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Journal articles on the topic 'Dicynodontes'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 May 2024

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1

Fröbisch, Jörg. "Locomotion in derived dicynodonts (Synapsida, Anomodontia): a functional analysis of the pelvic girdle and hind limb of Tetragonias njalilus." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 43, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 1297–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e06-031.

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A general locomotor model for derived dicynodont anomodonts is proposed on the basis of a functional analysis of the pelvic girdle and entire hind limb of the medium-sized Middle Triassic dicynodont Tetragonias njalilus. The joint mobility of the hind limb is examined, and a hind limb step cycle is reconstructed. The data provided in this case study indicate that Tetragonias adopted a highly adducted (upright) hind limb posture during stance and most of its stride. Nevertheless, lateral undulation of the vertebral column must also have contributed to the locomotion of dicynodonts. Character optimization of the traits associated with an upright posture of the hind limb shows a gradual evolution of dicynodont locomotion. The evolution of an upright hind limb posture has occurred several times independently in a number of amniote clades. Within synapsids, the Anomodontia, Dinocephalia, and Theriodontia acquired a parasagittal hind limb gait already as early as the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic, prior to its evolution in mammals. This phenomenon has previously been explained as being related to an increase in body size as a response to increased biomechanical stress on the limb. This scenario appears plausible with respect to dicynodonts because of the occurrence of megaherbivore-sized taxa in the Triassic, but this study shows that a parasagittal gait had already evolved in the medium-sized basal kannemeyeriiform Tetragonias. Therefore, the vertical support of the body by the hind limbs in medium-sized dicynodonts could have allowed the evolution of the large Triassic taxa in the first place.

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2

Lucas, Spencer G. "Barysoma lenzii (Synapsida: Dicynodontia) from the Middle Triassic of Brazil, a synonym of Stahleckeria potens." Journal of Paleontology 67, no. 2 (March 1993): 318–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000032285.

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Huene (1935) first reported dicynodonts from the Triassic Santa Maria Formation of southern Brazil. Most common are specimens of Dinodontosaurus from localities near Chiniquà (Chiniquà local fauna) and near Candelaria (Candelaria local fauna) in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The other Middle Triassic dicynodont found near Chiniquà is the huge (about 3 m body length) Stahleckeria potens, and an equally large Middle Triassic dicynodont, Barysoma lenzii, is known from near Candelaria. A fourth, supposed Santa Maria Formation dicynodont, Jachaleria candelariensis (Araújo and Gonzaga, 1990), is actually from a younger, Upper Triassic, horizon of the Caturrita Formation near Candelaria (Bonaparte, 1982). Here, I argue that Barysoma lenzii is a junior subjective synonym of Stahleckeria potens and discuss the biochronological significance of this synonymy.

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3

Griffin, Christopher T., and Kenneth D. Angielczyk. "The evolution of the dicynodont sacrum: constraint and innovation in the synapsid axial column." Paleobiology 45, no. 1 (February 2019): 201–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pab.2018.49.

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AbstractConstraint is a universal feature of morphological evolution. The vertebral column of synapsids (mammals and their close relatives) is a classic example of this phenotypic restriction, with greatly reduced variation in the number of vertebrae compared with the sauropsid lineage. Synapsids generally possess only three sacral vertebrae, which articulate with the ilium and play a key role in locomotion. Dicynodont anomodonts are the exception to this rule, possessing seven or more sacral vertebrae while reaching a range of body sizes rivaled among synapsids only by therian mammals. Here we explore the evolution of this unusual sacral morphology in dicynodonts by (1) hypothesizing homologies of the additional sacral vertebrae, (2) using ancestral state reconstruction and phylogenetic regressions (e.g., logistic regression, Poisson regression) to track the coevolution of sacral count and body size, and (3) proposing mechanisms by which additional sacral vertebrae were incorporated during dicynodont evolution. We find that sacral vertebral morphology covaries with sacral count in consistent ways across dicynodonts, implying that sacra with a given number of vertebrae are composed of homologous elements. There is a correlation between increased sacral count and larger body size, especially at the shift from four to five sacrals near the origin of Bidentalia. Based on position, morphology, and the consistent number of presacral vertebrae among dicynodonts, we hypothesize that the additional sacrals anterior to the plesiomorphic three are duplications of the first sacral, and that a single caudosacral was incorporated by a shift in the identity of the anteriormost caudal vertebra. Although changes in sacral count appear to be correlated with shifts in body size in dicynodonts, the evolution of general morphological conservativism in the synapsid sacrum remains to be further explored.

