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1

Megrian, Nuñez Daniela. "Phylogenomic approaches to uncover the diversity and evolution of the bacterial cell envelope." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS349.

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L’enveloppe bactérienne est l’une des structures cellulaires les plus anciennes et les plus fondamentales. Toutefois, de nombreux aspects concernant sa diversité et son histoire évolutive sont encore inconnus. Dans cette thèse, j’ai profité du nombre croissant de génomes disponibles dans les bases de données publiques, afin de mener une analyse de phylogénomique et de génomique comparative à une large échelle évolutive. Les deux objectifs de ce travail doctoral étaient (i) d’identifier de nouvelles lignées didermes au sein des Firmicutes pour éclairer la transition monoderme/diderme, et (ii) d’élucider l’histoire évolutive de l’enveloppe cellulaire chez les bactéries et d’en déduire la nature chez le LBCA.En résumé, les résultats que j'ai obtenus au cours de cette thèse fournissent une avancée significative dans notre compréhension de la diversité et de l'évolution de l'enveloppe cellulaire, et sur l'une des transitions majeures de l'histoire des bactéries, celle entre les monodermes et les didermes
The bacterial envelope is one of the oldest and most fundamental cellular structures. Yet, many aspects of its diversity and evolutionary history are unknown. In this thesis I have taken advantage of the large available genomic data to investigate the issue through a large-scale phylogenomic and comparative genomic analyses at the level of Bacteria. The two goals of this doctoral work were (i) to identify putative new diderm lineages in the Firmicutes to illuminate the monoderm/diderm transition, and (ii) to elucidate the evolutionary history of the cell envelope in Bacteria and infer its nature in the LBCA. To sum up, the results I obtained during this thesis provide a timely and significant advancement to our understanding of the diversity and evolution of the cell envelope, and on one of the major transitions in the history of Bacteria, that between monoderms and diderms
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2

Dean, Philippe. "Diderot devant l'image /." Paris ; Montréal (Québec) : l'Harmattan, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37111477n.

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3

Morin, Robert. "L'Imagination selon Diderot." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1985. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375943198.

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4

Déan, Philippe. "Diderot devant l'image." Paris 7, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA070154.

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L'entreprise de connaissance critique des images developpee par diderot s'est accomplie en mettant en oeuvre un principe de contradiction entre le projet de savoir theorique et de la pratique critique ou interpretative des peintures telle qu'elle se donne a lire dans les salons. Prenant son depart dans une pensee du signe qui privilegie le realisme pictural, la science iconologique de diderot cherche a etablir la cricularite des notions d'imitation et de signification, de lisible et de visible faisant recours au mythe des origines figurees du langage qui a pour nom "hieroglyphe". Cependant un tel cadre conceptuel se trouve contredit par la pratique d'ecriture des images qui decouvre une tension entre voir et savoir, entre lisibilite et visualite des images parce qu'intervient, dans la relation a l'image, la dimension du fantasme et l'economie d'un desir. Dans la relation a l'image, sujet et objet echouent a se stabiliser
Diderot's project of a critical knowledge of pictures has developped through a contradiction between its theoretical framework and the interpretative praxis of paintings in les salons. The iconologic thought of diderot identifies the image with an iconic sign and favours figurative realism. It establishes the interdependance of notions such imitation and signification, legibility and visibility and its conceptual basis originates in a fable of the visual origin of language which produces a specific sign pattern called "hieroglyph". However these theories associate their negative counterpart because diderot's creative writing reveals a tension between legibility and visuality, knowing and seeing. Facing the image in an imaginary and fantasmatic relation, the subject of writing is caught up in a dialectic of desire and the image's signification is constantly deferred
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5

Person, Alain. "Diderot et la satire." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/29248.

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Nous connaissons l'écrivain Diderot, le philosophe, le directeur de l'Encyclopédie, l'esthéticien, voire le scientifique; sur un autre plan, Diderot auteur satirique demeurait, en grande partie, à découvrir. Nous nous proposons de montrer l'ampleur et la diversité des liens qui unissent Diderot à la satire en expliquant ce que représente la satire pour Diderot, en montrant dans quelle mesure et à quelles conditions Diderot est un auteur satirique, et de quelle manière il satirise. Après avoir défini la satire et après avoir rappelé ce que la notion recouvre historiquement comme genres et comme formes, nous étudions les sens que prend le terme chez Diderot et les rapports de celui-ci avec les auteurs satiriques canoniques. Nous abordons ensuite l'oeuvre satirique de Diderot selon trois axes. Entre l'abstraction et le réalisme le plus cru, l'auteur satirique possède une manière qui lui est propre de représenter son milieu. Dans cette perspective, nous analysons les représentations satiriques chez Diderot d'après les notions d'abstraction (allégories, rêves, animalisation), de monde inverse (l'utopie) et de théâtralisation du monde. Le deuxième axe de notre étude s'attache aux textes de fiction. Outre les poésies satiriques, nous examinons les oeuvres les plus connues de Diderot sous l'angle de l'esthétique comico-sérieuse (les Satires première et seconde), de la ménippée (Les Bijoux indiscrets, Jacques le Fataliste) et sous l'angle de la satire romanesque (La Religieuse). Le troisième et dernier volet de la thèse porte sur les pratiques polémiques (lettres ouvertes, apologies) et pamphlétaires de Diderot, ainsi que sur l'usage satirique qu'il fait du paradoxe.
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6

Schmitt, Eric-Emmanuel. "Diderot et la métaphysique." Paris 4, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA040220.

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7

Durand, Béatrice. "Diderot et la musique." Paris 4, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA040175.

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La musique est presente dans toute l'oeuvre de diderot. Ses ecrits sur la musique sont d'abord un temoignage sur la vie musicale de l'epoque. Ils constituent un document sur le role social de la musique, sur les lieux et les modalites de la vie musicale, et enfin sur la pedagogie de la musique. Ces ecrits sont egalement l'echo de tous les debats theoriques et esthetiques qui ont agite la vie musicale du siecle. Diderot, dans un premier temps, a ete un adepte de la theorie ramiste, et donc d'une approche physico-mathematique du phenomene musical. Il a contribue a vulgariser la theorie ramiste, mais s'en est ecarte rapidement. Sa contribution essentielle consiste en fait a degager l'esthetique musicale des schemas herites de la periode classique, fondes sur la notion d'imitation ("mimesis") et sur une conception etroitement linguistique de la musique : la musique est un langage, elle parle, elle signifie comme le langage verbal. Diderot, parti de ces presupposes theoriques, aboutit a une esthetique qui decrit la musique a partir d'elle-meme et de sa structure sensible, et non pas a partir d'un modele qui lui est etranger. Sa participation a la vie musicale du siecle reste cependant etrange, dans la mesure ou, bien qu'apparemment tres informe, il semble ignorer gluck
Music is present in all the works of diderot. His writings about music are a testimony about the musical life of the 18th century. They are a document about the hows and wheres of musical life, and about musical pedagogy. These writings are also an echo of all the theoretical and esthetical discussions, which have been agitating the musical life of the century. At first, diderot was diderot an adept of rameau's theory, and also of a physico-mathematical approach to the musical phenomen. He contributed to the popularization of rameau's theory, but later he diverges from it. His most important contribution was freeing the musical esthetics from the schemas inheritated from the classical times and based on the a linguistic conception of music. Music is a language, it "speaks", it signifies. Getting rid of thes theoretical assumptions, diderot proposes an esthetics which describes music from the point of view of its sensitive perception, without imparting the model of linguistic description
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8

Torlo, Antonio. "Diderot et la guerre." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995CLF20082.

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Le problème de la guerre dans la pensée de Diderot est abordé successivement sous 3 angles, philosophique, technique, politique ; sont pris en compte d'une part les écrits personnels de Diderot, y compris les articles qu'il a lui-même rédigés pour l'encyclopédie, d'autre part le Dictionnaire raisonné dans son ensemble, là où Diderot en a assumé la direction. La 1ère partie rappelle ce qui a été au 18e, pour lui et ses contemporains l'expérience de la guerre ; elle fait le point sur la pensée religieuse et philosopphique de la guerre avant lui et autour de lui, analyse les thèmes et débats qui apparaissent à ce propos dans l'Encyclopédie, souligne l'intérêt porté par Diderot dans ses oeuvres de vieillesse à la condition du soldat. La dénonciation de la guerre par le philosophe soutient enfin le goût du critique d'art pour la peinture de batailles : le choc émotif devait être pour le spectateur-citoyen une incitation à la réflexion. Si Diderot ne s'est pas personnellement beaucoup intéressé à la technique militaire, l'art de la guerre occupe une part non négligeable dans l'Encyclopédie. La 2e partie, montre toutefois que celle-ci se révèle dans ce domaine plutôt conservatrice, en contraste avec les propositions novatrices d'un ami des encyclopédistes, le comte de Guibert
The problem of war in didert's thought is seen from three point view: philosophical, technical and political. Not only the personal works by diderot such as the articles he writed for the encyclopedie have been taken into account but also the "dictionnaire raisonne", in the whole. The first part deals rentle the experience of the war in the 18 century for diderot and his contemporanies, the thesis points ont the religions and philosophical thought of the war, before didert's life and during his life; it the thems analysis and discusses which we can find int the "encyclopedie", it points ont the interest given by diderot during his maturity to the condition of the soldier. His denunciation against the war supports the teste of the critic. Of art in the hattle pointing: the emotional shock should stimulate the citizen-spectator to reflect on them. Even if diderot is not personally interested in the military technics, the art of the war has an importanrole in the encyclopedie: howerer in the second part this idea of military technics is rather conservative, in opposition the innovating proposals of a friend of the encyclopediste, the earl of guibert
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9

Langbour, Nadège. "Diderot écrivain critique d'art." Rouen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ROUEL577.

