Journal articles on the topic 'DID estimation'
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Raza, Sohail, and Shahzad Munir. "Did Demonetization Affect Indian Stock Market?" International Research Journal of Business Studies 15, no. 1 (June 24, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21632/irjbs.15.1.1-15.
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This study explores the impact of ”2016 demonetization” on the stock market in India. The policy declared 86% of cash in circulation in the form of Indian rupees (INR) 500 & 1000 notes as an illegal tender effective from midnight of November 8, 2016. However, India’s government progressively released new 500 and 2000 INR notes over the next few months. Following the demonetization announcement, stock prices of cash-sensitive industries like consumer goods and financial services dropped rapidly, reflecting a significant reduction in demand. This study focuses on the short-term effects of demonetization on the stock prices of 100 publicly listed firms using their daily stock data. We use estimating windows within 60 days of the announcement and then capture the short-term effects of demonetization by employing the Ordinary Least Square (OLS), the Fixed Effect (FE), and the Random Effect (RE) methods. Estimation results demonstrate that demonetization effectively decreases stock prices.
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Mohd Shariff, Khairul Khaizi, Suraya Zainuddin, Noor Hafizah Abdul Aziz, Nur Emileen Abd Rashid, and Nor Ayu Zalina Zakaria. "Spectral estimator effects on accuracy of speed-over-ground radar." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, no. 4 (August 1, 2022): 3900. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i4.pp3900-3910.
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<p>Spectral estimation is a critical signal processing step in speed-over-ground (SoG) radar. It is argued that, for accurate speed estimation, spectral estimation should use low bias and variance estimator. However, there is no evaluation on spectral estimation techniques in terms of estimating mean Doppler frequency to date. In this paper, we evaluate two common spectral estimation techniques, namely periodogram based on Fourier transformation and the autoregressive (AR) based on burg algorithm. These spectral estimators are evaluated in terms of their bias and variance in estimating a mean frequency. For this purpose, the spectral estimators are evaluated with different Doppler signals that varied in mean frequency and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Results in this study indicates that the periodogram method performs well in most of the tests while the AR method did not perform as well as these but offered a slight improvement over the periodogram in terms of variance.</p>
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Ashkenazi, Sarit, Yarden Gliksman, and Avishai Henik. "Understanding Estimations of Magnitudes: An fMRI Investigation." Brain Sciences 12, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12010104.
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The current study examined whether discrete numerical estimation is based on the same cognitive process as estimation of continuous magnitudes such as weight and time. While the verbal estimation of numerical quantities has a contingent unit of measurement (e.g., how many cookies fit in a cookie jar? _X_ cookies), estimation of time and weight does not (e.g., how much time does it take to fill a bath with water? _X_ minutes/hours/seconds). Therefore, estimation of the latter categories has another level of difficulty, requiring extensive involvement of cognitive control. During a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan, 18 students performed estimations with three estimation categories: number, time, and weight. Estimations elicited activity in multiple brain regions, mainly: (1) visual regions including bilateral lingual gyrus), (2) parietal regions including the left angular gyrus and right supramarginal gyrus, and (3) the frontal regions (cingulate gyrus and the inferior frontal cortex). Continuous magnitude estimations (mostly time) produced different frontal activity than discrete numerical estimations did, demonstrating different profiles of brain activations between discrete numerical estimations and estimations of continuous magnitudes. The activity level in the right middle and inferior frontal gyrus correlated with the tendency to give extreme responses, signifying the importance of the right prefrontal lobe in estimations.
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Rendon, Silvio. "A truth commission did not tell the truth: A rejoinder to Manrique-Vallier and Ball." Research & Politics 6, no. 2 (April 2019): 205316801984097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053168019840972.
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Rendon (2019) showed that the indirect estimation of total killings in the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission introduced a distortion. Two of the original analysts, Manrique-Vallier and Ball (2019), provide an indirect defense of their work using new data, and argue that this supports their unprecedented indirect method over the direct estimator. In this rejoinder I show that their new figure of 17,687 killings by the Shining Path is closer to the direct estimate of 18,341 than to their indirect estimate of 31,331 killings. I also show that the indirect method systematically produces impossible negative predicted killings and overfits massively. I reiterate my conclusion that their indirect estimates are unreliable and should be retracted.
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Ashkenazi, Sarit, and Yulia Tsyganov. "The Cognitive Estimation Task is nonunitary: Evidence for multiple magnitude representation mechanisms among normative and ADHD college students." Journal of Numerical Cognition 2, no. 3 (February 10, 2017): 220–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jnc.v2i3.3.
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There is a current debate on whether the cognitive system has a shared representation for all magnitudes or whether there are unique representations. To investigate this question, we used the Biber cognitive estimation task. In this task, participants were asked to provide estimates for questions such as, “How many sticks of spaghetti are in a package?” The task uses different estimation categories (e.g., time, numerical quantity, distance, and weight) to look at real-life magnitude representations. Experiment 1 assessed (N = 95) a Hebrew version of the Biber Cognitive Estimation Task and found that different estimation categories had different relations, for example, weight, time, and distance shared variance, but numerical estimation did not. We suggest that numerical estimation does not require the use of measurement in units, hence, it represents a more “pure” numerical estimation. Experiment 2 found that different factors explain individual abilities in different estimation categories. For example, numerical estimation was predicted by preverbal innate quantity understanding (approximate number sense) and working memory, whereas time estimations were supported by IQ. These results demonstrate that cognitive estimation is not a unified construct.
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Weskott, Johannes B. D. "Unemployment Compensation and Wages: A Difference-in-Differences Approach to Assessing the Wage Effects of the German Hartz Reforms." Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 240, no. 1 (January 28, 2020): 89–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2018-0020.
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AbstractThis paper examines the influence of the level of unemployment assistance (Arbeitslosengeld II) on the wage level by exploiting a quasi-natural experiment formed by the German Hartz reforms in 2005. Estimations are based on data from the Socioeconomic Panel ranging from 2000 to 2007. As dependent variables both real monthly gross salary and real hourly gross wage are used. Firstly, following the approach taken by Arent and Nagl (2013, Unemployment Compensation and Wages: Evidence from the German Hartz Reforms. Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 233 (4): 450–466), a before-after estimator is applied. Secondly, in contrast to the replication study by Ludsteck and Seth (2014, Comment on „Unemployment Compensation and Wages: Evidence from the German Hartz Reforms“ by Stefan Arent and Wolfgang Nagl. Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 234 (5): 635–644) a control group is constructed and a difference-in-differences estimator (DiD) is used for further assessment. The results of the before-after estimation indicate a negative influence of the unemployment assistance reform on wages. However, the corresponding placebo regressions cast doubt on whether the estimated effect is a policy effect. The DiD approach shows that substantial time effects exist. This indicates that the before-after estimator is not suitable for assessing the policy effect. Applying the DiD estimator, a negative significant policy effect is only identified for men in West Germany.
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Hosoda, Shion, Tsukasa Fukunaga, and Michiaki Hamada. "Umibato: estimation of time-varying microbial interaction using continuous-time regression hidden Markov model." Bioinformatics 37, Supplement_1 (July 1, 2021): i16—i24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btab287.