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4

Sulej, Tomasz, Robert Bronowicz, Mateusz Tałanda, and Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki. "A new dicynodont–archosaur assemblage from the Late Triassic (Carnian) of Poland." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 101, no. 3-4 (September 2010): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691011020123.

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ABSTRACTThis paper reports a new assemblage from the Late Triassic (mid–late Carnian) at Woźniki near Częstochowa (Poland). The Woźniki vertebrate assemblage is similar to that of Lisowice–Lipie Śląskie, a new locality bearing vertebrates from latest Triassic (latest Norian–early Rhaetian) strata of southern Poland, in the presence of dicynodonts, shark spines, plagiosaurs and a cyclotosaur, but conchostracans and bivalves are similar to those from the Krasiejów site (late Carnian). The most complete specimen from Woźniki belongs to a dicynodont, and consists of cranial and postcranial bones of a single individual. It demonstrates that large dicynodonts were part of the Late Triassic vertebrate assemblage in Central Europe. Numerous tetrapod tracks and traces are associated with skeletal fossils at Woźniki.

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5

Modesto, Sean P., Bruce S. Rubidge, and Johann Welman. "A new dicynodont therapsid from the lowermost Beaufort Group, Upper Permian of South Africa." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 39, no. 12 (December 1, 2002): 1755–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e02-091.

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Two fragmentary skulls from the Upper Permian Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone (Abrahamskraal Formation, Beaufort Group) in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, represent a new dicynodont taxon. Lanthanocephalus mohoii gen. et sp. nov. is distinguished from other dicynodonts by the presence of a conspicuous laterally facing excavation on the dorsal surface of the postfrontal, by dorsal expansions of the supraoccipital that contact the parietals, and by extensive ossification of the lateral wall of the braincase. Lanthanocephalus features several characters that are suggestive of a close relationship with Endothiodon. These include a transversely narrow intertemporal region, the presence of a pineal boss, and the presence of a distinct boss on the ventral margin of the jugal. Cladistic analysis of a modified data matrix from the literature supports the hypothesis of a sister-group relationship between Lanthanocephalus and Endothiodon. However, this grouping and most others found in the analysis collapse with one extra step, weaknesses that underscore the need for further research on dicynodonts and other non-mammalian synapsids.

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6

Kammerer, Christian F., and Roger M. H. Smith. "An early geikiid dicynodont from theTropidostomaAssemblage Zone (late Permian) of South Africa." PeerJ 5 (January 31, 2017): e2913. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2913.

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Based on specimens previously identified asTropidostoma, a new taxon of dicynodont (Bulbasaurus phylloxyrongen. et sp. nov.) from the Karoo Basin of South Africa is described.Bulbasaurusis a medium-sized dicynodont (maximum dorsal skull length 16.0 cm) restricted to theTropidostomaAssemblage Zone (early Lopingian) of the Beaufort Group.Bulbasauruscan be distinguished fromTropidostomaby an array of characters including the presence of a tall, sharp premaxillary ridge, large, rugose, nearly-confluent nasal bosses, a nasofrontal ridge, massive tusks, robust pterygoids, prominently twisted subtemporal bar, and absence of a distinct postfrontal. Inclusion ofBulbasaurusin a phylogenetic analysis of anomodont therapsids recovers it as a member of Geikiidae, a clade of otherwise later Permian dicynodonts such asAulacephalodonandPelanomodon.Bulbasaurusexhibits many of the characters typical of adultAulacephalodon, but at substantially smaller skull size (these characters are absent in comparably-sizedAulacephalodonjuveniles), suggesting that the evolution of typical geikiid morphology preceded gigantism in the clade.Bulbasaurusis the earliest known geikiid and the only member of the group known from theTropidostomaAssemblage Zone; discovery of this taxon shortens a perplexing ghost lineage and indicates that abundant clades from the later Permian of South Africa (e.g., Geikiidae, Dicynodontoidea) may have originated as rare components of earlier Karoo assemblage zones.