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La thèse intitulée « Diderot écrivain critique d'art » met en évidence les interactions entre les écrits sur l'art de Diderot et ses œuvres littéraires. Présentant dans un premier temps la formation artistique de Diderot, elle répertorie les lectures effectuées par le salonnier et souligne l'importance de l'Encyclopédie dans la constitution de ses réflexions artistiques. Sont ensuite étudiés les neuf Salons de Diderot et ses deux « essais sur la peinture ». Montrant tout d'abord comment Diderot se positionne par rapport au discours artistique de son temps, cette thèse met ensuite l'accent sur l'originalité des Salons, tant sur les plans thématique et théorique que sur le plan formel. Enfin est analysée l'influence des réflexions picturales de Diderot sur ses œuvres romanesques et dramatiques
This thesis entitled, « Diderot seen as an art critic », highlights the interactions of Diderot's writings on art and his literary works. Firstly, Diderot's artistic formation is presented, with an exhaustive repertoire of readings made by this noted « Salon » art critic and emphasizes the major role of the Encyclopaedia in the shaping of his artistic opinions and judgments. The following sequence examines in depth Diderot's nine « Salons » as well as his two « essays on painting ». At the outset, Diderot's status (position) is perceived in relationship with the artistic way of thinking (reasoning) of his time. The thesis then emphasizes the originality of the Salons, both on a thematic and theoretical level as well as on the formal level. The last section is an analysis of the influence of Diderot's pictorial judgements on his novels and plays (Romanesque and dramatic works)
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10

Boulingui, Rodrigue. "La Satire chez Diderot." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. http://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=http://theses.paris-sorbonne.fr/2020SORUL089.pdf.

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Le travail voudrait établir le rapport entre Diderot et la satire. En s’appuyant sur le dernier Diderot, cette étude entend mettre en lumière l’un des paradoxes qui caractérise le siècle des Lumières. En établissant des parallèles, des liens entre les satiriques latins (Horace, Pétrone, Juvénal, Perse) et Diderot, il est démontré que la satire diderotienne, à l’image du phénix, se renouvelle à l’intérieur du genre. Sous l’égide de ces moralistes, en l’occurrence Horace et Pétrone, Diderot tente de sauver un genre qui cristallise les énergies au temps des Lumières malgré la place mineure qui lui est accordée dans l’échelle des genres. En imitant ses pères spirituels, Diderot bouleverse la satire régulière sur les plans énonciatif, moral, rhétorique. Ce travail fait au sein du genre permet à celui-ci de se moderniser, de s’adapter à son temps et de résister à tous ses détracteurs qui avaient programmé sa fin. En somme, à travers la satire, on découvre cette fois-ci une autre facette de Diderot qui ne théorise plus sur le drame bourgeois mais sur la satire en tant que genre moderne
The work would aim at establishing a relationship between Diderot and Satire. Based on the last Diderot, this study intends to shed light on one of the paradoxes which characterizes the Age of Enlightenment. By drawing parallels, links between the Latin satirics (Horace, Petronius, Juvenal, Persia) and Diderot, it is demonstrated that the Diderotian Satire, like the Phoenix, is renewed within the genre. Under the aegis of the moralists, in this case Horace and Petrone, Diderot tries to save a genre that crystallizes energies in the times of Enlightenment and this, despite of the insignificant position granted to it in the genre scale. By imitating his spiritual fathers, Diderot upsets regular satire on enunciative, moral and rhetorical levels. This work done within the genre allows it to modernize, to adapt to its time and resist all its critics who had planned its end. In short, through satire, we discover this time a new facet of Diderot, which does not speculate on bourgeois drama but on satire as a modern genre
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11

Gaha, Kamel. "L'énonciation romanesque chez Diderot." Lyon 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO20020.

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L'oeuvre de Diderot porte la pensée et le discours des lumières au seuil épistémologique et esthétique de la modernité. Au lieu d'être vécues et pratiquées comme de simples archétypes, la description, la narration et la meditation deviennent chez lui la matière même de la représentation. Revenant sur le travail qui s'exécute en elle, la conscience devient la scène ou se déroule la quête du vrai, du beau et du bon. La fiction diderotienne convoque la tradition littéraire et philosophique comme rôles et comme discours problématiques. Ce dialogue au seuil des possibles du discours et de l'entendement institue une fiction d'un genre nouveau, dans laquelle la conscience dialogisée en rôles et en figures contrastés tente de définir les conditions de possibilité du sens nouveau. L'enonciation réflexive du sujet assigné à la représentation en général, et à la fiction en particulier, le statut d'une inauguration éthique, philosophique et esthétique. Cette aventure du sujet est engagée dès les bijoux indiscrets où elle constitue une critique générale des formes traditionnelles du discours et de la pensée. Dans les essais (lettre sur les aveugles, lettre sur les sourds et muets, entretiens sur le fils naturel, discours de la poésie dramatique, le rêve de d'Alembert et le paradoxe sur le comédien), Diderot élabore progressivement la scénographie du moi dialogique. Enfin, dans le Neveu de Rameau, véritable poétique de l'énonciation romanesque, le roman, de genre marginal qu'il était, devient la forme emblématique de l'énonciation du génie
Diderot's work carries the thought and discourse of enligthenment ot the epistemological and aesthetic threshold of modernity. Instead of being lived and practised as mer archetypes, description, narration and meditation become in this work the very subject matter of representation. Turning bach on the work that performs itself in it, conscience becomes the scene where the quest of the true, the beautiful and the good unwinds. Diderot's fiction calls upon the philosophical and literary tradition as discourse and problematic "posture". This dialogue at the treshold of potential new forms of discourse and understanding institutes a fiction of a new tuype, in which dialogic conscience tries to define the conditions of the possibility of a new meaning. The self-enunciation of the subject of discourse assigns to representation general, and thewriting of fiction in particular, the status of an ethical, philosophical and aesthetic inauguration. The adventure of subject begins with les bijoux indiscrets where it takes the form of general critique of the traditional forms of discourse and thought. In the "essais" (lettre sur les aveugles, lettre sur les sourds et muets, entretiens sur le fils naturel, discours de la poesie dramatique, le reve de d'alembert and the paradoxe sur le comedien), Diderot elaborates thescenography of the the creator's dialogic "i". Finally in le Neveu de Rameau, this perfect poetics of fictional enunciation, the novel, from the marginal genre it was, turns into an emblematic enunciation of the "aesthetic subject"
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Proust, Jacques. "Diderot et l'"Encyclopédie" /." Paris : A. Michel, 1995. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36962057f.

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13

Gourbin, Gilles. "La politique expérimentale de Diderot." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01H218.

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La reconnaissance dont l’oeuvre de Diderot fait l’objet depuis une quarantaine d’années admet une exception d’importance : sa politique. Ordinairement, on concède à l’auteur des "Mémoires pour Catherine II", des « idées » ou des « vues » sur la politique, mais nullement une pensée politique. En effet, l’absence de traité politique dans son oeuvre pourtant abondante fait immanquablement conclure que ses « pensées détachées » sur de multiples objets politiques ne constituent en rien un corps doctrinal cohérent et constant. Au rebours de ce lieu commun, notre étude s’efforce de montrer qu’il existe une authentique pensée politique chez Diderot : non seulement ses écrits politiques disparates constituent un ensemble cohérent mais ils sont, de surcroît, congruents à l’ensemble de son oeuvre philosophique. Cette cohérence est conçue dès les Pensées sur l’interprétation de la nature lesquelles établissent les principes de la « philosophie expérimentale » qui président à l’élaboration du corpus diderotien. Cette philosophie expérimentale est d’ailleurs moins une « méthode » déduite des sciences naturelles et appliquée à la politique, qu’une « façon de penser » d’abord éprouvée sur les réalités naturelles avant d’être expérimentée sur les réalités sociales. Notre recherche met en évidence cette « politique expérimentale », aussi bien dans l’élaboration de sa« métaphysique politique » ou dans sa façon d’expérimenter l’écriture en politique que dans ses conceptions de l’économie, de l’art de gouverner, du meilleur régime ou de la prise du pouvoir
In the past forty years Diderot’s work has enjoyed a wide recognition with one important exception: his politics. The author of “Mémoires pour Catherine II” is usually considered as having “ideas” or “views” on politics but not an elaborate political theory. The absence of a treatise on politics in his nonetheless abundant works led to the conclusion that his varied thoughts on many political objects did not constitute a coherent and constant theory. Contraryto this commonplace belief my research aims to show that there is an authentic political reflexion in his works: his separate political writings not only form a coherent whole but are congruent with his philosophical works. This coherence is already conceived in his “Pensées sur l’interprétation de la nature” which establishes the principles of experimental philosophy, which preside over the creation of the whole of Diderot’s works. This experimental philosophy is less the method from natural sciences applied to politics than a way of thinking first tested on natural realities before applying it to social realities. My research highlights his “experimental politics” in the elaboration of his “political metaphysics” or in his way to experiment writing in politics, as well as in his ideas on the economy, the art of government,the best government, or the seizure of power
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Marchal-Ninosque, France. "La culture de Denis Diderot." Paris 4, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA040249.

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Ces travaux de doctorat se veulent une enquête sur les sources tant écrites qu'orales qui ont pu façonner la culture de Diderot et ont fait de lui un humaniste du siècle des Lumières. Son éducation chez les jésuites puis en Sorbonne, ses recherches pour l'Encyclopédie, ses contacts dans les divers salons qu'il a fréquentés - cercles de la finance, cercles éclairés, milieux matérialistes ou gagnés 0 la franc-maçonnerie -, ses lectures pour la correspondance littéraire de son faux ami Grimm, son voyage en Hollande, sa curiosité jamais démentie pour tout ce qui vient d’Europe et ce qui a trait aux civilisations, l'ont autant formé que son amour pour l'antiquité. Médecins et savants, artistes et littérateurs : la réalité dans son ample diversité l'a arrêté. Son œuvre semble une réconciliation de la querelle des anciens et des modernes, en même temps qu'une réconciliation de l'humanisme et du matérialisme. Une œuvre marquée par le génie et le paradoxe, une pensée enquêtant et curieuse, un esprit altruiste, voilà les marques d'une culture
This thesis would like to be an inquiry upon the sources -as well orals than written - that have built Diderot's culture and given him the will to become an humanist of enlightenment. His studies with Jesuits, then, at the Sorbonne, his works for the Encyclopedie, his contacts in salons, his readings for Grimm's correspondence literary, his travel in Holland, his intense interest for Europe and every civilization have formed him as well as his attachment to the antiquity. His work is as the end of ancients and moderns ‘quarrel, as well as it is a reconciliation between materialism and humanism
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Martin-Haag, Éliane. "Diderot philosophe : Lumières, nature, raison." Paris 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA010609.