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Abstract Motivation Accumulating evidence has highlighted the importance of microbial interaction networks. Methods have been developed for estimating microbial interaction networks, of which the generalized Lotka–Volterra equation (gLVE)-based method can estimate a directed interaction network. The previous gLVE-based method for estimating microbial interaction networks did not consider time-varying interactions. Results In this study, we developed unsupervised learning-based microbial interaction inference method using Bayesian estimation (Umibato), a method for estimating time-varying microbial interactions. The Umibato algorithm comprises Gaussian process regression (GPR) and a new Bayesian probabilistic model, the continuous-time regression hidden Markov model (CTRHMM). Growth rates are estimated by GPR, and interaction networks are estimated by CTRHMM. CTRHMM can estimate time-varying interaction networks using interaction states, which are defined as hidden variables. Umibato outperformed the existing methods on synthetic datasets. In addition, it yielded reasonable estimations in experiments on a mouse gut microbiota dataset, thus providing novel insights into the relationship between consumed diets and the gut microbiota. Availability and implementation The C++ and python source codes of the Umibato software are available at https://github.com/shion-h/Umibato. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Ezrati-Vinacour, Ruth, and Iris Levin. "Time Estimation by Adults Who Stutter." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 44, no. 1 (February 2001): 144–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2001/013).
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In view of the fact that stuttering involves time pressure in communicative contexts, the aim of this investigation was to study the effect of stuttering on time estimation. Two matching groups of 47 adults each, one consisting of stutterers and the other of fluent speakers, estimated the duration of four verbal tasks—two that involved speaking and two that did not. Two methods of time estimation were used: production and reproduction. In production, participants were required to perform a task, terminating it when they felt that the specified interval had elapsed. In reproduction, participants were asked to estimate the duration of a task immediately after being stopped by the experimenter. The results reveal that the differences in time estimation between adults who stutter and fluent speakers were task dependent, with the stutterers estimating time less accurately on oral verbal tasks. The conversation task in particular highlighted the inaccuracy of their time estimation. Furthermore, severe stutterers estimated time less accurately than mild stutterers. The greatest inaccuracy was displayed by severe stutterers when estimating the time of an oral task by the production method. The results are discussed in terms of cognitive models based on attention to time, method measurement, and mental workload. Clinical implications are also suggested.
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Samuelsson, Oscar, Anders Björk, Jesús Zambrano, and Bengt Carlsson. "Gaussian process regression for monitoring and fault detection of wastewater treatment processes." Water Science and Technology 75, no. 12 (March 25, 2017): 2952–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.162.
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Monitoring and fault detection methods are increasingly important to achieve a robust and resource efficient operation of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The purpose of this paper was to evaluate a promising machine learning method, Gaussian process regression (GPR), for WWTP monitoring applications. We evaluated GPR at two WWTP monitoring problems: estimate missing data in a flow rate signal (simulated data), and detect a drift in an ammonium sensor (real data). We showed that GPR with the standard estimation method, maximum likelihood estimation (GPR-MLE), suffered from local optima during estimation of kernel parameters, and did not give satisfactory results in a simulated case study. However, GPR with a state-of-the-art estimation method based on sequential Monte Carlo estimation (GPR-SMC) gave good predictions and did not suffer from local optima. Comparisons with simple standard methods revealed that GPR-SMC performed better than linear interpolation in estimating missing data in a noisy flow rate signal. We conclude that GPR-SMC is both a general and powerful method for monitoring full-scale WWTPs. However, this paper also shows that it does not always pay off to use more sophisticated methods. New methods should be critically compared against simpler methods, which might be good enough for some scenarios.
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Bordo, Michael D., and Angela Redish. "Why Did the Bank of Canada Emerge in 1935?" Journal of Economic History 47, no. 2 (June 1987): 405–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700048154.
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Three possible explanations for the emergence of the Canadian central bank in 1935 are examined: that it reflected the need of competitive banking systems for a lender of last resort, that it was necessary to anchor the unregulated Canadian monetary system after abandonment of the gold standard in 1929, and that it was a response to political rather than purely economic pressures. Evidence from a variety of sources (contemporary statements to a Royal Commission, correspondence of chartered bankers, newspaper reports, academic writings, and estimation of time series econometric models) rejects the first two hypotheses and supports the third.
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Arabkhedri, M., F. S. Lai, I. Noor-Akma, and M. K. Mohamad-Roslan. "An application of adaptive cluster sampling for estimating total suspended sediment load." Hydrology Research 41, no. 1 (December 1, 2009): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2010.113.
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Suspended sediment transport in river for a particular period is a timescale finite population. This population shows natural aggregation tendencies in sediment concentration particularly during floods. Adaptive cluster sampling (ACS) can be potentially conducted for sampling from this rare clustered population and estimating total load. To illustrate the performance of ACS in sediment estimation, a comparative study was carried out in the Gorgan-Rood River, Iran, with around a 5 year daily concentration record. The total sediment loads estimated by ACS were statistically compared to the observed load, estimations of selection at list time (SALT) and conventional sediment rating curve with and without correction factors. The results suggest that none of the sediment rating curves produced accurate estimates, while both ACS and SALT showed satisfactory results at a semi-weekly sampling frequency. The best estimation obtained by the rating curves did not show a percent error better than −40%; however, ACS and SALT underestimated the load at less than 5%. The results of this study suggest ACS could improve river monitoring programs.
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Kim, Hoe Kyoung, Younshik Chung, and Minjeong Kim. "Effect of Enhanced ADAS Camera Capability on Traffic State Estimation." Sensors 21, no. 6 (March 12, 2021): 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21061996.
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Traffic flow data, such as flow, density and speed, are crucial for transportation planning and traffic system operation. Recently, a novel traffic state estimating method was proposed using the distance to a leading vehicle measured by an advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) camera. This study examined the effect of an ADAS camera with enhanced capabilities on traffic state estimation using image-based vehicle identification technology. Considering the realistic distance error of the ADAS camera from the field experiment, a microscopic simulation model, VISSIM, was employed with multiple underlying parameters such as the number of lanes, traffic demand, the penetration rate of ADAS vehicles and the spatiotemporal range of the estimation area. Although the enhanced functions of the ADAS camera did not affect the accuracy of the traffic state estimates significantly, the ADAS camera can be used for traffic state estimation. Furthermore, the vehicle identification distance of the ADAS camera and traffic conditions with more lanes did not always ensure better accuracy of the estimates. Instead, it is recommended that transportation planners and traffic engineering practitioners carefully select the relevant parameters and their range to ensure a certain level of accuracy for traffic state estimates that suit their purposes.
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Allen, Robert C., Daniel P. McDonald, and Michael J. Singer. "Landmark Direction and Distance Estimation in Large Scale Virtual Environments." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 41, no. 2 (October 1997): 1213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181397041002109.
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The current paper describes our classification of errors participants made when estimating direction and distances in a large scale (2000 m × 2000 m) Virtual Environment (VE). Two VE configuration groups (Low or High Interactivity) traversed a 400 m route through one of two Virtual Terrain's (Distinctive or Non-Distinctive or Terrain 1 and 2, respectively) in 100 m increments. The High VE group used a treadmill to move through the VE with head tracked visual displays; the Low VE group used a joystick for movement and visual display control. Results indicate that as experience within either terrain increased, participants demonstrated an improved ability to directionally locate landmarks. Experience in the environment did not affect distance estimation accuracy. Terrain 1 participants were more accurate in locating proximal, as opposed to distal, landmarks. They also overestimated distances to near landmarks and underestimated distances to far landmarks. In Terrain 2, the Low VE group gave more accurate distance estimations. We believe this result can be explained in terms of increased task demands placed on the High VE Group.
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Zenzai, Seiya, Yuki Chikahiro, and Shigeru Shimizu. "Estimation Equation for Horizontal Load Bearing Capacity of Circular PCFST with Diaphragm." Applied Sciences 12, no. 17 (August 31, 2022): 8739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12178739.