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7

Angielczyk, Kenneth D. "Redescription, phylogenetic position, and stratigraphic significance of the dicynodont genus Odontocyclops (Synapsida: Anomodontia)." Journal of Paleontology 76, no. 6 (November 2002): 1047–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000057863.

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The dicynodont anomodont Odontocyclops whaitsi, from the Late Permian Madumabisa Mudstone of Zambia, is redescribed and its phylogenetic relationships are considered. The genus is characterized by a two autapomorphies, elongate nasal bosses and a concave dorsal surface of the snout; it also possesses wide exposure of the parietals on the intertemporal skull roof, the presence of a postcaniniform crest, the absence of a labial fossa, and the presence of a dorsal process on the anterior ramus of the epipterygoid footplate. In addition, newly recognized specimens collected in South Africa extend the known geographic range of the genus and allow description of the humerus and scapula for the first time. Cladistic analysis of a data set including Odontocyclops and 18 other well-known South African dicynodont genera does not support the hypothesis that Odontocyclops is a close relative of Dicynodon or of Triassic dicynodonts such as Kannemeyeria. Instead, a close relationship with Oudenodon and Rhachiocephalus is proposed. The presence of Odontocyclops in South Africa and Zambia makes it potentially valuable for more precise biostratigraphic correlation between the sediments of the Karoo Basin and the Luangwa Valley.

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8

Shi, Yu-Tai, and Jun Liu. "The tetrapod fauna of the upper Permian Naobaogou Formation of China: 10. Jimusaria monanensis sp. nov. (Dicynodontia) shows a unique epipterygoid." PeerJ 11 (July 31, 2023): e15783. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15783.

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Jimusaria is the first reported Chinese dicynodont, previously only known from Xinjiang. Here we refer two specimens from the Naobaogou Formation, Nei Mongol, China to Jimusaria based on the following features: squamosal separated from supraoccipital by tabular, tabular contacting opisthotic, sharp and thin lateral dentary shelf expanding anteriorly into a thick swelling, nasals fused as single element, rod-like medial bar formed by footplate of epipterygoid connecting to the parabasisphenoid and periotic medially. A new species, J. monanensis, is named based on the diagnostic characters on these two specimens such as distinct caniniform buttress lacking posteroventral furrow, naso-frontal suture forming an anterior directed sharp angle, and converging ventral ridges on posterior portion of anterior pterygoid rami. In Jimusaria, the epipterygoid posteromedially contacts the parabasisphenoid and the periotic as a rod-like bar, a unique morphology unknown in any other dicynodonts. This structure probably increases the stability of the palatal complex. A similar structure might also appear in other dicynodonts as a cartilage connection. The new occurrence of Jimusaria increases the diversity of the tetrapod assemblage from the Naobaogou Formation, and further strengthens the connection between the tetrapod faunas from Nei Mongol and Xinjiang. Based on the current record, Jimusaria is one of the few tetrapod genera which survived in the end-Permian mass extinction.

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9

Day, M. O., and R. M. H. Smith. "Biostratigraphy of the Endothiodon Assemblage Zone (Beaufort Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 123, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 165–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.123.0011.

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Abstract The Endothiodon Assemblage Zone is the third oldest tetrapod biozone of the Beaufort Group (Adelaide Subgroup, Karoo Supergroup). It is situated between the underlying Tapinocephalus and overlying Cistecephalus assemblage zones and in the southwestern part of the basin corresponds to the majority of the Poortjie and Hoedemaker members of the Teekloof Formation. It is characterised by the dicynodont genus Endothiodon, especially in the lower part of assemblage zone, and records early ecosystem recovery from the Capitanian mass extinction. It also contains the lowest occurrence in the Karoo Basin of cynodont therapsids, eutherocephalians, bidentalian dicynodonts, and diapsids. The biozone reaches a maximum thickness of around 250 m in the southwestern part of the basin. We propose a two-fold subdivision into a lower Lycosuchus - Eunotosaurus Subzone (equivalent to the upper two-thirds of the former Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone) and an upper Tropidostoma - Gorgonops Subzone (equivalent to the former Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone), with the contact deﬁned by the ﬁrst appearance of Tropidostoma dubium. The Endothiodon Assemblage Zone is terminated by the ﬁrst appearance of Aulacephalodon bainii.