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Diderot théorise la notion de style philosophique. Penser revient toujours à imaginer, et le procès de la métaphysique dogmatique s'identifie a une critique de la raison discursive ou de l'imaginaire analytique, auxquels il faut substituer une nouvelle dialectique, qui s'inspire des traditions sceptique, néoplatonicienne et aristotélicienne. L'œuvre de maturité élabore un atomisme qui abolit la distinction de la nature et de la matière, en s'appuyant sur le postulat de la continuité qui a été soutenu par les philosophes de Cambridge, tels que Cudworth : Bayle et Voltaire confirment que l'atomisme athée a sa source dans la pensée néoplatonicienne de l'ordre. Cette pensée réapparait dans les savoirs vitalistes du XVIIIe siècle. Maupertuis et les tenants de l'école de Montpellier conservent le concept de nature plastique, au double sens de pensée inconsciente et de raison séminale. Diderot retravaille ce concept afin de penser un ordre sans finalité, et de rationaliser l'hylozoïsme. Enfin, le matérialisme se présente comme une métaphysique non dogmatique parce qu'une induction rationnelle se reconnait à la capacité d'être critiquée ou réfutée. Diderot identifie l'historicité et la rationalité des hypothèses : le matérialisme rend compte des progrès de la philosophie expérimentale, de l'histoire de la raison morale et de l'histoire de l'art
Diderot theorizes the notion of philosophical style. Thinking always comes down to imagining, and finding fault with dogmatic metaphysics can be equated with criticizing discursive reason or analytic imaginary, for which a new dialectic must be substituted, inspired by sceptic, neoplatonic and aristotelian tradition. The works of his mature years build up an atomism which abolishes the distinction between nature and matter, using the postulate of continuity upheld by the Cambridge philosophers such as Cudworth : Bayle and Voltaire reaffirm that atheistic atomism has its sources in the neoplatonic notion of order. This idea crops up in eighteenth century vitalism. Maupertuis and the supporters of the Montpellier school keep the concept of plastic nature both as unconscious thought and seminal reason. Diderot rethinks this concept so as to conceive an order without finality, and to rationalize hylozoism. Finally materialism appears as undogmatic metaphysic because the caracteristic of rational hypothese is that it can be criticized or disproved. Diderot identifies historicity with rationality : materialism accounts for the progress of experimental philosophy, of the history of moral reason, and the history of art
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Tonneau, Olivier. "Diderot : la philosophie sans fondement." Paris 4, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA040049.

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Diderot matérialiste ? Selon nous, il est d’abord un moraliste. Conscient que « l’athéisme est tout voisin d’une espèce de superstition presque aussi puérile que l’autre » (à Mme de Maux, Octobre 1769), il combat le fanatisme religieux mais aussi le scientisme émergeant, qui érige en dogme les nouvelles sciences, histoire, sociologie, biologie, économie. Livre premier : On fait du matérialisme de Diderot le fondement de sa pensée parce qu’on attend de lui qu’il légitime sa critique de l’ordre établi, et qu’il prévienne la menace de l’ immoralisme dans un monde sans Dieu. Mais de nombreux textes, et notamment les dialogues, montrent que la critique n’a nul besoin d’un fondement dans les faits et que la menace de l’immoralisme, largement illusoire, ne saurait être contrecarrée par une démonstration philosophique. Le fondement du débat moral est dans la pratique et la volonté, son moyen est une raison qui doit s’éduquer, sa finalité n’est pas donnée mais construite. Livre second : « Il n’y a qu’une sorte de cause à proprement parler : ce sont les causes physiques ». Il s’ensuit que « la liberté est un mot vide de sens » (à Landois, 29 Juin 1756). Ces axiomes semblent ruiner les notions de responsabilité et de valeurs communes : le discours moral ne renvoie à rien de réel. Mais ces conséquences reposent sur une conception appauvrie du langage, que Diderot a toujours combattue. Le matérialiste fondationaliste réfère le langage au physique, mais le langage ajoute au physique et constitue une forme de vie dans laquelle l’homme se considère comme libre et responsable, qui doit être protégée. Cela exige le renoncement au désir d’un fondement des valeurs dans les faits
Diderot, a materialist? We suggest he is first and foremost a moralist. Aware that “atheism is very close to a kind of superstition as puerile as the other” (to Mme de Maux, October 1769), he opposes religious fanatism but also the emergent scientism which turns sciences such history, sociology, biology and economy, into new dogmas. Book one: Diderot’s materialism is seen as the foundation of his thought because we expect him to legitimize his critique of the established order and to prevent the threat of immorality in a world without God. But many texts, especially the dialogues, show that criticism need not be founded on facts, and that the threat of immorality – largely illusory – could not be answered by a demonstration. The foundations of morals must be sought in practices and the will; their means is an educated reason; their finality is not given but constructed. Book two: “Strictly speaking, there is only one sort of causes: physical causes”. It follow that “freedom is a word empty of meaning” (to Landois, 29 June 1756). These axioms seem to destroy notions of responsibility and shared values: moral discourse refers to nothing real. But these consequences rest upon an impoverished conception of language, which Diderot always combated. The fondationaliste materialist refers language to the physical, but language ads to the physical and constitutes a form of life in which we see ourselves as free and responsible. This form of life must be protected; this demands that we renounce our craving for a factual foundation of values
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17

Kim, Tai-Hyung. "La technique romanesque de Diderot." Toulouse 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU20064.

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18

Heyer, Andreas. "Materialien zum politischen Denken Diderots : eine Werksmonographie /." Hamburg : Kovač, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39194575w.

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19

Adell, Edna Amaral de Andrade. "A questão de Molyneux em Diderot." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8133/tde-19082011-102221/.

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O objetivo principal da presente dissertação é mostrar a brilhante solução dada por Diderot à questão de Molyneux que foi proposta à Locke por Molyneux e tinha o seguinte enunciado: um cego de nascença que aprendeu a identificar uma esfera e um cubo pelo tato, quando curado e puder enxergar, poderá distinguir estes objetos apenas pela visão? Esta questão leva a discussões filosóficas a respeito de percepções táteis e visuais. Ampliando a abordagem do problema podemos questionar outros pontos, tais como: 1) O cego que recupera a visão pode transferir para o domínio visual o conhecimento adquirido pelo tato?; 2) Pode este homem perceber a tridimensionalidade do espaço?; 3) A percepção do espaço é inata ou adquirida? Diderot vai além desta investigação e questiona: 1) Como o cego recém-operado relataria suas novas sensações?; 2) Por esta investigação específica não seria possível descobrir como o indivíduo adquire seu conhecimento do mundo?; 3) Pode-se afirmar que a moral e a religião dependem da percepção?; 4) Existe alguma relação entre a percepção e a linguagem?; 5) No caso desta relação de fato existir, quais são suas implicações epistemológicas? As considerações de Diderot sobre o tema encontram-se na Carta sobre os cegos para o uso dos que veem (1749). Nesta obra, o filósofo francês mostra como as nossas ideias dependem dos nossos sentidos e conduz um estudo muito interessante sobre a origem do conhecimento e de que maneira a falta de um dos cinco sentidos modifica as noções adquiridas com relação aos conceitos de visão, moralidade e a existência de Deus. Diderot empenha-se em compreender como a abstração de certas percepções pode conduzir um indivíduo a determinados conceitos. Ele retoma várias vezes o problema de Molyneux para analisar como o cego de nascença pode representar o espaço e em todas suas afirmações encontra a solução no conhecimento da geometria. O texto possui três momentos fundamentais. No primeiro, Diderot interroga o cego de nascença Puiseaux e relata como esse cego vive em seu mundo e como ele define objetos dos quais não pode possuir nenhum conhecimento sensível devido à falta de visão. Na segunda parte do texto, Diderot descreve como o matemático Saunderson, cego desde um ano de idade, adquiriu conhecimentos pelo tato como se não fosse privado da visão. Em seguida, Diderot atribui a Saunderson, em um diálogo com o reverendo Holmes, um discurso no qual especula os conceitos de Deus, do bem e do mal em um indivíduo privado de um dos sentidos. Dessa forma, ele mostra como nossas ideias concernentes à existência de Deus e à moral não são absolutas e sim relativas à nossa condição física e à conformação de nossos órgãos. No terceiro momento da Carta, Diderot expõe o problema de Molyneux e reponde à questão, comparando suas considerações com as de Locke e Condillac.
The main objective of this thesis is to show the brilliant solution given by Diderot to Molyneuxs question which was proposed to Locke by Molyneux. It said: a born blind man who learnt to identify a globe and a cube by his touch, when having his sight restored and being able to see, will he be able to distinguish these objects just looking at them? This question leads to philosophical discussions regarding to tactile and visual perceptions. Extending the approach to the problem we can ask other points, such as: 1) Can the blind man who recovers his sight transfer to the visual domain the knowledge acquired by touch?; 2) Can this man perceive the three dimensions of the space?; 3) The perception of space is innate or acquired? Diderot goes further and asks: 1) How would the new-sighted man present his new sensations?; 2) Through this scientific investigation, could it not be possible to discover how an individual acquires his knowledge of the world? ; 3) Can one say that moral and religion depend on perception?; 4) Is there any relation between perception and language?; 5) If this relation really exists, what are its epistemological implications? Diderots accounts on the subject can be found in the Letter on the blind (1749). In this text, the French philosopher shows how our ideas depend on our senses and he guides a very interesting study on the origin of knowledge and how the lack of one of our five senses can modify the acquired notions regarding to the concepts of sight, morality and the existence of God. Diderot strives to understand how the abstraction of some perceptions can lead the individual to certain concepts. He retakes Molyenuxs problem many times to analyse how the born blind man can represent the space and in all his assertions he finds out the solution for the problem in geometry. The text has three fundamental moments. In the first one, Diderot questions the born blind Puiseaux and reports how that blind man lives in his world and how he defines objects of which he cannot have any sensible knowledge due to his lack of vision. In the second part of the text, Diderot describes how the mathematician Saunderson, blind since one year old, acquired knowledge by touch as he was not deprived of sight. After that, Diderot attributes to Saunderson, in a dialogue with Reverend Holmes, a speech in which he speculates the concepts of God, of good and evil in an individual deprived of one of the senses Thus, he demonstrates how our ideas related to the existence of God and to the moral are not absolute, but relative to our physical condition and to the conformation of our organs. In the third moment of the Letter, Diderot exposes Molyneuxs problem and answers to the question, comparing his considerations to Lockes and Condillacs.
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20

Fauvergue, Claire. "Diderot et la philosophie de l'inquiétude." Toulouse 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU20049.

