Journal articles on the topic 'Diesel Engine Calibration'
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1
Shinde, Mr Bhushan Subhash, Dr Usha C. Pawar, and Mr Rajesh Kumar. "Diesel Engine Fuel Pump Pressure, Time Setting and Calibration." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 2014–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41025.
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Abstract: For a diesel engine, fuel pressure time setting and calibration are very important parameters, which influence and increase the engine efficiency, performance, emissions, and combustion. Other injection parameters affecting engine performance are rate of injection, injection pattern, number of injections etc. A single cylinder research engine was used to experimentally determine the effects of fuel injection strategies and injection timings on engine combustion, performance and emission characteristics. The experiments were conducted at constant speed (2500 rpm) with two FIPs (500 and 1000 bars respectively) and different start of injection (SOI) timings. Cylinder pressure and rate of heat release (ROHR) were found to be higher for lower FIPs however advanced injection timings gave higher ROHR in early combustion stages. Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) increased with increased injection pressures while exhaust gas temperature and brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) increased up to 500 bars. These parameters reduced slightly with increase in fuel pressure time pump. Diesel engine combustion quality is based on the formation of fuel-air mixture. Enormous efforts have made to reduce the harmful diesel engine emissions. High engine noise, Particulate matter (PM) and NOx production are the results of improper combustion process and considered as the major constraints. The performance and emission characteristics of diesel engines depend on many parameters. Precise control over the fuel injection process is one of the most important factors and plays a very important role in combustion to increase the engine performance with minimal exhaust emission. The injection system must satisfy high pressure capability, injection pressure control, flexible timing control, and injection rate control. The purpose of this study is to find the performance and exhaust emission of diesel engines by implementing the combination of various high injection pressures and variable injection timings. Present paper is concentrated towords optimization of the best combination of high pressure injection with suitable injection timing in a diesel engine fueled with pure diesel, to reduce the emission and fuel consumption with increased engine power. Keywords: Diesel Engine fuel pump pressure, time,setting and calibration.
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Wang, Jun, Lizhong Shen, Yuhua Bi, Shaohua Liu, and Mingding Wan. "Power recovery of a variable nozzle turbocharged diesel engine at high altitude by response surface methodology and sequential quadratic programming." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 4 (February 21, 2018): 810–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017753913.
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Based on a review of the research methods about diesel engine performance recovery at high altitude and an experimental investigation, by optimizing variable nozzle turbocharger (VNT) and fuel supply system calibration parameters a novel method is proposed to enhance the performance of a turbocharged diesel engine at high altitude. At an altitude of 1920 m, four calibration parameters deeply affecting performance of the diesel engine were selected at the rated power condition, that is, injection quantity, injection timing, injection pressure, and VNT nozzle opening. In order to reduce thermal load of the diesel engine running in the plateau environment, reasonable coded levels of Design of Experiments (DoE) factors were chosen, and an experimental design matrix was selected based on the Box–Behnken design. The interaction effects of the four calibration parameters on engine performance were investigated using the response surface methodology. Power recovery optimization was carried out by means of sequential quadratic programming under a minimum smoke limit and durability constraints. The results show that this performance optimization method can effectively recover engine performance at high altitude. Moreover, it can, to an extent, alleviate the problems such as deterioration of fuel consumption and high thermal load induced by the rise in elevation. With optimized calibration parameters, the rated power of the diesel engine at an altitude of 1920 m proved to be recovered to that at sea level, and there was an increase of brake specific fuel consumption by less than 3% compared with that in the plain area, which met the performance and durability requirements for general turbocharged internal combustion engines at altitudes lower than 2000 m.
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Srinivasa Rao, Yenda, and Tsegaye Getachew Alenka. "Performance and Emission Analysis of Common Rail Diesel Engine with Microalgae Biodiesel." Journal of Engineering 2022 (July 4, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7441659.
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Modern common rail diesel engines are normally optimized with commercial diesel. As a result, the engine control unit’s calibration is established to achieve the best compromise between performances and exhaust pollutants. Biodiesel has a faster combustion rate and higher combustion chamber temperature than commercial diesel, which necessitates the injection of higher fuel volumes to compensate for the lower calorific value of biodiesel compared to regular diesel. This study showed that by adjusting the mapping of the engine control unit according to the fuel utilised, it is possible to improve the emissions and performance of a common rail diesel engine running on pure Botryococcus braunii algae oil biodiesel or a blend of biodiesel and commercial diesel.
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Li, Jie Hui, Lu Yun Zhang, Tie Nan Huang, and Qing Yu. "Study on Electronic Controlled Diesel Engine Calibration System Based on CAN-Bus." Applied Mechanics and Materials 490-491 (January 2014): 881–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.490-491.881.
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To meet the requirement of electric control diesel engine operation optimization, an online calibration system of diesel engine is designed based on the principle and the way to communicate of CAN-Bus. This Calibration system found communication accurate and quick, which researching of software is based on Windows platform, VC++6.0 software and modularization designed [1]. At last electronic control system simulation platform experiments demonstrate that data transfer function is reliable and steady and bench tests testify that the calibration system can calibrate diesel engine practical.
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Xu, Yin Sheng, Hua Zhu, and Ke Jiu Lu. "Research on Parameters Optimization of Biodiesel Engine Combustion System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 385-386 (August 2013): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.385-386.77.
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This paper researches on the optimization of the effective thermal efficiency of diesel engines for the target optimization on the test bench to investigate the economical efficiency impact of combustion system parameters of diesel engine fueled with biodiesel to determine the optimum value of these parameters in order to improve the burning biodiesel combustion efficiency of the diesel engine. Results show that the system parameters through the optimization of combustion can meet the standard of the diesel calibration power levels up to the original machine, combustion efficiency can be achieved for more than 32%.
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Millo, Federico, Andrea Piano, Benedetta Peiretti Paradisi, Mario Rocco Marzano, Andrea Bianco, and Francesco C. Pesce. "Development and Assessment of an Integrated 1D-3D CFD Codes Coupling Methodology for Diesel Engine Combustion Simulation and Optimization." Energies 13, no. 7 (April 1, 2020): 1612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071612.
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In this paper, an integrated and automated methodology for the coupling between 1D- and 3D-CFD simulation codes is presented, which has been developed to support the design and calibration of new diesel engines. The aim of the proposed methodology is to couple 1D engine models, which may be available in the early stage engine development phases, with 3D predictive combustion simulations, in order to obtain reliable estimates of engine performance and emissions for newly designed automotive diesel engines. The coupling procedure features simulations performed in 1D-CFD by means of GT-SUITE and in 3D-CFD by means of Converge, executed within a specifically designed calculation methodology. An assessment of the coupling procedure has been performed by comparing its results with experimental data acquired on an automotive diesel engine, considering different working points, including both part load and full load conditions. Different multiple injection schedules have been evaluated for part-load operation, including pre and post injections. The proposed methodology, featuring detailed 3D chemistry modeling, was proven to be capable assessing pollutant formation properly, specifically to estimate NOx concentrations. Soot formation trends were also well-matched for most of the explored working points. The proposed procedure can therefore be considered as a suitable methodology to support the design and calibration of new diesel engines, due to its ability to provide reliable engine performance and emissions estimations from the early stage of a new engine development.