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The purpose of this study is to propose a practical formula for estimating the maximum load bearing capacity of partially concrete-filled steel tubes (PCFST) without using complicated numerical analysis and estimation procedures. This study focused on four parameters (radius thickness ratio R, slenderness ratio λ, axial force ratio n, and concrete filling ratio Lc/L) used in numerical analysis to determine horizontal load bearing capacity and buckling position in PCFST with diaphragms under monotonic loading. Based on the results, an equation for estimating the horizontal load bearing capacity of PCFST was obtained by nonlinear regression analysis. The estimation equation that did not consider different buckling positions predicted the horizontal load bearing capacity with an error of approximately ±10% from the numerically analyzed values, but the estimation equation that took the different buckling positions into consideration could predict the horizontal bearing capacity to within a margin of error of about 5% from the numerical value by determining the buckling position in advance.
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Intasuwan, Pittayarat, Patison Palee, Apichat Sinthubua, and Pasuk Mahakkanukrauh. "Efficiency of dry bone inspection compared with two-dimensional os coxal images for age estimation in a Thai population." Veterinary Integrative Sciences 20, no. 1 (September 6, 2021): 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.12982/vis.2022.015.
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The auricular surface and pubic symphysis are commonly used in age estimation. This study aimed to compare the results of age estimation between dry bones and 2D images of the os coxae and to develop a tool specifically for Thai individuals. The total samples were 250 left os coxal dry bones divided into 200 samples (100 males, 100 females) for the training set and 50 samples for the test set. The age range was 26 – 94 years. We used the Suchey-Brooks method and Berg method for observing the pubic symphysis and the Buckberry-Chamberlain method for observing the auricular surface. Afterward we compared the dry bones and photo parts. Our results showed sex did not play a significant role in estimating the age-at-death. In both parts, the auricular surface yielded the highest accuracy (80 – 84%) with SEE = 13.99 – 14.24 years. The pubic symphysis showed an accuracy of 74 – 76% and SEE = 14.37 – 14.44 years. The results of the dry bone and photo parts did not differ significantly. In both dry bone and photo parts, the intra-observer agreement performed moderate to almost perfect agreement. On the other hand, the inter-observer agreement was slight to fair. In conclusion, our study can be potentially applied for distant consultation for age estimation using 2D pelvic images with a forensic anthropologist for estimating biological profiles.
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Rohmah, Siti Nur, and Nusar Hajarisman. "Penerapan Small Area Estimation dengan Metode Empirical Bayes dalam Menduga Risiko Relatif Penyebaran TBC di Kabupaten Karawang Tahun 2021." Bandung Conference Series: Statistics 2, no. 2 (August 21, 2022): 490–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/bcss.v2i2.4765.
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Abstract. Small Area Estimation (SAE) is a statistical technique used to estimate subpopulation parameters (areas) with a small sample size. In Small Area Estimation there are methods for processing cacahan data, namely Empirical Bayes and Bayes hierarchical. This study used the Bayes empirical method with the Poisson-Gamma model in estimating the risk of TB disease in Karawang Regency. The purpose of this study is to apply the Bayes empirical method based on the Poisson-Gamma model to estimate the relative risk of TB disease in Karawang Regency and compare the results of direct estimators and bayes empirical estimators through the Mean Square Error (MSE) value. The results showed that by comparing the MSE values of the direct estimator of the standardized mortality ratio and the empirical estimator of Bayes, it was concluded that the Bayes empirical method did not provide better results than direct estimators. Although Bayes empirical estimators have a fairly good accuracy rate with an average MSE value of 0.0232, the MSE value is greater when compared to the direct estimator MSE average of 0.0059.
Abstrak. Small Area Estimation (SAE) atau pendugaan area kecil merupakan teknik statistika yang digunakan untuk menduga parameter subpopulasi (area) dengan ukuran sampel kecil. Dalam Small Area Estimation terdapat metode untuk mengolah data cacahan, yaitu Empirical Bayes dan hierarchical Bayes. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Empirical Bayes dengan model Poisson-Gamma dalam menduga risiko penyakit TBC di Kabupaten Karawang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menerapkan metode Empirical Bayes berbasis model Poisson-Gamma untuk menduga risiko relatif penyakit TBC di Kabupaten Karawang serta membandingkan hasil penduga langsung dan penduga Empirical Bayes melalui nilai Mean Square Error (MSE). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dengan membandingkan nilai MSE penduga langsung standardized mortality ratio dan penduga Empirical Bayes disimpulkan bahwa metode Empirical Bayes tidak memberikan hasil yang lebih baik dibandingkan penduga langsung. Meskipun penduga Empirical Bayes memiliki tingkat keakuratan yang cukup baik dengan rata-rata nilai MSE sebesar 0.0232, tetapi nilai MSE tersebut lebih besar jika dibandingkan dengan rata-rata MSE penduga langsung sebesar 0.0059.
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Bouquet, Alban, Mikko Sillanpää, and Jarmo Juga. "Estimating inbreeding using dense marker panels and pedigree information." Suomen Maataloustieteellisen Seuran Tiedote, no. 28 (January 31, 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33354/smst.75434.
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The aim of this simulation study was to compare the accuracy and bias of different inbreeding (F) estimators exploiting dense panels of diallelic markers and pedigree information. All genotype simulations were started by generating an ancestral population at mutation-drift equilibrium considering an effective size of 1000 and a mutation rate (µ) of 5.10-4. Two types of subpopulation were derived from the ancestral population for 10 discrete generations. They differed by the level of selection applied both on males and females: no selection or a structure close to a breeding program with selection of the best 40 males and 500 females on EBV with accuracy of 0.85 and 0.71, respectively, on a trait with heritability of 0.3. Marker panels were made up of 36 000 biallelic markers (18 per cM) and were available for animals in the last 4 generations. Pedigrees were recorded on the last 8 generations. For each scenario, 30 replicates were carried out. Analysed estimators were the correlation (VR1) and regression (VR3) estimators described to build the genomic relationship matrix by VanRaden in 2008. Other estimators included the weighted corrected similarity (WCS) estimator published by Ritland in 1996 and a modified WCS estimator accounting for pedigree information (WPCS). Pedigree-based inbreeding (PED) was also estimated using exhaustive pedigree information. Inbreeding estimates were correlated and regressed to the true simulated genomic F values to assess the precision and bias of estimators, respectively. Main results show that use of dense marker information improves the estimation of F, whatever the scenario. The accuracy of F estimates and the bias were increased in presence of selection, except for PED. Across scenarios, VR3, WCS and WPCS were the most correlated with true F values. In the situation where pedigree was exhaustive, VR3 performed as well as WCS and WPCS but had a larger variability over replicates. Although less biased on average, VR1 was less accurate than other estimators especially when allele frequencies were not properly defined. Accounting for pedigree information into WCS did not increase its estimation accuracy and did not reduce bias in the tested scenarios. Finally, error in estimating inbreeding trends over time in selected populations was greater for some marker-based estimators (VR3, VR1) than PED estimator. WCS and WPCS rendered the most accurate estimations of inbreeding trends. Thus, results indicate that WCS, which can be also used with multiallelic markers, is a promising estimator both to build the genomic relationship matrix for genomic evaluations and to better assess genetic diversity in selected populations.
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Almongy, Hisham M., Fatma Y. Alshenawy, Ehab M. Almetwally, and Doaa A. Abdo. "Applying Transformer Insulation Using Weibull Extended Distribution Based on Progressive Censoring Scheme." Axioms 10, no. 2 (May 21, 2021): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/axioms10020100.