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21

Queudot, Marie-Florence. "La théâtralité des dialogues chez Diderot." Paris 4, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA040132.

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Les dialogues de Diderot (Le neveu de Rameau, Jacques le fataliste, Mystification, Ceci n'est pas un conte, Madame de la Carlière, Le supplément au voyage de Bougainville, l'entretien entre d'Alembert et Diderot, le rêve de d'Alembert, la suite de l'entretien, l'entretien d'un père avec ses enfants, l'entretien d'un philosophe avec la maréchale***) n'ont pas été écrits pour la scène. Le succès qu'ils rencontrent aujourd'hui au théâtre pose la question de leur théâtralité. L'analyse des éléments de structure du dialogue (action, temps et lieu), met en évidence une multiplication du spectacle : les personnages assurent tous le triple rôle de metteur en scène, auditeur et acteur, dans un espace propice à la circulation des fonctions, un hors-lieu et un hors-temps proches de la dramaturge contemporaine. L'étude du geste et des rapports qu'il entretient avec la parole, l'analyse des répliques courtes et des tirades, montrent une stylisation de l'écriture au service de l'enchainement dynamique du dialogue. Enfin, le style des échanges n'est pas seulement dynamique, il est dramatique : les personnages s'émeuvent et s'affrontent, le rire même met en relief une lutte de l'individu qui, dans ses divers rôles et sous ses multiples masques, assiste à la comédie de sa propre existence. La théâtralité est inhérente aux dialogues car elle appartient à la philosophie de Diderot : le dialogue est un sommet de sa recherche et non un artifice littéraire
Diderot's dialogues (Le neveu de Rameau, Jacques le fataliste, mystification, ceci n'est pas un conte, madame de la Carliere, le supplement au voyage de Bougainville, l'entretien entre d'Alembert et Diderot, le role de d'Alembert, la suite de l'entretien, l'entretien d'un père avec ses enfants, l'entretien d'un philosophe avec la marechale de…) were not written to be produced as plays, and their present success makes us wonder about the nature of their dramatic qualities. An analysis of their structural elements (action, time, place), reveals a multi-layered dramatic effect, in a world in which the protagonists are the producer, the listener and the actor. The temporal and physical space permits a movement within these three dramatic functions, within a "no-time" very similar to these in contemporary twentieth century theatre. Gesture and its relationship with the speech, the sort lines and the tirades of diderot, are the proof of the stylization of his writing, go achieve a dynamic linking of the dialogue , in fact the style is not only dynamic but at the same time dramatic : the dramatic characters experience emotions and clash with each other verbally. Even laugther emphasizes the inner conflict of each individual ; in his different roles and multiple masquerades, he witnesses the playing out of his own existence. The dramatic qualities of diderot's texts form an essential element of the dialogues, because these qualities are part of his philosiphy. Dialogue is an element in his philosophical quest and not a mere literary artifice
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22

Pépin, François. "Philosophie expérimentale et chimie chez Diderot." Paris 10, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA100140.

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La philosophie expérimentale, que Diderot construit dans l'Interprétation de la nature, peut être considérée comme un concept central de la philosophie de la connaissance de Diderot. Elle se définit d'abord comme une pratique de la philosophie prise dans une division sociale du travail intellectuel. Elle permet, à partir d'un cadre issu de Bacon, d'approfondir le plan pratique et expérimental du savoir, en soulignant la dignité philosophique des arts et des savoir-faire. C'est dans cette perspective que l'intérêt pour la chimie peut être saisi dans toute sa portée. En tant que savoir pratique et effort théorique, la chimie offre un modèle pour concevoir la liaison des faits et la préparation des expériences dans l'esprit de la philosophie expérimentale. Dans un premier temps, la chimie intervient ainsi comme lieu pour penser l'enracinement d'une théorisation et d'une conceptualisation spécifiques dans un travail expérimental. En prolongeant ses analyses sur les arts et celles de Venel sur la chimie, Diderot développe une conception précise de l'abstraction expérimentale qui s'appuie sur le génie analogique des praticiens. Il faut alors repenser le rapport entre le corps et le savoir, ce qu'un usage original d'images lumineuses pour penser la connaissance traduit bien. Cela permet d'envisager, dans un second temps, des applications du point de vue chimique de la philosophie expérimentale : préciser une critique de la métaphysique et des sciences physico-mathématiques, repenser la nécessité naturelle et le vivant dans un cadre matérialiste soucieux de la spécificité de certaines régions naturelles
The experimental philosophy which Diderot constructs in The Interpretation of Nature, can be considered as a central concept in Diderot's philosophy of knowledge. It is first defined as a practise of philosophy taken in a social division of intellectual work. Starting from a frame taken from Bacon, it permits to go deeper into the practical and experimental plane of knowledge, underlining the philosophical dignity of arts and skips. It is in that view that the interest in chemistry can be grasped in its full scope. As a practical knowledge and a theoretical effort, chemistry offers a model to conceive the convection of facts and the preparation of experiments in the spirit of experimental philosophy. To begin with, chemistry thus intervenes as a place to think the entrenchment of a specific theorization and conceptualisation in experimental work. By taking further both his own analysis on the arts and Venel's on chemistry, Diderot developed a precise conception of experimental abstraction based on the analogical genius of practitioners. The convection between the body and knowledge then has to be reconsidered, which is well translated by the original use of luminous images to think out knowledge. It secondly permits to consider the applications from a chemical point of view of experimental philosophy: specifying a criticism of metaphysics and physicomathematical sciences, reconsidering natural necessity and the living in a materialistic scope concerned with the specificity of certain natural regions
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23

Khadhar, Hédia Pomeau René. "Diderot et l'actualité politique (1746-1784) /." Tunis : Publications de la Faculté des lettres de la Manouba, 1992. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376684370.

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24

Goisis, Orsola. "Diderot e l'Encyclopédie: antropologia, educazione, politica." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3425351.

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My research examines the relationship between Diderot's early philosophical works and the Encyclopédie, specifically investigating the link between its anthropological and political dimensions. In other words, in my research I look at the connection between a materialist epistemology, which features a new conception of the 'human being” as a physically and physiologically determined entity, and the socio-political transformations suggested by the Encyclopédie. These transformations involve a series of intersecting relations of both theoretical-cognitive (renvois) and material nature (e.g. the shift from “organ” to “organization”, the fight to guilds, the division of labor, and the concept of solidarity). The interpretative contribution of this thesis lies in the identification of an educational project, which ties both anthropological and political aspects, and which is concerned with the materialistic education of the Third State. Quoting the Theses on Feuerbach, this educational project seems to show the necessity for educators to be enlightened too. According to this new interpretation, the Encyclopédie can no longer be considered a mere intellectual effort, and can finally become a true "revolutionary practice", a "Pensée en action". In this way, the Encyclopédie symbolizes the culmination of those organic cycles preceding every revolution (Venturi 1939), as well as a reference for those men who need take part in the "Progress" (in the mechanical sense) after the "revolution". As a result, the Encyclopédie develops into a praxis against the system, whose beating heart is represented by its relational and dialectical dimensions, which are able to generate new foundations for social life and new ways to think of politics.
La mia ricerca verte sul rapporto fra la filosofia del primo Diderot e il progetto enciclopedico e indaga il nesso fra dimensione antropologica e dimensione politica: quale sia, detto altrimenti, il legame che intercorre fra un’epistemologia materialista, e dunque, una nuova concezione dell’essere fisiologicamente e materialmente determinata, e la trasformazione socio-politica che l’Encyclopédie propone, una trasformazione che si concretizza per mezzo di relazioni intersecanti, sia di carattere teoretico e cognitivo (renvois), sia di carattere materiale (dall’organo all’organizzazione, lotta alle corporazioni, divisione del lavoro, solidarietà). Ritengo, e forse questo rappresenta l’aspetto più “originale” dell’interpretazione proposta in questo lavoro di tesi, che quel che tiene insieme piano antropologico e piano politico e che permette di dare loro un “senso compiuto” senza cadere nello sconforto che la a-sistematicità diderottiana talvolta suscita, sia la presenza di un ampissimo progetto educativo o, parafrasando le Tesi su Feuerbach, di un progetto tutto volto ad “educare gli educatori”, a fare di loro uomini éclairés in una prospettiva di perfectibilité materialisée. Così intesa l’Encyclopédie si svincola dall’interpretazione che la vuole una gigantesca impresa intellettuale, per divenire vera e propria “prassi rivoluzionaria”, “pensée en action”, il simbolo del punto culminante di un ciclo organico che precede ogni rivoluzione (Venturi 1939), mezzo, forma, base materiale in cui gli uomini si sarebbero riconosciuti, dopo “le rivoluzioni”, per riprendere a lavorare al “progresso” (in senso meccanico). Una prassi nemica dei sistemi, il cui cuore pulsante è rappresentato dalla dimensione relazionale e dialettica a partire dalla quale è possibile scorgere nuovi fondamenti per il vivere sociale ed una nuova prospettiva per pensare la politica.
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25

Goisis, Orsola. "Diderot e l'Encyclopédie : antropologia, educazione, politica." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0078/document.

