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1
Töpel, Antje. "Methoden zur Erstellung von Bedeutungsparaphrasenangaben." Lexicographica 30, no. 1 (October 10, 2014): 291–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lexi-2014-0011.
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AbstractOnce a new word or a new meaning is added to a monolingual dictionary, the lexicographer is to provide a definition of this item. This paper focuses on the methodological challenges in writing such definitions. After a short discussion of the central terminology (method and definition), the article describes factors which inform this process: linguistic theories, linguistic and lexicographical methods, and types of definitions. Using the example of elexiko, a dictionary project of the Institute for the German language (IDS) in Mannheim, Germany, the paper finally showcases the compilation of definitions in a monolingual online dictionary of contemporary German.
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Verburg, Marja, and Monique Huijgen. "Van Dale Basiswoordenboek Nederlands." Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen 27 (January 1, 1987): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.27.09ver.
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Van Dale Basiswoordenboek Nederlands (Elementary Dictionary of Dutch), to appear in May 1987, differs from existing school dictionaries in a number of ways. The number of entries is considerably larger. It contains ± 25.000 entries, whereas the currently most frequently used school dictionary (Dijkstra' School Dictionary) contains ± 14.000 entries. The definitions are characterized as follows. Usually a logical definition is given. The definition of the word in a rather arbitrary context as in Dijkstra, is not very practical because for a child it is difficult to ascertain what part of the explanation is paraphrased by this context and what part is a definition of the entry. Synonymous definitions are only used to define difficult words by means of an easy one; in the position of the easy word a logical definition is provided. In this way circular definitions are avoided. In order to demonstrate the relation of a cluster of derivations to a root word we employ a morphosemantic definition for words belonging to such a cluster. The Basis woordenboek pays attention to usage in the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium. It contains ± 1200 entries, meanings and expressions that are typical of the Dutch language as spoken in Belgium. Proverbs and expressions are to be found at a fixed location, i.e. in the entry of the first noun that occurs in the proverb or expression. If there is no noun, the (first) adjectives, and if there is no adjective either, the first verb is the entry where the proverb or expression is to be found. Approximately six months after the publication of the Basis-woordenboek a lesson series on how to use a dictionary will be marketed by the same publisher, specifically aimed at how to use this dictionary.
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Hashimzade, Nigar, Georgina A. Myles, and Gareth D. Myles. "Can Authority be Sustained while Balancing Accessibility and Formality?" HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 27, no. 52 (January 6, 2017): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v27i52.25132.
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Economics has developed into a quantitative discipline that makes extensive use of mathematical and statistical concepts. When writing a dictionary for economics undergraduates it has to be recognised that many users will not have sufficient training in mathematics to benefi t from formal definitions of mathematical and statistical concepts. In fact, it is more than likely that the user will want the dictionary to provide an accessible version of a definition that avoids mathematical notation. Providing a verbal description of a mathematical concept has the risk that the outcome is both verbose (compared to a definition using appropriate mathematical symbols) and imprecise. For the author of a dictionary this raises the question of how to resolve this conflict between accessibility and formal correctness. We use a range of examples from the Oxford Dictionary of Economics to illustrate this conflict and to assess the extent to which a non-formal definition can be viewed as authoritative.
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Amilia, Fitri, Kisyani Laksono, and Budinuryanta Yohanes. "Pragmatic Aspects of Definition in Technical Terms Dictionary." Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal) : Humanities and Social Sciences 1, no. 3 (October 19, 2018): 278–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v1i3.51.
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The Dictionary of Technical Terms has not shown any significant development on its existence. This dictionary has never been revised since its first publication in 1985 by the National Institute of Language. The dictionary which was presented in KBBI Daring has not also shown any significant changes. The means of defining terms are found to be similar to those of the common dictionary. It is evidenced that there has been no formula yet to define in the dictionary of technical term. This study aims to describe the pragmatic aspects of definition which is the distinctive feature in defining lemma in the dictionary of technical term. Nine different technical term dictionaries published in 1985 by Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa were taken as the sources of data to find out about definian and definiandum. Data were gathered through documenting and synthesizing the pragmatic aspects of definian. Pragmasematic approach is the basis of the pragmatic aspects found in the dictionary of technical term. The data were then analyzed using content analysis of similarities and distributions of the definian. The results showed that the pragmatic aspects can be seen from the citation of pragmatic features related to the user’s need while the use of semantic aspects still do exist. The blend of these two is called as pragmasemantic. The findings of this pragmasemantic are indicated by the existence of context setting features, participants, ends, norms, genre, and evidence contexts. This type of pragmasemantic conception consists of a single definian. The findings of this conception is expected to help developing the dictionary of technical terms into learners’ dictionary in which it emphasizes the contextual features of a lemma to assist the learners in grasping the lemma more precisely.
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Zhuikova, Marharyta V., and Alina I. Yodlovska. "On the Problem of Constructing Definitions of Specific Nominal Lexis (Flora and Fauna)." Voprosy leksikografii, no. 19 (2021): 52–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22274200/19/3.
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The article discusses two approaches to the dictionary interpretation of specific nominal vocabulary, i.e. logical-rationalistic and psychological. In the traditional approach to the construction of interpretations, which is consistent with the scientific paradigm of structuralism, it is believed that the definition should include only those semantic components that ensure the delimitation of this meaning from the meaning of all other units of the language (E. Bendix); this requirement is fulfilled by creating a definition from a set of necessary and sufficient features. The aim of this article is to find out whether it is possible to construct definitions based on these requirements for groups of specific vocabulary related to flora and fauna, as well as to identify other approaches to the dictionary description of meanings of words of this group. The research material is an array of definitions from 17 explanatory dictionaries of Russian, Ukrainian, Polish, Italian, English, and German. The main research method is semantic and comparative analysis of dictionary definitions. The research has revealed that the interpretation of lexis denoting flora and fauna rarely meet the declared requirements.For example, in the twelve considered definitions of the word linden and its equivalents in other languages, nineteen semantic components are used in total, and their number in different dictionaries ranges from three to eight. None of the interpretations provide an unmistakable recognition of this word and contain a set of necessary and sufficient features. The reason for this phenomenon is due to the fact that names of most biological objects refer to stochastic lexis, which cannot be described through a set of distinguishing features due to the peculiarities of the content of the corresponding concepts. One can find a different approach to the definition of names from flora and fauna groups in practical lexicography. The authors of dictionary definitions rely on the most significant, relevant features of the class of realias, i.e. form an interpretation of those characteristics that often fall into the focus of attention of the ordinary native speaker. In many cases the definition includes those signs of realias that are significant for the national cultural tradition. Thus, in constructing definitions of specific lexis from the group of biological objects, practical lexicography is based on a psychological, rather than logical-rationalistic, approach to the dictionary definition, which is consistent with the new cognitive paradigm in linguistics.
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Fontenelle, Thierry. "Structural Regularities vs. Definition Patterns." ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 113-114 (January 1, 1996): 321–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/itl.113-114.07fon.
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Abstract In a paper dealing with the computational analysis of dictionaries, Boguraev ("Building a Lexicon: The Contribution of Computers", in International Journal of Lexicography, 4:3, Autumn 1991) claims that exploiting definition patterns in the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (PROCTER, 1978) to identify verbs participating in the causative/inchoative alternation misses a number of verb candidates. His contention is that this linguistic property of verbs is reflected in the structure of dictionary definitions and not in the language of definitions. However, the algorithm he suggests for extracting causative/inchoative verbs from LDOCE on the basis of purely structural regularities is not sufficiently selective insofar as it also identifies verbs which participate in other types of transitivity alternations, such as, for instance, the reciprocal alternation.