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Zhang, Beidong, Yankun Jiang, and Yexin Chen. "Research on Calibration, Economy and PM Emissions of a Marine LNG–Diesel Dual-Fuel Engine." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 2 (February 10, 2022): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10020239.
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In order to convert the marine diesel engine into an LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas)–diesel dual-fuel engine and ensure its power and emission characteristics, a new calibration method is proposed, and the fuel substitution ratio, economy and detailed particulate matter emission law after the engine is calibrated using this method are studied. The calibration method takes the peak pressure in the cylinder and the exhaust temperature as constraints and uses the diesel mass substitution ratio as the objective function. Based on the proposed calibration method, the engine is calibrated by setting up a calibration test bench. The test obtains the distribution characteristics of the diesel mass substitution ratio under various operating conditions of the engine. The results show that the proposed calibration method allows the dual-fuel engine to achieve the same power performance as the original engine. At the same time, the diesel mass substitution ratio of the calibrated dual-fuel engine can reach up to 95% (800 r/min @ 800 Nm, 900 r/min @ 800 Nm and 1000 r/min @ 800 Nm). The substitution ratio in the range of 900 r/min~1200 r/min at a common speed is more than 70%, and the average diesel mass substitution ratio under all working conditions is 71%. Furthermore, the study of engine economy shows that the BSFC (brake specific fuel consumption) of the dual-fuel mode is higher than that of the pure diesel mode when working under external characteristics, propulsion characteristics and different loads at 1000 r/min speed. This is more obvious when the load is small, and the two are closer when the load is medium or high; however, the fuel cost when the engine works in dual-fuel mode is much lower than that of the pure diesel mode. In the usual speed and load range, the particulate matter emission test shows that its particle size distribution, total number of particles and particle volume are significantly reduced in the dual-fuel mode.
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Bhardwaj, Om Parkash, Ahmad Omari, Jukka Nuottimäki, and Richard Hervé. "Optimizing Engine Calibration for Renewable Diesel Fuels." MTZ worldwide 79, no. 3 (February 9, 2018): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s38313-017-0172-0.
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Hu, Sheng Ou, and Ren Xian Li. "Numerical Calibration of Diesel Engine Variable Valve Timing." Advanced Materials Research 516-517 (May 2012): 628–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.516-517.628.
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The performance of internal combustion engine can be improved by using variable valve timing technology. but how to get the optimal inlet/export valve open or close angles under various operating conditions still relies mainly on testing calibration method. By means of one-dimensional working process simulation method, the performance of a four cylinder diesel engine was simulated, and the influences of diffrent inlet/export valve timing on engine performances were compared. Optimum valve timing values and engine performances under thirty kinds of working conditions were gotton. After that, the engine performances compared with that without variable valve timing. Simulation results show that the engine performance, especially the emission performance, can be improved at all simulation working conditions. The method used in this paper may be a new way for calibration of optimal valve timing.
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Xu, Zeyu. "Experimental Research on Idle Combustion Noise of a Diesel Engine." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2359, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2359/1/012003.
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Abstract Noise is one of the three major pollutants in the world, among which noise pollution complaints caused by fuel-powered vehicles account for more than 70%. Research on engine combustion noise is aimed at reducing pollution problems caused by it. Based on the Chinese national standard ‘Reciprocating internal combustion engines-Measurement method for combustion noise’, an experimental study on combustion noise of a certain type of diesel engine under idling conditions was carried out. In the test, by changing the calibration values of the engine, such as: pre-injection mass, rail pressure and other calibration parameters, the cylinder pressure at idle speed of the engine is calculated based on the theory of cylinder force. It is concluded that when the rotational speed is 750r/min, the increase of the pre-injection amount and the rail pressure leads to an increase in the mean value of the combustion parameters of each cylinder force stage and is concentrated in the high frequency part. This study provides a reference for optimizing the idling noise of diesel engines, which is conducive to reducing noise pollution in life.
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Nugroho, Bagus Anang, Rizqon Fajar, and Ihwan Haryono. "PEMODELAN SIKLUS IN-CYLINDER MESIN DIESEL." Majalah Ilmiah Pengkajian Industri 12, no. 3 (December 19, 2018): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/mipi.v12i3.2743.
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An engine performance can be predicted through modeling and simulation programs. This paper describes the cycle modeling and breathing process of a four-stroke diesel engine. Calibration of the model parameters to eliminate prediction error. This calibration requires the definition of empirical correlation of two parameters namely mechanical delay and the injector nozzle discharge coefficient. Modeling validation is also given by presenting the result data and evaluating the output parameters of the engine. The result of the diesel engine in-cylinder model produces good predictions by applying a mechanical delay correlation for correction of injection time and correlation coefficient of discharge nozze injector. The parameters for correction of injection duration where the mean temperature and pressure conditions for the duration of the injection are used as input model ignition delay cylinder.Keywords: Modeling, Diesel Engine, Performance, Ignition Delay, EmissionsÂ
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Shatrov, M. G., A. S. Khachiyan, V. V. Sinyavskiy, I. G. Shishlov, and A. V. Vakulenko. "PHYSICAL MODELING OF GAS-DIESEL ENGINE OPERATIONAL PROCESS." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 84, no. 4 (April 15, 2017): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66253.
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Conversion of engines to natural gas feeding is actual due to the lower cost of gas fuel and improvement of environmental performance. Within the works on creation of high- and medium-speed transport engines powered by natural gas conducted at MADI, an electronic control system and a modular gas supply system for a gas-diesel were developed and manufactured. This approach allowed using of three modules for feeding of the medium-speed gas diesel 6ChN20/28 and one module for the high-speed gas diesel 6ChN10.7/12.4. For experimental testing of the systems, at MADI there was made the conversion of the 6ChN10.7/12.4 diesel into a gas-diesel with a minimized igniting portion the diesel fuel supplied by the Common Rail system. Calibration of gas-diesel systems was carried out using the results of experimental studies and the computational complex developed at MADI for modeling of working process of a gas-diesel engine. Bench tests of the high-speed gas diesel showed that the developed systems of gas supply and electronic control allow obtaining of a large portion of gas substitution of diesel fuel (from 5 % for full loads to 33 % for small ones), high effective indicators, and notable reduction of NOx and CO2 emissions. It was not possible to obtain the high level of torque as for the base diesel engine, at low speeds. Comparative calculations of the medium-speed gas diesel engine 6ChN20/28 and high-speed gas diesel engine 6ChN10.7/12.4 were carried out under similar conditions (the same average piston velocity, mean effective pressure and charge air pressure), which showed close indicator values, that allows to expect the efficiency of the medium-speed gas diesel systems of fuel supply and electronic controls designed for high-speed gas diesel engines after their respective adaptation.
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Cameretti, M. C., E. Landolfi, T. Tesone, and A. Caraceni. "Virtual Calibration Method for Diesel Engine by Software in The Loop Techniques." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 16, no. 3 (October 3, 2019): 6940–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.16.3.2019.09.0521.