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Diderot et l'Encyclopédie se propose d'enquêter sur le rapport entre ladimension anthropologique et la dimension politique: en d'autres mots,d'enquêter sur le lien qui se trouve entre une épistémologie matérialiste, et doncune nouvelle conception de l'être physiologiquement et matériellementdéterminé, et la transformation sociopolitique que l’Encyclopédie propose; unetransformation qui se concrétise au moyen de relations qui s'entrecroisent, àcaractère théorétique et cognitif (renvois), ou à caractère matériel (de l'organe àl'organisation, lutte aux corporations, division du travail, solidarité).L’hypothèse qui meut l'étude et qui, peut-être, en représente l'aspect leplus original, est l’identification de la présence d'un projet éducatif très vaste quipermettrait de maintenir ensemble, dans la pensée du philosophe de Langres,plan anthropologique et plan politique, en leur donnant, un “sens abouti” et enles empêchant de plonger dans le désespoir que le non-systématisme du procédédiderotien suscite parfois; un tel projet éducatif viserait, en paraphrasant lesThèses sur Feuerbach, à “éduquer aux éducateurs”, à faire d'eux des hommeséclairés dans une perspective de “perfectibilité matérialisée”
My research examines the relationship between Diderot's early philosophical works and the Encyclopédie, specifically investigating the link between its anthropological and political dimensions. In other words, in my research I look at the connection between a materialist epistemology, which features a new conception of the 'human being” as a physically and physiologically determined entity, and the socio-political transformations suggested by the Encyclopédie. These transformations involve a series of intersecting relations of both theoretical-cognitive (renvois) and material nature (e.g. the shift from “organ” to “organization”, the fight to guilds, the division of labor, and the concept of solidarity).The interpretative contribution of this thesis lies in the identification of an educational project, which ties both anthropological and political aspects, and which is concerned with the materialistic education of the Third State. Quoting the Theses on Feuerbach, this educational project seems to show the necessity for educators to be enlightened too.According to this new interpretation, the Encyclopédie can no longer be considered a mere intellectual effort, and can finally become a true "revolutionary practice", a "Pensée en action". In this way, the Encyclopédie symbolizes the culmination of those organic cycles preceding every revolution (Venturi 1939), as well as a reference for those men who need take part in the "Progress" (in the mechanical sense) after the "revolution". As a result, the Encyclopédie develops into a praxis against the system, whose beating heart is represented by its relational and dialectical dimensions, which are able to generate new foundations for social life and new ways to think of politics
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26

Tamizari, Fabiana. "A mulher na concepção materialista de Diderot." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8133/tde-24042014-103042/.

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Esta dissertação trata da mulher no pensamento materialista de Denis Diderot (1713-1784), tendo em vista dois aspectos principais: a constituição psicofisiológica feminina e a maneira como o enciclopedista vê a mulher no seu contexto moral e social no Século das Luzes. Tomaremos como base para esta análise as seguintes obras do filósofo: Diálogo entre DAlembert e Diderot, O Sonho de DAlembert, Continuação do Diálogo, Sobre as Mulheres, A Religiosa e, por fim, o Suplemento à Viagem de Bougainville.
This dissertation deals with the woman in materialistic thought of Denis Diderot (1713-1784), in view two main aspects: the constitution psychophysiological women and the way women see encyclopedic in its moral and social context in the Enlightenment. We will take as a basis for this analysis the following works of the philosopher: Dialogue between D\'Alembert and Diderot, D\'Alembert\'s Dream, Continued Dialogue on Women, The Religious and finally, The Supplement to the Journey Bougainville.
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27

Crouzet, Mary-Emilie. "Suzanne Simonin, figurine de l'individuel étude sémiotique de la "Religieuse" de Denis Diderot." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37596897x.

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28

Kawamura, Fumie. "Diderot et la chimie : répercussions de la notion de fermentation dans la pensée et dans l'écriture de Diderot." Aix-Marseille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX10127.

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On peut constater que la pratique scientifique et la pratique poétique ne s'exclurent pas l'une l'autre chez Diderot. L'objectif de ma thèse est de mettre en lumière la relation entre la chimie et la littérature dans « Le Rêve de d'Alembert » et « Le Neveu de Rameau » de Diderot. L'image de la fermentation est, pour lui, une métaphore-souche du monde. Diderot la met en œuvre comme un modèle d'autant plus complexe qu'il détermine une grille de déchiffrage de phénomènes non directement observables. La modélisation est pour lui un moyen non seulement de représentation, mais d'invention de la connaissance. Ce modèle s'impose progressivement pour structurer une vision de la nature, une façon de penser et un mode d'expression dialogique , mais il s'appuie lui-même sur des processus qui se déroulent dans le monde extérieure, le monde intérieur et le monde intersubjectif. Le modèle de la fermentation apparaît donc comme un dispositif d'intermédiation, installé entre Diderot et les mondes qu'il décrit.
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29

Lafon, Yann [Verfasser]. "Fiktion als Erkenntnistheorie bei Diderot / Yann Lafon." Stuttgart : Franz Steiner Verlag, 2012. http://d-nb.info/107364622X/34.

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30

Belleguic, Thierry. "Météores, Diderot ou l'écriture de la passion." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0006/NQ38302.pdf.

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31

Ballstadt, Kurt P. A. "The natural philosophical thought of Denis Diderot." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270591.

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32

Von, Held Phoebe Annette. "Alienation and theatricality in Brecht and Diderot." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251595.

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33

Tamizari, Fabiana. "Conhecimento e educação no pensamento de Diderot." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2018. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/3540.

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Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie
This project deals with a subject rarely explored by Brazilian scholars in the work of one of the leading French Enlightenment writers, Denis Diderot (1713-1784): his reflections about the enlightenment related to teaching. For the French philosopher, the diffusion of knowledge would be the path to reach the human development and happiness. With this thought, Diderot was the editor and author of more than five thousand entries in the Encyclopedia, a symbol of the Enlightenment movement. In addition to devoting himself to the diffusion of knowledge, the philosopher developed an educational project linked to the Enlightenment project itself, in which he argues that education should be secular, public and based on State action. This emphatic defense of public and secular education can be found in the document Plan of a University, written in 1775, at the request of Empress Catherine II of Russia. This thesis analyzes the diderotian conceptions of knowledge and education emphasizing mainly the defense of an educational system which is public, secular and that aims at the promotion of enlightenment that is, the overcoming of prejudices and superstitions and the valorization of reason.
Este projeto trata de um assunto pouco explorado pelos estudiosos brasileiros na obra de um dos principais iluministas franceses, Denis Diderot (1713-1784): suas reflexões sobre o esclarecimento relacionadas com o ensino. Para o filósofo francês, a difusão do conhecimento seria o caminho para o alcance do desenvolvimento e da felicidade humana. Imbuído deste espírito, Diderot foi o editor e autor de mais de cinco mil verbetes da Enciclopédia, obra símbolo do movimento iluminista. Além de se dedicar a difusão dos saberes, o filósofo elaborou um projeto educacional atrelado ao projeto iluminista, no qual defende que a educação deve ser laica, pública e fundamentada na ação do Estado. Encontramos esta enfática defesa da educação pública e laica no documento Plano de uma universidade, escrito em 1775, a pedido da imperatriz Catarina II, da Rússia. Esta tese analisa as concepções diderotianas de conhecimento e educação enfatizando principalmente a defesa de um sistema educacional público, laico e voltado para a promoção do esclarecimento, ou seja, a superação dos preconceitos e das superstições e a valorização da razão.
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34

ALCOLUMBRE, Alberto Oliveira. "Platão e Diderot: a crítica ao artista." Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015. http://repositorio.ufpa.br/jspui/handle/2011/7245.

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O objetivo deste trabalho é, como o próprio título indica, apresentar a crítica ao artista empreendida por Platão e Diderot. A despeito de Platão desferir sua crítica à poesia em A República dentro de um contexto ético-político; e Diderot, por sua vez, em O Paradoxo sobre o Comediante, dentro de um registro estético, observa-se um posicionamento análogo dos dois filósofos no tocante ao tema. Dentre muitos pontos análogos observados entre eles, concentramos nosso olhar em dois deles que nos pareceu fundamentais às referidas críticas: as noções de páthose de ideal. Tanto em Platão quanto em Diderot observa-se que a figura do artista é sempre pensada em relação com essas noções. Embora, à primeira vista, sejamos tentados a concluir que, nessa relação, o ideal apresenta-se como um antípoda das paixões, percebe-se mais atentamente, que estas oscilam: ora figuram como um empecilho, ora, como uma referência positiva dentro das respectivas críticas; a chave para apaziguar esse conflito será a temperança (sophrosýne). Diante disso, nos propomos, com esse trabalho, investigar e explicitar essa relação cambiante que se encontra de forma análoga nos referidos filósofos.
The aim of this work is, as the text indicates, to present the critique of the artist undertaken by Plato and Diderot. Despite Plato launch his criticism of poetry in The Republic within an ethical-political context; and Diderot, in his turn, in The Paradox of the Comedian, within an aesthetic register, there is an analogous position of the two philosophers regarding the subject. Among many similar points observed between them, we focus our vision into two of them that seemed to us fundamental to such criticism: the notions of pathos and ideal. In both Plato and Diderot one observes that the figure of the artist is always thought of in relation with these notions. Although at first glance, we could be tempted to conclude that, in this relationship, the ideal is presented as an antipode of the passions, we can see more closely that these oscillate: sometimes they show up as a hindrance, sometimes, as a positive reference within the respective critiques; the key to appease this conflict will be temperance (sophrosýne). In view of this, we propose, with this work, to investigate and explain this unstable relationship that one finds in an analogously form in those philosophers.
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35

Sciuto, Ruggero. "Diderot and d'Holbach : a theory of determinism." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3ecba6e8-81cb-42f5-b02e-3e67dc960fcf.