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10

Kammerer, Christian F. "Revision of the Tanzanian dicynodont Dicynodon huenei (Therapsida: Anomodontia) from the Permian Usili Formation." PeerJ 7 (August 22, 2019): e7420. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7420.

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A single species of the dicynodontoid dicynodont Dicynodon is currently recognized from the late Permian Usili Formation of Tanzania: Dicynodon huenei Haughton, 1932. Restudy of the known Tanzanian materials of D. huenei demonstrates that they represent two distinct morphotypes, here considered separate taxa. The holotype of D. huenei is not referable to Dicynodon and instead is transferred to the genus Daptocephalus (but retained as a valid species, Daptocephalus huenei comb. nov.). A number of published dicynodontoid specimens from the Usili Formation, however, are referable to Dicynodon, and are here recognized as a new species (Dicynodon angielczyki sp. nov.) Dicynodon angielczyki can be distinguished from its South African congener Dicynodon lacerticeps by the presence of an expansion of the squamosal and jugal beneath the postorbital bar and a curved, posterolateral expansion of the squamosal behind the temporal fenestra. Inclusion of Dicynodon angielczyki and D. huenei in a phylogenetic analysis supports their referral to Dicynodon and Daptocephalus (respectively). These results indicate higher basinal endemism in large late Permian dicynodonts than previously thought, a sharp contrast to the cosmopolitanism in the group in the earliest Triassic.

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11

Smith, R. M. H. "Biostratigraphy of the Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone (Beaufort Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 123, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.123.0013.

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Abstract The late Permian (Lopingian) Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone (CiAZ) of the Karoo Supergroup in South Africa has recently been radiometrically-dated to range from 256 to 255 My. It encompasses approximately one million years of the late Wuchiapingian epoch, at a time when the ancient intra-continental lowlands of southern Gondwana had fully recovered from the end-Guadalupian mass extinction. The diverse Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone fauna is dominated by the small herbivorous dicynodonts Diictodon, Pristerodon and the molelike Cistecephalus, along with a range of larger dicynodont herbivores including Oudenodon, Aulacephalodon, Rhachiocephalus, Dinanomodon and rare Endothiodon. The attendant large carnivores include the gorgonopsians Aelurognathus, Rubidgea, and Smilesaurus, while smaller carnivores are represented by eutherocephalians (e.g., Ictidosuchoides, Ictidosuchops) and small gorgonopsians (e.g., Aloposaurus, Scylacocephalus). Of the parareptiles, the large-bodied taxon Pareiasaurus is most common, with the diminutive pareiasaurs Anthodon, Nanoparia, and Pumiliopareia making their first appearance. Lithostratigraphically, the biozone for the most part coincides with the arenaceous Oukloof and lower Steenkampsvlakte members in the western sub-basin and the equivalent Oudeberg and lower Daggaboersnek members in the east, where it reaches its maximum thickness of 300 m. The Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone thins westwards to 120 m at Teekloof Pass, and eastwards to approximately 100 m near the town of Fort Beaufort.

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12

Savatier, François. "Dicynodonte massif." Pour la Science N° 495 - janvier, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 13a. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/pls.495.0013a.

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13

Kurkin, A. A. "Dicynodontids of Eastern Europe." Paleontological Journal 46, no. 2 (March 2012): 187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s003103011201008x.

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14

Kammerer, Christian F., and Maria de los Angeles Ordoñez. "Dicynodonts (Therapsida: Anomodontia) of South America." Journal of South American Earth Sciences 108 (June 2021): 103171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103171.

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15

Young, C. C. "On the Triassic Dicynodonts from Shansi*." Bulletin of the Geological Society of China 17, no. 3-4 (May 29, 2009): 393–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6724.1937.mp173-4011.x.