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Spadaccini, Nick, and Sydney R. Hall. "DDLm: A New Dictionary Definition Language." Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 52, no. 8 (July 31, 2012): 1907–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ci300075z.
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Hall, Sydney R., and Anthony P. F. Cook. "STAR Dictionary Definition Language: Initial Specification." Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 35, no. 5 (September 1, 1995): 819–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ci00027a005.
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Hill, Felix, Kyunghyun Cho, Anna Korhonen, and Yoshua Bengio. "Learning to Understand Phrases by Embedding the Dictionary." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 4 (December 2016): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00080.
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Distributional models that learn rich semantic word representations are a success story of recent NLP research. However, developing models that learn useful representations of phrases and sentences has proved far harder. We propose using the definitions found in everyday dictionaries as a means of bridging this gap between lexical and phrasal semantics. Neural language embedding models can be effectively trained to map dictionary definitions (phrases) to (lexical) representations of the words defined by those definitions. We present two applications of these architectures: reverse dictionaries that return the name of a concept given a definition or description and general-knowledge crossword question answerers. On both tasks, neural language embedding models trained on definitions from a handful of freely-available lexical resources perform as well or better than existing commercial systems that rely on significant task-specific engineering. The results highlight the effectiveness of both neural embedding architectures and definition-based training for developing models that understand phrases and sentences.
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Haridas, Rajesh P. "Earliest English Definitions of Anaisthesia and Anaesthesia." Anesthesiology 127, no. 5 (November 1, 2017): 747–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000001764.
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Abstract The earliest identified English definition of the word anaisthesia was discovered in the first edition (1684) of A Physical Dictionary, an English translation of Steven Blankaart’s medical dictionary, Lexicon Medicum Graeco-Latinum. This definition was almost certainly the source of the definition of anaesthesia which appeared in Dictionarium Anglo-Britannicum (1708), a general-purpose English dictionary compiled by the lexicographer John Kersey. The words anaisthesia and anaesthesia have not been identified in English medical or surgical publications that antedate the earliest English dictionaries in which they are known to have been defined.
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Turovska, Liudmyla. "Terminographical problems of social and political dictionary compiling." Terminological Bulletin, no. 5 (2019): 341–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37919/2221-8807-2019-5-47.
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The paper raises the question of the normative representation of socio-political terms in modern explanatory dictionaries, the elaboration of a correct definition that would reflect the key characteristics of the latest lexemes. Among the special features of socio-political nomination we can emphasize the following: high instability, if to compare with other groups of vocabulary; specifics of communicative influence; names emergence before the establishment of the phenomena itself; desemantization of frequently used words and phrases. Among the most important principles of dictionary compiling we point out: 1) the team of compilers formation (specialists in the field of knowledge to be covered by dictionary, who is responsible for selecting terms for the dictionary, and for the professional correctness and objectivity of the definitions; a linguist-terminologist who recommends which term to use by agreeing it with a definition and terms of other languages; Ukrainian philologist, who edits terms and their definition according to the norms of modern Ukrainian language; a programmer who provides the implementation of the project at a computer level that makes it possible substantially to improve the work of the group); 2) the creation of a dictionary database (the use of all available branch dictionaries (translated, interpretative, encyclopaedic); the use of scientific literature and periodicals (for example, there are many terms in the periodicity that have already been distributed but have not yet found their place in dictionaries), direct work with informants – specialists of the relevant branch, who will complement the existing bank with the frequently used terms, or with the terms difficult to translate into Ukrainian, the latest in the branch, do not have a unique interpretation among specialists etc.; 3) working out definitions; 4) choosing appropriate Ukrainian term or translating into Ukrainian. The analysis of the latest lexical material in comparison with the data of the earlier dictionaries makes it possible to talk about changes in the meaning of a number of words and phrases (including Sovietisms), about the emergence or actualization of political meanings in words from outside of the political sphere, about the complication of systemic links between the words of one nest, the blurring of the semantics of some units. The absolute unification of definition is impossible because of certain restrictions, such as: 1. the semantics of some words is not limited to the certain standard interpretation, it requires the introduction of a new generic concept into the definition; 2. the word with political semantics should organically fit into the vocabulary system, which includes the vocabulary of other thematic groups. In a language, a term may belong to several different fields of knowledge or have several meanings, only one of which belongs to the group under consideration. The standard definition can only be used unchanged if it is potentially can be used in different thematic groups and covers the semantics of a word that goes beyond the scope of politics, or if the political and non-political meanings can be clearly deduced in the dictionary article. It can be argued that the problem of unifying definitions at the level of the main part of the term-fund remains open in terminology, despite the fact that possible solutions to this problem have been repeatedly violated in the scientific literature. In addition, the study and practical application of extra-intronging factors of creation and use of certain terms helps to unify the terminology system itself.
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Bilyk, K. A. "ON LINGUISTIC DEFINITION OF THE TERM “WORD ASSOCIATION”." Linguistic and Conceptual Views of the World, no. 65 (1) (2019): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-6397.2019.1.04.
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The analysis of dictionary definitions of the term «association» in various Ukrainian, English, German, and Russian linguistic sources has revealed the lack of an inherently linguistic definition of this term, whose roots can be traced back to its psychological origin. The article discusses distinctive traits of the word association, similar linguistic phenomena and the types of the word association. A new text-based understanding of word association is suggested, as well as a new definition of this term, giving more possibilities for its linguistic research.
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Crocombe, Ron. "China and USA in the Pacific and the Caribbean: Whose Incursion, Whose Territory? A Brief Rejoinder to McElroy and Bai." Island Studies Journal 4, no. 1 (2009): 99–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.24043/isj.230.
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The title of the article in Island Studies Journal by McElroy and Bai (2008) illustrates an inherent bias. It says that it is about China’s “incursion” into the Caribbean and Pacific. The Oxford on-line dictionary’s main definition of incursion is “an invasion or attack, especially a sudden or brief one”; and my Collins dictionary gives its main definition as: “a sudden invasion, attack or raid.” Since there has never been any invasion, attack or raid (and therefore no incursion) by China into the Pacific or the Caribbean, why do the authors imply that there is....
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Wonyoung Doh. "The Definition Information of Korean University Korean Dictionary." Journal of Korealex ll, no. 16 (October 2010): 106–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33641/kolex.2010..16.106.
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Sosnowski, Wojciech Paweł, and Violetta Koseska-Toszewa. "Multilingualism and Dictionaries." Cognitive Studies | Études cognitives, no. 15 (December 31, 2015): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/cs.2015.004.
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Multilingualism and DictionariesThe Russian-Bulgarian-Polish dictionary that we (Wojciech Sosnowski, Violetta Koseska-Toszewa and Anna Kisiel) are currently developing has no precedent as far as its theoretical foundations and its structure are concerned. The dictionary offers a unique combination of three Slavic languages that belong to three different groups: a West Slavic language (Polish), a South Slavic language (Bulgarian) and an East Slavic language (Russian). The dictionary describes semantic and syntactic equivalents of words between the languages. When completed, the dictionary will contain around 30,000 entries. The principle we build the dictionary on is that every language should be given equal status. Many of our data come from the Parallel Polish-Bulgarian-Russian corpus developed by us as part of the CLARIN-PL initiative. In the print version, the entries come in the order of the Cyrillic alphabet and they are not numbered (except for homonyms, which are disambiguated with Roman numbers). We selected the lemmas for the dictionary on the basis of their frequency in the corpus. Our dictionary is the first dictionary to include forms of address and most recent neologisms in the three languages. Faithful to the recent developments in contrastive linguistics, we begin with a form from the dictionary’s primary language and we define it in Polish. Subsequently, based on this definition, we try to find an equivalent in the second and the third language. Therefore, the meaning comes first and only then we look for the form (i.e. the equivalent) that corresponds to this meaning. This principle, outlined in Gramatyka konfrontatywna języków polskiego i bułgarskiego (GKBP), allows us to treat data from multiple languages as equal. In the dictionary, we draw attention to the correct choice of equivalents in translation; we also provide categorisers that indicate the meaning of verbal tenses and aspects. The definitions of states, events and their different configurations follow those outlined in the net model of verbal tense and aspect. The transitive vs. intransitive categorisers are vital for the languages in question, since they belong to two different types: synthetic (Bulgarian) and analytic (Polish and Russian). We predict that the equal status of every language in the dictionary will facilitate easier and faster development of an electronic version in the future.