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This thesis offers a detailed analysis of Diderot and d'Holbach's argument for determinism, identifying its building blocks in the Causal Principle, Causal Necessitation, and the Laws of Nature. Diderot and d'Holbach's argument differs significantly from present-day ones and may therefore problematise our modern understanding of determinism. This work next examines how determinism affects both thinkers' ideas about ethics and society, paying considerable attention to their rejection of the notion of Moral Freedom, and to aesthetic and political questions. Finally, it examines those aspects of Diderot's and d'Holbach's thought that seemingly undermine their theory of determinism (for example, their complex understanding of causality); these aspects, however, may be easily reconciled with Diderot and d'Holbach's faith in determinism, given that both thinkers posit the existence of a gap between ontology and epistemology, between reality and humans' perception of it. This thesis sheds new light on Diderot and d'Holbach's metaphysics and on their position in relation to key figures in European philosophy, including Aquinas, Hobbes, Spinoza, Malebranche, Leibniz, and Hume. By identifying connections between Diderot and d'Holbach on the one hand, and thinkers such as Malebranche on the other, this work argues for a reconsideration of the Christian component of Diderot's and d'Holbach's culture, and it also challenges Jonathan Israel's notion of 'Radical Enlightenment'. This thesis further highlights similarities and differences between Diderot's and d'Holbach's writings and philosophy, concluding that, whilst the two thinkers may disagree on specific points, their general attitude towards such notions as determinism, causation, and freedom, is ultimately very similar. The Enlightenment is a period that favours intellectual exchange and collaboration, and Diderot's and d'Holbach's works, as the product of a collaborative philosophical enquiry, perfectly exemplify this phenomenon.
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36

Girard, Fabien. "Les anecdotes dans la correspondance de Diderot." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MON30081.

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Les philosophes des Lumières recourent fréquemment à la fiction brève dans leurs textes littéraires. Il s'agit d'un outil qui est employé pour penser "dans" et "par" le récit, autant que pour essayer d'emporter l'adhésion du lecteur. L'anecdote compte au nombre de ces micro-récits. Pourtant, il semblerait qu'on ne puisse pas résoudre ce registre littéraire à ces deux emplois en contexte épistolaire. Notre thèse a donc pour ambition d'étudier les contextes et les enjeux du recours à l'anecdote en fonction des différents destinataires, ainsi que le rôle qu'elles occupent dans la relation épistolaire qu'entretient Diderot avec sa maîtresse, Sophie Volland
The Enlightenment philosophers use frequently brief fiction in their literary texts. It is a tool that serves to think in and through the narrative or to win the reader's adhesion. The anecdote is part of this register of fictions. Yet, within the framework of a correspondence, one can not solve the anecdotes to these two stakes. Therefore, our thesis has as amibition to study the contexts and the stakes which motivate the use of an anecdote according to the recipient, as well as the role that they have in the epistolary relationship between Diderot and Sophie Volland
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37

Belleguic, Thierry. "Météores : Diderot ou l'écriture de la passion." Paris 8, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA081305.

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Le pathos dit l'epistemie turbulente du monde. Il dit aussi semblable turbulence du corps. Point la structure, au sens ou l'entend la mathematique, structure aleatoire, complexe, de cette complexite dont la science contemporaine nous apprend qu'elle problematise le simple passage du local au global. Hors l'espace deparasite de la geometrie classique, hors le determinisme legal d'une physique newtonienne oublieuse de la circonstance, hors les regles contraignantes d'une poetique d'un autre age, l'oeuvre de diderot temoigne d'une veritable passion de la complexite, qui fait signe vers un univers de relations, univers vinculaire ou s'abolit la classique metaphysique de la substance. Des travaux recents (diderot. Le labyrinthe de la relation de pierre saint-amand [1984], nature et liberte chez diderot apres l'encyclopedie, de gerhardt stenger (1994]), appliquant au corpus diderotien une heuristique inspiree des travaux de michel serres, ont su mettre a jour l'importance du questionnement epistemologique de diderot dans des champs aussi divers que ceux de la reflexion musicale, picturale, mais aussi historique, politique et bien sur litteraire. Mais si l'epistemocritique reussit a donner a voir le reseau, a pointer vers les modeles, elle le fait souvent au detriment de l'integrite de son objet, par quoi nous entendons sa textualite, sa litteralite, sa litterarite. Gardant le souci epistemocritique de mettre a jour le savoir qui informe telle ou telle representation, nous nous proposons, tout a la fois, et sans rien ceder ni sur l'un ni sur l'autre, de poser la question de la subjectivite a l'oeuvre dans l'ecriture. Tabulaire, le modele serresien qui est notre est topologique, qui permet la mise en place d'une serie de figures organisee autour du principe d'isomorphie. D'ou l'hypothese suivante: sous-tendue par le pathos, la saisie diderotienne du monde et du sujet s'elabore dans une pratique discursive qui manifeste, dans sa propre economie, le regime pathique qui l'informe. Convoquant successivement les figures de l'interference, du nuage, de la fievre, des vapeurs, et du bruit, qui sont autant de meteores, respectivement des systemes du savoir, du monde, du corps, de la femme, et du sujet comme communication, nous nous proposons de mettre en evidence l'economie taraxique de chacun des systemes convoques
Pathos speaks the turbulent episteme of the world, as well as the turbulence of the body. A structure emerges, mathematical, that is, arbitrary and complex, a structure which contemporary science sees as problematizing the simple passage from local to global phenomena. Outside of the ordered space of classical geometry; outside of the legal determinism of newtonian physics which ignores singularity; outside, as well, of the restrictive rules of a former poetics, diderot's works demonstrate a genuine passion for complexity -- for a universe invested of relations, in which the classical metaphysics of substance is abolished. Recent works, such as diderot. Le labyrinthe de la relation by pierre saint-amand (1984) and nature et liberte chez diderot apres l'encyclopedie by gerhardt stenger (1994), applying a heuristic method inspired by the works of michel serres to the works of diderot, insist on the importance of epistemological reflexion in diderot's writings in areas as diverse as music, painting, history, politics and, of course, literature. But if epistemocriticism -- for this is also the subject of this thesis -- succeeds in revealing relational networks and models, it often does so to the detriment of the integrity of its object, by which we mean its textuality, its literality, its literarity. By keeping in the forefront of our own reflexion serres' insistance on the literarity of the text, where knowledge and subjectivity coincide, we have attempted to expose, on the one hand, the knowledge which informs particular representations, and on the other hand, to pose the question of the effect of subjectivity in writing, without reducing the importance of one or the other. Serres' model, which we have adopted, being tabular in nature, is also topological, permitting the organization of series of isomorphic figures (interferences, clouds, fever, vapors, noise). This model inspires our hypothesis: underwritten by pathos, diderot's understanding of the world, and of the subject, is materialist in nature, allowing him to conceive simultaneously of the aleatory and the predictable, of order and chaos. We explore how this understanding evolves through a discursive practice which manifests, in its own economy, the rule of pathos which informs it
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38

Cabane, Franck. "L'écriture en marge dans l'œuvre de Diderot." Paris 7, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA070051.

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On peut constater que Diderot a composé des commentaires étoffés en marge de certains ouvrages philosophiques, ceux d'Helvétius et d'Hemsterhuis en particulier, qu'il a aussi multiplié les additions en marge de ses propres écrits et développé des annotations marginales dans plusieurs textes, par exemple dans sa traduction de l'Inquiry de Shaftesbury. Si des études locales ont été proposées sur ces sujets, aucune étude d'ensemble n'a été jusqu'à maintenant engagée. Le présent travail se donne pour but de dégager les lignes de partage et les points de cohérence de l'écriture marginale de Diderot à partir d'un corpus qui rassemble une partie importante de sa production, dans les domaines linéraire, philosophique et encyclopédique, et qui couvre une période historique large, qui va de la publication de "l'essai sur le mérite et la vertu" en 1745 à "l'essai sur les règnes de Claude et de Néron" en 1782 - jusqu'aux ultimes retouches de l'opus en 1784. L'examen porte autant sur le seuil ou les seuils des ouvrages de Diderot que sur les éléments d'expansion et de discontinuité qui sont mis en travail dans son opus. Nous avons analysé divers aspects de l'écriture marginale : tracé de l'écriture, poétique des marginalia, écritures philosophiques croisées, travail à double main aux confins de "l'Encyclopédie", déclinaisons additionnelles et pratiques, à tous égards emblématiques, du supplément. De l'examen du seuil de l'œuvre à l'analyse de sa mobilité interne et externe, mixte d'expansion et de discontinuité, nous avons tenté d'éclairer les moments importants de captation de la pensée des autres et les aspects majeurs de la reprise interne de textes déjà formés. Diderot écrit en marge des autres mais il écrit aussi en marge de lui-même, pour jouer au fond des limites du même et de l'autre qui se retrouvent et se fondent dans une forme singulière d'athéisme qu'Emmanuel Levinas définissait comme «absolu épuré de la violence du sacré»
It is widely known that Diderot wrote extended comments in the margin of the pages of philosophical works, notably those by Helvetius and Hemsterhuis. He also appears to have done the same with his own writings, his translation of Shaftesbury's "lnquiry" being one example. Although occasional studies of these marginal notes exist, no comprehensive overview has been overtaken until now. The present work addresses the detail and the essence of Diderot's marginal note-writing. Based on a corpus encompassing the major pan of his written work, in domains ranging from the literary and the philosophical to the Encyclopaedic, it covers the period from 1745 when the "Essai sur le mérite el la vertu" was published, to 1782 which saw the publication of the "Essai sur les règnes de Claude et Néron", until 1784 when he completed the corrections he was making to his own work. Emphasis is placed on the accessibility of Diderot's work, most particularly on development and rupture. The characteristics of the marginalia in manuscripts identified as being in the author's own hand have been analysed particularly his commentaries on the works of contemporary philosophers, the co-authored writing for the “Encyclopédie" and the "supplement", and finally his own miscellaneous variations. The aim of the study is to assess the construction of Diderot's work from its beginnings. Borrowings, transformations of the works of other: authors are recognised and studied. The relentless interplay between old and new work, his own and that of others, is highlighted. Diderot wrote in the margin of both his own work and that of others. He sought to find their limits and his own. The conclusions he drew led him towards a singular form of atheism characterised by Emmanuel Levinas as the "transparent violence of the sacred"
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39

Fiaschi, Pascal. "Enfer et Damnation dans l'oeuvre de Diderot." Paris 4, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA040238.

