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Douieb, Karim. "Hotlinks and dictionaries." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210471.
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Knowledge has always been a decisive factor of humankind's social evolutions. Collecting the world's knowledge is one of the greatest challenges of our civilization. Knowledge involves the use of information but information is not knowledge. It is a way of acquiring and understanding information. Improving the visibility and the accessibility of information requires to organize it efficiently. This thesis focuses on this general purpose.A fundamental objective of computer science is to store and retrieve information efficiently. This is known as the dictionary problem. A dictionary asks for a data structure which allows essentially the search operation. In general, information that is important and popular at a given time has to be accessed faster than less relevant information. This can be achieved by dynamically managing the data structure periodically such that relevant information is located closer from the search starting point. The second part of this thesis is devoted to the development and the understanding of self-adjusting dictionaries in various models of computation. In particular, we focus our attention on dictionaries which do not have any knowledge of the future accesses. Those dictionaries have to auto-adapt themselves to be competitive with dictionaries specifically tuned for a given access sequence.
This approach, which transforms the information structure, is not always feasible. Reasons can be that the structure is based on the semantic of the information such as categorization. In this context, the search procedure is linked to the structure itself and modifying the structure will affect how a search is performed. A solution developed to improve search in static structure is the hotlink assignment. It is a way to enhance a structure without altering its original design. This approach speeds up the search by creating shortcuts in the structure. The first part of this thesis is devoted to this approach.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Gangla, Lilian Atieno. "Pictorial illustrations in dictionaries." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2001. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02272003-142207.
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Юзькова, Ю. В., and O. M. Михальчук. "The Evolution of English Dictionaries." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/46644.
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Dictionary is one of the main resources of information. "We rely on dictionaries to
provide us with definitions of words, and to tell us how to spell them. They are used at home
and at school, cited in law courts, sermons and parliament, and referred to by crossword
addicts and scrabble players alike"
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Mphahlele, Motlokwe Clifford. "A model to achieve communicative equivalence in translation dictionaries." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52088.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.Full text to be digitised and attached to bibliographic record.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Bilingual dictionaries often do not satisfy the requirements of the dictionary users because they contain a relatively small percentage of articles displaying absolute equivalence between the source and the target language. This impedes the users from retrieving the required information. Communicative equivalence is a relation holding between source and target language entries in translation dictionaries. A translation equivalent should not be seen as a statement about the meaning of the lemma, but it should be regarded as an item that represents the target language and can be used to translate a specific occurrence of the source language item. If semantic and communicative equivalence do not hold between the source and the target language dictionary users will not be able to use the target language successfully. Instead of achieving communicative equivalence, the dictionary user is confused and ends up using language in an unacceptable way. Relying on translation dictionaries to improve their language skills and to learn more about the target language, dictionary users often come across haphazardly arranged articles in dictionaries that do not lead to communicative equivalence. In this case, the dictionary users are confused and end up using language in an unacceptable way. This thesis explores and investigates different ways to achieve communicative equivalence in translation dictionaries. The research formulates some of the needed guidelines for the lexicographers of translation dictionaries. It intends to assist lexicographers to compile useroriented translation dictionaries that can foster multilingualism amongst the dictionary users. As a result of this research, lexicographers will be able to compile translation dictionaries that will assist dictionary users to achieve communicative success. These dictionaries will establish semantic and communicative resemblance between the source and the target language forms. As a lexicographic problem, communicative equivalence is being addressed in the thesis and the researcher aims to make lexicographers aware of the mistakes in translation dictionaries. The objective of the thesis is to help lexicographers with the compilation of dictionaries where the users can achieve an optimal retrieval of information. The research focuses on metalexicographic issues in order to enhance the quality of practical lexicography. By doing so both the practical and theoretical lexicography can benefit from this research.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tweetalige woordeboeke voldoen dikwels nie aan die behoeftes van hulle gebruikers nie omdat hulle Onbeperkte aantal artikels bevat met absolute ekwivalensie tussen bron- en doeltaal. Dit weerhou die gebruikers daarvan om die verlangde inligting te onttrek. Kommunikatiewe ekwivalensie is onverhouding tussen die bron- en doeltaalinskrywings in vertalende woordeboeke. OnVertaalekwivalent moet nie beskou word as Onuitspraak oor die betekenis van die lemma nie maar dit moet gesien word as Onitem wat die doeltaal verteenwoordig en wat gebruik kan word om onbepaalde optrede van die brontaalvorm te vertaal. As semantiese en kommunikatiewe ekwivalensie nie tussen bron- en doeltaal bestaan nie sal woordeboekgebruikers nie daartoe in staat wees om die doeltaal suksesvol te gebruik nie. In stede daarvan om kommunikatiewe ekwivalensie te behaal, is die gebruiker verward en gebruik hy taal op Ononaanvaarbare manier. Wanneer woordeboekgebruikers op vertalende woordeboeke staatmaak om hulle taalgebruik te verbeter en meer oor die doeltaal te leer, vind hulle dikwels arbitrêr geordende artikels in woordeboeke wat nie tot kommunikatiewe ekwivalendie lei nie. Dit verwar gebruikers en lei tot foutiewe taalgebruik. Hierdie tesis ondersoek verskillende maniere waarop kommunikatiewe ekwivalensie in vertalende woordeboeke bereik kan word. Die navorsing lei tot die formulering van sommige riglyne wat nodig is vir die opstellers van vertalende woordeboeke. Dit poog om leksikograwe te help om gebruikersgerigte woordeboeke saam te stel wat veeltaligheid tussen die gebruikers kan bevorder. As gevolg van hierdie navorsing sal leksikograwe daartoe in staat wees om vertalende woordeboeke saam te stel wat gebruikers kan help om kommunikatiewe ekwivalensie te bereik. Hierdie woordeboeke salon semantiese en kommunikatiewe ooreenkoms tussen bron- en doeltaalvorme vestig. In hierdie tesis word kommunikatiewe ekwivalensie as Onleksikografiese probleem behandel en die navorser poog om leksikograwe bewus te maak van foute in vertalende woordeboeke. Die mikpunt van hierdie tesis is om leksikograwe te help met die samestelling van woordeboeke waar gebruikers onoptimale inligtingsherwinning kan behaal. Die navorsing fokus op metaleksikografiese aangeleenthede ter wille van Onverhoging in die gehalte van die praktiese leksikografie. Sodoende kan sowel die teoretiese as die praktiese leksikografie by hierdie navorsing baat vind.