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The calibration of the engine control unit is increased for the development of the whole automotive system. The aim is to calibrate the electronic engine control to match the decreasing emission requirements and increasing fuel economy demands. The reduction of the number of tests on vehicles represents one of the most important requirements for increasing efficiency of the engine calibration process. However, the definition of the design of experiment is not straightforward because the data is not known beforehand, so it is difficult to process and analyse this data to achieve a globally valid model. To reduce time effort and costs the virtual calibration can be a valid solution. This procedure is called software in the loop (SIL) calibration able to develop a process to systematically identify the optimal balance of engine performance, emissions and fuel economy. In this work, a virtual calibration methodology is presented by using a two-stage model to get minimum exhaust emissions of a diesel engine. The data used are from a GT-Power model of a 3L supercharged diesel engine. The model is able to calculate the engine emissions for different engine parameters (such as the start of injection, EGR fraction and rail pressure) and from optimisation process, new injection start maps that reduce pollutant emissions are created.
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Riccio, Antonio, Filippo Monzani, and Maurizio Landi. "Towards a Powerful Hardware-in-the-Loop System for Virtual Calibration of an Off-Road Diesel Engine." Energies 15, no. 2 (January 17, 2022): 646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15020646.
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A common challenge among internal combustion engine (ICE) manufacturers is shortening the development time while facing requirements and specifications that are becoming more complex and border in scope. Virtual simulation and calibration are effective instruments in the face of these demands. This article presents the development of zero-dimensional (0D)—real-time engine and exhaust after-treatment system (EAS) models and their deployment on a Virtual test bench (VTB). The models are created using a series of measurements acquired in a real test bench, carefully performed in view of ensuring the highest reliability of the models themselves. A zero-dimensional approach was chosen to guarantee that models could be run in real-time and interfaced to the real engine Electronic Control Unit (ECU). Being physically based models, they react to changes in the ECU calibration parameters. Once the models are validated, they are then integrated into a Simulink® based architecture with all the Inputs/Outputs connections to the ECU. This Simulink® model is then deployed on a Hardware in the Loop (HiL) machine for ECU testing and calibration. The results for engine and EAS performance and emissions align with both steady-state and transient measurements. Finally, two different applications of the HiL system are presented to explain the opportunities and advantages of this tool integrated within the standard engine development. Examples cited refer to altitude calibration activities and soot loading investigation on vehicle duty cycles. The cases described in this work are part of the actual development of one of the latest engines developed by Kohler Engines: the KDI 1903 TCR Stage V. The application of this methodology reveals a great potential for engine development and may become an essential tool for calibration engineers.
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Efendi, Hasrul, Adi Pratama Putra, and Dewi Sartika. "Kalibrasi Pompa Injeksi Tipe In-Line Dalam Persamaan Volume Bahan Bakar Motor Diesel 4 Silinder." V-MAC (Virtual of Mechanical Engineering Article) 6, no. 1 (April 20, 2021): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36526/v-mac.v6i1.1150.
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Injector is an important component in the diesel engine fuel injection system. This study aims to obtain the results of the in-line type injection pump calibration in the equation of the fuel volume of a 4 cylinder diesel motor. The research was conducted by making simple calibration equipment. Experiments were carried out for 200-300 rpm, 350-450 rpm and 550-600 rpm experimental apparatus rotation speed. Measurements are made for the volume of fuel using a measuring cup. Injection pump calibration is done by loosening the lock on the sleeve then sliding the sleeve to the left or right on each plunger to get fuel volume similarity. The results of data collection before calibration showed the volume of fuel was 26 ml, 30 ml, 30 ml, and 28 ml.
Keywords: calibration, injecton pump, in-line, diesel engine
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Wallington, Timothy J., James E. Anderson, Eric M. Kurtz, and Paul J. Tennison. "Biofuels, vehicle emissions, and urban air quality." Faraday Discussions 189 (2016): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5fd00205b.
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Increased biofuel content in automotive fuels impacts vehicle tailpipe emissions via two mechanisms: fuel chemistry and engine calibration. Fuel chemistry effects are generally well recognized, while engine calibration effects are not. It is important that investigations of the impact of biofuels on vehicle emissions consider the impact of engine calibration effects and are conducted using vehicles designed to operate using such fuels. We report the results of emission measurements from a Ford F-350 fueled with either fossil diesel or a biodiesel surrogate (butyl nonanoate) and demonstrate the critical influence of engine calibration on NOx emissions. Using the production calibration the emissions of NOx were higher with the biodiesel fuel. Using an adjusted calibration (maintaining equivalent exhaust oxygen concentration to that of the fossil diesel at the same conditions by adjusting injected fuel quantities) the emissions of NOx were unchanged, or lower, with biodiesel fuel. For ethanol, a review of the literature data addressing the impact of ethanol blend levels (E0–E85) on emissions from gasoline light-duty vehicles in the U.S. is presented. The available data suggest that emissions of NOx, non-methane hydrocarbons, particulate matter (PM), and mobile source air toxics (compounds known, or suspected, to cause serious health impacts) from modern gasoline and diesel vehicles are not adversely affected by increased biofuel content over the range for which the vehicles are designed to operate. Future increases in biofuel content when accomplished in concert with changes in engine design and calibration for new vehicles should not result in problematic increases in emissions impacting urban air quality and may in fact facilitate future required emissions reductions. A systems perspective (fuel and vehicle) is needed to fully understand, and optimize, the benefits of biofuels when blended into gasoline and diesel.
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Men, Yifan, Ibrahim Haskara, Yue-Yun Wang, Chen-Fang Chang, and Guoming Zhu. "Model-based calibration of reaction-based diesel combustion dynamics." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 232, no. 12 (November 14, 2017): 1611–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017732859.
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This paper presents a control-oriented, reaction-based diesel combustion model that predicts the time-based rate of combustion, in-cylinder gas temperature, and pressure over one engine cycle. The model, based on the assumption of a homogeneous thermodynamic combustion process, uses a two-step chemical reaction mechanism that consists of six species: diesel fuel (C10.8H18.7), oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), nitrogen (N2), and carbon monoxide (CO). The temperature variation rate is calculated based on the rate of change of species concentrations; the heat loss correlation is also used to study the model performance. The accuracy of the model is evaluated using test data from a GM 6.6 L, eight-cylinder Duramax engine. The main contribution is the model calibration under different key operational conditions over a large engine speed and load range as well as different injection timings and exhaust gas recirculation rates by solving the optimal calibration problem. The calibrated reaction-based model accurately predicts the indicated mean effective pressure, while keeping the errors of in-cylinder pressure and temperature small, and, at the same time, significantly reduces the calibration effort, especially when the engine is operated under multiple fuel injection operations compared with Wiebe-based combustion models. The calibrated model parameters have a strong correlation to engine speed, load, and injection timings, and, as a result, a universal parameter calibration structure is proposed for entire operational conditions.
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Asprion, Jonas, Oscar Chinellato, and Lino Guzzella. "Optimal Control of Diesel Engines: Numerical Methods, Applications, and Experimental Validation." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/286538.