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Gardner, Noah, Hafiz Khan, and Chih-Cheng Hung. "Definition modeling: literature review and dataset analysis." Applied Computing and Intelligence 2, no. 1 (2022): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/aci.2022005.
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<abstract><p>Definition modeling, the task of generating a definition for a given term, is a relatively new area of research applied in evaluating word embeddings. Automatic generation of dictionary quality definitions has many applications in natural language processing, such as sentiment analysis, machine translation, and word sense disambiguation. Additionally, definition modeling is also helpful for evaluating the quality of word embeddings. As more research is done in this field, the need for a summary of different applications, approaches, and obstacles grows apparent. This review provides an overview of the current research in definition modeling and a list of future directions and trends.</p></abstract>
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Carpenter, Thomas P. "Editorial." Journal for Research in Mathematics Education 21, no. 3 (May 1990): 178–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/jresematheduc.21.3.0178.
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Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary defines research as “careful, systematic, patient study and investigation in some field of knowledge undertaken to discover or establish facts or principles.” This definition is reflected in the perspective that the purpose of educational research is to provide definitive answers to important pedagogical questions.
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Petrova, Tetiana. "THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL VALUE OF THE REVIEWS ON UKRAINIAN TERMINOLOGY DICTIONARIES OF THE LATE XXth AND THE EARLY XXIst CENTURIES." Problems of General and Slavic Linguistics, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/251913.
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The aim of the research is to determine the theoretical and practical significance of the reviews on natural sciences terminology dictionaries. The object of the research is a system of parametric measurements of terminology dictionaries, the subject is critical remarks on the structural parameters representation of terminology dictionaries. The research material is the texts of the reviews published during the late XXth and the early XXIst centuries. Тhe following methods were used: lexicographic analysis of the dictionary parameters, the quantitative analysis and the comparative one. As a result of the research, it is determined that throughout the analyzed period the experts focus on definition and translation dictionaries as well as reference dictionaries. Most remarks are made to the dictionaries of the early XXIst century. The potential importance of practical application of the results is to improve the theoretical and methodological principles and means of terminology dictionaries creation, as well as their use to develop new (combined) type that comprehensively represent the vocabulary of a particular branch of science. Conclusions: 1) the critical comments on professional definition dictionaries relate to such of their parameters as: ‘introduction / preface’, ‘encyclopedia information’, ‘dictionary register’, ‘definition’, ‘list of references’; 2) translation definition dictionaries have quantitative drawbacks regarding the representation of such structural parameters: ‘dictionary register’, ‘translation area’, ‘definition’; 3) to the parameters of reference dictionaries the following critical comments are made: to replace the title loan term by the normative term; to add the ‘accent characteristic’ parameter; to match the title terms with their definitions etc. Theoretical and practical significance of the reviews on terminology dictionaries gives the possibility to systematize the drawbacks revealed by critics in the representation of structural parameters of such publications, for the purpose to improve the fundamental theoretical and methodological foundations of metaterminography and the practical realization of high-quality works.
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Dokukin, P. A., and S. G. Kharchenko. "Foundations of the Theory of Emergency Situations." Ecology and Industry of Russia 25, no. 8 (August 11, 2021): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2021-8-60-65.
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The basic terms underlying the theory of emergency management are analyzed. The advantages and disadvantages of official definitions are considered, in particular, the data in the law of 21.12.1994 No. 68-FZ (Federal Law), in GOST (State Standard) R 22.0.02-2016, as well as in the number of authoritative foreign sources (Webster's dictionary, encyclopedia Britannica, Cambridge dictionary, Oxford dictionary, documents of the European Commission, etc.). The consequences of the legislative definition of an emergency in No. 68-FZ are investigated. The etymological, epistemological and gnoseological basis of the concepts of emergency, safety and danger, risk and uncertainty are analyzed. There is a great deal of variation in the interpretation of the concepts of safety and danger in sources of different origin and the illegality of mixing or substituting these concepts.
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Fischer, Ute. "Learning words from context and dictionaries: An experimental comparison." Applied Psycholinguistics 15, no. 4 (October 1994): 551–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400006901.
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ABSTRACTThis research investigates the independent and interactive effects of contextual and definitional information on vocabulary learning. German students of English received either a text with unfamiliar English words or their monolingual English dictionary entries. A third group of subjects were given both text and dictionary entries. Subjects used each target word in an English sentence and then translated their sentences into German. The translations showed whether students had understood the meaning of a target word and permitted the specification of comprehension strategies. Subjects who had received text and dictionary entries tended to favor the dictionary and thus performed no better than students in the other experimental groups. Subjects learning words from context replaced unfamiliar words with familiar words conforming to contextual constraints. Subjects in the dictionary group commonly substituted a relevant part of the definition for the headword. Lexical errors occurred for different reasons: substitutions in the dictionary condition were unconstrained by context; substitutions in the text condition were not sufficiently constrained by context. The study shows that information about the contexts in which words are used is crucial for acquiring an adequate understanding of word meanings.1
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Smolonogina, E. A., and I. O. Sitnikova. "Parameters of Lexicographic Description of New Vocabulary of Modern German in Electronic Dictionary of Neologisms of Leibniz Institute for German Language." Nauchnyi dialog 11, no. 2 (March 19, 2022): 140–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2022-11-2-140-158.
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The problem of lexicographic fixation of neologisms at the present stage of development of German-language lexicography by private explanatory dictionaries of electronic format is considered. A fairly successful example of lexicographic practice was chosen as the object of the study — an electronic dictionary of neologisms of the modern German language on the lexicographic online portal of the Leibniz Institute for the German Language. The dictionary is a “living”, constantly updated edition, which is based on the criteria for the definition and classification of neologisms, developed by its compilers. The authors of the article performed an analysis of the parameters of the lexicographic description of neologisms in this dictionary. The question is raised about the mandatory or optional nature of the parameters used by the compilers of the dictionary when forming the microtext (dictionary entry). Standard and specific parameters of lexicographic description, which are profile for the dictionary of new words are distinguished: example-definition, first fixation, language reflection, encyclopedic information, representation in dictionaries, etc. The analysis of lexicographic practice sets the task of summarizing the practical experience of lexicographers in order to determine the optimal set of parameters for the codification of neology.
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McLaverty, James. "From Definition to Explanation: Locke's Influence on Johnson's Dictionary." Journal of the History of Ideas 47, no. 3 (July 1986): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2709659.
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배영준, 송유화, Hoseop Choe, and CheolYoung Ock. "Semantic Clustering of Predicates using Word Definition in Dictionary." Korean Journal of Cognitive Science 22, no. 3 (September 2011): 271–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.19066/cogsci.2011.22.3.003.