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Kobayashi, Chiho. "The use of pocket electronic dictionaries as compared with printed dictionaries by Japanese learners of English." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1155615693.
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Hamilton, Sandra A. M. "Canadianisms and their treatment in dictionaries." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/10045.
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Although Canada is a bilingual country, with both French and English as its official languages, Canadians do not have at their disposal, many Canadian-produced general English or French dictionaries. Moreover, they do not have a single general bilingual English-French, French-English dictionary of Canadian origin.$\sp1$ This means that Canadians often use European-produced dictionaries, such as the Nouveau Petit Robert, the Random House Webster, the Robert Collins Super Senior and the Oxford Hachette. Since these dictionaries are not produced for the Canadian market, there are many elements of English and French as used in Canada (i.e. Canadianisms) that are not contained in them. In addition, for the limited number of Canadianisms that are covered, the coverage given by these dictionaries is often unsatisfactory. This thesis studies Canadian English and French to obtain a clearer picture of their nature, and more specifically, of Canadianisms. It then examines current unilingual and bilingual dictionaries produced both in Canada and in Europe, with the objective of determining their coverage and treatment of Canadianisms. From this examination springs a discussion of the problems identified, along with proposed solutions. Finally, the methodology of the Bilingual Canadian Dictionary Project is analyzed in order to see how it deals with Canadianisms, and an actual entry is produced following its methodology to see if this Canadian lexicographic project is meeting its objective of presenting a true account of English and French as they are used in Canada. ftn$\sp1$The only Canadian bilingual dictionary ever produced was Vinay et al.'s Canadian Dictionary published in 1962. This dictionary, however, was only an abridged edition and has long been out of print.
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Crenn, Tiphaine. "Register and register labeling in dictionaries." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/10226.
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Dictionaries employ usage labels to warn the user of restrictions on the use of a word. Register labels are just one of several types of usage labels. Differentiating between various usages has been a practice since the very beginnings of monolingual French and English lexicography in the seventeenth century. However, the advent of sociolinguistics in the latter half of this century, and the concept of language varieties, which has emerged from sociolinguistic studies, has had an impact on lexicography. In theory, dictionaries now generally recognize that register, or use-related varieties of language (i.e. tied to the situation in which the speaker uses language), is not a question of right and wrong, only one of appropriateness. In practice, however, there are discrepancies from dictionary to dictionary in the treatment of register and register labeling. An in-depth look at the front matter or a few dictionaries, monolingual and bilingual, reveals both the lack of a clear notion of register in lexicography and inadequate explanation of the basis on which words are labeled for register. An extensive examination of the actual entries found within these dictionaries, however, reveals a certain common thread in register labeling since some labels can be found in all dictionaries, and certain words are always labeled. Although some consistency in register labeling does exist, marking words for register is always problematic since it is subjective. An examination of a few entries prepared at the Bilingual Canadian Dictionary project shows the difficulty of labeling register consistently even when specific guidelines are proposed to lexicographers. The usefulness of consulting on-line corpora as a more objective basis for labeling is examined, and certain recommendations are made to improve the consistency of register labeling in bilingual lexicography in general, and especially in the Bilingual Canadian Dictionary. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Cirillo, Chiara. "Questions of gender in Italian dictionaries." Thesis, University of Reading, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.252216.
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Loots, Linsen. "Data-driven augmentation of pronunciation dictionaries." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4212.