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In response to the increasingly stringent emission regulations and a demand for ever lower fuel consumption, diesel engines have become complex systems. The exploitation of any leftover potential during transient operation is crucial. However, even an experienced calibration engineer cannot conceive all the dynamic cross couplings between the many actuators. Therefore, a highly iterative procedure is required to obtain a single engine calibration, which in turn causes a high demand for test-bench time. Physics-based mathematical models and a dynamic optimisation are the tools to alleviate this dilemma. This paper presents the methods required to implement such an approach. The optimisation-oriented modelling of diesel engines is summarised, and the numerical methods required to solve the corresponding large-scale optimal control problems are presented. The resulting optimal control input trajectories over long driving profiles are shown to provide enough information to allow conclusions to be drawn for causal control strategies. Ways of utilising this data are illustrated, which indicate that a fully automated dynamic calibration of the engine control unit is conceivable. An experimental validation demonstrates the meaningfulness of these results. The measurement results show that the optimisation predicts the reduction of the fuel consumption and the cumulative pollutant emissions with a relative error of around 10% on highly transient driving cycles.
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Zhuang, Ji Hui, Hui Xie, Ying Yan, and Zhong Wen Zhu. "Real Time Web Based Monitoring and Calibration System for Diesel Engine." Advanced Materials Research 748 (August 2013): 571–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.748.571.
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This paper presents the development of a real time web based system for monitoring and calibrating diesel engine using internet and ECU communication technologies. The development system consists of an in-vehicle device, capable of acquiring various engine data by LIN/CAN, a client tool and a web server for the application. The data is send from ECU through an in-vehicle device which collects and process information using KWP2000 protocol to server, thus allowing users to remotely monitoring and calibrating diesel engine from their office instead of testing from the scene.
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Tan, Qingyuan, Prasad Divekar, Ying Tan, Xiang Chen, and Ming Zheng. "Online calibration of combustion phase in a diesel engine." Control Theory and Technology 15, no. 2 (May 2017): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11768-017-6178-y.
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Wade, W. R., C. E. Hunter, F. H. Trinker, and H. A. Cikanek. "Reduction of NOx and Particulate Emissions in the Diesel Combustion Process." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 109, no. 4 (October 1, 1987): 426–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240058.
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A model of the combustion and emission formation processes was formulated to identify modifications to combustion process parameters with potential for reducing NOx and particulate emissions in a diesel engine. The model was calibrated using data from an experimental, single-cylinder, direct injection diesel engine. Several combustion system modifications were made to the engine that reduced NOx and particulate emissions. The model was used to estimate the changes in the combustion process parameters responsible for the reductions observed. After calibration, the model was used to evaluate the effects of a wide range of modifications to the combustion process parameters on NOx and particulate emissions. These results were used to estimate changes in the combustion process parameters required to approach the objectives assumed for the 1991 Federal emission regulations for heavy-duty diesel engines. A reduction in the lubricating oil contribution to the particulate emissions was also projected to be required to approach the 1991 objectives.
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Zacherl, Florian, Christoph Wopper, Peter Schwanzer, and Hans-Peter Rabl. "Potential of the Synthetic Fuel Oxymethylene Ether (OME) for the Usage in a Single-Cylinder Non-Road Diesel Engine: Thermodynamics and Emissions." Energies 15, no. 21 (October 26, 2022): 7932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15217932.
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Non-road sectors, such as agriculture and construction machinery, require high energy densities and flexibility in use, which is why diesel engines are mainly used. The use of climate-neutral fuels, produced from renewable energies, such as Oxymethylene Ether (OME) as a diesel substitute, can significantly reduce CO2 and pollutant emissions in these sectors. In addition to CO2 neutrality, OME also offers improved combustion characteristics compared to diesel fuel, eliminating the soot–NOx trade-off and thus enabling new opportunities in engine design and calibration. In this paper, the combustion of pure OME on a close-to-production, single-cylinder non-road diesel engine with a pump–line–nozzle injection system is analyzed. A variation of the center of combustion at constant power output was performed for diesel and OME at different operating points. Two injectors were investigated with OME. A study on ignition delay and a detailed thermodynamic analysis was carried out. In addition, the exhaust emissions CO, NOx, VOC, as well as particulate-matter, -number and -size distributions were measured. With OME, a significantly shorter ignition delay as well as a shortened combustion duration could be observed, despite a longer injection duration. In addition, the maximum injection pressure increases. VOC and CO emissions are reduced. Particulate matter was reduced by more than 99% and particle number (>10 nm) was reduced by multiple orders of magnitude. The median of the particle size distribution shifts from 60 to 85 nm (diesel) into a diameter range of sub 23 nm (OME). A significant reduction of NOx emissions with OME enables new degrees of freedom in engine calibration and an efficiency advantage without hardware adaption.
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d’Ambrosio, Stefano, Alessandro Mancarella, and Andrea Manelli. "Utilization of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) in a Euro 6 Dual-Loop EGR Diesel Engine: Behavior as a Drop-In Fuel and Potentialities along Calibration Parameter Sweeps." Energies 15, no. 19 (September 30, 2022): 7202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197202.
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This study examines the effects on combustion, engine performance and exhaust pollutant emissions of a modern Euro 6, dual-loop EGR, compression ignition engine running on regular EN590-compliant diesel and hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO). First, the potential of HVO as a “drop-in” fuel, i.e., without changes to the original, baseline diesel-oriented calibration, was highlighted and compared to regular diesel results. This showed how the use of HVO can reduce engine-out emissions of soot (by up to 67%), HC and CO (by up to 40%), while NOx levels remain relatively unchanged. Fuel consumption was also reduced, by about 3%, and slightly lower combustion noise levels were detected, too. HVO has a lower viscosity and a higher cetane number than diesel. Since these parameters have a significant impact on mixture formation and the subsequent combustion process, an engine pre-calibrated for regular diesel fuel could not fully exploit the potential of another sustainable fuel. Therefore, the effects of the most influential calibration parameters available on the tested engine platform, i.e., high-pressure and low-pressure EGR, fuel injection pressure, main injection timing, pilot quantity and dwell-time, were analyzed along single-parameter sweeps. The substantial reduction in engine-out soot, HC and CO levels brought about by HVO could give the possibility to implement additional measures to limit NOx emissions, combustion noise and/or fuel consumption compared to diesel. For example, higher proportion of LP EGR and/or smaller pilot quantity could be exploited with HVO, at low load, to reduce NOx emissions to a greater extent than diesel, without incurring penalties in terms of incomplete combustion species. Conversely, at higher load, delayed main injection timings and reduced rail pressure could reduce combustion noise without exceeding soot levels of the baseline diesel case.
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Zhang, Yunfan, Quan Zhou, Ziyang Li, Ji Li, and Hongming Xu. "Intelligent transient calibration of a dual-loop EGR diesel engine using chaos-enhanced accelerated particle swarm optimization algorithm." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 7 (May 29, 2018): 1698–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018776745.
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This article proposes an intelligent transient calibration method for the air-path controller of a light-duty diesel engine. This method is developed based on the chaos-enhanced accelerated particle swarm optimization algorithm. The target is to reduce the engine’s fuel consumption during transient scenarios by optimizing the controller parameters. The advanced dual-loop exhaust gas recirculation system is first introduced. Then, it formulates the transient calibration process as a multiple-objective optimization problem with constraints. Different from steady state calibration, the proposed method designs a new cost-function to evaluate the controller’s transient performance. The intelligent transient calibration module is programmed in MATLAB code. Interface between the calibration module and a physical engine plant is established via ETAS INCA. The optimization result of the proposal method is discussed by comparing it with the result of existing calibration methods. The engine performance with the calibrated controller is evaluated based on engine tests.