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16

Kurkin, A. A. "Late Permian dicynodonts of Eastern Europe." Paleontological Journal 44, no. 6 (November 2010): 672–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0031030110060092.

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17

Thulborn, Tony. "The dicynodonts, A study in palaeobiology." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 91, no. 1-2 (January 1992): 194–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(92)90052-7.

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18

Clack, J. A. "The dicynodonts: A study in palaeobiology." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 5, no. 11 (November 1990): 376–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(90)90106-n.

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19

Pearson, Helga S. "A Dicynodont Reptile Reconstructed." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 94, no. 3 (August 21, 2009): 827–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1924.tb03317.x.

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20

YOUNG, C. C. "Additional Dicynodontia Remains from Sinkiang*." Bulletin of the Geological Society of China 19, no. 2 (May 29, 2009): 111–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6724.1939.mp19002001.x.

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21

Citton, Paolo, Ignacio Díaz-Martínez, Silvina de Valais, and Carlos Cónsole-Gonella. "Triassic pentadactyl tracks from the Los Menucos Group (Río Negro province, Patagonia Argentina): possible constraints on the autopodial posture of Gondwanan trackmakers." PeerJ 6 (August 7, 2018): e5358. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5358.

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The Los Menucos locality in Patagonia, Argentina, bears a well-known ichnofauna mostly documented by small therapsid footprints. Within this ichnofauna, large pentadactyl footprints are also represented but to date were relatively underinvestigated. These footprints are here analyzed and discussed based on palaeobiological indications (i.e., trackmaker identification). High resolution digital photogrammetry method was performed to achieve a more objective representation of footprint three-dimensional morphologies. The footprints under study are compared withPentasauropusfrom the Upper Triassic lower Elliot Formation (Stormberg Group) of the Karoo Basin (Lesotho, southern Africa). Some track features suggest a therapsid-grade synapsid as the potential trackmaker, to be sought among anomodont dicynodonts (probably Kannemeyeriiformes). While the interpretation of limb posture in the producer ofPentasauropustracks from the Los Menucos locality agrees with those described from the dicynodont body fossil record, the autopodial posture does not completely agree. The relative distance between the impression of the digital (ungual) bases and the distal edge of the pad trace characterizing the studied tracks likely indicates a subunguligrade foot posture (i.e., standing on the last and penultimate phalanges) in static stance, but plantiportal (i.e., the whole foot skeleton and related soft tissues are weight-bearing) during the dynamics of locomotion. The reconstructed posture might have implied an arched configuration of the articulated metapodials and at least of the proximal phalanges, as well as little movement capabilities of the metapodials. Usually, a subunguligrade-plantiportal autopod has been described for gigantic animals (over six hundreds kilograms of body weight) to obtain an efficient management of body weight. Nevertheless, this kind of autopod is described here for large but not gigantic animals, as the putative trackmakers ofPentasauropuswere. This attribution implies that such an autopodial structure was promoted independently from the body size in the putative trackmakers. From an evolutionary point of view, subunguligrade-plantiportal autopods not necessarily must be related with an increase in body size, but rather the increase in body size requires a subunguligrade or unguligrade, plantiportal foot. Chronostratigraphically,Pentasauropuswas reported from Upper Triassic deposits of South Africa and United States, and from late Middle Triassic and Upper Triassic deposits of Argentina. Based on the stratigraphic distribution of the ichnogenus currently accepted, a Late Triassic age is here proposed for thePentasauropus-bearing levels of the Los Menucos Group.

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22

Olivier, Chloe, Bernard Battail, Sylvie Bourquin, Camille Rossignol, J. Sebastien Steyer, and Nour-Eddine Jalil. "New dicynodonts (Therapsida, Anomodontia) from near the Permo-Triassic boundary of Laos: implications for dicynodont survivorship across the Permo-Triassic mass extinction and the paleobiogeography of Southeast Asian blocks." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 39, no. 2 (March 4, 2019): e1584745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2019.1584745.

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23

Allin, Edgar F. "The Dicynodonts: A Study in Palaeobiology. Gillian King." Journal of Geology 100, no. 4 (July 1992): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/629601.