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Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis investigates various data-driven techniques by which pronunciation dictionaries can be automatically augmented. First, well-established grapheme-to-phoneme (G2P) conversion techniques are evaluated for Standard South African English (SSAE), British English (RP) and American English (GenAm) by means of four appropriate dictionaries: SAEDICT, BEEP, CMUDICT and PRONLEX. Next, the decision tree algorithm is extended to allow the conversion of pronunciations between different accents by means of phoneme-to-phoneme (P2P) and grapheme-andphoneme- to-phoneme (GP2P) conversion. P2P conversion uses the phonemes of the source accent as input to the decision trees. GP2P conversion further incorporates the graphemes into the decision tree input. Both P2P and GP2P conversion are evaluated using the four dictionaries. It is found that, when the pronunciation is needed for a word not present in the target accent, it is substantially more accurate to modify an existing pronunciation from a different accent, than to derive it from the word’s spelling using G2P conversion. When converting between accents, GP2P conversion provides a significant further increase in performance above P2P. Finally, experiments are performed to determine how large a training dictionary is required in a target accent for G2P, P2P and GP2P conversion. It is found that GP2P conversion requires less training data than P2P and substantially less than G2P conversion. Furthermore, it is found that very little training data is needed for GP2P to perform at almost maximum accuracy. The bulk of the accuracy is achieved within the initial 500 words, and after 3000 words there is almost no further improvement. Some specific approaches to compiling the best training set are also considered. By means of an iterative greedy algorithm an optimal ranking of words to be included in the training set is discovered. Using this set is shown to lead to substantially better GP2P performance for the same training set size in comparison with alternative approaches such as the use of phonetically rich words or random selections. A mere 25 words of training data from this optimal set already achieve an accuracy within 1% of that of the full training dictionary.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis ondersoek verskeie data-gedrewe tegnieke waarmee uitspraakwoordeboeke outomaties aangevul kan word. Eerstens word gevestigde grafeem-na-foneem (G2P) omskakelingstegnieke ge¨evalueer vir Standaard Suid-Afrikaanse Engels (SSAE), Britse Engels (RP) en Amerikaanse Engels (GenAm) deur middel van vier geskikte woordeboeke: SAEDICT, BEEP, CMUDICT en PRONLEX. Voorts word die beslissingsboomalgoritme uitgebrei om die omskakeling van uitsprake tussen verskillende aksente moontlik te maak, deur middel van foneem-na-foneem (P2P) en grafeem-en-foneem-na-foneem (GP2P) omskakeling. P2P omskakeling gebruik die foneme van die bronaksent as inset vir die beslissingsbome. GP2P omskakeling inkorporeer verder die grafeme by die inset. Beide P2P en GP2P omskakeling word evalueer deur middel van die vier woordeboeke. Daar word bevind dat wanneer die uitspraak benodig word vir ’n woord wat nie in die teikenaksent teenwoordig is nie, dit bepaald meer akkuraat is om ’n bestaande uitspraak van ’n ander aksent aan te pas, as om dit af te lei vanuit die woord se spelling met G2P omskakeling. Wanneer daar tussen aksente omgeskakel word, gee GP2P omskakeling ’n verdere beduidende verbetering in akkuraatheid bo P2P. Laastens word eksperimente uitgevoer om die grootte te bepaal van die afrigtingswoordeboek wat benodig word in ’n teikenaksent vir G2P, P2P en GP2P omskakeling. Daar word bevind dat GP2P omskakeling minder afrigtingsdata as P2P en substansieel minder as G2P benodig. Verder word dit bevind dat baie min afrigtingsdata benodig word vir GP2P om teen bykans maksimum akkuraatheid te funksioneer. Die oorwig van die akkuraatheid word binne die eerste 500 woorde bereik, en n´a 3000 woorde is daar amper geen verdere verbetering nie. ’n Aantal spesifieke benaderings word ook oorweeg om die beste afrigtingstel saam te stel. Deur middel van ’n iteratiewe, gulsige algoritme word ’n optimale rangskikking van woorde bepaal vir insluiting by die afrigtingstel. Daar word getoon dat deur hierdie stel te gebruik, substansieel beter GP2P gedrag verkry word vir dieselfde grootte afrigtingstel in vergelyking met alternatiewe benaderings soos die gebruik van foneties-ryke woorde of lukrake seleksies. ’n Skamele 25 woorde uit hierdie optimale stel gee reeds ’n akkuraatheid binne 1% van di´e van die volle afrigtingswoordeboek.
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Granai, Lorenzo. "Nonlinear approximation with redundant multi-component dictionaries /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=3404.
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Bürkle, Thomas. "Klassifikation, Konzeption und Anwendung medizinischer Data Dictionaries /." Aachen : Shaker, 2001. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=009454477&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Sebolela, Fannie. "The compilation of corpus-based Setswana dictionaries." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30829.
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The aim of this thesis is to describe how corpus-based Setswana dictionaries should be compiled. The challenge to the modern Setswana lexicographer is to compile very practical descriptive and user-friendly dictionaries. A detailed evaluation of existing Setswana dictionaries will be performed in terms of the macrostructural and microstructural aspects: - Coverage of frequently used words.
- Effective use of dictionary space.
- Use of standard dictionary conventions.
- Choice, ordering and composition of translation equivalent paradigms.
- Mother tongue speakers of Setswana.
- Adults (to be on a par with authors of the written sources in the text corpus). Age: ranging from 20-60 years.
- Male and female.
Thesis (DLitt)--University of Pretoria, 2009.
African Languages
Unrestricted
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Lapuzina, O., Yu Romanov, and T. A. Snegurova. "The family of learner’s bilingual mathematical dictionaries." Thesis, Харківський національний університет будівництва та архітектури, 2018. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/39362.
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Rudd, Rebecca Lynn. "Electronic dictionaries in the ESL composition class." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2893.
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This thesis examines the use of electronic dictionaries by ESL students. In particular, it considers how, when and why students use electronic dictionaries in their writing processes. It also explores the extent to which students use words found in an electronic dictionary appropriately in their texts and whether electronic dictionary use influences their long-term acquisition of vocabulary.
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Meso, Tlou Phestus. "Language dynamism in English-Northern Sotho/Northern Sotho-English bilingual dictionaries : a case of translation equivalence." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1511.
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Thesis (M. A. (Translation and Linguistics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2016This study reveals that language dynamisms affect the compilation of Northern Sotho – English bilingual dictionaries. In this regard, the study shows that the role of translation equivalence cannot be taken for granted. To fully grasp what translation equivalence entails, the study compared formal equivalence with dynamic equivalence. Although there are merits in adopting foreign terms and concepts, the study investigates the problem lexicographers and terminologists of English–Northern Sotho or Northern Sotho–English bilingual dictionaries encounter and suggests possible solutions. Different strategies and procedures for dealing with non-equivalence between the source and target languages are also discussed. Lastly, the study recommends that language dynamism is inevitable if Northern Sotho is to thrive as one of the functional languages in the world. The consequences of shunning dynamism are dire as this might lead to language death.