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Neumann, Daniel, Christian Jörg, Nils Peschke, Joschka Schaub, and Thorsten Schnorbus. "Real-time capable simulation of diesel combustion processes for HiL applications." International Journal of Engine Research 19, no. 2 (August 21, 2017): 214–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087417726226.
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The complexity of the development processes for advanced diesel engines has significantly increased during the last decades. A further increase is to be expected, due to more restrictive emission legislations and new certification cycles. This trend leads to a higher time exposure at engine test benches, thus resulting in higher costs. To counter this problem, virtual engine development strategies are being increasingly used. To calibrate the complete powertrain and various driving situations, model in the loop and hardware in the loop concepts have become more important. The main effort in this context is the development of very accurate but also real-time capable engine models. Besides the correct modeling of ambient condition and driver behavior, the simulation of the combustion process is a major objective. The main challenge of modeling a diesel combustion process is the description of mixture formation, self-ignition and combustion as precisely as possible. For this purpose, this article introduces a novel combustion simulation approach that is capable of predicting various combustion properties of a diesel process. This includes the calculation of crank angle resolved combustion traces, such as heat release and other thermodynamic in-cylinder states. Furthermore, various combustion characteristics, such as combustion phasing, maximum gradients and engine-out temperature, are available as simulation output. All calculations are based on a physical zero-dimensional heat release model. The resulting reduction of the calibration effort and the improved model robustness are the major benefits in comparison to conventional data-driven combustion models. The calibration parameters directly refer to geometric and thermodynamic properties of a given engine configuration. Main input variables to the model are the fuel injection profile and air path–related states such as exhaust gas recirculation rate and boost pressure. Thus, multiple injection event strategies or novel air path control structures for future engine control concepts can be analyzed.
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Sterlepper, Stefan, Marcus Fischer, Johannes Claßen, Verena Huth, and Stefan Pischinger. "Concepts for Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines and Their Implications on the Exhaust Gas Aftertreatment System." Energies 14, no. 23 (December 6, 2021): 8166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14238166.
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Hydrogen as carbon-free fuel is a very promising candidate for climate-neutral internal combustion engine operation. In comparison to other renewable fuels, hydrogen does obviously not produce CO2 emissions. In this work, two concepts of hydrogen internal combustion engines (H2-ICEs) are investigated experimentally. One approach is the modification of a state-of-the-art gasoline passenger car engine using hydrogen direct injection. It targets gasoline-like specific power output by mixture enrichment down to stoichiometric operation. Another approach is to use a heavy-duty diesel engine equipped with spark ignition and hydrogen port fuel injection. Here, a diesel-like indicated efficiency is targeted through constant lean-burn operation. The measurement results show that both approaches are applicable. For the gasoline engine-based concept, stoichiometric operation requires a three-way catalyst or a three-way NOX storage catalyst as the primary exhaust gas aftertreatment system. For the diesel engine-based concept, state-of-the-art selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts can be used to reduce the NOx emissions, provided the engine calibration ensures sufficient exhaust gas temperature levels. In conclusion, while H2-ICEs present new challenges for the development of the exhaust gas aftertreatment systems, they are capable to realize zero-impact tailpipe emission operation.
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Falai, Alessandro, and Daniela Anna Misul. "Data-Driven Model for Real-Time Estimation of NOx in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine." Energies 16, no. 5 (February 22, 2023): 2125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16052125.
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The automotive sector is greatly contributing to pollutant emissions and recent regulations introduced the need for a major control of, and reduction of, internal combustion engine emissions. Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms have proven to hold the potential to be the thrust in the state-of-the-art for engine-out emission prediction, thus enabling tailored calibration modes and control solutions. More specifically, the scientific literature has recently witnessed strong efforts in AI applications for the development of nitrogen oxides (NOx) virtual sensors. These latter replace physical sensors and exploit AI algorithms to estimate NOx concentrations in real-time. Still, the calibration of the algorithms, together with the appropriate choice of the specific metric, strongly affects the prediction capability. In the present paper, a machine learning-based virtual sensor for NOx monitoring in diesel engines was developed, based on the Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) machine learning algorithm. The latter is commonly used in the literature to deploy virtual sensors due to its high performance, flexibility and robustness. An experimental campaign was carried out to collect data from the engine test bench, as well as from the engine electronic control unit (ECU), for the development and calibration of the virtual sensor at steady-state conditions. The virtual sensor has, since then, been tested throughout on an on-road driving mission to assess its prediction performance in dynamic conditions. In stationary conditions, its prediction accuracy was around 98%, whereas it was 85% in transient conditions. The present study shows that AI-based virtual sensors have the potential to significantly improve the accuracy and reliability of NOx monitoring in diesel engines, and can, therefore, play a key role in reducing NOx emissions and improving air quality.
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Hernández, Juan J., Javier Barba Salvador, and Alexis Cova-Bonillo. "Autoignition of diesel-like fuels under dual operation with H2." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 11, no. 6 (June 2019): 168781401985678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814019856781.
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The partial replacement of diesel fuel with gaseous fuels in diesel engines allows for reducing soot, increasing the renewable fraction of the fuel and decreasing CO2 emissions. Hydrogen is a promising alternative; since it is a non-carbon compound, it can be produced from renewable sources and it has suitable combustion properties. However, the use of hydrogen in diesel engines could require some modifications on the engine calibration. Among the different phenomena involved in diesel combustion, autoignition significantly affects the engine efficiency. This work analyzes the autoignition behavior of diesel and biodiesel fuels under a H2-rich ambient. Two different liquid fuel replacements (10% and 20% by energy) have been tested in a constant-volume combustion chamber. Three different chamber temperatures (535°C, 602°C, and 650°C) and equivalence ratios (0.4, 0.6, and 0.8) have been checked. Results show that, in the case of diesel fuel, hydrogen delays autoignition and reduces the combustion rate, the latter caused by a higher fuel dilution with air. The influence of H2 in the autoignition of biodiesel is less significant. A reduction in the OH radicals pool appears as the main reason for retarding ignition. The lower pressure peaks with hydrogen suggest unburnt hydrogen to be relevant.
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Guardiola, Carlos, Benjamín Pla, Pau Bares, and Harald Waschl. "Adaptive calibration for reduced fuel consumption and emissions." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 230, no. 14 (August 5, 2016): 2002–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407016636977.
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This paper presents a model-based approach for continuously adapting an engine calibration to the traffic and changing pollutant emission limits. The proposed strategy does not need additional experimental tests beyond those required by the traditional calibration approach. The method utilises information currently available in the engine control unit to adapt the engine control to the particular driving patterns of a given driver. Additional information about the emissions limits should be provided by an external structure if an adaptation to the pollutant immission is required. The proposed strategy has been implemented in a light-duty diesel engine, and showed a good potential to keep NO x emissions around a defined limit.
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Brahma, I., and J. N. Chi. "Development of a model-based transient calibration process for diesel engine electronic control module tables – Part 1: data requirements, processing, and analysis." International Journal of Engine Research 13, no. 1 (November 7, 2011): 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087411424376.