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Smith, Rachel E. "Urban dictionary: youth slanguage and the redefining of definition." English Today 27, no. 4 (November 8, 2011): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078411000526.
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In November 2009, Principal Thomas Murray banned the word meep from Danvers High School, located outside of Boston (Netter, 2009). Parents and students received automated e-mails and calls with a warning that saying or displaying the word meep would entail suspension. Students had ignored requests from teachers and administrators to stop, leading to the school-wide ban. This story contains entertaining elements: an overzealous principal who forwarded emails containing meep to the police; references to the meeping Muppet, Beaker; students sporting ‘FREE MEEP’ t-shirts; and Facebook-coordinated meepings. Referring to meep, Danvers High School student Mike Spiewak commented: ‘I think it's unfair that they banned a word that's not even a real word’ (Raz, 2009). According to Melanie Crane, another Danvers student, meep ‘doesn't mean anything in particular’ (Netter, 2009). As a result, its ambiguity allows for countless definitions. The authoritative source in defining the term throughout news coverage of the Danvers incident has been Urbandictionary.com, an online and open-source dictionary for slang and subculture terminology. For those of you who have never meeped, the primary Urban Dictionary (UD) entry deems it ‘the most versatile word in the English language [which] can mean whatever you want it to mean.’ UD lists 93 other definitions for the word, the most popular being.
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McMaster, Aven. "NOTE ON THE OXFORD LATIN DICTIONARY DEFINITION OF IRRVMO." Classical Quarterly 68, no. 2 (November 8, 2018): 714–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838818000459.
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In the second edition of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (2012) an otherwise laudable attempt to be more forthright in defining obscene terms seems to have introduced an error. The word irrumo was defined in the first edition of the dictionary as ‘to practise irrumatio on’, which is correct but unilluminating, especially since irrumatio was defined as ‘the action of an irrumator’. Irrumator was then defined as ‘one who submits to fellatio’, which is technically correct, though it suggests a passivity in the action that is not found in the lines from Catullus given as an example of its usage: praesertim quibus esset irrumator | praetor, nec faceret pili cohortem (‘not least when said praetor was a fuckface | and didn't give a shit for his poor staffers’, Catull. 10.11–12). In this poem Catullus is using the word irrumator as a term of abuse, suggesting that his praetor (in Bithynia) took advantage of his staff members rather than taking care that they too should reap some rewards from the province. Although the literal meaning is secondary to a more metaphorical use here, the charge is repeated with more direct reference to its sexual usage in Catull. 28.9–10: o Memmi, bene me ac diu supinum | tota ista trabe lentus irrumasti (‘Memmius, man, you really reamed me over, | force-fed me slowly with that giant whanger!’). In both cases it is clear that Catullus is an unwilling recipient of the praetor's attentions, and the action is aggressive and demonstrates the latter's ability to dominate his victim. It would not therefore be correct to say that Memmius is ‘submitting to fellatio’ at the hands, or rather mouth, of Catullus, even metaphorically. The term fellatio, by the way, was not defined in the original OLD at all, and the verb fello had, as its second sense, only ‘transf., as a sexual perversion’. The definitions as given therefore seem deliberately obscure, as well as misleading about the roles and intent of the people involved.
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Russell, Lindsay Rose. "Dictionary Boycotts and the Power of Popular (Re)Definition." Dictionaries: Journal of the Dictionary Society of North America 42, no. 1 (2021): 235–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dic.2021.0013.
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Molodychuk, Olha. "DICTIONARY DEFINITION AS A WAY OF OBJECTIVATION OF ETHNOS KNOWLEDGE ABOUT TOOLS." Philological Review, no. 1 (May 31, 2021): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31499/2415-8828.1.2021.232672.
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This article analyzes the peculiarities of objectification of ethnos knowledge about tools on the material of definitions of lexicographical works of different years. It has been proved that there is a seal of their creation time on dictionary interpretations. The main tools in their constructions remain as they were many years ago, but their once important details for the consciousness of a native speaker have lost their significance, so in modern definitions they are absent, because there is no need for a more detailed interpretation of these historicisms nowadays. A comparison of interpretations of tools gives grounds to talk about how their perceptions have changed during the historical development of society.
The analysis of practical material proves that there is an inversely proportional relationship between the structure of knowledge presentation and its lexicographic definition. Comparison of dictionary articles presented in lexicographical works of the middle of the 19th – early 20th enturies and late 20th – early 21st centuries proves «tool» progress of the society, where the usual for Ukrainians of the previous time period tool was interpreted in one word, because everything was clear without further explanation, while lexicographic works representing the second time period testify presentation of a detailed description of a tool in the definition, because they are actually used today by representatives of mostly older (sometimes) middle generation of Ukrainians.
The research proves that metaphorical processes are seldom recorded in lexicographical works as objectification of steps up in the semantic structure of the lexical item caused by people’s knowledge about tools and their functioning. This requires of lexicographers to create electronic versions of dictionaries to respond quickly to new meanings.
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Baker, Hugh D. R. "The Chinese Lexicon: A Comprehensive Survey. By Yip Po-Ching. [London and New York: Routledge, 2000. ISBN 0-415-15174-0.]." China Quarterly 170 (June 2002): 477–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009443902370281.
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The simple definition of “lexicon” in the Concise Oxford English Dictionary is “dictionary.” Unlike a dictionary, though, the words in this work cannot be consulted through an alphabetical index, the only access being afforded by the chapter headings and subheadings of the three-page Contents list at the front. It does not pretend to be nor is it a dictionary, it is a systematic attempt to classify and in part to explain the typology and functions of the word stock of Chinese. The Index is a guide to the descriptors rather than to the material described.
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Generalova, Elena V. "Lexical-Grammatical Status and Lexicographic Presentation of Two-Component Stable Prepositional Combinations." Voprosy leksikografii, no. 19 (2021): 32–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22274200/19/2.
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The aim of the article is to review the ways of dictionary presentation of stable prepositional combinations and the factors essential for their lexical-grammatical status and the type of optimal lexicographic description. The object of the study is twocomponent prepositional combinations with stable meanings and the “preposition+noun” structure. The material of the article is data of different dictionaries of Russian presenting stable prepositional combinations. In the course of the study, the following questions were answered: why the definition and interpretation of the lexical-grammatical nature of stable prepositional combinations are so difficult and ambiguous; what lexicographic interpretation these units have in dictionaries of different types; what the advantages and disadvantages of different ways of dictionary interpretation of such language material are. The following methods were used: introspective (observation, generalization, classification), systematic lexicographic description according to dictionary parameters, dictionary definition analysis. The summary table of the lexicographic presentation of stable combinations allows seeing both the unresolved question of dictionary interpretation of such units and the patterns of their interpretation depending on the type of a dictionary. As a result of the analysis the following conclusions were drawn. 1) In modern Russian there is a rather large (about 2,000 units) class of language units (prepositional combinations), the lexical-grammatical status of which is not defined, and there is no term for their definition; this class is historically formed and continues to replenish. 2) The type of dictionary presentation of stable prepositional combinations is determined by the dictionary concept, grammatical and syntactic properties, presence of figurative meaning and possibility of component variation of such combinations. 3) The unresolved theoretical issues have as a result the lexicographic discrepancy in the presentation of these language units. Extreme lexicographic solutions are a separate dictionary entry for each combination and the presentation of such units only as stable combinations in the entry of a noun (presented in academic explanatory dictionaries). 4) Taking into account only the factor of presence/absence of a gap seems to formalize the dictionary presentation of adverbs with both conjoined and split spelling, really existing in Russian, and the position of recognition of these units with independent words and their isolate presentation is not impeccable for dictionary users. 5) In the author’s opinion, the presentation of stable prepositional combinations exclusively as independent vocabules is inferior to the traditional lexicographic approach because the isolated presentation of this material breaks the semantic connections of these complex lexical units; the most complex issue is the differentiation of adverbs with split spelling and stable combinations.
