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Journal articles on the topic 'Dielectic rod'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Eremenko, Z. E. "The Electromagnetic Wave Propagation on the Interface between Low and High Loss Dielectrics." Advances in Condensed Matter Physics 2010 (2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/683521.

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The wave propagation on closed curved interface (a rod or ball) between low and high loss dielectrics was studied and compared with well-known wave propagation problem on flat plane interface between low loss and high loss media. We have studied the propagation of a cylindrical wave along a round dielectric rod immersed into a high loss medium and a spherical wave forming by the oscillations in a dielectric ball immersed into a high loss medium as well. These waves have surface character similar to the wave known as the Zenneck surface wave. The distinctive characteristic of such cylindrical or spherical waves: the more loss in high loss medium the greater its surface character. We showed that the wave attenuation is essentially small at enough big dissipative loss in outer medium of dielectric structures.

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2

Nasir, Muhammad, Yulong Xia, Abu Bakar Sharif, Guangjun Guo, Qi Zhu, Masood Ur Rehman, and Qammer Hussain Abbasi. "A High Gain Embedded Helix and Dielectric Rod Antenna with Low Side Lobe Levels for IoT Applications." Sensors 22, no. 20 (October 13, 2022): 7760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22207760.

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In this paper, a novel embedded helix dielectric rod antenna is presented for high gain radiation with circular polarization (CP) and low side lobe levels for IoT Applications. Different from the conventional dielectric rod antennas, this proposed antenna is an integrated structure that combines the advantages of the helix and dielectric rod antennas. The presented antenna mainly consists of three parts: a tapered helix as primary feeding for CP, a dielectric rod with printed loops embedded for higher directivity, and a dielectric rod end for improving the gain further. After studying and analyzing the working principles of each part, an optimum design operating at 8–9.7 GHz is carried out as an example. A prototype is also fabricated and tested. The measured results show that the prototype can provide 18.41 dB maximum gain within the length of 7.7 λ. The side lobe level is below −20 dB, and the axial ratio is better than 1.14 dB in the whole frequency band. Compared with the traditional helix antenna and dielectric rod antenna with the same electric length, the presented antenna has a higher gain with a lower side lobe level and with good polarization purity.

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3

Chung, Jae-Young, and Chi-Chih Chen. "Two-Layer Dielectric Rod Antenna." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 56, no. 6 (June 2008): 1541–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2008.923343.

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4

Hanham, Stephen M., Trevor S. Bird, Andrew D. Hellicar, and Robert A. Minasian. "Evolved-Profile Dielectric Rod Antennas." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 59, no. 4 (April 2011): 1113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2011.2109689.

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5

Ong, Swee Huat, Ahmed A. Kishk, and Allen W. Glisson. "Rod-ring dielectric resonator antenna." International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering 14, no. 5 (2004): 441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mmce.20031.

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6

Kelebekler, Ersoy. "An analysis of leaky hybrid modes depending on structural parameters in a circular dielectric rod." Frequenz 75, no. 9-10 (April 19, 2021): 377–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/freq-2020-0189.

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Abstract Open dielectric waveguides are structures used to guide electromagnetic energy in integrated circuits above the cutoff or as leaky wave antennas propagating the energy transversely out of the waveguide in a narrow region below the cutoff. In this study, the related operating regions for the hybrid EH modes of a cylindrical dielectric rod were obtained analytically. Analyses of the leaky wave characteristics of the hybrid EH modes for various radii of the rod and various dielectric constant values were performed. The guided modes existing above the cutoff with a pure real propagation constant, and the leaky wave modes existing below the cutoff with a complex propagation constant, were obtained from the coefficient matrix of the characteristic equations system of the structure using the bisection method and Davidenko’s method, respectively. Additionally, the guided modes of the structure were obtained and designated in the light of previous studies in the literature. The results show that the frequency spectrum of the antenna mode region increases as the value of the dielectric constant and the radius of the dielectric rod decrease. In addition, a circular dielectric with a smaller radius and dielectric constant had a larger frequency spectrum in the leaky wave antenna applications.

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7

Mayboroda, D. V., and S. O. Pogarsky. "AN ANTENNA BASED ON A HYBRID METAL–DIELECTRIC STRUCTURE." Radio physics and radio astronomy 26, no. 3 (September 14, 2021): 270–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/rpra26.03.270.

