and Diesel Type Fuels for Advanced CI Engine." In Gasoline Compression Ignition Technology, 217–43. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8735-8_8.

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Rehman, Sanaur, Firoj Alam, and Mohammad Adil. "Ignition and Combustion Characteristics of Impinging Diesel and Biodiesel Blended Sprays Under Diesel Engine-Like Operating Conditions." In Proceedings of International Conference in Mechanical and Energy Technology, 719–28. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2647-3_67.

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Kumar, Chandra Bhushan, D. B. Lata, and Dhaneshwar Mahto. "Experimental Analysis of Ignition Delay in Dual Fuel Diesel Engine with Secondary Fuel." In Advances in Smart Grid Automation and Industry 4.0, 279–85. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7675-1_27.

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Mofijur, M., M. G. Rasul, N. M. S. Hassan, M. M. K. Khan, and H. K. Rashedul. "Gaseous and Particle Emissions from a Compression Ignition Engine Fueled with Biodiesel–Diesel Blends." In Application of Thermo-fluid Processes in Energy Systems, 35–56. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0697-5_2.

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Senthilkumar, P. B., Parthasarathy M., Selçuk Sarıkoç, N. M. Nachhippan, Backiyaraj A., P. V. Elumalai, and O. D. Samuel. "Experimental Studies on Compression Ignition Engine Operated with Blends of Tamanu Biodiesel and Diesel." In Springer Proceedings in Energy, 789–805. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30171-1_83.

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Olanrewajuʼ*, F. O., H. Li, G. E. Andrews, and H. N. Phylaktou. "Effect of diesel-ethanol fuel blends on engine performance and combustion behaviour of Compression Ignition (CI) engines." In Powertrain Systems for Net-Zero Transport, 103–18. London: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003219217-7.

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Gurusamy, A., A. A. Muhammad Irfan, E. R. Sivakumar, and P. Purushothaman. "Evaluation of Performance and Emission Characteristics on Diesel Engine Fueled by Diesel–Algae Biodiesel Blend with Ignition Enhancing Additives." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 421–31. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5996-9_33.

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Malozemov, A., A. Savinovskikh, and G. Malozemov. "Simulation of Fuel Ignition Chemical Kinetics in Diesel Engine at Cold Start with Modelica Language." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 585–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22041-9_63.

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Conference papers on the topic "Diesel ignition engine"

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Hakim, Layal, Guilhem Lacaze, Mohammad Khalil, Habib N. Najm, and Joseph C. Oefelein. "Modeling Auto-Ignition Transients in Reacting Diesel Jets." In ASME 2015 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2015-1120.

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The objective of the present work is to establish a framework to design simple Arrhenius mechanisms for simulation of Diesel engine combustion. The goal is to predict auto-ignition and flame propagation over a selected range of temperature and equivalence ratio, at a significantly reduced computational cost, and to quantify the accuracy of the optimized mechanisms for a selected set of characteristics. The methodology is demonstrated for n-dodecane oxidation by fitting the auto-ignition delay time predicted by a detailed reference mechanism to a two-step model mechanism. The pre-exponential factor and activation energy of the first reaction are modeled as functions of equivalence ratio and temperature and calibrated using Bayesian inference. This provides both the optimal parameter values and the related uncertainties over a defined envelope of temperatures, pressures, and equivalence ratios. Non-intrusive spectral projection is then used to propagate the uncertainty through homogeneous auto-ignitions. A benefit of the method is that parametric uncertainties can be propagated in the same way through coupled reacting flow calculations using techniques such as Large Eddy Simulation to quantify the impact of the chemical parameter uncertainty on simulation results.
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Wang, Mianzhi, Zhengxin Xu, Saifei Zhang, and Chia-fon F. Lee. "Different Diesel Engine Ignition Regimes With a Single Injection." In ASME 2015 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2015-1156.