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Kwaśniewska, Marta. "Changing Definitions of Climate in Polish and English Dictionaries." Respectus Philologicus, no. 37(42) (April 20, 2020): 160–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/respectus.2020.37.42.47.
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The present article sets out to examine the dictionary definition entries concerning the concept of climate. Both Polish and English dictionaries are included, as well as historical and contemporary entries. The data is composed of thirteen dictionary entries, published in the last two hundred years. The material is examined qualitatively. The results are presented in the form of a table, where one may find all the aspects of meanings identified in the definitions. A supplement data extracted from the English historical corpus is also provided. The results have revealed that semantic change did occur in both the Polish and the English language. However, the change is more visible in the Polish dictionaries. The subsidiary differences could influence the way the word is employed in certain contexts and thus, differentiate the employment of the same concept in the two languages. Nevertheless, the contemporary definitions are almost identical in both languages, in contrast to the historical ones.
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Kungurtsev, O., N. Novikova, and M. Kozhushan. "AUTOMATION OF SEARCHING FOR TERMS IN THE EXPLANATORY DICTIONARY." Odes’kyi Politechnichnyi Universytet Pratsi 3, no. 62 (December 2020): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.15276/opu.3.62.2020.11.
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In this paper, an approach for automating the search for interpretations of terms for a specific domain in explanatory dictionary and on the Internet is proposed. A mathematical model of the explanatory dictionary is developed. It bases on the structure of the dictionary entry. The methodology for setting up an analyzer of a dictionary entry in a dictionary that has not been used before is developed. A methodology for automated search for one-word and multiword terms in electronic dictionaries has been developed. It bases on scanning dictionary entries in search for term using Regular Expressions. The automation of searching on the Internet resource using a browser automation tool Selenium is proposed. Automated analysis of search results in according to subject area have been developed in two methods. If there is a stylistic label in the structure of a dictionary entry, which indicates the area of the polysemantic term using, the results are corrected by filtering out definitions that do not correspond to this subject area. If there is no stylistic label, the search results are filtering out in the way of screening out definitions for occurrence of search terms. The creation of Dictionary bank for storing set-up to search electronic dictionaries is proposed. The program product, which allows search organizing in added and built-in electronic dictionaries and on the Internet resource, was developed. Using the program requires involvement of an expert to correct and verify the results. Working with the program requires the involvement of an expert to correct and verify the results. The effectiveness of the approach is confirmed experimentally. Groups of English, Russian and Ukrainian terms from different subject areas were used in the experiments. Formulas to determine the time spent on searching are proposed to assess the effectiveness of the implementation of the developed methods. The results showed a reduce of the time spent on search in the automated mode in about 5 times compared to the manual one. It is shown that adding an explanatory dictionary of a specialized subject area gives the most certain definition of terms in search process.
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Utami, Adisti Dwi, Tri Indri Hardini, and Yuliarti Mutiarsih. "LEKSIKOGRAFI KAMUS DWIBAHASA PRANCIS-INDONESIA KHUSUS BIDANG BISNIS." Linguistik Indonesia 37, no. 1 (March 14, 2019): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/li.v37i1.86.
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This research aims to describe lexicography in a French-Indonesian bilingual business dictionary that has been created and is available on dictionnaire-desaffaires.online. This research applies a descriptive qualitative method. The data collecting technique used in this research are questionnaire and lexicographic stages. The questionnaire is filled by Departement of French Language’s students of Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia who learn French Business course (Français des Affaires). It aims to find out their needs for business dictionary. The result shows that they need a business dictionary in French-Indonesian and they prioritize content and information structure. Moreover, the researcher will describe lexicography in this dictionary, namely the stages of its preparation and the content of the dictionary, which is macrostructure and microstructure. The macrostructure is arranged alphabetically, while the microstructure consists of definition and grammatical information. The grammatical information contained in this dictionary is four major word classes: nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. It can be concluded that the needs of students for business-specific dictionary can be fulfilled by compiling a dictionary using lexicography.
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Feraj, Asime, and Arjan Llanaj Albania. "Illustration in Explanatory Dictionary." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 6, no. 2 (June 10, 2017): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v6i2.p249-254.
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This paper has treated the syntagmatic level in the explanatory dictionaries, in the monolingual and bilingual as well, since the syntagmata in the dictionary can be dealt with as being unnoticed, because it is considered as less important than explanations or definitions or equivalents (when the dictionary is bilingual). But, if, for example, it can’t be said in the explanation that a verb or adjective can be linked with words that refer to alive and not alive objects, than the user can see the illustrative examples (the weather became cold/cold (distant) from his friend; a cold room/a cold person; a man walks/ the horse walks ; the time passes/ the work goes on; ecën koha (ecën puna). Nowadays, when the society is developing so fast and thoroughly, the use and utilisation of monolingual, bilingual, multilingual, linguistic or encyclopaedic dictionaries, is the most common and inevitable phenomenon, because these works not only are recorders of the word and phraseology, of semantic and lexical fortune, national and international one, but also have their determining importance in the acquirement of the language and in the expansion of the linguistic and communicative competence, in finding an unknown word and its semantic definition, or in finding lexical and semantic units with which creates semantic, paradigmatic, word-forming and stylistic relations etc. The illustrative examples are helpful for the full exploration of meaning and serve as an additional instrument for the characterisation of the word, showing the area of use and the typical grammatical lexicon enclosure. They also prove the stylistic evaluation and grammatical characteristic that is given to the word. The main purpose of this paper is that by relying in the subject that is offered by these kind of irreplaceable works, it will treat the importance of the syntagmatic level of the explanatory dictionary as an important part for knowing the word and its significance, to increase the lexical and semantic competence of the users of these dictionaries.
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WANG, TONG, and GRAEME HIRST. "Exploring patterns in dictionary definitions for synonym extraction." Natural Language Engineering 18, no. 3 (July 11, 2011): 313–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324911000210.
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AbstractAutomatic determination of synonyms and/or semantically related words has various applications in Natural Language Processing. Two mainstream paradigms to date, lexicon-based and distributional approaches, both exhibit pros and cons with regard to coverage, complexity, and quality. In this paper, we propose three novel methods—two rule-based methods and one machine learning approach—to identify synonyms from definition texts in a machine-readable dictionary. Extracted synonyms are evaluated in two extrinsic experiments and one intrinsic experiment. Evaluation results show that our pattern-based approach achieves best performance in one of the experiments and satisfactory results in the other, comparable to corpus-based state-of-the-art results.
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Bobrova, Maria V., and Elena V. Kolos’ko. "Problems of Lexicographic Description of Dialect and Common Parlance Vocabulary (On the Example of the Word Chyo)." Voprosy leksikografii, no. 18 (2020): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22274200/18/1.