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Purpose: Nowadays, in the millimeter frequency range, the dielectric waveguides of various modifications have certain advantages over the standard metal waveguides, primarily due to the possibility of creating functional units based on them. This is due to the relative simplicity and low cost of manufacturing the dielectric waveguides and functional units using them, the high degree of their integration with active elements, the use in their manufacture of different dielectrics and polymers with a wide range of material constants and a variety of mechanical properties (in particular, some materials have a significant flexibility). After making a series of physical experiments we have found the possibility of implementing the frequency selection and radiation into free space of electromagnetic waves by a hybrid metal-dielectric structure. Design/methodology/approach: The studied electrodynamic structure belongs to the class of hybrid metal-dielectric structures. It includes a modified inverted dielectric waveguide with a periodic sequence on the dielectric plate of fifteen dielectric rods with metallized coating on one of the faces placed outwards. The structure efficiency was estimated by the voltage standing-wave ratio (VSWR) values and power attenuation in the duct. The measurements were made with the reflectometer method. To estimate the degree of electromagnetic field concentration near the rod inhomogeneities in the near zone, the mobile probe method was used. The field structures were visualized with the method of isolines. Findings: The results of a series of experimental investigations showed the possibility of matching the structure with the external waveguides in the frequency range of 26.5-32.5 GHz with the voltage standing-wave ratio (VSWR) less than 1.8. The frequency dependence of attenuation is oscillatory with clearly expressed frequency ranges with small and large attenuation values. Moreover, the dependence is almost periodic, which is typical of periodic structures. The frequency response slope in the transition zones can be quite high and reach values of 41.26 dB/GHz. The degree of concentration of the electric field near the waveguide dielectric rod and the degree of excitation of the dielectric inhomogeneities was found by directly measured electric field strength in the near zone. Measurements of energy characteristics made under the short-circuit conditions for the main guide and in the mode of matched load of the main guide showed both the ability to control the polarization characteristics and the ability to change the appearance of the pattern and its orientation in space. Conclusions: It has been experimentally proven that a hybrid metal-dielectric structure, being a modified inverted dielectric waveguide with a periodic sequence on the dielectric plate of fifteen dielectric rods with metalized coating on one of the faces placed outwards, can be effectively integrated into a standard transmission line. It is found that this structure can be matched with the external circuits in a fairly wide frequency range. It is also found that in different frequency ranges this hybrid metal-dielectric structure shows the possibility of both efficient frequency selection and radiation in free space. Antenna measurements have shown the beam pattern shape controllability. Key words: inverted dielectric waveguide, periodic sequence, voltage standing-wave ratio (VSWR), attenuation, reflectometer method, mobile probe method, directivity pattern

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8

Zhu, Min, Shengyu Hu, Fangfang Wu, Heng Ma, Shenyi Xie, and Chaohai Zhang. "CO₂ dissociation in a packed bed DBD reactor: effect of streamer discharge." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, no. 22 (March 7, 2022): 225207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac55c1.

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Abstract Non-thermal plasma catalysis, as a special heterogeneous catalytic reaction, needs to consider both gas discharge and catalytic reaction. Packed bed dielectric barrier discharge (PB-DBD) is widely used in non-thermal plasma catalysis, but the exact control principle of gas discharge, especially streamer discharge, is not clear. In this study, therefore, the orderly arranged dielectric rods were packed in the discharge gap of PB-DBD, and the streamer discharge behaviors were controlled by adjusting their diameter(s), quantity(ies), location(s) and dielectric constant(s). Al2O3 and ZrO2 dielectric rods with dielectric constants of about 9 and 25 were used as packing material. Pure CO2 was used as reaction gas and discharge gas. Discharge images showed that stable and controllable streamer discharges can be formed between the dielectric rod and ground electrode. The intensity, width and length of the streamer discharge can be significantly changed by optimizing the dielectric constant, diameter, packing number and position of the dielectric rod, thereby affecting the CO2 conversion efficiency. Increasing dielectric constant and the distance between the dielectric rod and ground electrode can increase the intensity of streamer discharge, thus promoting the CO2 conversion efficiency. Compared with an empty reactor, after packing 24 ZrO2 dielectric rods with a diameter of 1 mm, the CO2 conversion and energy efficiency increased from 9.58% to 20.1% and from 1.67% to 2.89%, respectively. In short, this research has important implications for plasma catalysis. This study not only reveals the synergistic characteristics between streamer discharge and CO2 dissociation, but also provides an important idea for structural optimization of PB-DBD catalyst.

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9

Pavlov, I. D., Ya V. Karaev, and M. A. Kot. "Ultra Wide Band Dielectric Rod Antenna." Journal of the Russian Universities. Radioelectronics 23, no. 2 (April 28, 2020): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/1993-8985-2020-23-2-38-45.