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A simple single injection scheme is used to understand the fundamental processes of diesel engine ignition. Two different combustion regimes, partially premixed combustion (PPC), and conventional direct injection compression ignition (DICI), are computationally achieved with the single injection scheme in a 3-D CFD program. An ignition phase curve covering the two combustion regimes is proposed and verified by numerical simulation. The ignition phase curve is used to reveal the underlying physics of each regime. It is found that the interaction among piston motion, chemical kinetics, fuel-air mixing, and injection event differs the two combustion regimes. The conventional DICI mode ignition is dominated by injection timing and affected by the mixture pressure and temperature during the flame induction period. In the PPC mode, the over-mixing effect of the fuel affects largely the ignition process. The variations of the moment of cool flame onset and high temperature ignition are discussed in detail. The differences between the proposed and calculated ignition phase curve are due to the specific piston and injector design of the test engine for which calculations are done. Finally, the effects of intake temperature on the ignition phase curve are explained based on numerical results.
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Huang, Mingdi, Sandeep Gowdagiri, Xander M. Cesari, and Matthew A. Oehlschlaeger. "Diesel Engine Simulations and Experiments: Fuel Variability Effects on Ignition." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-37336.

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The chemical composition and properties of fuels used in compression-ignition engines can influence engine performance significantly. Consequently, the modeling of fuel chemistry within computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of diesel and other compression ignition engines is important. Modern detailed chemical mechanisms may provide predictive modeling of fuel chemistry; however, they are generally far too computationally expensive for use in CFD. We present simulations of diesel engine combustion, focusing on the prediction of ignition, using the CONVERGE CFD software package. A CFD simulation framework with models for turbulence and spray breakup and atomization is presented with a reduced global reaction model to describe fuel oxidation and ignition. The global reaction model incorporates a single parameter, the derived cetane number (DCN), to describe fuel reactivity variability. CFD simulations are compared to experiments carried out in a single-cylinder diesel engine for compositionally diverse conventional and alternative diesel and jet fuels. Model-experiment comparisons show general agreement for ignition timing and the influence of fuel variability on ignition timing. In addition, the sensitivity of CFD predictions on the chemistry, turbulence, and spray models is illustrated.
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Rosenthal, Felix, Heiko Kubach, and Thomas Koch. "Pilot Injection of Reactive Fuels as Ignition Source in Natural Gas Engines With Lean Burn Concept." In ASME 2017 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2017-3589.

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Recent gas engines developments tend to use more excess air to reduce NOx emissions. Under these circumstances the ignition in a single cylinder research gas engine with micro pilot injection of highly ignitable fuels has been investigated. Three igniting fuels, Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil (HVO), 2-ethoxyethyl ether (2-EEE) and a Diesel/2-ethylhexyl nitrate blend have been selected by a systematical assessment and their properties have been analyzed. These fuels have been evaluated concerning their aptitude as igniting fuels and compared with diesel as reference fuel. A higher ignitability of igniting fuel reduced the ignition delay of the injected fuel and enabled the diminution of the igniting fuel fraction. A significant share of NOx emissions have been attributed to the ignition injection, therefore micro pilot injection is necessary to reach emission targets. The micro pilot injection of 2-EEE as a highly ignitable fuel with the highest Cetane Number showed favorably low ignition delay. Depending on the selected fuel and the igniting fuel fraction, the combustion phasing can be controlled directly by the injection timing. In the last section, the results for pilot injection with 2-EEE as an igniting fuel have been compared with the results using a conventional spark plug. Advantages and disadvantages for both ignition systems have been identified at constant Air Fuel Ratio (AFR). A thermodynamical comparison with each ignition system has been performed to explain the different effects on combustion.
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Grochowina, Marcus, Daniel Hertel, Simon Tartsch, and Thomas Sattelmayer. "Ignition of Diesel Pilot Fuel in Dual-Fuel Engines." In ASME 2018 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2018-9671.