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Partant des travaux de Blake T. Hanna sur la formation théologique de Diderot, nous examinons à la fois les motifs de l'antichristianisme diderotien et les sources religieuses de cette polémique. L'eschatologie, notre domaine d'étude, hypothèque des réflexions dogmatiques sur le péché originel, la providence et la grâce. Du point de vue référentiel, place est faite à la théologie augustinienne qui fait florès dans les productions jansénistes. Notre analyse est sans doute atypique, puisqu'elle se fonde sur une collation de fragments ou de notices encyclopédiques. Elle nous permet cependant d'évoquer des productions mal connues du philosophe et de relire les plus célèbres sous un angle nouveau
Using as a starting-point Blake T. Hanna's research on Diderot's theological training, we proceed to examine both the recurring motifs of Diderot's anti-christianity and the religious sources of this polemic. Eschatology, our field of study, informs dogmatic reflections on original sin, Providence and grace. Referentially, we draw on Augustinianism, which pervades the works of Jansenists. Since it is based on a collation of fragments or entries in l'Encyclopédie, our analysis is doubtless atypical and somewhat narrow in scope. However, it enables us to address some of the lesser-known output of our philosopher and to revisit his most famous works from a new perspective
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40

Chartier, Pierre. "L'ecole du persiflage. Diderot mystificateur des lumieres." Paris 7, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA070144.

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Appuyee sur les importants neologismes <>, atteste depuis 1735, et <>, apparu vers le milieu du xviiie siecle, ainsi que sur leur usage complexe et ininterrompu jusqu'a l'oree du xixe siecle, l'etude entreprise concerne diderot, persifleur virtuose (le neveu de rameau) et initiateur en 1760 de la mystification litteraire (la religieuse et histoire des portraits), fort differente de ce qu'elle deviendra des le siecle suivant. Une biographie litteraire s'etendant de 1748 a 1769 suit le philosophe ecrivain dans sa production et dans la justification de son <>. Roman, theatre, contes, entretiens et salons sont autant de moments de cet approfondissement et de cette mise en cause de la representation classique (mimesis) aux limites des genres et des manieres. Diderot met ainsi en place au cours de ces annees, des bijoux indiscrets a la premiere version du paradoxe sur le comedien, une esthetique du leurre qui est egalement une metaphysique de la verite et une quete aussi ironique que serieuse d'identite
The following paper rests on the significant neologisms that are <>, a word which has been attested since 1735, and <>, which appeared in the middle of the xviiith century, as well as on their complex and steady use up to the beginning of the xixth century. It deals with diderot, a virtuoso <> in le neveu de rameau and the initiator, in 1760, of the literary mystification in la religieuse and histoire des portraits, an exercise then quite different from what it was to become in the next century. A literary biography from 1748 to 1769 follows the philosopher and writer in his work and in the justification of his <>. His novel, plays, tales, dialogs and <> are as many moments in a process of deepening and questioning the classical representation or mimesis, at the limits of genres and manners. Thus, during these years, from les bijoux indiscrets to the first version of le paradoxe sur le comedien, diderot sets up an esthetic theory of delusion which is also a theory of truth and a quest of identity which is as ironical as serious
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41

Stenger, Gerhardt. "Nature et liberté chez Diderot après l'Encyclopédie." Montpellier 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON30009.

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Diderot s'est insurge tres tot contre la pretention de la science a expliquer l'ensemble des phenomenes naturels et humains. Le salon de 1767 prepare la rupture avec l'episteme de l'age classique. De meme que diderot y distingue entre la nature mhenomenale et une "belle nature" transreelle, il oppose, dans le reve de d'alembert, l'"ordre subsistant" a celui du tout. Rejetant le modele mecaniste de la science, il propoe un modele liquide et relationnel de la nature. L'univers ne semble ordonne et previsible que parce que l'homme le soumet a un processus de simplification. Diderot a introduit dans la nature l'idee d'une causalite complexe qui rend son evolution indeterminee. L'homme n'agit pas comme une marionnette, c'est un tout qui s'auto-determine. En meme temps que le fatalisme holbachique, diderot abandonne la morale universelle basee sur l'equation vertu=bienfaisance=bonheur. La seule vertu qu'il reconnaisse, c'est la justice, fondee sur le droit de propriete. Diderot plaide en faveur d'une societe qui protege la propriete et dans laquelle l'individu puisse librement travailler a augmenter ses richesses conformement a l'equite naturelle. Si une nation n'est pas libre, une revolution devient tot ou tard inevitagle. Diderot concoit que le sage enfreigne les lois en catimini pour faire le bien, mais en public sa conduite irreprochable doit etre exemplaire. Libre de toute attache, l'exercice de la justice lui confere le b0nheur supreme
As well as making a distinction, in the salon de 1767, between phenomenal and ideal nature, diderot, in the reve d'alembert, contrasts the "ordre subsistant" with the one of the "tout". Rejecting the mechanistic model of science, he puts forward a fluid and relational model of nature. The universe seems ordered and predetermined only because man projects onto the external realm of nature the preconceptions inherent in his rationalist system. Diderot introduced into nature the idea of a complex causality, which renders its evolution undetermined. Man does not act like a puppet, he is a "tout" who is self-determining. Man does gives also up the morale universelle based on the equation virtue=beneficence=happiness. The only virtue he recognizes is justice, based on property. Diderot pleads in favour of a society which protects property and in which the individual is free to increase his wealth according to natural equity. If a nation is not free, revolution becomes inevitable. Diderot proposes that the wise man can transgress the law to do good, but in public his faultless behaviour has to serve as a model for his fellow-citizens. Free of any attachment, the exercise of justice confers supreme happiness
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42

Azafrani, Gilbert. "Les théories du drame de Diderot appliquées au roman "La religieuse" /." Ann Arbor (Mich.) : UMI Dissertation information service, 1992. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb355611340.

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43

Carbonelli, Junior Ricardo Rui Lento. "A questão do ator na estetica de Diderot." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/281450.

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Orientador: Roberto Romano da Silva
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: A dissertação trata da análise da obra "Paradoxo sobre o comediante" no contexto da estética de Diderot. Sua tese fundamental diz que um grande ator é insensível e não deve sentir as emoções que representa. O enunciado é analisado tomando-se o significado dos seus termos no sistema do Filósofo. As idéias de sensibilidade, representação, gênio, imaginação e o conceito de Belo são discutidos a partir de seus textos e de comentários clássicos sobre o tema. Na primeira parte, tratamos da articulação dos conceitos fundamentais da estética de Diderot e como isso se dá de forma problemática, suscitando alguns paradoxos. Também tratamos do lugar que o espetáculo ocupa nessa estética, do objetivo de efeito teatral orientando o desenvolvimento da arte como forma de comunicação e das particularidades próprias de sua tradução visual. Na segunda parte procuramos discutir os conceitos fundamentais para o "Paradoxo" e pensar a estética e a filosofia de Diderot a partir de seus postulados. Na última parte fazemos uma apresentação da obra que orienta nossa pesquisa, tratando das questões historiográficas e abordando seus temas a partir do próprio texto.
Abstract: The dissertação deals with the analysis of the book "Actor's Paradox" in the context of Diderot's aesthetic. Its basic thesis says that a great actor is insensitive and should not feel the emotions that represent. The statement is analyzed by taking the meaning of the terms in the system of the Philosopher. The ideas of sensitivity, representation, genius, imagination and the concept of Beautiful are discussed from his texts and classic commentaries on the subject. In the first part, we deal with the articulation of the basic concepts of the aesthetic of Diderot and how it occurs in a problematic form, exciting some paradoxes. Also we deal with the place that the spectacle occupies in that aesthetic and the objective of theatrical effect guiding the development of the art as communication form and of the proper particularitities of its visual translation. In the second part we look for to discuss the basic concepts for the "Paradox" and to think the aesthetic and the philosophy of Diderot from its postulates. In the last part we make a presentation of the book that guides our research, treating to the historiographical questions and approaching its themes from the text itself.
Mestrado
Mestre em Filosofia
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44

Ducol, Jacques. "Diderot critique d'Helvetius ou le matérialisme en chantier." Tours, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986TOUR2003.

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Au sein de la philosophie des lumières, le matérialisme, lié au développement des sciences, apparait comme la position philosophique la plus cohérente, la plus apte à définir et à résoudre les problèmes nouveaux, si les fondements de leur matérialisme sont identique, Diderot et Helvetius s'opposent bien souvent, que ce soit à propos d'une question aussi théorique que celle du rapport pensée sensation, ou à propos d'une question aussi politique que celle du luxe. Toutefois, ce dialogue reste l'un de ces moments privilégiés qui rythment l'élaboration progressive d'une véritable science de l'homme : en effet, centrée sur le rapport organisation éducation, la discussion Diderot-Helvetius se révèle être un point nodal, le lieu où se cristallisent les interrogations du siècle, parce qu'elle contribue de facon décisive à formuler ce problème majeur : comment peut-on modifier l'homme? ainsi, la réfutation d'helvetius est un texte essentiel : Diderot ne renie nullement ses principes, mais s'interroge, stimule par la réflexion d'Helvetius, sur les moyens les plus adéquats pour transformer en programme politique concret les idées les plus audacieuses de son temps. Néanmoins, ces divergences ne remettent pas en cause l'unité profonde du matérialisme du XVIIIe siècle dont la cohérence interne, forgée dans le combat politique et au contact de la science et de la technique nouvelles, le rend théoriquement et politiquement révolutionnaire. C'est bien pourquoi, du XIXe siècle à nos jours, ce matérialisme fut calomnie, occulte, incompris, mais jamais vraiment saisi comme un temps fort de l'histoire de la pensée, temps fort dont le contenu réel ne peut etre apprehendé que par le marxisme pris comme philosophie de la praxis
Within the philosophy of enlightenment, materialism, which is linked to the development of science, appears as the most coherent philosophical position as well as the most qualified to define and solve new problems. Though the bases of their materialism are identical, diderot and helvetius are often opposed to each other about either a theoretic question such as the relation thought sensation, or a political one such as luxury. However that dialogue remains one of those, privileged moments standing out as landmarks to the onward elaboration of a true science of man. Indeed, the dispute between diderot and helvetius, focussing on the relation organization education, appears to be a nodal point where the questions of the century take form because it contributes in a decisive way to express that major problem : how can man be changed? that is the reason why a refutation of helvetius is an essential text; diderot does not repudiate his principales but, being stimulated by helvetius's reflection, he wonders about, the most adequate means to turn the most daring ideas of his time into a political programme. Nevertheless, those divergences do not call in question again the thorough unity of 18th century materialism, the internal coherence of which - achieved in the political struggle and owing to the new science and techniques - contributes to make it theoretically et politically revolutionary. That is why, from the 19th century up to nowadays, that materialism has been misrepresented, witheld from the public and distorted, but never really understood as a height in the history of thought, the real contents of which can be apprehended only by marxism as a philosophy of praxis
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45

Kim-Ko, Kye-young. "La figure de l'opposition dans l'œuvre de Diderot." Paris 4, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA040068.