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24

Walter, Laurie. "Gillian King: The Dicynodonts: A Study in Palaeobiology." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 11, no. 2 (June 20, 1991): 261–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1991.10011394.

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25

KING, GILLIAN M., and BRUCE S. RUBIDGE. "A taxonomic revision of small dicynodonts with postcanine teeth." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 107, no. 2 (February 1993): 131–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb00218.x.

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26

Ray, Sanghamitra. "Endothiodont dicynodonts from the Late Permian Kundaram Formation, India." Palaeontology 43, no. 2 (June 2000): 375–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-4983.00132.

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27

Battail, Bernard. "Late Permian dicynodont fauna from Laos." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 315, no. 1 (2009): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp315.4.

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28

Young, C. C. "On Two Skeletons of Dicynodontia from Sinkiang*." Bulletin of the Geological Society of China 14, no. 4 (May 29, 2009): 483–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6724.1935.mp14004003.x.

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29

Rozefelds, Andrew C., Anne Warren, Allison Whitfield, and Stuart Bull. "New evidence of large Permo-Triassic dicynodonts (Synapsida) from Australia." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31, no. 5 (September 2011): 1158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2011.595858.

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30

Thulborn, Tony, and Susan Turner. "The last dicynodont: an Australian Cretaceous relict." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 270, no. 1518 (May 7, 2003): 985–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2296.

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31

KING, G. M., B. W. OELOFSEN, and B. S. RUBIDGE. "The evolution of the dicynodont feeding system." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 96, no. 2 (June 1989): 185–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1989.tb01826.x.

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32

Pearson, Helga S. "The Skull of the Dicynodont Reptile Kannemeyeria." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 94, no. 3 (August 21, 2009): 793–826. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1924.tb03316.x.

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33

Surkov, Mikhail V., and Michael J. Benton. "Head kinematics and feeding adaptations of the Permian and Triassic dicynodonts." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28, no. 4 (December 12, 2008): 1120–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.1120.

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Surkov, Mikhail V., and Michael J. Benton. "The basicranium of dicynodonts (Synapsida) and its use in phylogenetic analysis." Palaeontology 47, no. 3 (May 2004): 619–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00382.x.

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35

Ray, Sanghamitra, and Anusuya Chinsamy. "Diictodon feliceps(Therapsida, Dicynodontia): bone histology, growth, and biomechanics." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24, no. 1 (March 25, 2004): 180–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1671/1914-14.

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36

HOPSON, BY JAMES A. "TOOTH REPLACEMENT IN CYNODONT, DICYNODONT AND THEROCEPHALIAN REPTILES." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 142, no. 4 (August 20, 2009): 625–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1964.tb04632.x.

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37

Angielczyk, Kenneth D. "New specimens of the tanzanian dicynodont“Cryptocynodon” parringtoniVon Huene, 1942 (Therapsida, Anomodontia), with an expanded analysis of Permian dicynodont phylogeny." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27, no. 1 (March 12, 2007): 116–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[116:nsottd]2.0.co;2.

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38

RAY, SANGHAMITRA. "FUNCTIONAL AND EVOLUTIONARY ASPECTS OF THE POSTCRANIAL ANATOMY OF DICYNODONTS (SYNAPSIDA, THERAPSIDA)." Palaeontology 49, no. 6 (November 2006): 1263–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00597.x.

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39

RAY, SANGHAMITRA, ANUSUYA CHINSAMY, and SASWATI BANDYOPADHYAY. "LYSTROSAURUS MURRAYI (THERAPSIDA, DICYNODONTIA): BONE HISTOLOGY, GROWTH AND LIFESTYLE ADAPTATIONS." Palaeontology 48, no. 6 (November 2005): 1169–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2005.00513.x.

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40

KING, GILLIAN M. "The postcranial skeleton of Kingoria nowacki (von Huene) (Therapsida: Dicynodontia)." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 84, no. 3 (July 1985): 263–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1985.tb01801.x.

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41

Silva, João Lucas da, Mateus Anilson Costa Santos, Voltaire Dutra Paes Neto, and Felipe Lima Pinheiro. "Diversidade e aspectos paleobiológicos do registro de Dicynodontia no Brasil." Terrae Didatica 19 (August 17, 2023): e023019. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/td.v19i00.8671916.