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Schnass, Karin. "Sparsity & [and] dictionaries - algorithms & [and] design /." Lausanne : EPFL, 2009. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=4349.
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Thèse Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne EPFL, no 4349 (2009), Faculté des sciences et techniques de l'ingénieur STI, Programme doctoral Informatique, Communications et Information, Institut de génie électrique et électronique IEL (Laboratoire de traitement des signaux 2 LTS2). Dir.: Pierre Vandergheynst.
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Trypanagnostopoulou, Sofia. "The Treatment of phraseology in English-Greek dictionaries." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667104.
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Phraseological units are an important part of every language and due to their distinctive characteristics, they require special attention in their lexicographic description. However, phraseology is often underrepresented in lexicography, especially in bilingual dictionaries. Even though many important theoretical propositions have been suggested by linguists in the field of phraseology and idioms, from the perspective of lexicography, research is rather limited and concentrates mainly on monolingual lexicography.
In our attempt to fill this gap, we have examined the treatment of phraseology in bilingual English-Greek dictionaries. Specifically, we proceeded to a corpus-based comparative analysis of the main English-Greek dictionaries (paper and electronic editions), in order to detect the problematic aspects in the description of phraseological units in terms of dictionary macrostructure and microstructure. Our attention focused on various issues, such as phraseological coverage, translation equivalents, grammatical and syntactic information, usage labels and more. In order to extract information about the use of phraseological units and to retrieve potential translation equivalents, we built a parallel English – Greek corpus, consisted of texts collected from TED talks. While parallel corpora have been widely used in several fields of linguistics, they have not been extensively exploited as a tool in bilingual lexicography.
The results of the dictionary assessment have shown that even if the general quality of the examined dictionaries is rather high, they present various problems and omissions, such as poor phraseological inclusion, insufficient grammatical/syntactic or stylistic information, inadequate translation equivalents and so on. Based on the information retrieved from our parallel corpus we compiled for our study, we have proposed solutions for their improvement, which could be applied both in this language combination and in bilingual dictionaries in general. Our attempt aims to make a lexicographical proposal on how bilingual dictionaries would improve the representation of phraseology. This model could be used in the compilation of bilingual dictionaries of general use, as well as dictionaries of phraseology.Les unitats fraseològiques i les expressions idiomàtiques en especial constitueixen una part important de totes les llengües. Requereixen una atenció especial per part de la lexicografia ateses les seves característiques i atès que el seu significat no és composicional. Això no obstant, la representació de la fraseologia als diccionaris, i especialment al diccionaris bilingües, sovint és deficient. Malgrat el fet que s’hagin proposat diverses aproximacions lingüístiques per analitzar la fraseologia, hi ha hagut relativament poca recerca sobre la fraseologia des de la perspectiva de la lexicografia, i la que hi ha se centra principalment en els diccionaris monolingües. En aquesta tesi s’analitza el tractament de la fraseologia i, de manera especial, de les frases fetes, en diccionaris bilingües de la combinatòria lingüística anglès-grec. Es proposa analitzar els principal diccionaris bilingües d’aquesta combinatòria disponibles en format imprès i en format digital i utilitzar les dades d’un corpus paral·lel per tal de detectar els punts més problemàtics amb relació a la macrostructura i microstructura del diccionari. Es tractaran els temes següents: la selecció de fraseologia inclosa, els equivalents, la informació gramatical i sintàctica, i les etiquetes de registre, entre altres. Per tal d’obtenir informació sobre l’ús real de les unitats fraseològiques i per tal d’identificar els equivalents potencials, es crea un corpus paral·lel anglès-grec basat en un grup de textos corresponents a ponències de la fundació TED. Tot i que s’han utilitzat els corpus paral·lels en diversos estudis lingüístics, fins ara el seu ús en l’elaboració dels diccionaris bilingües ha estat relativament limitat. Els resultats de l’avaluació dels diccionaris demostren que, malgrat la bona qualitat general dels diccionaris estudiats, hi ha diversos problemes i llacunes en relació amb la fraseologia, com ara un nivell pobre d’inclusió de frases, una representació insuficient d’informació gramatical, sintàctica i estilística, i una identificació d’equivalents no satisfactoris, entre altres. Basant-nos en la informació extreta del corpus paral·lel desenvolupat per a aquesta tesi, hem proposat solucions per millorar els diccionaris d’aquesta combinatòria en especial i, més generalment, que es podrien implementar en la confecció de diccionaris bilingües. El nostre objectiu és fer una proposta factible en què els diccionaris bilingües incloguessin una informació fraseològica més acurada, que es podria adoptar tant pels diccionaris bilingües generals com pels diccionaris de fraseologia.