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Introduction. Often, the space allocated for placement of an antenna has an inconvenient shape for this. The inconvenience is that its overall dimensions, namely the length and height, relate to each other approximately as 5:1. The task of placing the antenna in the space, in the absence of ready-made solutions, involves the development of an antenna with a similar ratio (5:1) of overall dimensions and with the possibility of convenient mounting on a flat conductive surface. Also, in the 9:1 frequency band, the antenna should have the following radio technical characteristics: voltage standing wave coefficient (VSWR) of not more than 3, gain of at least 1 dBi, radiation patterns should be axisymmetric with side lobe level not exceeding 25 %.Aim. Development and study of the characteristics of an ultra-wideband dielectric rod antenna.Materials and methods. Two structurally different versions of an ultra-wideband dielectric rod antenna were proposed. The main radio technical characteristics of both options were obtained through electrodynamic modeling in Ansoft HFSS.Results. As a result of the simulation, the following radio characteristics were obtained: – for the first option, the VSWR does not exceed 3.25 in the required frequency range, the gain varies from 6 to 12 dBi, the axisymmetric radiation patterns with the level of the side lobes not exceeding 30 %; – for the second option, the VSWR does not exceed 2.75 in the required frequency range, the gain varies from 5 to 11 dBi, the axisymmetric radiation patterns with the level of the side lobes not exceeding 20 %; In addition, the structural differences of the second option make it convenient to fix it on a flat conductive surface.Conclusion. Comparison of the obtained results with the requirements for the antenna under consideration shows that, unlike the first, the second option has an acceptable level of matching (VSWR 2.75) and of side radiation of radiation patterns (20 %). Based on this, it can be concluded that only the second option is suitable for the intended application.

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10

Guo, Min, Ji-Jun Yan, Shun-Shi Zhong, and Zhu Sun. "Wideband Circularly Polarized Dielectric Rod Antenna." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2012 (2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/324197.

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A new dielectric rod antenna (DRA) is introduced to produce circular polarization (CP) over a wide frequency band without a complex feed network. Along with the simulated results, measured results of the antenna prototype are presented, showing a 3 dB axial ratio (AR) CP bandwidth of 17.7%. The radiation characteristics of the fabricated antenna are also demonstrated showing the measured gain of better than 6.2 dBi. Moreover, the measured impedance bandwidth (VSWR≤2) reaches 20.1%, from 8.75 GHz to 10.7 GHz, while the CP beamwidth (AR≤3 dB) at the central frequency is measured over 120°.

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11

Wang, Li-Qiang, Hong-Xing Zheng, Li-Ying Feng, and Feng-You Gao. "Measurement of Low-Loss Dielectric Materials Using Dielectric Rod Resonator." International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves 29, no. 1 (November 13, 2007): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10762-007-9303-z.

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12

Liberal, Iñigo, Yue Li, and Nader Engheta. "Magnetic field concentration assisted by epsilon-near-zero media." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 375, no. 2090 (March 28, 2017): 20160059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0059.

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Strengthening the magnetic response of matter at optical frequencies is of fundamental interest, as it provides additional information in spectroscopy, as well as alternative mechanisms to manipulate light at the nanoscale. Here, we demonstrate theoretically that epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) media can enhance the magnetic field concentration capabilities of dielectric resonators. We demonstrate that the magnetic field enhancement factor is unbounded in theory, and it diverges as the size of the ENZ host increases. In practice, the maximal enhancement factor is limited by dissipation losses in the host, and it is found via numerical simulations that ENZ hosts with moderate losses can enhance the performance of a circular dielectric rod resonator by around one order of magnitude. The physical mechanism behind this process is the strongly inhomogeneous magnetic field distributions induced by ENZ media in neighbouring dielectrics. We show that this is an intrinsic property of ENZ media, and that the occurrence of resonant enhancement is independent of the shape of the host. These results might find applications in spectroscopy, in sensing, in light emission and, in general, in investigating light–matter interactions beyond electric dipole transitions. This article is part of the themed issue ‘New horizons for nanophotonics’.

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13

Wu, Haixia, Zhi Fang, Tong Zhou, Chen Lu, and Yanhua Xu. "Discoloration of Congo Red by Rod-Plate Dielectric Barrier Discharge Processes at Atmospheric Pressure." Plasma Science and Technology 18, no. 5 (April 29, 2016): 500–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1009-0630/18/5/10.

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14

Szerement, Justyna, Aleksandra Woszczyk, Agnieszka Szypłowska, Marcin Kafarski, Arkadiusz Lewandowski, Andrzej Wilczek, and Wojciech Skierucha. "Seven-Rod Dielectric Sensor for Determination of Soil Moisture in Small Volumes." Proceedings 15, no. 1 (March 22, 2020): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019015049.

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The paper presents the performance of a seven-rod dielectric probe for determination of soil dielectric permittivity using FEM simulations as well as FDR and TDR measurements. The volume of the sensitivity zone of the tested probe was assessed basing on the simulations and measurement in liquids. The probe was also tested in two soils, sandy loam and silt loam. The obtained results suggested that the seven-rod probe can be used to accurately measure the dielectric permittivity spectrum in a small sample volume of about 8 cm3 in a frequency range from 20 MHz to 200 MHz.

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15

Osipov, Mikhail A., Alexey S. Merekalov, and Alexander A. Ezhov. "Effect of Rod-like Nanoparticles on the Dielectric Susceptibility of Nematic Nano-Composites: A Molecular Theory." Crystals 12, no. 12 (December 15, 2022): 1827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12121827.