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Abstract:

Introdução. Dicinodontes são terápsidos herbívoros cosmopolitas com um extenso registro fóssil. No Brasil, esses animais foram encontrados em depósitos dos Períodos Permiano e Triássico localizados no Paraná e Rio Grande do Sul. Objetivo e Metodologia. Este estudo tem como objetivo revisar a diversidade taxonômica e a paleobiologia dos dicinodontes, com ênfase nos espécimes brasileiros, por meio da literatura publicada. Resultados. Os resultados revelam que os dicinodontes são um grupo diverso, com variações significativas em aspectos paleobiológicos, como tamanho e hábito de vida. Além disso, diferentes subgrupos apresentam níveis distintos de diversidade. Notavelmente, os dicinodontes brasileiros exibem uma assimetria na diversidade entre os períodos Permiano e Triássico. Essa disparidade pode sugerir uma diferença real na diversidade ou uma subestimação da mesma no Permiano, devido às limitações do registro fóssil atual. Conclusão. Portanto, estudos adicionais com os fósseis coletados no Brasil são necessários para investigar e compreender melhor essas questões.

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42

Bajdek, Piotr, Krzysztof Owocki, and Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki. "Putative dicynodont coprolites from the Upper Triassic of Poland." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 411 (October 2014): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.06.013.

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43

Funston, Gregory F., and Philip J. Currie. "A previously undescribed caenagnathid mandible from the late Campanian of Alberta, and insights into the diet of Chirostenotes pergracilis (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria)." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 51, no. 2 (February 2014): 156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2013-0186.

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Until recently, caenagnathids were a family of oviraptorosaurs represented only by fragmentary material. As such, caenagnathid biology has never been studied in depth. A well-preserved mandible provides new information on the anatomy and dietary habits of Chirostenotes. The mandible is edentulous, has a completely fused symphysis, with sharp occlusal margins and complex lingual surfaces. Finite element analysis shows that the lingual ridges are reinforced. This suggests that they had a function in food processing. These and other features suggest adaptations for an efficient shearing mechanism, and the overall morphology is poorly adapted for durophagous behaviour. Comparisons with three groups with convergently similar mandibles, especially dicynodonts, indicate caenagnathids were capable of handling an herbivorous diet. Here, an omnivorous diet is proposed for Chirostenotes, including folivory and small prey.

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Beck, Allison L., and Jessica Scheckel. "Morphologic Indicators of Fossoriality and the Evolution of Burrowing in Dicynodonts (Amniota: Synapsida)." Paleontological Society Special Publications 13 (2014): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200011217.

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45

Ray, Sanghamitra. "Lystrosaurus(Therapsida, Dicynodontia) from India: Taxonomy, relative growth and Cranial dimorphism." Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 3, no. 2 (January 2005): 203–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1477201905001574.

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46

Nasterlack, Tobias, Aurore Canoville, and Anusuya Chinsamy. "New insights into the biology of the Permian genusCistecephalus(Therapsida, Dicynodontia)." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32, no. 6 (November 2012): 1396–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2012.697410.

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47

Kammerer, Christian F., Kenneth D. Angielczyk, and Jörg Fröbisch. "Redescription of the geikiidPelanomodon(Therapsida, Dicynodontia), with a reconsideration of ‘Propelanomodon’." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36, no. 1 (November 30, 2015): e1030408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2015.1030408.

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48

Dzik, Jerzy, Tomasz Sulej, and Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki. "A Dicynodont-Theropod Association in the Latest Triassic of Poland." Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 53, no. 4 (December 2008): 733–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4202/app.2008.0415.

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49

Sullivan, Corwin, and Robert R. Reisz. "CRANIAL ANATOMY AND TAXONOMY OF THE LATE PERMIAN DICYNODONT DIICTODON." Annals of Carnegie Museum 74, no. 1 (March 2005): 45–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2992/0097-4463(2005)74[45:caatot]2.0.co;2.

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King, Gillian M. "Species longevity and generic diversity in dicynodont mammal-like reptiles." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 102, no. 3-4 (June 1993): 321–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(93)90074-s.

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