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Le dessein général de cette étude consiste à conjuguer le mécanisme du transformisme littéraire de la pensée et l'idée d'un style individualisé en vue de dégager « la grammaire particulière » de Diderot. La notion d'opposition est introduite dans ce canevas comme un facteur décisif qui oriente le procès dynamique par lequel la forme et le sens s'engendrent l'un l'autre. La première partie est consacrée à l'analyse du système de personnage, support à partir duquel l'auteur développe toutes les exploitations du système d'opposition. La deuxième partie consiste en l'analyse des techniques romanesques qui mettent en valeur l'équivalence des contraires et font coïncider plusieurs registres narratifs. La troisième partie est destinée à révéler certaines invariantes verbales du discours diderotien qui transcrivent la pensée double et antagoniste ainsi que la réversibilité des choses, des phénomènes, des valeurs et des relations humaines. Le redoublement, le dédoublement et le mécanisme d'inversion se révèlent comme les traits récurrents qui expliquent aussi bien l'emploi de certains automatismes verbaux que la création des personnages et la composition des récits. L'opposition rend l'œuvre de Diderot ouverte et polysémique dans son interprétation, elle devient ainsi génératrice du sens de l'œuvre
The general plan of this study consists in combining the mechanism of the literary “transformism” of the thought and the idea of a distinctive style in order to extricate “the particular grammar” of Diderot. The notion of opposition is introduced in this frame work as a decisive factor which orientates the dynamic process by which the form and the sense generate each other. The first part is devoted to the analysis of the system of character, support, from which the author develops all the exploitation of the system of opposition. The second part consists of the analysis of the techniques of the novel which bring out the equivalence of contraries and make coincide several narrative registers. The third part is intended to reveal certain verbal invariant of the diderotien speech which transcribe the double and antagonistic thought as well as the reversibility of the things, phenomena, values and human relations. The reduplication, the dividing and the mechanism of inversion reveal as the figure recurrent which explains the employment of certain verbal automatism of the characters and the composition of stories. The opposition makes the works of Diderot open and polysemic in its interpretation. Therefore it becomes the generative of the signification of the work
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46

Groult, Martine. "La systematique de l'encyclopedie de diderot et d'alembert." Paris 10, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA100041.

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Par une typologie des commentaires sur l'encyclopedie nous cernons la question de la dichotomie entre l'"encyclopedie" et le "dictionnaire". Plutot que de constater un echec des editeurs au niveau de la pratique c'est-a-dire d'une exacte correspondance entre l'"encyclopedie" et le "dictionnaire", nous explorons la theorie de l'encyclopedie a savoir les fondements philosophiques du projet encyclopedique etablis notamment dans le discours preliminaire et l'article elemens des sciences. Les 'suites' editees par panckoucke n'ont pas integre l'exigence de ces preliminaires qui font la nature meme du travail encyclopedique. Nous avons alors degage une systematique qui est non pas l'exposition taxinomique des sciences mais le fonctionnement des elements formels qui organisent ce travail. Son moteur est l'ordre genealogique des operations de l'esprit et la metaphysique des propositions qui sont l'oeuvre originale de d'alembert. Ainsi la grammaire est analysee comme une representation paradigmatique du rationalisme analytique partage entre du marsais et beauzee. Nous concluons sur le probleme de l'inversion qui represente dans l'encyclopedie (inversion des sciences et inversion des mots) la bivalence de la systematique philo sophique et souligne les rapports entre la methode naturelle de l'esprit humain et l'ordre de la representation
A typology of the comments on the encyclopaedia enables us to narrow down the question of the dichotomy between the "encyclopaedia" and the "dictionary". Rather than just noting the failure of the editors on the practical level, i. E. An exact correspondence between the "encyclopaedia" and the "dictionary", we seek to explore the theory of the encyclopaedia, the philosophical underpinning as set out in the discours preliminaire and the article elemens des sciences. The 'suites' edited bt panckoucke did not integrate the demands of these preliminaries, which set out the very nature of the encyclopaedic work. We have therefore brought out a systematics which is not the taxinomic statement of the sciences, but the fonctioning of the formal elements which make up the organisation of this work. The moving force here is the genealogical order of the operations os the mind and the metaphysics of the proposals, which are the original works of d'alembert. Thus, grammar is analysed as a paradigmatic representation of analytical rationalism, shared with du marsais and beauzee. We end on the problem of inversion which, in the encyclopaedia (inversion of sciences and inversions of words), represents the bivalency of philosophical systematics, and underlines the relation
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47

AHN, HYUN-KOO. "Les figures feminines dans l'oeuvre romanesque de diderot." Limoges, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LIMO0503.

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L'analyse progressive de l'oeuvre romanesque de diderot nous permet de discerner les aspects multiples que peut revetir le discours sur les femmes. Nous percevons une presence intense, diffuse, a la fois quantitative et qualitative, du monde feminin. Et ce monde joue un role dynamique. Notre etude se divise en trois parties. Avant d'entrer dans l'univers romanesque, d'abord nous esquissons les modalites de la presentation des femmes : presence signifiee ou des mouvements, des attitudes du corps jouent le role important dans une premiere partie. La deuxieme partie et la troisieme partie nous permettent de decouvrir les figures feminines a travers leur structure psychologique et leur condition. Dans l'analyse psychologique, nous nous efforcons de saisir la dynamique des passions. Les passions fortes fascinent diderot et dans son oeuvre romanesque evoluent quelques representants de cette humanite energique qui lui allait droit au coeur. A travers la condition feminine, nous essayons de degager l'impression que ressent diderot au cheminement de l'existence feminine
The progressive analysis of the romantic work of diderot permits us to distinguish the multiple aspects that the discourse on women can assume. We perceive an intense presence, diffused, quantitative as well as qualitative, of the feminine world. And this world plays a dynamic role. Our study is divided into three parts. Before entering the romantic universe, we start by shaping the modalities of the presentation of women : symbolic presence where mouvements and attitudes of the body play an important role in the first part. The second and third parts permit us to discover the feminine figures through their psychological structure and their condition. In the psychological analysis, we try to grasp the dynamics of the passions. The strong passions fascinate diderot, end in his romantic work, representations of this energetic humanity, that ever so deeply touched his heart, evolve, through the feminine condition, we try to make out the impression felt by diderot of the advancement of the feminine existence
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48

GAALOUL, TAOUFIK. "Fonctions et limites de l'enquete anthropologique chez diderot." Lille 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LIL30007.

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Cette these porte sur la vision de l'homme chez diderot, du triple point de vue de la connaissance scientifique, de la morale et de la politique. C'est en un sens tres large qu'il est question ici d'anthropologie, et l'etude de cette "science de l'homme" parcourt l'ensemble de l'oeuvre de diderot. Ce travail analyse d'abord la presence d'une tradition humaniste, nourrie de culture grecque et latine, dans la formation des idees de diderot, puis, en relation avec l'oeuvre de buffon, la "naturalisation" de l'homme, sa place dans la nature, la tension entre les droits de la nature et les exigences de la vie sociale. Ces deux approches convergent dans une mise en oeuvre des differentes figures de l'homme chez l'ecrivain. Elles montrent l'unite du point de vue de diderot, a travers des genres litteraires tres differents, dont l'ecrivain explore a chaque fois les possibilites et les limites
This study is about diderot's point of view on humanity as far as scientific knowledge, ethics and politics are concerned. It deals with anthropology in its widest meaning throughout his work. The first part of this search emphasizes the existence of a humanist tradition enriched with the greek and latin cultures in diderot's way of thinking. The second part, linked with buffon's work, analyses the "naturalization" of man, his position in nature, the tension between nature's rights and the demands of social life. These two appraoches converge in the composition of man's different characters throughout diderot's work. They reveal a unity in diderot's ideas through different litterary "genres" whose possibilities and limits are unceasingly explored
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49

Ducol, Jacques. "Diderot critique d'Helvétius ou le matérialisme en chantier." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375973117.

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50

Macaigne, Samuel. "Figures romanesques du médecin de Diderot à Balzac." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUL038.

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Des Lumières au réalisme, le médecin prend une place toujours plus importante dans la littérature. Si sa discipline évolue et connaît ainsi de considérables progrès, sa représentation dans la fiction devient elle aussi conséquente. De ce fait, le roman s'empare de ce personnage pour lui conférer un rôle de témoin actif des changements historiques et esthétiques, à travers trois domaines : la politique, la spiritualité et les passions. En effet, s'il diagnostique les maladies du corps social, les pathologies que manifeste l'Histoire, il est aussi appelé à sonder les âmes pour déterminer les causes du désarroi intérieur de l'être humain. Derrière la physiologie et l'anatomie, il explore également les arrière-mondes de la foi et des sentiments. Le praticien se doit donc d'éclairer les mystères de la condition humaine
From the Enlightenment to realism, the doctor acquires an increasingly important place in French literature. With the development and considerable progress of medical science, the fictional doctor also becomes consequential. Hence, the novel calls upon this character to play an active role as witness of the historical and aesthetic changes in three fields: politics, spirituality and passions. In fact, not only does he diagnose the diseases of the social body, the pathologies that History reveals, he is also called upon to sound souls in order to establish the causes of the inner disarray of the human being. Behind the physiology and anatomy, he also explores the afterworldly for faith and feelings. The practitioner must therefore throw light on the mysteries of the human condition
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