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This is the first part of a study investigating a model-based transient calibration process for diesel engines. The motivation is to populate hundreds of parameters (which can be calibrated) in a methodical and optimum manner by using model-based optimization in conjunction with the manual process so that, relative to the manual process used by itself, a significant improvement in transient emissions and fuel consumption and a sizable reduction in calibration time and test cell requirements is achieved. Empirical transient modelling and optimization has been addressed in the second part of this work, while the required data for model training and generalization are the focus of the current work. Transient and steady-state data from a turbocharged multicylinder diesel engine have been examined from a model training perspective. A single-cylinder engine with external air-handling has been used to expand the steady-state data to encompass transient parameter space. Based on comparative model performance and differences in the non-parametric space, primarily driven by a high engine difference between exhaust and intake manifold pressures (Δ P) during transients, it has been recommended that transient emission models should be trained with transient training data. It has been shown that electronic control module (ECM) estimates of transient charge flow and the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) fraction cannot be accurate at the high engine Δ P frequently encountered during transient operation, and that such estimates do not account for cylinder-to-cylinder variation. The effects of high engine Δ P must therefore be incorporated empirically by using transient data generated from a spectrum of transient calibrations. Specific recommendations on how to choose such calibrations, how many data to acquire, and how to specify transient segments for data acquisition have been made. Methods to process transient data to account for transport delays and sensor lags have been developed. The processed data have then been visualized using statistical means to understand transient emission formation. Two modes of transient opacity formation have been observed and described. The first mode is driven by high engine Δ P and low fresh air flowrates, while the second mode is driven by high engine Δ P and high EGR flowrates. The EGR fraction is inaccurately estimated at both modes, while EGR distribution has been shown to be present but unaccounted for by the ECM. The two modes and associated phenomena are essential to understanding why transient emission models are calibration dependent and furthermore how to choose training data that will result in good model generalization.
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Pasternak, Michal, Fabian Mauss, Christian Klauer, and Andrea Matrisciano. "Diesel engine performance mapping using a parametrized mixing time model." International Journal of Engine Research 19, no. 2 (July 17, 2017): 202–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087417718115.
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A numerical platform is presented for diesel engine performance mapping. The platform employs a zero-dimensional stochastic reactor model for the simulation of engine in-cylinder processes. n-Heptane is used as diesel surrogate for the modeling of fuel oxidation and emission formation. The overall simulation process is carried out in an automated manner using a genetic algorithm. The probability density function formulation of the stochastic reactor model enables an insight into the locality of turbulence–chemistry interactions that characterize the combustion process in diesel engines. The interactions are accounted for by the modeling of representative mixing time. The mixing time is parametrized with known engine operating parameters such as load, speed and fuel injection strategy. The detailed chemistry consideration and mixing time parametrization enable the extrapolation of engine performance parameters beyond the operating points used for model training. The results show that the model responds correctly to the changes of engine control parameters such as fuel injection timing and exhaust gas recirculation rate. It is demonstrated that the method developed can be applied to the prediction of engine load–speed maps for exhaust NOx, indicated mean effective pressure and fuel consumption. The maps can be derived from the limited experimental data available for model calibration. Significant speedup of the simulations process can be achieved using tabulated chemistry. Overall, the method presented can be considered as a bridge between the experimental works and the development of mean value engine models for engine control applications.
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van Dooren, Stijn, Camillo Balerna, Mauro Salazar, Alois Amstutz, and Christopher H. Onder. "Optimal Diesel engine calibration using convex modelling of Pareto frontiers." Control Engineering Practice 96 (March 2020): 104313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conengprac.2020.104313.
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Fang, Ke, Zongyan Li, Kamil Ostrowski, A. Thomas Shenton, Peter G. Dowell, and Richard M. Sykes. "Optimal-Behavior-Based Dynamic Calibration of the Automotive Diesel Engine." IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology 24, no. 3 (May 2016): 979–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcst.2015.2476781.
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Millo, Federico, Pranav Arya, and Fabio Mallamo. "Optimization of automotive diesel engine calibration using genetic algorithm techniques." Energy 158 (September 2018): 807–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.06.044.
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Stepanenko, Denys, and Zbigniew Kneba. "ECU calibration for gaseous dual fuel supply system in compression ignition engines." Combustion Engines 182, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2020-306.
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The dual fuel (DF) combustion mode is proven solution that allows to improve or get at the same level engine performance and reduce toxic compounds in exhaust gases which is confirmed by researchers and end-users. DF combustion mode uses two fuels gaseous fuel as a primary energy source and a pilot quantity of diesel fuel as ignition source. However, in order, to fully take advantage of the potential of the dual fuel mode, DF system must be proper calibrated. Despite the existence of commercial control systems for dual fuel engines on the market, the literature on the important parameters for the engine's operation introduced during calibration is scarce. This article briefly describes a concept of working algorithm and calibration strategy of a dual fuel electronic control unit (ECU) The purpose of calibration is to achieve the greatest possible use of an alternative gaseous fuel without causing accelerated engine wear.
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Izvorean, S., and V. Stoica. "Experimental test bench with diesel engine for the study of multi fuels usage." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1220, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1220/1/012014.
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Abstract The diesel engine has entered a shadow cone because of emissions of nitrogen oxides and particles. However, the engine offers superior torque and power and low consumption, therefore research is needed to obtain an engine with diesel performance and spark ignition engine emissions. In this paper, we will present an experimental stand with D115 diesel engine with a common rail injection system equipped in parallel with a single point injection system in the intake manifold. The purpose of the dual supply is to obtain a homogeneous combustible air mixture in the combustion chamber with a coefficient of excess air below the detonation limit and which can be ignited by pilot injection of diesel. The experimental test bench is presented in detail regarding both the hardware and the software part (developed in the laboratory) together with the calibration curves of the force and temperature sensors In this paper, in order to highlight the performance of the stand, standard experimental results described in the literature will be presented. Although there is a wide range of experimental tests in the field of internal combustion engines from the additional injection of water, alcohol, bioethanol and so on, this paper aims to provide additional data in order to understand the phenomena of combustion and pollutant emissions. By injecting alcohol into the intake manifold of the diesel engine, the aim is to ensure a poor but homogeneous mixture of fuel in the combustion chamber, which will lead to a reduction of polluting emissions while maintaining the performance of the diesel engine. It also shows the conversion of the fuel supply system of the engine, of Romanian production D115, from a classic injection system to one with a common rail. In addition to the mechanical part, the algorithms developed for engine and stand control are presented. By the presented stand and preliminary experimental results, we show the potential of the developed experimental test bench.
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Redel-Macías, María D., David E. Leiva-Candia, José A. Soriano, José M. Herreros, Antonio J. Cubero-Atienza, and Sara Pinzi. "Influence of Short Carbon-Chain Alcohol (Ethanol and 1-Propanol)/Diesel Fuel Blends over Diesel Engine Emissions." Energies 14, no. 5 (February 27, 2021): 1309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051309.