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The problems of describing dialect and common parlance lexemes in a dialect dictionary are raised in the article. These problems are illustrated by the example of the word chyo. The aim of the study was to reflect the issues caused by the use of such words (and the word chyo too) in dialect speech in content, formal and functionalcommunicative aspects, in connection with general issues of lexicographic theory. The material for the study was the card file for the Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects, data from regional dictionaries. The identified problems form two main groups: 1) related to general methodological guidelines (justification for including the dialect and common parlance words in a dialect dictionary) and 2) related to the principles of describing such lexemes in a dictionary entry. Within the first group, particular questions are highlighted: 1) about the correctness of including dialect and common parlance words in a differential dialect dictionary due to their functional and stylistic attribution, 2) about the differentiation of speech variants of dialect and common parlance words. Within the second group, particular questions are highlighted: 1) on the spelling of dialect and common parlance words: a) on the spelling of header words, b) on the spelling of dialect and common parlance words in illustrative material, 2) on the lexico-grammatical attribution of dialect and common parlance words, 3) on the definition of semantics of dialect and common parlance words: a) on the definition of semantics of dialect and common parlance words in a specific context, b) on the definition of semantics of polysemantic dialect and common parlance words, 4) on the determination of the status and description of the combinations of dialect and common parlance words with other words, 5) on the reflection of the functional and communicative status of dialect and common parlance words in a dictionary. It is concluded that the raised problems determine approaches to the lexicographic description of dialect and common parlance vocabulary in dialect dictionaries. Dialect lexicographers should work taking into account active processes in live spoken speech and language, and rely on the modern theory of discourse. The problems lexicographers face require special training in virtually all areas of modern linguistic and lexicographic theory. Lexicographers have a high responsibility in making a decision that can lead to the overcoming of problems that have arisen when writing a dictionary entry, as well as to the emergence of new ones.
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Zemicheva, Svetlana S. "From “Abarmo” to “Yashchichishko”: Creating the Lexicographic Component of the Tomsk Dialect Corpus." Voprosy leksikografii, no. 18 (2020): 98–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22274200/18/5.
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One of the most important trends in modern dialectological science is creating new electronic resources. The article gives an overview of Russian resources of this kind. Among them dialectal corpora hold a special place. The author of the article focuses on the Tomsk Dialect Corpus, which today includes more than 1,700,000 tokens. This resource is unparalleled in Russian scientific practice. It is designed as a universal information retrieval system which includes three modules: 1) textual, 2) grammatical, 3) lexicographic. The aim of the lexicographic component is to provide definitions of dialect lexemes. To do this, it is proposed to use the Dictionary of Russian Old-Timers’ Dialects of the Middle Part of the River Ob Basin (1964–1967) edited by V.V. Palagina and two supplements to it (1975, 1983–1986). The phases of the implementation of the lexicographic module into the Tomsk Dialect Corpus are described. The first phase was the automatic recognition of the above-mentioned paper dictionary. The second stage is editing the dictionary. The principles of editing the source material are determined by the fact that the lexicographic component is considered as part of a universal electronic system. Two basic editing principles are: the possibility to process a word automatically and the autonomous functioning of each dictionary entry. In accordance with them, the vocabulary and the structure of the dictionary entry were formed. At the stage of forming the vocabulary, some dictionary entries (for example, two-word ones) were discarded. The structure of the dictionary entry contains the main areas: headword, definition and contexts. One of the main editing tasks is to combine dictionary entries from different volumes of the dictionary into one. These words are marked either as homonyms, or as the meanings of one word. Examples of dictionary entries before and after editing are presented in the article. By now, about a half of the original vocabulary has been processed (letters from A to M, 12,450 entries). The final version of the electronic dictionary as part of the Tomsk Dialect Corpus is planned to be presented on the website of the Laboratory of General and Siberian Lexicography (http://losl.tsu.ru/) by June 2021. The prospects of the project include, firstly, the expansion of the vocabulary, and secondly, the implementation of search by dictionary labels (diminutives, augmentative, etc.) into the corpus. The presented solutions can be used in the development of other dialect corpora.
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Трофимова, Надежда Александровна. "RUSSIAN CONSTRUCTION VOCABULARY: TERMINOGRAPHIC ASPECT." Tomsk state pedagogical university bulletin, no. 1(219) (January 25, 2022): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/1609-624x-2022-1-23-32.
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Введение. Представлен проект идеографического словаря русской специальной лексики строительства. Актуальность работы обусловливается недостаточной изученностью русской лексики подъязыка сферы строительства, необходимостью ее систематизации и отсутствием лексикографических источников идеографического типа по строительству. Новизна проектируемого словаря определяется наличием в словаре новейших строительных номинаций, не зафиксированных в терминологических словарях и стандартах.Цель – представить концепцию идеографического словаря специальной лексики строительства.Материал и методы. Материалом для словаря послужили терминологические источники, нормативные документы, учебная литература и научные работы, данные профессиональных интернет-ресурсов по строительству, коммерческие каталоги строительной продукции. В основе методологии лежат общенаучные и лингвистические приемы описательного метода-аспекта, в том числе прием дефиниционного анализа, а также лексикографический метод изучения языка. Результаты и обсуждение. В состав словаря включены не только термины, но и нетерминологические единицы, функционирующие в профессиональном дискурсе, такие как предтермины, терминоиды, профессионализмы, профессиональные жаргонизмы. Представленный проект идеографического словаря построен по тематическому принципу и включает в себя лексику предметной области «Строительные технологии». В качестве основных тематических групп выделены группы «Строительные материалы», «Процессы и методы строительства», «Строительное оборудование и инструменты». Словарная статья содержит заголовочную единицу, грамматическую характеристику специальной номинации, квалификацию лексемы в подъязыке сферы строительства, зону этимологии для иноязычных единиц, зону дефиниции и иллюстративную зону. В работе представлены примеры словарных статей, репрезентирующих различные типы дефиниций: родовидовую дефиницию, родовидовую дефиницию с элементами энциклопедической информации, а также отсылочную дефиницию. Отличительной особенностью представленного словаря является квалификация специальной единицы по ее месту в профессиональном подъязыке (термин, предтермин, терминоид, профессионализм, профессиональный жаргонизм), а также наличие в словаре новейших номинаций сферы строительства. Иллюстративную зону представляют контексты, актуализирующие функционирование специальных номинаций в современном профессиональном дискурсе.Заключение. Таким образом, проект идеографического словаря строительной лексики представляет собой учебный идеографический словарь, упорядоченный на логико-понятийной основе, который может быть полезен студентам и преподавателям строительных учебных заведений, специалистам данной предметной области, а также использован в процессе преподавания лингвистических дисциплин и терминографической практике. Introduction. The article presents a concept of the ideographic dictionary of the Russian specialized vocabulary of construction. The relevance of the work is explained by the need for systematization of the construction vocabulary in modern Russian, and the lack of lexicographic sources of ideographic type on construction. The presence in the dictionary of the latest construction nominations that are not fixed in terminology dictionaries and standards determines the novelty of the designed dictionary.The article aims to present the concept of the ideographic dictionary of the specialized vocabulary of construction.Material and methods. The following sources serve as the database for the dictionary: terminological dictionaries, regulatory documents, scientific papers, educational sources, professional internet resources data, commercial catalogues of construction production. The methodology is based on general scientific and linguistic techniques of the descriptive method-aspect, including the technique of definitional analysis, as well as the lexicographic method of language learning.Results and discussion. The dictionary includes not only terms but also non-terminological units functioning in professional discourse, such as pre-terms, terminoids, professionalisms, professional jargon. The presented concept of the ideographic dictionary is structured according to the thematic principle and includes the vocabulary of the subject area “Building Technologies”. The main thematic groups are “Building Materials”, “Processes and Methods of Construction”, “Construction Equipment and Tools”. The dictionary entry contains a heading word, the grammatical characteristic of a specialized nomination, the qualification of a lexeme in the sublanguage of construction, the etymology zone for foreign language units, the definition zone, and the illustrative zone. The work presents examples of dictionary entries representing various types of definitions: generic definitions, generic definitions with elements of encyclopedic information, as well as reference definitions. A distinctive feature of the presented dictionary is the qualification of a specialized unit according to its place in the professional sublanguage (term, pre-term, terminoid, professionalism, professional jargon), as well as the presence in the dictionary of the latest terms of the construction industry. The illustrative area is represented by contexts that reveal the functioning of specialized nominations in modern professional discourse.Conclusion. Thus, the concept of the ideographic dictionary of construction vocabulary represents an educational ideographic dictionary, organized according to the logical-conceptual basis. The dictionary can be useful both for students and teachers of construction educational institutions, specialists in this subject area, and will also find application in the process of teaching linguistic disciplines and in terminographic practice.