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In this paper, the Weibull extension distribution parameters are estimated under a progressive type-II censoring scheme with random removal. The parameters of the model are estimated using the maximum likelihood method, maximum product spacing, and Bayesian estimation methods. In classical estimation (maximum likelihood method and maximum product spacing), we did use the Newton–Raphson algorithm. The Bayesian estimation is done using the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm based on the square error loss function. The proposed estimation methods are compared using Monte Carlo simulations under a progressive type-II censoring scheme. An empirical study using a real data set of transformer insulation and a simulation study is performed to validate the introduced methods of inference. Based on the result of our study, it can be concluded that the Bayesian method outperforms the maximum likelihood and maximum product-spacing methods for estimating the Weibull extension parameters under a progressive type-II censoring scheme in both simulation and empirical studies.
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Otsuka, Taku, and Yuko Yotsumoto. "Partially Separable Aspects of Spatial and Temporal Estimations in Virtual Navigation as Revealed by Adaptation." i-Perception 13, no. 1 (January 2022): 204166952210788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20416695221078878.
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Recent studies claim that estimating the magnitude of the spatial and temporal aspects of one's self-motion shows similar characteristics, suggesting shared processing mechanisms between these two dimensions. While the estimation of other magnitude dimensions, such as size, number, and duration, exhibits negative aftereffects after prolonged exposure to the stimulus, it remains to be elucidated whether this could occur similarly in the estimation of the distance travelled and time elapsed during one's self-motion. We sought to fill this gap by examining the effects of adaptation on distance and time estimation using a virtual navigation task. We found that a negative aftereffect occurred in the distance reproduction task after repeated exposure to self-motion with a fixed travel distance. No such aftereffect occurred in the time reproduction task after repeated exposure to self-motion with a fixed elapsed time. Further, the aftereffect in distance reproduction occurred only when the distance of the adapting stimulus was fixed, suggesting that it did not reflect adaptation to time, which varied with distance. The estimation of spatial and temporal aspects of self-motion is thus processed by partially separable mechanisms, with the distance estimation being similar to the estimation of other magnitude dimensions.
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Beltrami, Filippo, Andrew Burlinson, Monica Giulietti, Luigi Grossi, Paul Rowley, and Grant Wilson. "Where did the time (series) go? Estimation of marginal emission factors with autoregressive components." Energy Economics 91 (September 2020): 104905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2020.104905.
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Nord-Larsen, Thomas, Henrik Meilby, and Jens Peter Skovsgaard. "Simultaneous estimation of biomass models for 13 tree species: effects of compatible additivity requirements." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 47, no. 6 (June 2017): 765–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2016-0430.
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A desirable feature of biomass models distinguishing different tree components is compatible additivity of the component functions. Due to forcing of parameter estimates, such additivity is achieved at an expense of precision of the component functions. This study aimed to analyse the loss of precision incurred by forcing of parameters in tree biomass models due to (i) additivity constraints, (ii) combining global and species-specific parameters, and (iii) estimating component functions simultaneously as a system instead of as individual equations. Based on biomass data from 697 trees including 13 different species, we estimated a set of compatibly additive, nonlinear biomass models using simultaneous estimation and compared these with less restricted model systems. In line with other similar studies, the overall model system explained 88%–99% of the variation in individual biomass components. Compared with the unrestricted model, restricting parameters to obtain compatible additivity resulted in a change in RMSE of –0.6% to 5.4%. When restricting parameter estimates using both species-specific and global parameters, RMSE increased by 1.7%–13.1%. Estimating model parameters using simultaneous estimation (nonlinear iterated seemingly unrelated regression, NSUR) increased model bias compared with ordinary least squares estimation (OLS) for most biomass components. Contrary to expectations, NSUR estimation did not lead to a reduction in the standard error of estimates.
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Patton, Steven W. "Robust and least‐squares estimation of acoustic attenuation from well‐log data." GEOPHYSICS 53, no. 9 (September 1988): 1225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442563.
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Several least‐squares attenuation (Q) estimation algorithms are tested on various types of models. These algorithms include the spectral ratio method and methods based upon eigenvector decomposition and Wiener filtering. The eigenvector decomposition and Wiener filter methods prove to be unsatisfactory even on model data, while the spectral ratio method yields fairly poor results. Tests indicate that the underlying Q error distribution is non‐Gaussian; hence more robust methods are needed. The errors in Q estimation have an asymptotically Cauchy distribution, with a reasonable noise model and Gaussian input noise. On noise models with Gaussian errors slightly contaminated by Cauchy or Laplacian noise, a maximum‐likelihood (ML) estimator based on Gaussian noise performed best. On heavily contaminated models, the ML estimator based on Laplacian noise performed best; but simple, robust estimators such as the median also did well. On more realistic models with noise, the median and alpha‐trimmed mean (ATM) appear to be the best.
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Huber, Stefan, Johannes Bloechle, Tanja Dackermann, Annika Scholl, Kai Sassenberg, and Korbinian Moeller. "Magnitude estimation is influenced by social power." Journal of Numerical Cognition 3, no. 2 (December 22, 2017): 147–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jnc.v3i2.52.
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The action-specific perception account suggests that how people perceive the environment depends on their ability to act on it, assuming that estimation is influenced by inter-individual traits, but also by situated states. Moreover, several studies revealed that social power affects basic cognitive processes and even influences the way we perceive the physical environment. In the present study, we examined whether social power also influences estimation performance of spatial magnitudes (i.e., line estimation). Participants estimated the line length of a given number in an increase and a decrease condition, after (low versus high) social power had been manipulated between participants via role assignment. In the increase condition, low-power participants overestimated line lengths, whereas such a bias was not observed for high-power participants. In contrast, the power manipulation did not affect performance in the decrease condition, suggesting that proportion-judgement strategies might have been applied here, thereby reducing the overall bias in line estimations. Our findings support the notion that social power has an impact on the perception of the physical environment and that perception can depend on personal as well as situational factors. Moreover, the present research suggests that high (compared to low) social power may help people to overcome biases in overestimating magnitudes.
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Rahman, M. Z. A., B. Gorte, M. Menenti, and A. L. Ibrahim. "A generic approach in estimating vegetation density for hydrodynamic roughness parameterization using high density airborne laser scanning data." Journal of Hydroinformatics 15, no. 2 (October 10, 2012): 446–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2012.188.
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Vegetation density is among the important parameters required for determination of hydrodynamic roughness over vegetated areas. High density airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data offer several potentials to improve estimation of vegetation density. Available methods in estimating vegetation density based on regression models did not take into account understorey vegetation and were not tested under different forest conditions. We present a method to develop and validate a generic regression model by using simulations of airborne laser scanning. The results show that available indices failed to produce good estimation which leads to a new predictor called low points index (LP). The vegetation density of trees is estimated using the FLI-MAP 400 data based on a regression model and estimated tree diameter at breast height. Finally, vegetation density is estimated at different spatial resolutions, which is useful for the estimation of multi-resolution and spatially distributed hydrodynamic roughness.
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Oliveira, Thiago Wendling Gonçalves de, Rafael Rubilar, Carlos Roberto Sanquetta, Ana Paula Dalla Corte, and Alexandre Behling. "Simultaneous estimation as an alternative to young eucalyptus aboveground biomass modeling in ecophysiological experiments." Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy 43 (July 5, 2021): e52126. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v43i1.52126.
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Accurate forest biomass estimates require the selection of appropriate models of individual trees. Thus, two properties are required in tree biomass modeling: (1) additivity of biomass components and (2) estimator efficiency. This study aimed to develop a system of equations to estimate young eucalyptus aboveground biomass and guarantee additivity and estimator efficiency. Aboveground eucalyptus biomass models were calibrated using four methods: generalized least squares (GLS), weighted least squares (WLS), seemingly unrelated regression (SUR), and weighted seemingly unrelated regression (WSUR). The approaches were compared with regard to performance, additivity, and estimator efficiency. The methods did not differ with regard to the mean biomass estimation; therefore, their performance was similar. The GLS and WLS approaches did not satisfy the additivity principle, as the sum of the biomass components was not equal to total biomass. However, this was not observed with the SUR and WSUR approaches. With regard to estimator efficiency, the WSUR approach resulted in narrow confidence intervals and an efficiency gain of over 20%. The WSUR approach should be used in forest biomass modeling as it resulted in effective estimators while ensuring equation additivity, thus providing an easy and accurate alternative to estimate the initial biomass of eucalyptus stands in ecophysiological models.