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Oxygenated fuels, in this case short carbon-chain alcohols, have been investigated as alternative fuels to power compression ignition engines. A major advantage of short-chain alcohols is that they can be produced from renewable resources, i.e., cultivated commodities or biomass-based biorefineries. However, before entering the market, the effects of short-chain alcohols on engine performance, exhaust emissions, noise and sound quality need to be understood. This work sheds light on the relationship between the physicochemical properties of the alcohol/diesel fuel blends (ethanol and 1-propanol) on engine performance, exhaust emissions and, for the first time, on noise and sound quality. It has been demonstrated that when the content of alcohol in blends increased, soot and soluble organic material emissions drastically decreased, mainly due to the increase of oxygen content in the fuel. Reduction in soot emissions combined with higher thermodynamic efficiency of alcohol fuels, with respect to diesel fuel, enable their utilization on compression ignition engines. There is also an improvement in the soot-NOx trade off, leading to large reductions on soot with a small effect on NOx emissions. The oxygen content within the fuel reduces CO and THC emissions at extra-urban driving operation conditions. However, hydrocarbons and CO emissions increased at urban driving conditions, due to the high heat of vaporization of the alcohol fuels which reduces cylinder temperature worsening fuel atomization, vaporization and mixing with air being more significant at lower cylinder temperature conditions (low engine loads and speeds). Similarly, the higher the presence of alcohol in the blend, the higher the noise emitted by the engine due to their low tendency to auto-ignition. The optimization of alcohol quantity and the calibration of engine control parameters (e.g., injection settings) which is out of the scope of this work, will be required to overcome noise emission penalty. Furthermore, under similar alcohol content in the blend (10% v/v), the use of propanol is preferred over ethanol, as it exhibits lower exhaust emissions and better sound quality than ethanol.
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Sejkorová, Marie. "Application of FTIR Spectrometry Using Multivariate Analysis For Prediction Fuel in Engine Oil." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 65, no. 3 (2017): 933–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201765030933.
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This work presents the potentiality of partial least squares (PLS) regression associated with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR spectrometry) for detecting penetration of diesel fuel into the mineral engine oil SAE 15W‑40 in the concentration range from 0 % to 9.5 % (w/w). As a best practice has proven FTIR‑PLS model, which uses the data file in the spectral range 835 – 688 cm−1.The quality of the model was evaluated using the root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) and cross validation (RMSECV). A correlation coefficient R = 0.999 and values of RMSEC, RMSECV were obtained 0.11 % and 0.38 % respectively. After the calibration of the FTIR spectrometer, the contamination engine oil with diesel fuel could be obtained in 1 – 2 min per sample.
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Niculae, Andrei Laurentiu, Radu Chiriac, and Alexandru Racovitza. "Effects of Injection Rate Shape on Performance and Emissions of a Diesel Engine Fuelled by Diesel and Biodiesel B20." Applied Sciences 12, no. 3 (January 26, 2022): 1333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12031333.
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The combustion process in diesel engines is controlled by the injection rate shape. The stricter emission regulations requiring simultaneous reduction of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter imposes intense research and development activity for achieving clean and robust combustion. This work describes the experimental investigation made for calibration of an engine model and the numerical investigation performed to assess the influences of different injection rate shapes on performances of a diesel engine fuelled with diesel and rapeseed biodiesel B20. The engine model was developed with the AVL-BOOST code using the AVL-MCC combustion mode. The model was calibrated for the reference Top-Hat injection rate shape using experimental data registered for maximum brake torque and maximum brake power speed conditions. Other injection rate shapes such as triangular, trapezoidal, and boot having the same area, start, and duration of injection were investigated in terms of combustion characteristics, performance, and pollutant emissions. The link existing between the injection characteristics and the NOx and Soot emissions highlights that, for the optimal rate of injection shape, a simultaneous reduction of NOx and Soot by 11%, respectively 4% for maximum brake torque and by 22%, respectively 7% for maximum brake power, can be obtained using biodiesel B20.
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Men, Yifan, Ibrahim Haskara, and Guoming Zhu. "Multi-zone reaction-based modeling of combustion for multiple-injection diesel engines." International Journal of Engine Research 21, no. 6 (July 18, 2018): 1012–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087418788488.
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As the requirements for performance and restrictions on emissions become stringent, diesel engines are equipped with advanced air, fuel, exhaust gas recirculation techniques, and associated control strategies, making them incredibly complex systems. To enable model-based engine control, control-oriented combustion models, including Wiebe-based and single-zone reaction-based models, have been developed to predict engine burn rate or in-cylinder pressure. Despite model simplicity, they are not suitable for engines operating outside the normal range because of the large error beyond calibrated region with extremely high calibration effort. The purpose of this article is to obtain a parametric understanding of diesel combustion by developing a physics-based model which can predict the combustion metrics, such as in-cylinder pressure, burn rate, and indicated mean effective pressure accurately, over a wide range of operating conditions, especially with multiple injections. In the proposed model, it is assumed that engine cylinder is divided into three zones: a fuel zone, a reaction zone, and an unmixed zone. The formulation of reaction and unmixed zones is based on the reaction-based modeling methodology, where the interaction between them is governed by Fick’s law of diffusion. The fuel zone is formulated as a virtual zone, which only accounts for mass and heat transfer associated with fuel injection and evaporation. The model is validated using test data under different speed and load conditions, with multiple injections and exhaust gas recirculation rates. It is shown that the multi-zone model outperformed the single-zone model in in-cylinder pressure prediction and calibration effort with a mild penalty in computational time.
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Karaky, Hassan, Pierre Marty, Xavier Tauzia, Alain Maiboom, and Gilles Mauviot. "Semi-physical NOx and soot model for CI engines: Study of its calibration procedure and portability." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 14 (June 18, 2020): 3414–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407020931686.
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A series of papers has previously presented a semi-physical model for NOx and soot emissions prediction for diesel engines. In this paper, the work is continued with an original analysis of the model’s capacity to be ported to a new engine and a sensitivity analysis of the number of training points required to obtain the desired accuracy. These two aspects are rarely developed in similar studies.
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Mancarella, Alessandro, and Omar Marello. "Effect of Coolant Temperature on Performance and Emissions of a Compression Ignition Engine Running on Conventional Diesel and Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO)." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010144.
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To meet future goals of energy sustainability and carbon neutrality, disruptive changes to the current energy mix will be required, and it is expected that renewable fuels, such as hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), will play a significant role. To determine how these fuels can transition from pilot scale to the commercial marketplace, extensive research remains needed within the transportation sector. It is well-known that cold engine thermal states, which represent an inevitable portion of a vehicle journey, have significant drawbacks, such as increased incomplete combustion emissions and higher fuel consumption. In view of a more widespread HVO utilization, it is crucial to evaluate its performance under these conditions. In the literature, detailed studies upon these topics are rarely found, especially when HVO is dealt with. Consequently, the aim of this study is to investigate performance and exhaust pollutant emissions of a compression ignition engine running on either regular (petroleum-derived) diesel or HVO at different engine thermal states. This study shows the outcomes of warm-up/cool-down ramps (from cold starts), carried out on two engine operating points (low and high loads) without modifying the original baseline diesel-oriented calibration. Results of calibration parameter sweeps are also shown (on the same engine operating points), with the engine maintained at either high or low coolant temperature while combustion phasing, fuel injection pressure, and intake air flow rate are varied one-factor at a time, to highlight their individual effect on exhaust emissions and engine performance. HVO proved to produce less engine-out incomplete combustion species and soot under all examined conditions and to exhibit greater tolerance of calibration parameter changes compared to diesel, with benefits over conventional fuel intensifying at low coolant temperatures. This would potentially make room for engine recalibration to exploit higher exhaust gas recirculation, delayed injection timings, and/or lower fuel injection pressures to further optimize nitrogen oxides/thermal efficiency trade-off.