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The effect of rod-like nanoparticles on the high-frequency dielectric susceptibility of the nematic nano-composites has been investigated in the framework of a molecular theory. Analytical expressions for the components of the effective polarizability of a rod-like nanoparticle in the nematic host have been obtained and used in the calculations of the dielectric susceptibility of the composites as functions of the nanoparticle volume fraction. Numerical calculations of the susceptibility have been undertaken using the nematic liquid crystal 5CB as a host doped with either gold or silver particles for different values of the concentration of nanoparticles. It has been shown that the rod-like nanoparticles have a much stronger effect on the components of the dielectric susceptibility of the nano-composites including, in particular, the one with gold nanoparticles in the vicinity of the plasmon resonance. The main conclusion is that at sufficiently large concentration of nanoparticles, the anisotropy of the dielectric susceptibility of the nano-composites may even change the sign with an increasing concentration which may be important for various applications.

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16

Bukharov, S. V., U. V. Gornyak, D. M. Svynarenko, L. Y. Tsipko, and L. A. Filins’kyy. "Dielectric rod surface mount antennas for telecommunications." Journal of Physics and Electronics 26, no. 2 (December 26, 2018): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/331831.

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The results of modeling broadband antennas for surface mounting on metal surfaces are presented. The considered antennas are a broadband excitation node in a dielectric shell in the form of a fragment of a conical waveguide. The simulation was carried out by the method of moments in the FEKO software environment. The frequency dependences of the input resistance, the standing wave coefficient, and the directional pattern are obtained. Comparison of the modeling results of the excitation node and the results of VSWR measurements of the manufactured model are presented. Modifications of antennas with the direction of the dielectric waveguide along the surface and perpendicular to it are considered. The received antennas can be used by telecommunication systems for installation on mobile and stationary objects.

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17

Tesmer, Henning, Roland Reese, Ersin Polat, Matthias Nickel, Rolf Jakoby, and and Holger Maune. "Fully Dielectric Rod Antenna Arrays with Integrated Power Divider." Frequenz 73, no. 11-12 (November 26, 2019): 367–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/freq-2019-0152.

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Abstract This paper presents an overview of fully dielectric antenna arrays with integrated dielectric power dividers developed at Technische Universität Darmstadt as an extension of previous work. The power dividers are based on the principle of multimode interference and offer one- and two-dimensional power division in a single step, which allows the realization of small and lightweight devices. In order to prove the concept, 1 × 4 and 4 × 4 fully dielectric antenna arrays with integrated power dividers milled from Rexolite are designed, realized and characterized, operating between 90 GHz and 105 GHz. To assess miniaturization and beamsteering capabilities, three 1 × 4 arrays composed of different materials, Rexolite, Preperm L300 and Preperm L440, are compared regarding gain, size, weight and element spacing. Depending on array size and material, gain is between 12.5 dBi and 22 dBi, accompanied with sidelobe levels below - 7.5. All demonstrators are realized by milling, but the designs show the potential to be 3D printed or injection molded for large scale manufacturing.

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18

Malakhov, Vasiliy A., Irina V. Malakhova, Artyom S. Nechaev, Artyom A. Nikitin, and Yulia V. Raevskaya. "Experimental studies of the E01 leaky wave characteristics in a round dielectric rod." ITM Web of Conferences 30 (2019): 11003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20193011003.

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Excitation experiment technique of the E01 leaky wave in a round open dielectric waveguide is given. Experimental research results of the E01 leaky wave characteristics of a round open dielectric waveguide are presented.

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19

Subrahmanyam, J. V., A. R. Vaucher, Gregory A. H. Cowart, Mustafa Keskin, A. J. Stoyanov, and Herbert berall. "HELICAL SURFACE WAVES ON A DIELECTRIC ROD." Electromagnetics 6, no. 3 (January 1986): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02726348608915212.

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20

Rothwell, E. J., and L. L. Frasch. "Propagation characteristics of dielectric-rod-loaded waveguides." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 36, no. 3 (March 1988): 594–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/22.3554.

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21

Ando, T., J. Yamauchi, and H. Nakano. "Rectangular dielectric-rod fed by metallic waveguide." IEE Proceedings - Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation 149, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-map:20020264.

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22

Saleh, A. M., K. R. Mahmoud, I. I. Ibrahim, and A. M. Attiya. "Metasurface-loaded dielectric rod leaky wave antenna." Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications 30, no. 10 (June 28, 2016): 1277–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09205071.2016.1190302.

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23

Saado, Y., Y. Neve-Oz, M. Golosovsky, D. Davidov, and A. Frenkel. "Negative refraction in a dielectric rod superlattice." physica status solidi (b) 244, no. 4 (April 2007): 1237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.200674512.

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24

Ivanov, D. A. "Study of electrophysical processes and aging of the material of highvoltage insulators to determine their working life." Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 24, no. 2 (June 13, 2022): 132–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2022-24-2-132-146.