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Yuni Maryati, Yuni Maryati. "MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN ESTIMASI ROUNDING TERHADAP PENJUMLAHAN MELALUI PEMBELAJARAN BERBANTUAN KARTU DAN GARIS BILANGAN PADA SISWA KELAS VB SDN 2 TAMAN SARI LOBAR." Ibtida'iy : Jurnal Prodi PGMI 2, no. 2 (October 31, 2017): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31764/ibtidaiy.v2i2.1046.
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The study was conducted to examine the improving ability of the estimation rounding of the students through assisted card learning and number line to describe the application of assisted learning and the number lines that improve the students rounding estimation’s ability of VB class of 2 Taman Sari State Elementary School, West Lombok.This study used classroom action research. In this case, the researcher had a role as a conduit of action, a key instrument, a reporter of the research results, and an interviewer on the research subjects. The data of this study are in the form of the review of the student test answers and the interviews. The data was collected by researcher by using the student activity observation sheets, field notes, teacher observation sheets, guidelines for scoring test questions, and interviewing guides. The Result of the study shows thatthe application ofassisted card learningandthe number line which canimprove the ability of rounding estimationconsistsof5stages namely:(1) observingthe card and number line, (2) writing down the reasons of estimation in the card,(3) displaying card whichcontainsthe estimation resultan,(4) comparing the estimationrounding,(5) presenting thereasonswiththe card. The criteria of success which was specified by the researcher had been achieved in the second cycle. More detail the percentage of the students who did not make the mistake of the concepts, the calculations, and the procedures was as follows: (1) the percentage of the students who did not make the mistake of the concept was 76%, (2) the percentage of the students who did not make the mistake of the procedures was 70%, and (3) the percentage of the students who did not make the mistake of the calculation was 94% and (4) the percentage of the students who had reached the KKM was 87%.
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Margolis, Robert H. "Magnitude Estimation of Loudness III." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 28, no. 3 (September 1985): 411–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.2803.411.
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Aided and unaided loudness functions for narrow-band noise stimuli were obtained from hearing-impaired listeners with a magnitude estimation procedure. A comparison of aided loudness functions with those obtained from normal-hearing subjects suggests that the hearing aids did not restore normal loudness relations among the spectral components of speech stimuli. Instead, aided loudness functions tend to reflect an interaction between the abnormal loudness growth that frequently characterizes sensorineural hearing loss and the saturation characteristics of the hearing aid.
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Šárová, R., I. Stěhulová, P. Kratinová, P. Firla, and M. Špinka. "Farm managers underestimate lameness prevalence in Czech dairy herds." Animal Welfare 20, no. 2 (May 2011): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600002682.
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AbstractLameness is one of the most serious health and welfare problems faced by dairy cattle. The aim of this study was to assess how aware Czech farm managers were of this problem. The project was carried out on 14 Czech dairy farms. The proportion of lame cows observed (ie prevalence of moderate and severe lameness) on a farm varied between 9 and 64% while the farm managers’ estimation ranged between 0 and 20%, showing that lameness prevalence was under-perceived by the Czech farm managers. There were no correlations between the farm managers’ estimations and the observed total or severe lameness on each farm. Also, the observed prevalence of lameness did not differ between farms with managers who considered lameness to be a major problem in their herds and managers who did not, although their estimations did differ. The large variation in observed lameness prevalence between farms indicates that there is a large potential for reduction, which must start with increasing the farm managers’ awareness of dairy cow lameness.
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Stenling, Andreas, Andreas Ivarsson, Urban Johnson, and Magnus Lindwall. "Bayesian Structural Equation Modeling in Sport and Exercise Psychology." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 37, no. 4 (August 2015): 410–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2014-0330.
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Bayesian statistics is on the rise in mainstream psychology, but applications in sport and exercise psychology research are scarce. In this article, the foundations of Bayesian analysis are introduced, and we will illustrate how to apply Bayesian structural equation modeling in a sport and exercise psychology setting. More specifically, we contrasted a confirmatory factor analysis on the Sport Motivation Scale II estimated with the most commonly used estimator, maximum likelihood, and a Bayesian approach with weakly informative priors for cross-loadings and correlated residuals. The results indicated that the model with Bayesian estimation and weakly informative priors provided a good fit to the data, whereas the model estimated with a maximum likelihood estimator did not produce a well-fitting model. The reasons for this discrepancy between maximum likelihood and Bayesian estimation are discussed as well as potential advantages and caveats with the Bayesian approach.
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Kang, Hyun, and Oh Sang Kweon. "Analysis of Problems in the Heating Temperature Estimation Method by Discoloration of Fire-Damaged Concrete." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 20, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2020.20.6.127.
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In this study, a material heating test was carried out and the results were analyzed. Various variables were employed to identify the limitations of the concrete discoloration discrimination method, a method for estimating the heating temperature. The material heating specimens did not use admixture additives, and various design compressive strengths were employed. After the heating experiment, surface color analysis was performed on the cooled specimens to quantitatively analyze the discoloration state of the concrete according to the exposure temperature. As a result, it was judged that the currently used concrete discoloration discrimination method is inadequate for estimating the heating temperature. Moreover, it was confirmed that the development of a new heating temperature estimation method is necessary.
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Kelley, Samantha R., and Sean D. Tallman. "Population-Inclusive Assigned-Sex-at-Birth Estimation from Skull Computed Tomography Scans." Forensic Sciences 2, no. 2 (March 26, 2022): 321–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci2020024.
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Methods for estimating assigned, binary sex at birth from skeletonized remains have primarily been developed for specific population groups in the U.S. (e.g., African American, European American, Hispanic) and, thus, inherently rely on ancestry estimation as a foundational component for constructing the biological profile. However, ongoing discussions in forensic anthropology highlight pressing issues with ancestry estimation practices. Therefore, this research provides population-inclusive assigned-sex estimation models for cases where ancestry is not estimated or is truly unknown. The study sample (n = 431) includes 3D volume-rendered skull computed tomography scans from the novel New Mexico Decedent Image Database of African, Asian, European, Latin, and Native Americans. Five standard nonmetric traits were scored, and eighteen standard measurements were obtained. Binary logistic regressions and discriminant function analyses were employed to produce models and classification accuracies, and intraobserver reliability was assessed. The population-inclusive nonmetric and metric models produced cross-validated classification accuracies of 81.0–87.0% and 86.7–87.0%, respectively, which did not differ significantly from the accuracy of most population-specific models. Moreover, combined nonmetric and metric models increased accuracy to 88.8–91.6%. This study indicates that population-inclusive assigned-sex estimation models can be used instead of population-specific models in cases where ancestry is intentionally not estimated, given current concerns with ancestry estimation.
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Lagogiannis, Sergios, and Elias Dimitriou. "Discharge Estimation with the Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and Hydraulic Methods in Shallow Rivers." Water 13, no. 20 (October 9, 2021): 2808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13202808.