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Shofwatul Fuadah. "المنهج وطريقة كشف الكلمات في معجم المنجد للويس معلوف." Lahjah Arabiyah: Jurnal Bahasa Arab dan Pendidikan Bahasa Arab 1, no. 2 (July 14, 2020): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.35316/lahjah.v1i2.814.
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Mu'jam almunjid is a famous mu'jam which is used by students in the world including muslim students in Indonesia. This mu’jam is considered as the most complete and comprehensive dictionary, because this is decorated with many pictures, colours and other advantages. So that many Islamic campuses and Islamic boarding schools around the world use this dictionary as the main dictionary. But the mu'jam which is used by many moslem students in this world was composed by two Catholic priests (rahib) named Fr. Louis Ma'luf al-Yassu’i and Fr. Bernard Tottel al-Yassu'i and was printed and distributed by a Catholic printing press since 1908. The use of the al-Munjid Dictionary, which has been used for a long time is not without opposition. Some ulama’ assume the dictionary is a part of an orientalist operation who have a hidden agenda to the Islamic world. Therefore, this study aims to present or peel the contents of the Al-Munjid dictionary by Louis Ma'luf. This study will focus on discussing the aspects of the definition, authors, purposes, methods, strengths and weaknesses and the opinions of scientists and scholars about this dictionary.
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Yang, Huiling. "The Making of the First Chinese-English Dictionary." Historiographia Linguistica 41, no. 2-3 (October 30, 2014): 299–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.41.2-3.04yan.
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Summary The first printed Chinese–English dictionary was the Dictionary of the Chinese Language in Three Parts compiled by Robert Morrison (1782–1834) published between 1815 and 1823. Two hundred years later it is still in use. This paper traces the tradition of missionary bilingual lexicography in China from its origins down to Morrison. While early manuscript bilingual dictionaries solved the problems of transliteration, alphabetical arrangement of Chinese entries, definition and grammatical information, Morrison improved the transliteration system which he had inherited, invented a new index system matching alphabetically arranged transliterations with Chinese characters, and provided a large number of citations from Chinese classics and popular contemporary Chinese books. Morrison’s lexicographical legacy is reflected in the fact that his transliteration was adopted as the basis for the Wade-Giles system and that the macrostructure and microstructure of his dictionary became a model for Samuel Wells Williams’ (1812–1884) Syllabic Dictionary of the Chinese Language 漢英韻府 (1874, re-edited until 1909) and Henry Allen Giles’ (1845–1935) Chinese-English Dictionary (1892, last ed., 1972.)
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Cha, Joon Kyung. "Lexical Meaning and Dictionary Definition -focusing on the polysemy of event nouns-." HAN-GEUL 288 (June 30, 2010): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.22557/hg.2010.06.288.121.
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안의정. "A Quantitative Approach to the Definition of Yonsei contemporary dictionary of korean." Journal of Korealex ll, no. 28 (November 2016): 112–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33641/kolex.2016..28.112.
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Nordberg, Monica, John H. Duffus, and Douglas M. Templeton. "Explanatory dictionary of key terms in toxicology (IUPAC Recommendations 2007)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 79, no. 9 (January 1, 2007): 1583–633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200779091583.
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The objective of the "Explanatory Dictionary of Key Terms in Toxicology" is to give full explanations of the meaning of toxicological terms chosen for their importance and complexity from the point of merging chemistry and toxicology. This requires a full description of the underlying concepts, going beyond a normal dictionary definition. Often linguistic barriers lead to problems in obtaining a common understanding of terminology at the international level and between disciplines. The explanatory comments should help to break down such barriers. The dictionary consists of about 68 terms chosen from the IUPAC "Glossary of Terms Used in Toxicokinetics" organized under 22 main headings. The authors hope that among the groups which will find this explanatory dictionary helpful are chemists, pharmacologists, toxicologists, risk assessors, regulators, medical practitioners, regulatory authorities, and everyone with an interest in the relationship of chemistry to toxicology. It should also facilitate the use of chemistry in relation to risk assessment.
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Nam, Junghyun, Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo, Juryon Paik, and Dongho Won. "Password-Only Authenticated Three-Party Key Exchange Proven Secure against Insider Dictionary Attacks." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/802359.
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While a number of protocols for password-only authenticated key exchange (PAKE) in the 3-party setting have been proposed, it still remains a challenging task to prove the security of a 3-party PAKE protocol against insider dictionary attacks. To the best of our knowledge, there is no 3-party PAKE protocol that carries a formal proof, or even definition, of security against insider dictionary attacks. In this paper, we present the first 3-party PAKE protocol proven secure against both online and offline dictionary attacks as well as insider and outsider dictionary attacks. Our construct can be viewed as a protocol compiler that transforms any 2-party PAKE protocol into a 3-party PAKE protocol with 2 additional rounds of communication. We also present a simple and intuitive approach of formally modelling dictionary attacks in the password-only 3-party setting, which significantly reduces the complexity of proving the security of 3-party PAKE protocols against dictionary attacks. In addition, we investigate the security of the well-known 3-party PAKE protocol, called GPAKE, due to Abdalla et al. (2005, 2006), and demonstrate that the security of GPAKE against online dictionary attacks depends heavily on the composition of its two building blocks, namely a 2-party PAKE protocol and a 3-party key distribution protocol.
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Dvalidze, Nino. "ON THE ORIGINS OF SOME ENGLISH IDIOMS AND THE ADEQUACY OF THEIR DEFINITIONS IN THE GEORGIAN DICTIONARIES (II PART)." EUREKA: Social and Humanities 4 (July 31, 2019): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5571.2019.00968.
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The aim of this article is to fill the informative gap and to overcome those difficulties which arise in case of not having the adequate interpetation or exact definition of the English idioms in the Georgian dictionaries.This paper investigates some idiomatic expressions and observes how often they are used in the modern English publicist texts from “The Guardian”, “Fortune”, “The Scotsman”, “The Independent” etc. whether they have preserved their original meanings or obtained some other new senses and coloring. More than this, the goal is to research if there is an adequate translation or interpretation of those English idioms in the Georgian language bilingual dictionaries. If there is not any, then the objective is how to make their adequate Georgian equivalents and, as a result to compose a new mini-dictionary of idioms. The urgent need for etymological study of idioms is also stimulated by the fact that the phraseology condensates the complex interaction of the culture and psychology of people, national self-being and their unique metaphoric mentality The reaserch value is dectated by its outcome, namely, it will be the research not only of those idioms which have the adequate definitions in the Georgian dictionaries, but find out some cases of not having the right definition and in result to compile the mini be-lingual dictionary of idioms. It can be assumed, that it will make a siginificant contribution to the development of lexicography in Georgia.
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Chen, Wenge. "Lexicography, discourse and power." Pragmatics and Society 8, no. 4 (December 31, 2017): 601–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ps.8.4.06che.