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Dual-Fuel (DF) engines offer great fuel flexibility combined with low emissions in gas mode. The main source of energy in this mode is provided by gaseous fuel, while the Diesel fuel acts only as an ignition source. For this reason, the reliable autoignition of the pilot fuel is of utmost importance for combustion in DF-engines. However, the autoignition of the pilot fuel suffers from low compression temperatures caused by Miller valve timings. These valve timings are applied to increase efficiency and reduce nitrogen oxide emissions. Previous studies have investigated the influence of injection parameters and operating conditions on ignition and combustion in DF-engines using a unique periodically chargeable combustion cell. Direct light high-speed images and pressure traces clearly revealed the effects of injection parameters and operating conditions on ignition and combustion. However, these measurement techniques are only capable of observing processes after ignition. In order to overcome this drawback, a high-speed shadowgraph technique was applied in this study to examine the processes prior to ignition. Measurements were conducted to investigate the influence of compression temperature and injection pressure on spray formation and ignition. Results showed that the autoignition of Diesel pilot fuel strongly depends on the fuel concentration within the spray. The high-speed shadowgraph images revealed that in the case of very low fuel concentration within the pilot spray only the first-stage of the two-stage ignition occurs. This leads to large cycle-to-cycle variations and misfiring. However, it was found that a reduced number of injection holes counteracts these effects. The comparison of a Diesel injector with 10-holes and a modified injector with 5-holes showed shorter ignition delays, more stable ignition and a higher number of ignited sprays on a percentage basis for the 5-hole nozzle.
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Sahoo, Bibhuti B., Niranjan Sahoo, and Ujjwal K. Saha. "Assessment of a Syngas-Diesel Dual Fuelled Compression Ignition Engine." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90218.

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Synthesis gas (Syngas), a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, can be manufactured from natural gas, coal, petroleum, biomass, and even from organic wastes. It can substitute fossil diesel as an alternative gaseous fuel in compression ignition engines under dual fuel operation route. Experiments were conducted in a single cylinder, constant speed and direct injection diesel engine fuelled with syngas-diesel in dual fuel mode. The engine is designed to develop a power output of 5.2 kW at its rated speed of 1500 rpm under variable loads with inducted syngas fuel having H2 to CO ratio of 1:1 by volume. Diesel fuel as a pilot was injected into the engine in the conventional manner. The diesel engine was run at varying loads of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%. The performance of dual fuel engine is assessed by parameters such as thermal efficiency, exhaust gas temperature, diesel replacement rate, gas flow rate, peak cylinder pressure, exhaust O2 and emissions like NOx, CO and HC. Dual fuel operation showed a decrease in brake thermal efficiency from 16.1% to a maximum of 20.92% at 80% load. The maximum diesel substitution by syngas was found 58.77% at minimum exhaust O2 availability condition of 80% engine load. The NOx level was reduced from 144 ppm to 103 ppm for syngas-diesel mode at the best efficiency point. Due to poor combustion efficiency of dual fuel operation, there were increases in CO and HC emissions throughout the range of engine test loads. The decrease in peak pressure causes the exhaust gas temperature to rise at all loads of dual fuel operation. The present investigation provides some useful indications of using syngas fuel in a diesel engine under dual fuel operation.
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Radwan, M. S., S. K. Dandoush, M. Y. E. Selim, and A. M. A. Kader. "Ignition Delay Period of Jojoba Diesel Engine Fuel." In International Fuels & Lubricants Meeting & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/972975.

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Vallinayagam, R., S. Vedharaj, S. Mani Sarathy, and Robert W. Dibble. "Diethyl Ether as an Ignition Enhancer for Naphtha Creating a Drop in Fuel for Diesel." In ASME 2016 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2016-9324.