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The article is aimed to discuss the results of research on the characteristics of partial discharges on defects of different types in high-voltage insulators - on dielectric rod and contact «terminal rod». The atypical characteristics of partial discharges in high-voltage insulators were analysed using an original method of determining their condition using a set of diagnostic parameters.METHODS. Experimental results are obtained by electromagnetic and acoustic methods of non-contact measurements of partial discharge characteristics.THE RESULTS of conducted studies are obtained circuits of electrophysical processes in dielectric cavities of defects at dielectric rod and contact «terminal rod» during one period of high voltage application. The circuit of electrophysical processes takes into account changes of the field induced by partial discharges in the defect cavity and on its dielectric surfaces.CONCLUSHIONS. The main conclusion is the fact that the developed scheme of generation of conventional and powerful partial discharges found confirmation in the model of the process of generation and subsequent distribution of primary discharge in the defect cavity. Under real conditions of partial discharge radiation in polymer and porcelain high-voltage insulators is more complex, so the first attempt to explain the generation of powerful partial discharges in real high-voltage power systems was made. The increase in the number of partial discharges and their intensity during the phase interval of 20° and the presence of powerful partial discharges are the main signs of defective high-voltage insulators.

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25

Bogomol’nyi, V. M. "Electroelasticity Relations and Fracture Mechanics of Piezoelectric Structures." Applied Mechanics Reviews 60, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2375142.

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Three-dimensional (3D) constitutive equations of piezoelectric (PZ) plates and shells are considered for inverse linear and electrostrictive (quadratic) piezoeffects. Prestressed multilayer PZ shells reinforced with metal including the case of uneven thickness polarization are studied. Asymptotic and variational methods to solve the governing differential equations of PZ shells are considered. Concentrations of electrical and mechanical fields near structure imperfections and external local loading are investigated. The electrothermoviscoelastic heating of PZ shells is considered at harmonic excitation. From numerical analysis and the experimental data of energy dissipation and the temperature behavior of PZ shell the conditions of optimal transformation of electric energy into mechanical deformations are defined. Thus, the geometrical parameters and working frequencies are determined with due account of dielectric relaxation processes. The following nonlinear phenomena are studied: acoustoelectronic wave amplification; electron injection into metalized polar dielectric; resonance growth by 5–20 times of internal electrical field strength in the PZ shells and plates; and autothermostabilization of ferroelectric resonators. For a better understanding of R.D. Mindlin’s gradient theory of polarization in view of electron processes in thin metal-dielectric-metal structures, use was made of solid state physics interpretations as well as experimental data. High concentration of mechanical stresses and temperature and electrical fields near structure defects (first of all, near boundary between various materials) defines the main properties of polar dielectrics. An unknown domain of electrode rough surface influence was estimated, and as result an uneven polarization distribution was found. A theory of nonlinear autowave systems with energy dissipation was used in a physical model of the electrothermal fracture of dielectrics (contacting with metal electrodes), and as a result a nondestructive testing method to study the microstructure defect formation has been suggested.

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26

Kelebekler, Ersoy. "Guiding and Leakage Dispersion Characteristic of TM01Mode in a Circular Dielectric Rod." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2022 (October 17, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7060674.

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Open dielectric waveguide structures such as circular dielectric rods can be used as antennas by leaking energy in the transverse direction or as guiding structures with low loss in integrated circuits at different frequency ranges. It is essential to understand electromagnetic wave behavior in different frequency regions such as reactive mode region, leaky-wave or antenna mode region, and guided mode region. In this study, it is aimed to assimilate the electromagnetic phenomenon for open dielectric structure by showing the overlapping between the analytic solutions and the simulation results of the TM01 mode of the circular dielectric rod. The analytic solutions for leaky-wave modes have been obtained using the coefficients matrix of the system of characteristic equations of the structure and Davidenko’s method. The field distributions and the scattering parameters have been obtained in CST microwave studio software. The outcomes obtained in the study presented the overlapping between the analytical results and the simulations. The simulation results show the leakage starts end of the reactive mode region where the electromagnetic energy reflects to the feed line, and the electromagnetic energy leaks at the leaky-wave/antenna mode region, and the leakage decreases at the guided mode region as much as it can be neglected while the frequency increases.

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27

Szerement, Justyna, Aleksandra Woszczyk, Agnieszka Szypłowska, Marcin Kafarski, Arkadiusz Lewandowski, Andrzej Wilczek, and Wojciech Skierucha. "A Seven-Rod Dielectric Sensor for Determination of Soil Moisture in Well-Defined Sample Volumes." Sensors 19, no. 7 (April 6, 2019): 1646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19071646.