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Although river discharge is essential hydrologic information, it is often absent, especially for small rivers and remote catchment areas. Practical difficulties frequently impede the installation and operation of gauging stations, while satellite-sensed data have proved to be relatively useful only for discharge estimation of large-scale rivers. In this study, we propose a new methodology based on UAV-sensed data and photogrammetry techniques combined with empirical hydraulic equations for discharge estimation. In addition, two different riverbed particle size distributions were incorporated, to study the effect of fine sediment inclusion (or exclusion) in the estimation process. Accordingly, 17 study sites were selected and six different approaches were applied in each. Results show that at 75% of sites at least one approach produced an accurate discharge estimation, while in 10 out the 17 sites (58.8%) all six approaches produced accurate estimations. A strong correlation between a threshold value for the hydraulic radius (Rh = 0.3 m) of cross-sections and high estimation errors for sites exceeding it was also observed. The fine sediment inclusion improved only the performance of certain approaches and did not have a consistently positive effect. Overall, the relatively high percentage of sites with satisfactory discharge estimates indicates that using UAV-derived data and simple hydraulic equations can be used for this purpose, with an acceptable level of accuracy.
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Vitulli, William F. "A Systematic Replication of Variations in Verbal Content and Delay on Time Estimation and Short-Term Memory." Perceptual and Motor Skills 96, no. 3_suppl (June 2003): 1215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2003.96.3c.1215.
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Vitulli and Nemeth reported in 2001 that among 218 undergraduate volunteers delay of estimation produced significantly longer judgments of time regardless of the verbal passage while short-term memory scores varied as a function of verbal content. In this systematic replication 112 volunteers used three paragraphs audiotaped from a 1998 textbook in general psychology by Baron as stimuli presented for judgment of the passage of time and for short-term memory tests. Addition of control conditions using as stimuli nonsense syllables equal in duration to the three paragraphs did not have an effect contrary to past studies. Yet post hoc tests with nonsense-syllable data removed showed significance between immediate and delayed time estimations consistent with past studies, suggesting boundary conditions for this historically robust effect. Length of segment resulted in significantly different estimations of time as expected. An interaction of short-term memory scores between delay of estimation and content of verbal material showed short-term memory scores were significant between paragraphs and for delay of test (immediate versus delayed).
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Hüssy, Karin, Krzysztof Radtke, Maris Plikshs, Rainer Oeberst, Tatjana Baranova, Uwe Krumme, Rajlie Sjöberg, Yvonne Walther, and Henrik Mosegaard. "Challenging ICES age estimation protocols: lessons learned from the eastern Baltic cod stock." ICES Journal of Marine Science 73, no. 9 (June 18, 2016): 2138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw107.
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Abstract Over the recent decades, the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) has set guidelines for best practise quality control of age estimation procedures. The applicability of these guidelines is assessed by reviewing the ageing issues of eastern Baltic cod (EBC) as a case study. Since the implementation of an age-based assessment of EBC in the beginning of the 1970s, the assessment has been hampered by the quality of the age composition data, in recent years to a degree that age-based assessment is no longer used. The reason for the age reading problems is the low visual contrast between growth zones in the otoliths which seems to be the result of complex interactions of the hydrography in the Baltic Sea with the cod’s biology and behaviour. Over the last 40 years, various expert groups have struggled to document and improve the agreement of age estimation between national otolith readers, standardize methods and age estimations through repeated exchanges and reference collections as well as an internationally agreed manual. Despite these initiatives the precision of the age estimations based on traditional ageing did not improve, with significant bias persisting between and within readers. Additionally, a wide range of alternative methods for deriving the age information necessary for stock assessment and for validation of the true age have been tested. However, these methods did not produce unbiased age estimates over the entire size and age range of the EBC stock. An age-validation is urgently needed. Deviations from the ICES guidelines identified are as follows: (i) the lack of rigorous quality control, particularly the auditing of national trends in age precision over the years using a reference collection and (ii) the implementation of an age error matrix in the stock assessment.
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Moreira Andrade, Vanessa, Thais Uenoyama Dezem, Andreia Cristina Breda de Souza, Casimiro Abreu Possante de Almeida, Luiz Francesquini Junior, and Eduardo Daruge Junior. "Three-Dimensional Radiological Methods for Age Estimation in Adults by Using the Pulp/Tooth Relation: an Integrative Review." Brazilian Journal of Forensic Sciences, Medical Law and Bioethics 10, no. 2 (February 16, 2021): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.17063/bjfs10(2)y202197-110.
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Assessment of secondary dentin apposition is an observable phenomenon widely used to estimate age. An integrative review was performed by searching the keywords "computed tomography AND age estimation AND pulp tooth volume ratio" and "microfocus x-ray AND age estimation AND pulp tooth volume ratio" in the electronic platforms Embase, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science, in July 2020. Studies included: complete articles with age estimation from human teeth by use of computed tomography or micro-computed tomography, written in English, without time restriction. Excluded studies: not written in English or not in form of an article, clinical cases, literature reviews, if did not realize age estimations or if age estimation is done in animals teeth. The search resulted in 32 different articles. With application of the above criteria only 26 were reviewed. Data collected included: reference, year, country, tooth type, number of subjects, number of teeth, age group, image type, measuring instrument/software, type of analysis, coefficient of determination, correlation coefficient with age and accuracy. These data provided a quick global comparison of various methodologies that use the pulp/tooth relation, being practical for researchers and forensic team to which method they can use accordingly to a specific case and its expected accuracy.
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Yu, Long, and Zhongqing Su. "Application of Kernel Density Estimation in Lamb Wave-Based Damage Detection." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/406521.
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The present work concerns the estimation of the probability density function (p.d.f.) of measured data in the Lamb wave-based damage detection. Although there was a number of research work which focused on the consensus algorithm of combining all the results of individual sensors, the p.d.f. of measured data, which was the fundamental part of the probability-based method, was still given by experience in existing work. Based on the analysis about the noise-induced errors in measured data, it was learned that the type of distribution was related with the level of noise. In the case of weak noise, the p.d.f. of measured data could be considered as the normal distribution. The empirical methods could give satisfied estimating results. However, in the case of strong noise, the p.d.f. was complex and did not belong to any type of common distribution function. Nonparametric methods, therefore, were needed. As the most popular nonparametric method, kernel density estimation was introduced. In order to demonstrate the performance of the kernel density estimation methods, a numerical model was built to generate the signals of Lamb waves. Three levels of white Gaussian noise were intentionally added into the simulated signals. The estimation results showed that the nonparametric methods outperformed the empirical methods in terms of accuracy.
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Hogan, Thomas P., and Christina A. Parlapiano. "Personality Factors Related to Quantitative Estimation Skill: Confirmation and Extension." Psychological Reports 103, no. 1 (August 2008): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.103.1.189-198.
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The relationships of two measures of quantitative estimation skill, computational estimation and numerosity estimation, were examined with the 16 PF Global Factors corresponding to the Big Five personality dimensions in a sample of 80 college students. Correlations of Computational Estimation with the 16 PF scores confirmed findings from a previous study which used the NEO-Five Factor Inventory as a measure of the Big Five, specifically showing that Computational Estimation correlated significantly with the 16 PF's Independence factor. Numerosity Estimation did not correlate significantly with any of the 16 PF Global Factors or with any of the ability measures (Computational Estimation, SAT Verbal, SAT Mathematics, and self-rated mathematics ability) used in the study.
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Blom, Paul E., and Julie M. Tarara. "Trellis Tension Monitoring Improves Yield Estimation in Vineyards." HortScience 44, no. 3 (June 2009): 678–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.44.3.678.