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Direct use of naphtha in compression ignition (CI) engines is not advisable because its lower cetane number negatively impacts the auto ignition process. However, engine or fuel modifications can be made to operate naphtha in CI engines. Enhancing a fuel’s auto ignition characteristics presents an opportunity to use low cetane fuel, naphtha, in CI engines. In this research, Di-ethyl ether (DEE) derived from ethanol is used as an ignition enhancer for light naphtha. With this fuel modification, a “drop-in” fuel that is interchangeable with existing diesel fuel has been created. The ignition characteristics of DEE blended naphtha were studied in an ignition quality tester (IQT); the measured ignition delay time (IDT) for pure naphtha was 6.9 ms. When DEE was added to naphtha, IDT decreased and D30 (30% DEE + 70% naphtha) showed comparable IDT with US NO.2 diesel. The derived cetane number (DCN) of naphtha, D10 (10% DEE + 90% naphtha), D20% DEE + 80% naphtha) and D30 were measured to be 31, 37, 40 and 49, respectively. The addition of 30% DEE in naphtha achieved a DCN equivalent to US NO.2 diesel. Subsequent experiments in a CI engine exhibited longer ignition delay for naphtha compared to diesel. The peak in-cylinder pressure is higher for naphtha than diesel and other tested fuels. When DEE was added to naphtha, the ignition delay shortened and peak in-cylinder pressure is reduced. A 3.7% increase in peak in-cylinder pressure was observed for naphtha compared to US NO.2 diesel, while D30 showed comparable results with diesel. The pressure rise rate dropped with the addition of DEE to naphtha, thereby reducing the ringing intensity. Naphtha exhibited a peak heat release rate of 280 kJ/m3deg, while D30 showed a comparable peak heat release rate to US NO.2 diesel. The amount of energy released during the premixed combustion phase decreased with the increase of DEE in naphtha. Thus, this study demonstrates the suitability of DEE blended naphtha mixtures as a “drop-in” replacement fuel for diesel.
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Raju, Mandhapati, Mingjie Wang, P. K. Senecal, Sibendu Som, and Douglas E. Longman. "A Reduced Diesel Surrogate Mechanism for Compression Ignition Engine Applications." In ASME 2012 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2012-92045.

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A skeletal mechanism with 117 species and 472 reactions for a Diesel surrogate i.e., n-heptane, was developed. The detailed mechanism for n-heptane created by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) was employed as the starting mechanism. The detailed mechanism was then reduced with an enhancement of the Direct Relation Graph (DRG) technique called Parallel DRG-with Error Propagation and Sensitivity Analysis (PDRGEPSA). The reduction was performed for pressures from 20 to 80 atm, equivalence ratios from 0.5 to 2, and an initial temperature range of 600–1200 K, covering the compression ignition (CI) engine conditions. Extensive validations were performed against both 0-D simulations with the detailed mechanism and experimental data for spatially homogeneous systems. In order to perform three-dimensional turbulent spray-combustion and engine simulations, the mechanism was integrated with the multi-zone model in the CONVERGE CFD software to accelerate the calculation of detailed chemical kinetics. The Engine Combustion Network (ECN) data from Sandia National Laboratory was used for validation purposes along with single-cylinder Caterpillar engine data. The skeletal mechanism was able to predict various combustion characteristics accurately such as ignition delay and flame lift-off length (LOL) under different ambient conditions. The performance of the multi-zone solver with respect to the full cell-by-cell chemistry solver (SAGE) is compared for the Caterpillar engine simulation and a good match is obtained with significant speed-up of computational time for the multi-zone solver.
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Subramanian, K. A., and A. Ramesh. "Operation of a Compression Ignition Engine on Diesel-Diethyl Ether Blends." In ASME 2002 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2002-517.

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A detailed investigation on the effect of using diesel-diethyl ether blends in a direct injection diesel engine has been carried out. Blends with 5, 10 & 15% by weight of diethyl ether were tested. The optimum quantity of diethyl ether was found as 10% based on the thermal efficiency. Tests were also conducted with the optimum quantity at an advanced injection timing. With this timing, the blend decreased the smoke & CO level drastically at all loads and increased the brake thermal efficiency at high loads with out affecting NO emissions. It also increased the peak heat release rate, peak pressure and maximum rate of pressure rise. It was concluded that 10% blend with injection timing slight advanced than base diesel operation is suitable.
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Reports on the topic "Diesel ignition engine"

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Dhanasekaran, Chinnathambi, and Gabriel Mohan Kumar. Hydrogen Gas in Diesel Engine using DEE as Ignition Source. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, October 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2012-32-0013.

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Ishikawa, Naoya, and Teruo Nakada. Study of Pre-Mixed Compression Ignition Combustion on Multi-Cylinder Diesel Engine. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0437.

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Nagarajan, G., N. K. Miller Jothi, and S. Renganarayanan. Direct Injection Diesel Engine Operated With 100% LPG Using DEE as an Ignition Improver. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, May 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0267.