Las unidades fraseológicas y las expresiones idiomáticas en especial constituyen una parte importante de todas las lenguas. Requieren una atención especial por parte de la Lexicografía debido a sus características y a la falta de composicionalidad de su significado. No obstante, la representación de la fraseología en los diccionarios y especialmente en los diccionarios bilingües suele ser deficiente. A pesar de que se hayan propuesto varias aproximaciones al análisis de la fraseología desde la Lingüística, la investigación en fraseología desde la perspectiva de la Lexicografía es relativamente pobre y se centra principalmente en los diccionarios monolingües. En nuestra investigación, analizamos el tratamiento de la fraseología y, muy particularmente, de las frases hechas, en diccionarios bilingües de la combinatoria lingüística inglés-griego. Proponemos analizar los principales diccionarios bilingües de esta combinatoria y utilizar datos de un corpus paralelo para detectar los puntos más problemáticos en relación con la descripción de la fraseología y en relación con la macrostructura y la microstructura del diccionario. Se tratan los siguientes temas: la selección de fraseología incluida, los equivalentes, la información gramatical i sintáctica, i las etiquetas de registre, entre otros. Para obtener información sobre el uso real de unidades fraseológicas y para identificar equivalentes potenciales, se crea un corpus paralelo inglés-griego basado en textos correspondientes a ponencias de la fundación TED. Aunque se ha utilizado los corpus paralelos en varios estudios lingüísticos, hasta la fecha su uso en la elaboración de diccionarios bilingües ha sido relativamente limitado. Los resultados de la evaluación de los diccionarios demuestran que, a pesar de la buena calidad general de los diccionarios estudiados, hay varios problemas y carencias en relación con la fraseología, como, por ejemplo, el nivel pobre de inclusión de frases, una representación insuficiente de información gramatical, sintáctica y estilística, y una identificación de equivalentes no satisfactorios, entre otros. Basándonos en la información extraída del corpus paralelo desarrollado para esta tesis, se han propuesto soluciones para mejorar los diccionarios bilingües existentes en esta combinatoria específicamente y, más generalmente, que se podrían aplicar a la confección de diccionarios bilingües. Nuestro objetivo es desarrollar una propuesta factible en la que los diccionarios bilingües incluyeran una información fraseológica más esmerada, que se podría adoptar tanto para los diccionarios bilingües generales como para los diccionarios de fraseología.
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Cantmo, Kristoffer. "Comparison of two Learner’s Dictionaries regarding Delexical verbs." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Humanities (HUM), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-4419.
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Caballero, Jose. "Dictionaries for fast and informative dynamic MRI acquisition." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/26266.
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Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is an invaluable tool for medical research and diagnosis but suffers from inefficiencies. The speed of its acquisition mechanism, based on sequentially probing the interactions between nuclear atom spins and a changing magnetic field, is limited by atomic properties and scanner physics. Modern sampling techniques termed compressed sensing have nevertheless demonstrated how near perfect reconstructions are possible from undersampled, accelerated acquisitions, showing promise for more efficient MR acquisition paradigms. At the same time, information extraction from MR images through image analysis implies a considerable dimensionality reduction, in which an image is processed for the extraction of a few clinically useful parameters. This signals an inefficient handling of information in the separated treatment of acquisition and analysis that could be tackled by joining these two essential stages of the imaging pipeline. In this thesis, we explore the use of adaptive sparse modelling for novel acquisition strategies of cardiac cine MR data. Conventional compressed sensing MR acquisition relies on fixed basis transforms for sparse modelling, which are only able to guarantee suboptimal sparse modelling. We introduce spatio-temporal dictionaries that are able to optimally adapt sparse modelling by absorbing salient features of cardiac cine data, and demonstrate how they can outperform sampling methods based on fixed basis transforms. Additionally, we extend the framework introduced to handle parallel data acquisition. Given the flexibility of the formulation, we show how it can be combined with a labelling model that provides a segmentation of the image as a by-product of the reconstruction, hence performing joint reconstruction and analysis.
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Battenburg, John D. "English monolingual learners' dictionaries : a user-oriented study /." Tübingen : M. Niemeyer, 1991. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb355174614.
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Mothiba, Tebogo Innocent. "The application of reversibility principle in Northern Sotho-english Bilingual dictionaries : a lexicographic analysis." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1140.
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Thesis (M.A. (Translation Studies)) --University of Limpopo, 2012This study focuses on aspects that form part of the reasons of not having complete bidirectional bilingual dictionaries and to find solutions to those problems. The following dictionaries have been evaluated in this study: Oxford Pukuntšu ya Sekolo School Dictionary (2010), Pharos Popular Northern Sotho Dictionary (2007 & 2009) and Sesotho sa Leboa/English Pukuntšu Dictionary (2006). Most African bilingual dictionaries which are supposed to be bidirectional are not because reversibility is not applied thoroughly. This study focuses on checking how Northern Sotho-English bilingual dictionaries apply the reversibility principle. When evaluating bilingual dictionaries it comes to light that there are a lot of errors that lexicographers commit and these errors negatively affect the process of compiling complete user-friendly bidirectional dictionaries. Having user-friendly bidirectional bilingual dictionaries is very important because dictionaries help different language speakers to learn each other’s language.
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Duran, Magali Sanches. "Parâmetros para a elaboração de dicionários bilíngues de apoio à codificação escrita em línguas estrangeiras /." São José do Rio Preto : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100101.