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This paper presents a novel seven-rod sensor used for time-domain reflectometry (TDR) and frequency-domain reflectometry (FDR) measurements of soil water content in a well-defined sample volume. The probe directly measures the complex dielectric permittivity spectrum and for this purpose requires three calibration media: air, water, and ethanol. Firstly, electromagnetic simulations were used to study the influence of the diameter of a container on the sensitivity zone of the probe with respect to the measured calibration media and isopropanol as a verification liquid. Next, the probe was tested in three soils—sandy loam and two silt loams—with six water contents from air-dry to saturation. The conversion from S 11 parameters to complex dielectric permittivity from vector network analyzer (VNA) measurements was obtained using an open-ended liquid procedure. The simulation and measurement results for the real part of the isopropanol dielectric permittivity obtained from four containers with different diameters were in good agreement with literature data up to 200 MHz. The real part of the dielectric permittivity was extracted and related to the moisture of the tested soil samples. Relations between the volumetric water content and the real part of the dielectric permittivity (by FDR) and apparent dielectric permittivity (by TDR) were compared with Topp’s equation. It was concluded that the best fit to Topp’s equation was observed in the case of a sandy loam. Data calculated according to the equation proposed by Malicki, Plagge, and Roth gave results closer to Topp’s calibration. The obtained results indicated that the seven-rod probe can be used to accurately measure of the dielectric permittivity spectrum in a well-defined sample volume of about 8 cm3 in the frequency range from 20 MHz to 200 MHz.

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28

Mavroidis, P. N., P. N. Mikropoulos, and C. A. Stassinopoulos. "Lightning impulse behaviour of short rod–plane gaps with a dielectric-covered rod." IET Science, Measurement & Technology 4, no. 2 (March 1, 2010): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-smt.2008.0137.

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29

Wells, C. G., and J. A. R. Ball. "Attenuation of a shielded rectangular dielectric rod waveguide." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 54, no. 7 (July 2006): 3013–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2006.877056.

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30

Mahdjoubi, K., and C. Terret. "An analysis of piecewise homogeneous dielectric rod antennas." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 34, no. 4 (April 1986): 598–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.1986.1143858.

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31

Ando, T., Isao Ohba, S. Numata, J. Yamauchi, and H. Nakano. "Linearly and curvilinearly tapered cylindrical- dielectric-rod antennas." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 53, no. 9 (September 2005): 2827–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2005.854551.

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32

Sohbatzadeh, Farshad, Reza Ebrahimnezhad Darzi, and Saeed Mirzanejhad. "Acceleration of Plasma Bullets by Grooved Dielectric Rod." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 48, no. 9 (September 2020): 2977–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2020.3012902.

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33

Withayachumnankul, Withawat, Ryoumei Yamada, Masayuki Fujita, and Tadao Nagatsuma. "All-dielectric rod antenna array for terahertz communications." APL Photonics 3, no. 5 (May 2018): 051707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5023787.

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34

Aubrion, M., A. Larminat, B. Chan, and H. Baudrand. "Design of a dual dielectric rod-antenna system." IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters 3, no. 8 (August 1993): 276–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/75.242216.

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35

Keam, R. B. "Plane wave excitation of an infinite dielectric rod." IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters 4, no. 10 (October 1994): 326–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/75.324705.

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36

Mansour, A. A., B. Stoll, and W. Pechhold. "Dielectric relaxation of rod-like labels in polyisoprene." Colloid & Polymer Science 270, no. 3 (March 1992): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00655473.

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37

Yao, H. Y., X. Q. Sheng, K. N. Yung, and Z. P. Nie. "A Rigorous Analysis of Dielectric Tapered Rod Antennas." Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications 15, no. 7 (January 2001): 989–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156939301x00940.

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38

Tigelis, I., C. N. Capsalis, and N. K. Uzunoglu. "Computation of the dielectric rod waveguide radiation modes." International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves 8, no. 9 (September 1987): 1053–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01010811.

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39

Pan, Yuyang, Yaohua Li, Yaya Dou, Guangsheng Fu, and Lifang Dong. "A square superlattice pattern formed through complex interactions among volume discharges and surface discharge in dielectric barrier discharge." Physics of Plasmas 29, no. 5 (May 2022): 053502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0082128.

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We report a square superlattice pattern with two interleaving grids [(line-grid) and (rod-grid)] and three lattices composed of discrete spots [spot, halo, and spot(w)] in dielectric barrier discharge. The spatiotemporal dynamics is measured by intensified charge-coupled device, photomultiplier tubes, and high-speed video camera. It is found that the line-grid is composed of direction-selective surface discharges, which are induced by wall charge of spot, compressed by wall charge of spot(w), and guided by wall charge of random spots in rod. The rod-grid and the following halo consist of random volume discharges, which are affected by the distribution of wall charges of spot(w), spot, and line-grid. The pattern is formed through a series of complex interactions among volume discharges and surface discharge. These results will promote the study on interaction between volume discharge and surface discharge in dielectric barrier discharge.

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40

Li, Chi-Ping, and Chih-Min Chuang. "Thermal and Dielectric Properties of Cyanate Ester Cured Main Chain Rigid-Rod Epoxy Resin." Polymers 13, no. 17 (August 30, 2021): 2917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13172917.