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Abstract This paper conceptualizes dictionary bilingualization as a recontextualizing practice and explores how ideology and power play out in the recontextualization of lexicographic discourse across languages and cultures to result in the transformation of meaning. It first proposes viewing the (bilingualized) dictionary as discourse and emphasizes bilingual lexicography as a site of an asymmetrical linguistic and cultural power dynamics. The paper then argues that a synergy of critical discourse analysis and postcolonial studies can reveal the inter-cultural ideological struggle implicit in the bilingualizing lexicographic practice. The body of the study is devoted to the analysis of those shifts taking place in the entries, definition, illustrative examples and pragmatic labels in a bilingualized English-Chinese dictionary, which, when viewed cumulatively, significantly reshape the ideological positioning of the dictionary. The paper discusses the implications for critical lexicographic studies and for research into the interplay between power and resistance between dominating and dominated cultures. It concludes that Periphery English dictionary compilers are able to negotiate the different subjectivities and ideologies inherent in dictionary making and to adopt a subject position favorable to their empowerment in the international English lexicography, although such resistance is far from capable of restructuring the order of lexicography.
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LIAO, SHASHA, and MINGHU JIANG. "A NEW FEATURE SELECTION METHOD BASED ON CONCEPT EXTRACTION IN AUTOMATIC CHINESE TEXT CLASSIFICATION." New Mathematics and Natural Computation 03, no. 03 (November 2007): 331–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793005707000823.
Full textAbstract:
The feature selection is an important part in automatic text classification. In this paper, we use a Chinese semantic dictionary — Hownet to extract the concepts from the word as the feature set, because it can better reflect the meaning of the text. However, as the concept definition in the dictionary sometimes cannot express the word properly, we define the expression power for every sememe and every definition of the word in further process, and define the relation degree between the sememe and the definition. A threshold is set in the sememe tree, the sememe of the little information is filtered, and the words of weak definition are reserved in expression power. By this method, we construct a combined feature set that consists of both sememes and the Chinese words. The values of sememes are given according to their expression power and relation to the word. By comparing seven feature weighing methods in text classification, we propose a CHI-MCOR weighing method according to the weighing theories and classification precision. Experimental result shows that if the words are extracted properly, not only the feature dimension is smaller but also the classification precision is higher. Our method makes a good balance between the features which occur frequently in the corpus and those which only occur in one category, the difference of the classification precision among different categories is small.
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Llosa Sanz, Álvaro. "El nudo/nodo en la narrativa de Julio Cortázar y Los caminos hacia la hiperficción." Acta Hispanica 15 (January 1, 2010): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/actahisp.2010.15.31-42.
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The word nudo (knot), which comes from the latin nodus, is explained in seventeen different ways in the Dictionary published by the Spanish Royal Academy. However, every definition converges in a key point: the knot as a juncture or convergence of diverse elements. In this paper, I apply these definitions to the analysis of knot and nodal methaporic structures used in Julio Cortázar’s narrative: the knot starts as a literary metaphor in his early work titled Divertimento (1949), it evolves into a nodal structure in Rayuela (1963), and finally it reachs a maximum complexity of knots and nodes in 62, modelo para armar (1968).
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Skovorodnikov, Alexander P., and Galina A. Kopnina. "On the Conception of the Modern Political Labels Dictionary." Voprosy leksikografii, no. 20 (2021): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22274200/20/6.
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The article aims to describe the conception of the Modern Political Labels Dictionary being developed at the Siberian Federal University. The creation of such a dictionary is relevant owing to the development of political lexicography which allows revealing the state and features of modern political language development. It is also noted that political labels remain largely unstudied despite their wide and quite long-term use in media. The authors of both the dictionary and the article believe that it can be useful not only for specialists focused on conducting linguistic examinations of conflictogenic texts, but also for those who are interested in politics. The Modern Political Labels Dictionary makers see the main purpose of its creation in characterizing modern political discourse verbal labels used as a tool of information-psychological confrontation as completely as possible. The concept of the dictionary is based on the following definition of the term “political verbal label”: it is a nominative ideologeme (word and phrase) tending to stereotypization. It is a linear negative myth used to discredit socially and politically significant objects. A political verbal label is characterized by exaggerated pejorative connotations and weakened denotative components. The dictionary being developed is explanatory and illustrative. It also includes derivations and (optional) philological commentaries. The selection of speech samples for the dictionary was mainly based on a linguo-ideological analysis following the methodology proposed by N.A. Kupina that assumes the identification of key ideologeme labels in a text and analysis of their com-patibility to reveal semantic, axiological, and aesthetic additives that reflect an author’s point of view on certain political events. The article also characterizes the dictionary structure including a theoretical introduction, dictionary entries, a glossary, and a list of abbreviations; examples of dictionary entries are provided. The words and phrases se-lected for the glossary passed verification procedure acting as Yandex, Google and Russian Language National Corpus search query to confirm their non-unity (usability): the existence of at least 3 to 5 contexts from different sources in which the selected unit is used with the same meaning was considered sufficient. It is noted in the description of a dictionary entry that it contains both mandatory (head unit; interpretation of its semantics in compliance with the principle of unification of interpretation models; speech samples from texts of various styles and genres created in post-Soviet and modern periods) and optional (commentaries on the functioning specifics of a political label: its origin, use periods, productivity and role in text; variations; synonyms and derivatives) components. It is concluded that the work on the dictionary made it possible to clarify the definition of the political labels phenomenon; identify the most common political labels, and expand the notion of their paradigmatic (synonymous, opposing) connec-tions, word-formation capabilities, functioning specifics in modern public speech; and present the meta-reactions of society to their use. The above-mentioned makes it possible to fill the current gap in the theory of political linguistics.
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Ristic, Stana, Ivana Lazic-Konjik, and Nenad Ivanovic. "The metalanguage of a lexicographic definition in the descriptive dictionary (based on the dictionaries of the Serbian language)." Juznoslovenski filolog 74, no. 1 (2018): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi1801081r.
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In this paper we present the continuous hierarchical ordering of the first part of the definition of lexemes from the thematic group ?buildings? by analyzing the vertical organization of superordination of concepts in the lexicographical definition. We demonstrate that the vertical sequence mounts from a higher level of conceptual categorization, ?localizer,? in the form of complex and simple primitives (PLACE > SPACE [WHERE], SPACE > EXPANSE [SOMETHING THAT IS (BOUNDLESSLY) SPREADING IN EVERY DIRECTION]) and descends toward a lower hyperonimic level of ?buildings?. The suggested model links meanings systematically, on a micro-level of meaning within the polysemic structure, and on a macrolevel of meanings of lexemes belonging to a thematic group/class, which is significant for the descriptive lexicography and for the modeling of semantic description in the electronic dictionary of the contemporary Serbian language. Such description could facilitate the cross-referencing of lexemes and advanced search, which is essential both for linguists and dictionary users.
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Nielsen, Sandro. "Kritisk oversigt over engelske og danske juridiske ordbøger." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 1, no. 2 (July 17, 2015): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v1i2.21354.
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Ideally, special-purpose dictionaries should have complex macro- and micro-structures compiled according to strictly defined lexicographic principles. A surprisingly large number of the English and Danish law dictionaries examined leave much to be desired from a lexicographic point of view, and in some cases improvements and changes are proposed. Different types of definition, the presentation of lemma signs and equivalents, and meaning discrimination as well as their value to the user are discussed. It is suggested that the optimal special-purpose dictionary for learners should include both encyclopaedic and linguistic information whether it be a monolingual or bilingual dictionary.