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Orientador: Claudia Maria XataraBanca: John Robert Schmitz
Banca: Bento Carlos Dias da Silva
Banca: Claudia Zavaglia
Banca: Douglas Altamiro Consolo
Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar parâmetros que possam ser utilizados para orientar melhorias e inovações lexicográficas, a fim de atender as dificuldades dos brasileiros na codificação escrita em línguas estrangeiras. Revisam-se criticamente várias pesquisas, em busca de subsídios que contribuam para diagnosticar as dificuldades de escrever em língua estrangeira, dentre elas os trabalhos produzidos por teóricos da Lexicografia, as pesquisas sobre o uso do dicionário e estudos sobre corpus de aprendizes. Realiza-se, também, uma pesquisa empírica sobre o uso dos dicionários na codificação a fim de complementar, com dados primários, as informações obtidas nas demais fontes. Uma vez conhecidas as necessidades dos usuários de dicionários, analisam-se as obras lexicográficas que expressam o propósito de auxiliar a produção em língua estrangeira. Nessa análise, verifica-se em que medida as necessidades identificadas são atendidas e como são atendidas. Chegase, assim, à conclusão de que algumas das dificuldades solucionáveis por meio da consulta ao dicionário já são satisfatoriamente atendidas pelas obras disponíveis, embora seja oportuno otimizar o acesso dos usuários às informações. Há necessidades, porém, que não são atendidas pelos dicionários ou são atendidas apenas parcialmente. A principal delas é a busca de equivalentes para itens lexicais do português. Há carência de dicionários bilíngües na direção português línguas estrangeiras que possuam, principalmente, a grande maioria dos sentidos e as colocações mais recorrentes de cada item lexical do português, além de ampla exemplificação do uso dos equivalentes em línguas estrangeiras. Para elaborar esses dicionários, o primeiro passo é definir uma nomenclatura que tome por base o léxico ativo do português do Brasil, incluindo lexias simples e complexas, com suas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This work aims at presenting useful parameters for lexicographical improvements and innovations that meet encoding difficulties of Brazilian dictionary users. A critical review of lexicographers' works, and researches on second language writing, productive dictionary use, and learner's corpus, contributes to diagnose the problem of foreign language encoding. Also, an empirical research about dictionary use in encoding activities completes with primary data the information obtained from secondary sources. After identifying what dictionary users need, this work presents an analysis of five dictionaries which expressly mention their purpose to help users to write in a foreign language. Such analysis tries to measure to what extent, and how, users' needs are satisfied. The conclusion is that reference works are able to solve some of learners' difficulties, although it is desirable to improve the ways users retrieve information from them. However, there are some needs not met by dictionaries or only partially met. The major of them is the search for equivalents in foreign languages that correspond to Portuguese lexical items. There is a lack of bilingual dictionaries Portuguese-foreign language that present, specially, every meaning and recurrent collocations for Portuguese lexical items, besides examples of equivalents use in foreign language. To compile such dictionaries, the first step is to define a word-list based on Brazilian Portuguese active vocabulary, including simple and complex lexical units with all their respective senses. Then, it is suggested to find equivalents in foreign language with examples that illustrate pedagogically their use. For this work, results from other projects may be reused, such as semantic networks, collocation extraction, Brazilian learners corpus, and parallel corpora of Brazilian Portuguese and foreign languages.
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黃奇芳 and Ki-fong Wong. "A study of Sidney Lau's 'a practical Cantonese-English dictionary'." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30257232.
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Jessen, Annette. "The presence and treatment of terms in general dictionaries." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq21992.pdf.
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Alnaser, Mohammad. "Multi-word items in dictionaries from a translator's perspective." Thesis, Durham University, 2010. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/384/.
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Translation dictionaries are the tools of translators who use them to transfer from the source text to the target text, as they use them whenever they encounter puzzling words. Thus, this research investigates the degree of usefulness of these dictionaries when rendering English and Arabic multi-word items, such as idioms, collocations, phrasal/prepositional verbs, and compounds/iḍāfas. The aforementioned multi-word items are known for their metaphorical meanings and fixed structures, as both characteristics cause confusion to the translator/foreign language learner. The usefulness of the translation dictionaries was determined based on two criteria. First, by evaluating the use of these dictionaries for the rendering of the aforementioned multi-word items in undergraduate translation and lexicography classes. Second, by assessing the lexicographical documentation and treatment of these items in those dictionaries. It has been concluded that the percentages of dictionary use in advanced classes of translation were higher, which indicates the awareness of the importance of dictionaries in these classes. In addition, students of Arabic-English translation classes used dictionaries less than the English-Arabic classes since they dealt with texts of their native language and that English multi-word items were more difficult to render than the Arabic ones. Moreover, findings show that Arabic multi-word items were treated better than the English multi-word items in their respective dictionaries even though the English-Arabic dictionaries document more than the Arabic-English dictionaries.
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Shoba, F. M. (Feziwe Martha). "The representation of phonetic-phonological information in Nguni dictionaries." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52562.