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Chung, Jae Woo, Nam Ho Kim, Deok Jin Kim, and Seong Sik Jang. "Mean Value WGT Diesel Engine Calibration Model for Effective Simulation Research." International Journal of Automotive Technology 19, no. 2 (February 27, 2018): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12239-018-0020-5.
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Feng, Yongming, Haiyan Wang, Ruifeng Gao, and Yuanqing Zhu. "A Zero-Dimensional Mixing Controlled Combustion Model for Real Time Performance Simulation of Marine Two-Stroke Diesel Engines." Energies 12, no. 10 (May 24, 2019): 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12102000.
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The paper presents a performance prediction model of marine low-speed two-stroke diesel engines based on an advanced MCC (mixture controlled combustion) model coupled with a fuel injection model. Considering the time of real calculation, the so-called “concentrated exhausting gas” scavenging model and the working process model are used in the present work, and improved by introducing the ratio of pure combustion product over the total gas mass in the cylinder as an expression of the working medium components. The reaction rate model in the zero-dimensional MCC model is improved by introducing the fraction of combustion product in the fuel spray, and the relationship between the combustion model and scavenging quality is established. Meanwhile, the combustion model was simplified in the diffusion combustion phases and integrated with the fuel injection model in order to respond to the change of injection profile and injection timing. A large-scale low-speed marine diesel engine was used for a simulation. The results of the whole model are consistent with experimental data and the speed of calculation is fast enough for real time simulation of low speed and medium speed diesel engines. The prediction model can be used in the design and calibration of the electronic control system and performance optimization of the marine two-stroke diesel engine.
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Adsul, Pranita, Vinod Kotebavi, Sanjeev Bedekar, and Ashwini Mishra. "A Simulation study of cooling system for heavy duty diesel engine." MATEC Web of Conferences 172 (2018): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817202002.
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The main function of the cooling system is to control the temperature of the engine components and improve the performance of an engine. To know the flow and temperature distribution in the jacket cooling system for 6 cylinder diesel engine is analyzed using 1 dimensional method by using GT-Suite 1D simulation software package. The present work employs 1D simulation of water jacket in GT-ISE to perform a comprehensive study of mass-flow and thermal distribution over the inlet of the cooling package of a selected engine in several steady state operating points. The results show, that the suggested predictive method successfully captures the thermal effect of recirculation while reducing the necessity for calibration done by prototype testing.
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Hatz, Raphael, Alexander Lukas, Andreas Zepf, and Malte Jaensch. "Computational Investigation on the Performance Increase of a Small Industrial Diesel Engine Regarding the Effects of Compression Ratio, Piston Bowl Shape and Injection Strategy." Energies 15, no. 13 (June 25, 2022): 4674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134674.
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This paper describes the simulative approach to calibrate an already extremely highly turbocharged industrial diesel engine for higher low-speed torque. The engine, which is already operating at its cylinder-pressure maximum, is to achieve close to 30 bar effective mean pressure through suitable calibration between the compression ratio, piston-bowl shape and injection strategy. The basic idea of the study is to lower the compression ratio for even higher injection masses and boost pressures, with the resulting disadvantages in the area of emissions and fuel consumption being partially compensated for by optimizations in the areas of piston shape and injection strategy. The simulations primarily involve the use of the 3D CFD software Converge CFD for in-cylinder calibration and a fully predictive 1D full-engine model in GT Suite. The simulations are based on a two-stage turbocharged 1950 cc four-cylinder industrial diesel engine, which is used for validation of the initial simulation. With the maximum increase in fuel mass and boost pressure, the effective mean pressure could be increased up to 28 bar, while specific consumption increased only slightly. Depending on the geometry, NOx or CO and UHC emissions could be reduced.
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Zeng, Qi. "Study on the Modification and Performance of Compressed Natural Gas Engine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 568-570 (June 2014): 1690–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.568-570.1690.
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To modify a diesel engine into a natural gas engine, the supplying system, intake system, ignition system, combustion system and post-processing system are redesigned to meet the requirements of applying natural gas on the engine. Then on the basis of calibration of basic ignition advance angle and volumetric efficiency of natural gas engine, bench test is done to study the velocity performance, load performance and universal performance, as well as a comprehensively evaluation on the performance of natural gas engine. The result indicates that the modifying of nature gas engine is reasonable as it achieves the application of CNG on the engine and a comprehensive performance of engine.
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Yuan, Ruoyang, Prem Lobo, Greg J. Smallwood, Mark P. Johnson, Matthew C. Parker, Daniel Butcher, and Adrian Spencer. "Measurement of black carbon emissions from multiple engine and source types using laser-induced incandescence: sensitivity to laser fluence." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 15, no. 2 (January 19, 2022): 241–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-241-2022.
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Abstract. A new regulatory standard for non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) mass-based emissions from aircraft engines has been adopted by the International Civil Aviation Organisation. One of the instruments used for the regulatory nvPM mass emissions measurements in aircraft engine certification tests is the Artium Technologies LII 300, which is based on laser-induced incandescence. The LII 300 response has been shown in some cases to vary with the type of black carbon particle measured. Hence it is important to identify a suitable black carbon emission source for instrument calibration. In this study, the relationship between the nvPM emissions produced by different engine sources and the response of the LII 300 instrument utilising the auto-compensating laser-induced incandescence (AC-LII) method was investigated. Six different sources were used, including a turboshaft helicopter engine, a diesel generator, an intermediate pressure test rig of a single-sector combustor, an auxiliary power unit gas turbine engine, a medium-sized diesel engine, and a downsized turbocharged direct-injection gasoline engine. Optimum LII 300 laser fluence levels were determined for each source and operating condition evaluated. It was found that an optimised laser fluence can be valid for real-time measurements from a variety of sources, where the mass concentration was independent of laser fluence levels covering the typical operating ranges for the various sources. However, it is important to perform laser fluence sweeps to determine the optimum fluence range as differences were observed in the laser fluence required between sources and fuels. We discuss the measurement merits, variability, and best practices in the real-time quantification of nvPM mass concentration using the LII 300 instrument and compare that with other diagnostic techniques, namely absorption-based methods such as photoacoustic spectroscopy (using a photoacoustic extinctiometer, PAX, and a micro soot sensor, MSS) and thermal-optical analysis (TOA). Particle size distributions were also measured using a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS). Overall, the LII 300 provides robust and consistent results when compared with the other diagnostic techniques across multiple engine sources and fuels. The results from this study will inform the development of updated calibration protocols to ensure repeatable and reproducible measurements of nvPM mass emissions from aircraft engines using the LII 300.
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Zeng, Qiangqiang, Bolan Liu, Xiaochen Shi, Chao Zhang, and Jingchao Hu. "Model based calibration for improving fuel economy of a turbocharged diesel engine." Thermal Science 22, no. 3 (2018): 1259–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci161230119z.
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Sankar, Gokul S., Rohan C. Shekhar, Chris Manzie, Takeshi Sano, and Hayato Nakada. "Fast Calibration of a Robust Model Predictive Controller for Diesel Engine Airpath." IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology 28, no. 4 (July 2020): 1505–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcst.2019.2917686.
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