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Horie, Nobuhiko, Jin Kusaka, Hisayasu Nishiura, and Yasuhiro Daisho. Numerical Analysis of Ignition and Combustion Processes in Light-Duty Diesel Engine Using a Multi-Dimensional CFD Code. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, May 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0317.

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Olsen. PR-179-07200-R01 Evaluation of NOx Sensors for Control of Aftertreatment Devices. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), June 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010985.

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Emissions reduction through exhaust aftertreatment is becoming more common. It is likely to play an important role in meeting new emissions regulations in the future. Currently, the predominate aftertreatment technology for NOX reduction in lean burn natural gas engines appears to be selective catalytic reduction (SCR). In SCR, a reducing agent is injected into the exhaust upstream of a catalyst. Supplying the optimal quantity of reagent is critical to effective application of SCR. If too little reagent is supplied then the NOx reduction efficiency may be too low. If too much reagent is provided then the ammonia slip may be too high. Control of reagent injection is an area where improvements could be made. In many current SCR systems, the rate of reagent injection is determined by engine loading. The relationship between engine loading and engine out NOX emission is determined during SCR system commissioning, and assumed to remain constant. Ideally, NOX emissions would be measured and used as feedback to the SCR system. It may also be advantageous to employ transient reagent injection based on time dependent variations in NOX mass flow in the exhaust. This would be possible with a fast response NOx sensor. Close loop engine control is an area of increasing importance. As regulatory emissions levels are reduced, compliance margins generally decrease. Precise control of air/fuel ratio and ignition timing become more critical. Cylinder-to-cylinder control of air/fuel ratio, ignition timing, and IMEP are also important. Advanced sensors are an enabling technology for more precise engine control. Ion sensing is an example of a technology that potentially can improve cylinder balancing and ignition timing. Cylinder-to-cylinder air/fuel ratio can be accomplished in several different ways. One approach would be to install individual sensors in the exhaust manifold, one for each cylinder. Ceramic based sensors (O2 and NOx) may be reliable enough at exhaust port temperatures. They are typically used in the exhaust of 4-stroke cycle engines, which have higher exhaust temperatures than 2-stroke cycle engines. Ceramic based NOx sensors have been under development for use, primarily, in Lean NOx Traps (LNTs). This technology is expected to be used on over-the-road Diesel truck engines in 2010. Therefore, the research effort has momentum. This provides an opportunity to capitalize on the efforts of another industry. In this project a NOx sensor will be evaluated using the SCR slipstream system on the GMV-4TF. The basic tasks are: 1. Identify commercial NOx sensors and procure most promising sensor 2. Design and modification of SCR slipstream system to accept sensors 3. Installation of sensors, sensor electronics, and data logging hardware and software 4. Sensor evaluation during SCR slipstream testing.
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Sugano, Hideaki, Koji Nemoto, Shoichi Kuwayama, Jin Kusaka, and Yasuhiro Daisho. An Experimental Study on the Effects of Combustion and Fuel Factors on DI Diesel Engine Performance (Second Report): Effects of Fuel Properties on Premixed Charge Compression Ignition Combustion and the Conventional Diesel Combustion. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0433.

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Chan, A. K. Ignition assist systems for direct-injected, diesel cycle, medium-duty alternative fuel engines: Final report phase 1. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/753778.

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Gaspar, Daniel, Charles Mueller, Robert McCormick, Jonathan Martin, Sibendu Som, Gina Magnotti, Jonathan Burton, et al. Top 13 Blendstocks Derived from Biomass for Mixing-Controlled Compression-Ignition (Diesel) Engines: Bioblendstocks with Potential for Decreased Emissions and Improved Operability. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1806564.

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William E. Wallace. US Department of Energy - Office of FreedomCar and Vehicle Technologies and US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Inter-Agency Agreement Research on "The Analysis of Genotoxic Activities of Exhaust Emissions from Mobile Natural Gas, Diesel, and Spark-Ignition Engines". Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/924482.

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Conversion of a diesel engine to a spark ignition natural gas engine. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/390571.

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