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Thermal and dielectric properties of rigid-rod bifunctional epoxy resin 4,4-bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy) biphenyl epoxy (BP) and commercial epoxy resin diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) were studied using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA), thermal mechanical analyzer (TMA) and dielectric analyzer (DEA). These two epoxies were cured with cyanate ester hardener 2,2’-bis(4-cyanatophenyl) propane (AroCy B10). The BP/B10 system consisting of a rigid-rod structure exhibited better thermal properties than the DGEBA/B10 system with a flexible structure. Anisotropic BP/B10 (2:1) had the highest 5% weight loss temperature, the highest amount of residue and a smaller thermal expansion coefficient than the commercial DGEBA/B10 system. The BP/B10 system, which cured at the LC phase temperature, had higher Tg than the commercial DGEBA/B10 system, as found from dynamic mechanical analysis. The BP/B10 system also demonstrated better dielectric properties than the commercial DGEBA/B10 system when enough curing agent was provided.

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41

Afqir, Mohamed, Amina Tachafine, Didier Fasquelle, Mohamed Elaatmani, Jean-Claude Carru, Abdelouahad Zegzouti, Mohamed Daoud, and Abdelhamid Oufakir. "Structure and electrical properties of Eu-doped SrBi2Nb2O9 ceramics." Processing and Application of Ceramics 13, no. 3 (2019): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pac1903281a.

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Structure and dielectric properties of Eu-doped SrBi2Nb2O9 ceramics (with 0, 20 and 35 at.% of Eu), prepared by the solid-state method and sintering, were investigated. XRD, FTIR and SEM measurements were provided to validate the characteristic structural features of the obtained ceramics. For all samples, the orthorhombic structure was identified through XRD analysis. SEM results confirmed that the fabricated samples have relatively dense structure with rod- and plate-like grains typical for Aurivillius layered structures. Dielectric results showed that the doping with Eu decreases dielectric constant and reduces dielectric loss. Movement of the dielectric peak towards higher temperatures appearing at about 400?C with increase of frequency indicates on relaxor behaviour of the sample with 35 at.% of Eu.

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MRLIK, MIROSLAV, VLADIMIR PAVLINEK, QILIN CHENG, and PETR SAHA. "SYNTHESIS OF TITANATE/POLYPYRROLE COMPOSITE ROD-LIKE PARTICLES AND THE ROLE OF CONDUCTING POLYMER ON ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY." International Journal of Modern Physics B 26, no. 02 (January 20, 2012): 1250007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979212500075.

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In this paper, we study the preparation of titanate/polypyrrole core-shell rod-like composite particles. The mere titanate rod-like particles were prepared as core material and PPy was polymerized on their surface in different amounts. Rheological measurements showed that under an applied external electric field, shear stress of these materials significantly increased with amount of PPy in the shell layer. The yield stresses obtained from the Cho-Choi-Jhon model were correlated with dielectric properties of suspensions. Polarizability as a measure of particle polarization obtained from Havriliak–Negami model of dielectric spectra increases with the content of PPy in the samples. Furthermore, role of particle concentration and silicone oil viscosity was also investigated.

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43

Generalov, V. M., A. S. Safatov, M. V. Kruchinina, A. A. Gromov, G. A. Buryak, K. V. Generalov, and V. N. Kruchinin. "Dielectric properties of the human red blood cell." Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika, no. 7 (2020): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2020-7-62-67.

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The dielectric properties of the erythrocyte were studied. Experimental methods and results of measuring the dielectric properties of individual human erythrocyte are presented. The method is theoretically justified. It is established that values of the complex permittivity of the erythrocyte, capacitance, tangent of dielectric losses remains almost constant despite significant changes in conductivity, the content of NaCl of the cell suspension. These values reflect the stability of the studied parameters of erythrocytes under conditions of changes within a wide range of the environment in which the cells are located. Complex cell permittivity and cell dielectric loss tangent are promising parameters for objective diagnostics of human diseases. The introduction of measurements of cell permittivity and cell dielectric loss tangent into medical practice will probably allow us to characterize the process of individual cell self-regulation in more detail.

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Shirzaditabar, Farzad, and Maryam Saliminasab. "Tunable optical properties of silver–dielectric–silver nanoshell." International Journal of Modern Physics B 28, no. 20 (June 19, 2014): 1450134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979214501343.

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Tunable optical properties of silver–dielectric–silver nanoshell including surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and resonance light scattering (RLS) based on quasi-static theory are investigated. When the silver core radius increases, the longer resonance wavelength red shifts and light scattering cross-section decreases whereas the shorter resonance wavelength blue shifts and the light scattering cross-section increases. The effect of middle dielectric thickness on the light scattering cross-section of nanoshell is different from those of the silver core radius changes. As middle dielectric radius increases, the longer resonance wavelength first blue shifts and then red shifts and the light scattering cross-section increases whereas the shorter resonance wavelength always red shifts and the light scattering cross-section decreases. The sensitivity of RLS to the refractive index of embedding medium is also reported. As the silver core radius increases, the sensitivity of silver–dielectric–silver nanoshell decreases whereas increasing the middle dielectric thickness leads to increase the sensitivity of silver–dielectric–silver nanoshell. Tunable optical properties of silver–dielectric–silver nanoshell verify the biosensing potential of this nanostructure.