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Most yield estimation practices for commercial vineyards are based on longstanding but individually variable industry protocols that rely on hand-sampling fruit on one or a small number of dates during the growing season. Limitations associated with the static nature of yield estimation may be overcome by deployment of trellis tension monitors (TTMs), systems that provide dynamic measurement of changes in the tension of the main trellis support wire. In 10 commercial vineyards from which two commercial juice processors annually collect data to derive yield estimates, TTMs were installed. Processor and TTM data were subjected to three permutations of the basic linear computational approach to estimating yield and their accuracies evaluated given known harvested yield at various spatial scales. On average, TTM data produced more accurate estimates of actual yield than did the computational protocols of the juice processors. There was high vineyard-to-vineyard variability in the accuracy of the estimate under all approaches, even from those permutations designed to match the spatial scale of the data collected for yield estimation with the spatial scale of the actual harvested yield. The processor protocols appear to be more sensitive than the TTM approach to the selection of the antecedent years used for comparison with the current year's data. Trellis tension monitoring may be useful to supplant traditional, labor-intensive yield estimation practices or to supplement longstanding practices with real-time information that can be applied to dynamic revision of static yield estimates.
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Shim, Yun Taek, Ye Hwon Jeong, Yi-Suk Kim, Nahyun Aum, Seung Gyu Choi, Se-Min Oh, Ji Hwan Park, Dong Yeong Kim, and Hyung Nam Koo. "Estimation of Forensic Sex Based on Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Skull in Korean: Non-metric Study." Korean Journal of Legal Medicine 45, no. 3 (August 31, 2021): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7580/kjlm.2021.45.3.79.
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This study performed the forensic anthropological sex estimation of Koreans in a non-metric way by reconstructing three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) images of skulls. The skull CT images used in this study were 100 (51 males, 49 females), and all CT images were taken with a slice thickness of 0.75 mm and then reconstructed into 3D images using the MIMICS 23.0 program. Using the reconstructed 3D image, measurements were repeated twice. The sex determination was male if the 4 point to 5 point was relatively more in five landmarks, and female if the points of 1 to 2 were relatively more. Results of the study show that, 88 of the 100 cases matched the actual sex. Among the 12 discrepant cases, ten cases were mismatched with the actual sex even though the estimation and repeated estimation readout of sexestimating were the same. Two cases, were “unknown,” showing different sexes in the first and repeated estimations. In conclusion, this study indicated that a forensic anthropological analysis from 3D images provided accurate point information on the landmarks of skulls, showing as high an accuracy as the sex estimation method using real bones. The ten cases of sex mismatch, except the two “Unknown” cases, are considered to be errors that did not consider differences in population groups. In further studies, further establishing a nonmetric, specifically Korean methods to increase the accuracy and reliability of sex estimation is need.
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Setiawan, Kuncoro Teguh, Nana Suwargana, Devica Natalia Br. Ginting, Masita Dwi Mandini Manessa, Nanin Anggraini, Syifa Wismayati Adawiah, Atriyon Julzarika, Surahman Surahman, Syamsu Rosid, and Agustinus Harsono Supardjo. "BATHYMETRY EXTRACTION FROM SPOT 7 SATELLITE IMAGERY USING RANDOM FOREST METHODS." International Journal of Remote Sensing and Earth Sciences (IJReSES) 16, no. 1 (October 23, 2019): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30536/j.ijreses.2019.v16.a3085.
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The scope of this research is the application of the random forest method to SPOT 7 data to produce bathymetry information for shallow waters in Indonesia. The study aimed to analyze the effect of base objects in shallow marine habitats on estimating bathymetry from SPOT 7 satellite imagery. SPOT 7 satellite imagery of the shallow sea waters of Gili Matra, West Nusa Tenggara Province was used in this research. The estimation of bathymetry was carried out using two in-situ depth-data modifications, in the form of a random forest algorithm used both without and with benthic habitats (coral reefs, seagrass, macroalgae, and substrates). For bathymetry estimation from SPOT 7 data, the first modification (without benthic habitats) resulted in a 90.2% coefficient of determination (R2) and 1.57 RMSE, while the second modification (with benthic habitats) resulted in an 85.3% coefficient of determination (R2) and 2.48 RMSE. This research showed that the first modification achieved slightly better results than the second modification; thus, the benthic habitat did not significantly influence bathymetry estimation from SPOT 7 imagery.
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Zulfiu Alili, Merita, and Nick Adnett. "Did FDI increase wage inequality in transition economies?" International Journal of Social Economics 45, no. 9 (September 10, 2018): 1283–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-09-2017-0373.
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Purpose The last two decades have been characterised by a rise in income and wage inequality in a wide range of countries, including European transition countries. The rise in globalisation is one major factor explaining this increasing wage inequality. International trade and FDI have increased significantly since the beginning of transition and the purpose of this paper is to focus on whether FDI plays an important role in explaining the pattern of wage inequality in selected transition countries. Design/methodology/approach A cross-country empirical investigation has been conducted using two alternative measures of wage inequality: the Gini coefficient and the Theil index. Several model specifications and estimation strategies have been employed to obtain consistent estimates and to check for the robustness of the results. Findings The results indicate that a rising share of inward FDI in gross domestic product (GDP) increased wage inequality in transition economies, though its overall effect was relatively small. Considering the long run, there is no clear evidence of a concave relationship between FDI and wage inequality, which may be a consequence of the relatively low levels of FDI in many transition countries. Practical implications Inwards FDI has made a small contribution to increasing wage inequality in European transition economies. However, its overall beneficial effects on labour markets in these countries suggest that rather than restricting FDI governments should target increasing the supply of skilled labour. Originality/value This new empirical evidence supports the hypothesis that an increased inward FDI stock as a share of GDP increases wage inequality in transition economies, however, this relationship is a complex one. Differences in average wages, wage differentials, employment shares of skilled workers and relative size of the foreign-owned sector are all likely to be important for the behaviour of wage inequality.
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Custódio, Adriano Augusto de Paiva, Edson Ampélio Pozza, Sarah da Silva Costa Guimarães, Érika Sayuri Maneti Koshikumo, Julián Maurício Agredo Hoyos, and Paulo Estevão de Souza. "Comparison and validation of diagrammatic scales for brown eye spots in coffee tree leaves." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 35, no. 6 (December 2011): 1067–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542011000600005.
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A diagrammatic scale with six levels (0.1-3.0; 3.1-6.0; 6.1-12.0; 12.1-18.0;18.1-30.0; 30.1-49.0%) was developed, compared, and evaluated along with two other scales to measure the severity of brown eye spots in coffee trees leaves. The scale was designed based on two others already in use in order to increase the efficiency of evaluation and for estimation values to approach as close as possible to their actual values. Two evaluations were performed using each of the three diagrammatic scales and one was performed without a diagrammatic scale, in seven day intervals. Using the proposed scale, the evaluators demonstrated better precision levels, accuracy, reproducibility, and repeatability in the estimations, when compared to the evaluators who did not use the diagrammatic scale, or who used existing scales. The proposed diagrammatic scale provided a reliable estimation to evaluate brown eye spot severity on coffee tree leaves.
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Adedia, David, Atinuke O. Adebanji, and Simon Kojo Appiah. "Comparative Analysis of Some Structural Equation Model Estimation Methods with Application to Coronary Heart Disease Risk." Journal of Probability and Statistics 2020 (September 22, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4181426.
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This study compared a ridge maximum likelihood estimator to Yuan and Chan (2008) ridge maximum likelihood, maximum likelihood, unweighted least squares, generalized least squares, and asymptotic distribution-free estimators in fitting six models that show relationships in some noncommunicable diseases. Uncontrolled hypertension has been shown to be a leading cause of coronary heart disease, kidney dysfunction, and other negative health outcomes. It poses equal danger when asymptomatic and undetected. Research has also shown that it tends to coexist with diabetes mellitus (DM), with the presence of DM doubling the risk of hypertension. The study assessed the effect of obesity, type II diabetes, and hypertension on coronary risk and also the existence of converse relationship with structural equation modelling (SEM). The results showed that the two ridge estimators did better than other estimators. Nonconvergence occurred for most of the models for asymptotic distribution-free estimator and unweighted least squares estimator whilst generalized least squares estimator had one nonconvergence of results. Other estimators provided competing outputs, but unweighted least squares estimator reported unreliable parameter estimates such as large chi-square test statistic and root mean square error of approximation for Model 3. The maximum likelihood family of estimators did better than others like asymptotic distribution-free estimator in terms of overall model fit and parameter estimation. Also, the study found that increase in obesity could result in a significant increase in both hypertension and coronary risk. Diastolic blood pressure and diabetes have significant converse effects on each other. This implies those who are hypertensive can develop diabetes and vice versa.