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Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The concern of the study of phonetics and phonology is the speech sounds of languages. Phonetics is concerned with the description and the classification of speech sounds. Phonology, on the other hand is responsible for the sound patterns of speech sounds in a given language namely, the sound inventory, permissible sequences and how the sounds change in different circumstances. This study examines and evaluates the manner in which phonetic-phonological information is applied in South African dictionaries with particular reference to Nguni dictionaries. Dictionaries are regarded as authoritative linguistic tools, therefore, the phonetic-phonological aspects of the language is one of the important information categories that is included in dictionaries. A word as the linguistic unit consists of speech sounds which are in turn regarded as phonological units as well as phonetic entities. The phonetic-phonological signification of the lexical unit in the dictionary entry plays a role in access to facilitating the spoken form of the language recorded. This critical analysis and evaluation of Nguni dictionaries reflects on the current approaches pertaining to the presentation of both segmental and suprasegmental features of speech sound. Secondly, it also demonstrates the types of pronunciation information that is lexicographically relevant for the thorough treatment of the lemma. Although phonetic-phonological information is almost the prevalent feature of all dictionary types, there are problems encountered during its presentation. In the evaluation of Nguni dictionaries the treatment of pronunciation information is coupled with inadequacies and inconsistencies. This is due to the lack of lexicographic planning and the sound application of lexicographic principles. It is evident from the investigation that pronunciation information remains the essential component of the dictionary entry. The inclusion of phonetic-phonological information requires lexicographic planning that is actually based on linguistic theories that are primarily aimed at practical lexicography. The general guidelines that are presented in this study compel lexicographers to introduce innovative methods when handling pronunciation. The proposed approaches in future dictionaries will enhance the accessibility of information when harmonised. It is concluded that lexicographical products in the multilingual South Africa should begin to document the spoken form of various languages for the general record of the sounds of the language and also for pedagogic purposes. A good phonological and phonetic description of the official languages is also pertinent especially in the design stage of the dictionary. The lexicographic approaches followed in the treatment of any linguistic information should based on the (a) functional criteria of the dictionary compiled and (b) also on the prospective user's skills.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Fonetiek en fonologie is die studie van die spraakklanke van tale. Fonetiek sien om na die beskrywing en klassifikasie van spraakklanke. Fonologie daarenteen is verantwoordelik vir die klankpatrone van spraakklanke in 'n gegewe taal nl. die klankinventaris, die toelaatbare sekwensies en hoe die klanke omvorm word in wisselende omstandighede, dit wil se die fonologiese proses. Hierdie studie ondersoek die manier waarop foneties-fonologiese inligting in Suid-Afrikaanse woordeboeke, veral die van die Nguni-tale, vergestalt word. Woordeboeke word gesien as gesaghebbende linguistiese werktuie en die foneties-fonologiese aspekte van taal kom as 'n vername informasiekategorie daarin voor. Die woord as linguistiese eenheid bestaan uit spraakklanke wat op hul beurt beide as fonologiese eenhede sowel as fonetiese entiteite beskou word. Die foneties-fonologiese komponent van die leksikale eenheid speel 'n betekenisvolle rol in die toegang tot die gesproke vorm van die opgetekende taal. Die kritiese analise en evaluasie van Nguni-woordeboeke oorweeg die huidige benaderings wat betrekking het op die aanbieding van beide segmentele en suprasegmentele kenmerke van spraakklanke. Tweedens toon dit ook die tipes uitspraakinformasie wat leksikografies relevant is vir die deeglike uiteensetting van die inligting. Alhoewel foneties-fonologiese inligting die mees algemene verskynsel in alle woordeboektipes is, is daar nietemin probleme met die aanbieding daarvan. Uit die evaluasie van Nguni woordeboeke blyk dit dat ontoereikendhede en inkonsekwensies voorkom. Dit is toe te skryf aan die gebrek aan leksikografiese beplanning en die tekort aan deeglike toepassing van leksikografiese beginsels. Dit blyk uit die ondersoek dat uitspraakinformasie 'n essensiele komponent van die woordeboekinskrywing bly. Die insluiting van foneties-fonologiese inligting verg leksikografiese beplanning wat gebaseer is op 'n linguistiese teorie primer gefokus op praktiese leksikografie. Die algemene riglyne wat in hierdie studie aangebied word dwing leksikograwe om innoverende maatreels toe te pas by die hantering van uitspraak. Die voorgestelde benaderings vir woordeboeke van die toekoms sal die toeganklikheid tot hul inhoud verhoog indien die benaderings harmonieer word. Die slotsom is dat leksikografiese produkte in die veeltalige Suid-Afrika die gesproke vorm van die verskillende tale moet dokumenteer beide as 'n algemene rekord en ook vir pedagogiese doeleindes. 'n Goeie fonologiese en fonetiese beskrywing van die amptelike tale is ook van belang veral in die ontwerpstadium van die woordeboek. Die leksikogafiese benaderings wat gevolg word in die behandeling van enige linguistiese informasie moet gegrond wees op (a) funksionele kriteria van die saamgestelde woordeboek en (b) ook op die vaardighede van die voorgestelde gebruiker.
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Andersson, Viktor. "Semantic Segmentation : Using Convolutional Neural Networks and Sparse dictionaries." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Datorseende, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-139367.
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The two main bottlenecks using deep neural networks are data dependency and training time. This thesis proposes a novel method for weight initialization of the convolutional layers in a convolutional neural network. This thesis introduces the usage of sparse dictionaries. A sparse dictionary optimized on domain specific data can be seen as a set of intelligent feature extracting filters. This thesis investigates the effect of using such filters as kernels in the convolutional layers in the neural network. How do they affect the training time and final performance? The dataset used here is the Cityscapes-dataset which is a library of 25000 labeled road scene images.The sparse dictionary was acquired using the K-SVD method. The filters were added to two different networks whose performance was tested individually. One of the architectures is much deeper than the other. The results have been presented for both networks. The results show that filter initialization is an important aspect which should be taken into consideration while training the deep networks for semantic segmentation.
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Chavalala, Bulu James. "Lemmatisation of derivative nouns in Xitsonga-English bilingual dictionaries." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2373.
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Hiles, Lorna. "Examples in South African school dictionaries : from theory to practice." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4211.