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45

Zhang, Ning, Changjiang Deng, and Houjun Sun. "A Hybrid Antenna with Equal Beamwidth in Two Frequency Bands for Radar Applications." Electronics 10, no. 23 (December 2, 2021): 3000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10233000.

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This paper presents a novel hybrid antenna with equal beamwidth in two frequency bands for short-range radar applications. The proposed design consists of a 2 × 2 patch array and a SIW-fed dielectric rod antenna. The two kinds of radiators are responsible for the 5.8 GHz and 24 GHz ISM bands, respectively. Pencil beams are obtained in both lower and upper bands. The beamwidth generated by the dielectric rod can be flexibly tuned to coincide with that of the patch array. Magneto-electric (ME) dipole, composed of a slot and two parasitic monopoles, is constructed to replace the conventional 3-D waveguide feeder, which can excite the dielectric rod effectively. The complementary structure is helpful to obtain a pencil beam. The 2 × 2 patch array has the size of 70 × 70 mm2 and is fed by a four-way power divider. Due to no overlapping radiating aperture, the two radiators can work independently with high port isolation. The measured peak gain in the two bands is 12.5 dBi and 12.7 dBi. The measured 3-dB beamwidth at 5.8 GHz and 24 GHz is 42° and 39° in x-z plane, and 43° and 42° in the y-z plane. The proposed antenna features a small beamwidth difference in two frequency bands, thus being attractive for dual-band radar systems.

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46

Szerement, Justyna, Hironobu Saito, Kahori Furuhata, Shin Yagihara, Agnieszka Szypłowska, Arkadiusz Lewandowski, Marcin Kafarski, et al. "Dielectric Properties of Glass Beads with Talc as a Reference Material for Calibration and Verification of Dielectric Methods and Devices for Measuring Soil Moisture." Materials 13, no. 8 (April 23, 2020): 1968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13081968.

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This paper presents dielectric measurements of talc, glass beads, and their mixtures under different moisture and salinity levels. The measurements were conducted using a prototype seven-rod probe (15 mm long central rod) connected to a single port of vector network analyzer. The samples were moistened with distilled water and KCl solutions in order to obtain six different moisture content levels. The complex dielectric permittivity was determined from vector network analyzer reflection-coefficient measurements based on the open-water-liquid calibration procedure. Next, the fitting of volumetric water content–real part of dielectric permittivity calibration curves was performed for each material at selected frequencies, and the obtained relations were compared with well-known calibration equations. Additionally, a salinity index for the tested materials was calculated. It was concluded that pure talc is not an optimal material for the calibration and verification of dielectric methods. The calibration curves obtained for glass beads and the mixtures of glass beads with talc gave results close to well-known reference calibration functions. Additionally, the addition of talc caused the data points to be less scattered. Moreover, the values of the salinity index for the tested materials were in a good agreement with literature data for sand. The obtained results indicated that glass beads with the addition of talc can be used as a reference material for the calibration and verification of dielectric methods and devices for soil moisture measurement.

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47

LI, JE-LUEN, HANNES C. SCHNIEPP, ILHAN A. AKSAY, and ROBERTO CAR. "PHONON-INDUCED ANISOTROPIC DISPERSION FORCES ON A METALLIC SUBSTRATE." Nano LIFE 02, no. 02 (June 2012): 1240001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793984411000505.

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Surfactant micelles (cetyltrimethylammonium chloride) adsorbed on Au(111) exhibit orientational order dictated by the gold crystal axes. To explain this phenomenon, we take into account the ionic contribution to the dielectric response of the metal. Since the motion of an ion inside the metallic lattice is restricted by its neighbors in an anisotropic way, the total dielectric response of the metal acquires directional dependence. A crystalline substrate is thus able to generate both torque and attraction on geometrically asymmetric objects. Numerical calculations show that the resulting anisotropic van der Waals force is indeed capable of orienting rod-like dielectric micelles on a Au(111) surface.

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48

Lugo, Denise C., Jing Wang, and Thomas M. Weller. "Analytical and Experimental Study of Multilayer Dielectric Rod Waveguides." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 69, no. 4 (April 2021): 2088–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2021.3056433.

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49

De, Sriparna, Shiban K. Koul, and Kamal K. Samanta. "Dielectric rod loaded tunable substrate integrated waveguide slot antenna." IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation 16, no. 2-3 (January 21, 2022): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/mia2.12229.

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50

Young Kim, Ki, Heung-Sik Tae, and Jeong-Hae Lee. "Analysis of leaky modes in circular dielectric rod waveguides." Electronics Letters 39, no. 1 (2003): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20030111.

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