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Xing, Qiang, Zhen Dong Dai, and Hao Wang. "A Method of Rapid Position Estimation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 461 (November 2013): 781–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.461.781.
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Initiation of insect’s optomotor reaction, researchers developed the element movement detector (EMD) in motion detection. The detector can estimate the motion parameters of the moving target quickly in 2-D spatial orientation, such as angular velocity and angular rotation. Based on the function of compound eyes, we promoted a fast positioning EMD model. It has the ability in positioning in 3-D spatial orientation with wide field of view (FOV). And then we did some experiments to verify that the positioning algorithm had higher estimation accuracy of position in time.
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Ogana, Friday Nwabueze. "A percentile-based estimator for the log-logistic function: Application to forestry." Forestry Studies 72, no. 1 (September 18, 2020): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2020-0009.
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AbstractDeveloping a simplified estimation method without compromising the performance of the distribution is germane to forest modelling. Few estimation methods exist for the Log-Logistic distribution and are relatively complex. A simplified estimator for the Log-Logistic parameters will increase its application in diameter distribution yield systems. Therefore, in this study, a percentile-based estimator was applied for the Log-Logistic distribution. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Anderson-Darling and Cramer-von Mises statistics were used to evaluate the method in two natural forest stands and two monospecific plantations of Gmelina arborea Roxb. and Tectona grandis Linn. f. in Nigeria. The parameter recovery model (PRM) and parameter prediction model (PPM) were used to predict the diameter distributions of independent stands of G. arborea and T. grandis. The results showed that the percentile estimator did not compromise the quality of fits of the Log-Logistic function across the four forest stands and are comparable to the maximum likelihood estimator. The 25th and 75th, and 40th and 80th were the best sample percentiles for the estimator. The predicted diameter distributions of G. arborea and T. grandis stands from the PRM and PPM were reasonable and compare well with the observed distribution. Thus, either of the models can be incorporated into the growth and yield system of forest stand management.
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O’Neal, Eric, Tara Boy, Brett Davis, Kelly Pritchett, Robert Pritchett, Svetlana Nepocatych, and Katherine Black. "Post-Exercise Sweat Loss Estimation Accuracy of Athletes and Physically Active Adults: A Review." Sports 8, no. 8 (August 11, 2020): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports8080113.
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The main purposes of this review were to provide a qualitative description of nine investigations in which sweat losses were estimated by participants following exercise and to perform a quantitative analysis of the collective data. Unique estimations (n = 297) were made by 127 men and 116 women after a variety of exercise modalities in moderate to hot environmental conditions. Actual sweat loss exceeded estimated sweat loss (p < 0.001) for women (1.072 ± 0.473 vs. 0.481 ± 0.372 L), men (1.778 ± 0.907 vs. 0.908 ± 0.666 L) and when all data were combined (1.428 ± 0.806 vs. 0.697 ± 0.581 L), respectively. However, estimation accuracy did not differ between women (55.2 ± 51.5%) and men (62.4 ± 54.5%). Underestimation of 50% or more of sweat losses were exhibited in 168 (54%) of estimation scenarios with heavier sweaters displaying a higher prevalence and trend of greater underestimations in general. Most modern guidelines for fluid intake during and between training bouts are based on approximate sweat loss estimation knowledge. These guidelines will likely have minimal efficacy if greater awareness of how to determine sweat losses and accurate recognition of sweat losses is not increased by coaches and athletes.
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Lobo, Gerald J., and Jian Zhou. "Did Conservatism in Financial Reporting Increase after the Sarbanes-Oxley Act? Initial Evidence." Accounting Horizons 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 57–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/acch.2006.20.1.57.
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In this paper, we investigate the change in managerial discretion over financial reporting following the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (hereafter SOX). We document an increase in conservatism in financial reporting following SOX and the resulting requirement by the SEC that financial statements be certified by firms' CEOs and CFOs. First, we find that firms report lower discretionary accruals after SOX than in the period preceding SOX. Second, based on the Basu (1997) measure of conservatism, we find that firms incorporate losses more quickly than gains when they report income in the post-SOX period. These results are obtained with alternative estimation and measurement approaches and after controlling for potentially confounding variables. This empirical evidence suggests that SOX and the resultant SEC certification requirement may have altered management's discretionary reporting behavior to make it more conservative.
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Collischon, Matthias. "Methods to Estimate Causal Effects. An Overview on IV, DiD and RDD and a Guide on How to Apply them in Practice." Soziale Welt 73, no. 4 (2022): 713–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0038-6073-2022-4-713.
Full textAbstract:
The identification of causal effects has gained increasing attention in social sciences over the last years and this trend also has found its way into sociology, albeit on a relatively small scale. This article provides an overview of three methods to identify causal effects that are rarely used in sociology: instrumental variable (IV) regression, difference-in-differences (DiD), and regression discontinuity design (RDD). I provide intuitive introductions to these methods, discuss identifying assumptions, limitations of the methods, promising extension, and present an exemplary study for each estimation method that can serve as a benchmark when applying these estimation techniques. Furthermore, the supplemental material to this article contains Stata and R syntax that shows with simulated data how to apply these techniques in practice.
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Surya, Sumukh, Vinicius Marcis, and Sheldon Williamson. "Core Temperature Estimation for a Lithium ion 18650 Cell." Energies 14, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14010087.
Full textAbstract:
This paper deals with the estimation of core temperature (Tc) of a Lithium (Li) ion battery using measured ambient and surface temperatures. The temperatures were measured using thermocouples placed at appropriate locations. A second order thermal model was considered for the core temperature (Tc) estimation. A set of coupled linear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) were obtained by applying Kirchhoff’s current and voltage laws to the thermal model. The coupled ODEs were redefined in the discrete state space representation. The thermal model did not account for small changes in surface temperature (Ts). MATLAB/Simulink were used for modelling a Kalman filter with appropriate process and measurement noise levels. It was found that the temperatures closely followed the current patterns. For high currents, Tc dominated the surface temperature by about 3 K. Tc estimation plays a very important role in designing an effective thermal management and maintaining the state of health (SOH) during fast discharges under limits. Most of the battery management system (BMS) applications required Ts as the input to the controller. Hence, an inverse calculation for estimating Ts from known Tc was carried out and found to be reasonably accurate. It was found that the thermal parameter Cs played a major role in the accuracy of Ts prediction and must have low values to minimize errors.
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Ruel, Jean-Claude, and Daniel Pin. "Windthrow Along Electrical Distribution Lines in a Rural Setting." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 19, no. 5 (September 1, 1993): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1993.043.
Full textAbstract:
A blowdown survey was conducted along electrical distribution lines in a rural setting in order to identify the most important variables in estimating blowdown hazard. The variables usually involved in such an estimation did not prove very powerful in explaining blowdown density. In fact, blowdown was more related to the vegetation characteristics, namely size, species and vigour. This can be explained by an overriding effect of those characteristics in poorly managed stands that can be overmature and of low vigour. Specific studies are then needed to include those variables in blowdown hazard assessment.