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Thesis (MPhil (Afrikaans and Dutch))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It is generally accepted that illustrative examples are useful in dictionaries, particularly school and learner’s dictionaries. The South African school situation presents unique challenges to lexicographers, as most learners are being taught in English, which is not their home language, so a monolingual school dictionary is used as a learner’s dictionary, and a bilingual school dictionary may not contain the learner’s first language. This research aims to find out how useful examples are to South African learners, and how one can evaluate the effectiveness of examples in dictionaries. The first method used in this thesis is the development of a table of categories, which is used to analyse, compare and evaluate illustrative examples in five different South African school dictionaries. The data from this table is presented in detail, and the results are discussed and conclusions drawn. The second method makes use of questionnaires given to learners to find out whether they are aware of the supportive functions of examples in dictionaries. The result of the table of categories is a set of guidelines and recommendations for selecting or inventing suitable examples for use in school dictionaries. The table of categories can also be used to analyse and compare the examples in existing dictionaries. The result of the learner questionnaires is that learners do actively look for support for the definition in examples, especially if the headword is new to them, or they do not understand the definition. The conclusion of this thesis is that examples are an important part of a dictionary entry and need to be chosen with care, to provide as much support as possible, within the space constraints of that particular dictionary
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar word algemeen aanvaar dat voorbeeldmateriaal in woordeboeke, veral in skool- en aanleerderswoordeboeke, baie nuttig is. Die Suid-Afrikaanse skoolbestel bied unieke uitdagings aan leksikograwe, aangesien die meeste leerders in Engels (wat nie hulle moedertaal is nie) onderrig ontvang. Gevolglik word 'n eentalige skoolwoordeboek dikwels gebruik as 'n aanleerderswoordeboek, en 'n tweetalige woordeboek bevat dikwels nie die leerder se moedertaal nie. Met hierdie navorsing word gepoog om uit te vind hoe nuttig Suid- Afrikaanse leerders voorbeeldmateriaal vind, en hoe 'n mens die effektiwiteit van voorbeeldmateriaal kan evalueer. Die eerste metode wat in hierdie tesis gebruik word, is die samestelling van 'n tabel van kategorieë wat dan gebruik word om voorbeeldmateriaal in vyf verskillende Suid-Afrikaanse skoolwoordeboeke te analiseer, vergelyk en evalueer. Die data in hierdie tabel word omvattend aangebied, die resultate word bespreek en daar word dan tot gevolgtrekkings gekom. Die tweede metode maak gebruik van vraelyste wat onder leerders versprei is om uit te vind of hulle bewus was van die ondersteunende funksies van voorbeeldmateriaal in woordeboeke. Die resultaat van die tabel van kategorieë is 'n stel riglyne en aanbevelings aan die hand waarvan geskikte voorbeelde vir gebruik in skoolwoordeboeke gekies of geskep kan word. Die tabel van kategorieë kan ook gebruik word om die voorbeeldmateriaal in bestaande woordeboeke te analiseer en vergelyk. Die uitkoms van die leerdervraelyste toon aan dat leerders wel aktief in voorbeelde na ondersteuning vir die definisie soek, veral as die trefwoord by hulle onbekend is of as hulle nie die definisie verstaan nie. Die gevolgtrekking van hierdie tesis is dat voorbeeldmateriaal 'n belangrike deel van die woordeboekartikel is en dat voorbeelde met sorg gekies moet word om soveel as moontlik ondersteuning te bied sonder om die beskikbare ruimte in die spesifieke woordeboek te oorskry.
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Mostafa, Assi S. "Problems of special-purpose English-Persian lexicography with particular reference to computer techniques." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.330194.
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Machimana, Abios Sparks. "The ordering of senses in English-Xitsonga bilingual dictionaries : Towards logical meaning arrangement in the microstructure." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/954.
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Thesis (M.A. (Linguistics)) --University of Limpopo, 2009In many bilingual dictionaries, translation equivalents reveal some shortcomings with regard to the manner in which they are presented, particularly the English-Xitsonga bilingual dictionaries. Translation equivalents in the microstructure are frequently arranged and are without contextual guidance to assist the user. This way of presentation impedes the dictionary users from retrieving the appropriate and accurate equivalents. The study has, therefore, evaluated the way in which these translation equivalents are arranged. This research study shows that they should be logically and systematically arranged, starting with the translation equivalents that have the highest usage frequency to be user-friendly. The study also suggests that functional equivalence must prevail in English-Xitsonga bilingual dictionaries. The problem of zero-equivalence should also be resolved by giving a comprehensive description of the lemma as a translation equivalent to help the users to understand the lemma better.
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Mandalios, Jane. "Pedagogic imperialism in English language teaching : the case of bilingual dictionaries." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.438364.
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Boonmoh, Atipat. "The use of pocket electronic dictionaries by Thai learners of English." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2009. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/1072/.
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This thesis investigates the current situation of pocket electronic dictionary use in Thailand. It explores the types of dictionary owned and used by Thai learners and their teachers, and the teachers’ attitudes towards the use of pocket electronic dictionaries (PEDs). It also explores how Thai learners use pocket electronic dictionaries to write a summary in English (production) and to write a summary in Thai (reception), and strategies that Thai students use to try to solve their reading and writing problems. The participants in my studies included 30 lecturers who taught basic English courses at King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok. Data was collected using a questionnaire to obtain personal information, and information about access to and use of dictionaries, including knowledge about PEDs. Of the 30 teachers, 6 were interviewed in order to gain insights into teachers’ attitudes towards the use of PEDs. For my large-scale survey on dictionary use there were 1,211 first and second year undergraduate participants. These came from the Faculty of Engineering, Faculty of Science, and Faculty of Industrial Education. Of these, 27 were selected to take part in my small scale survey of pocket electronic dictionary use. The first student survey was used to gain quantitative data about the students and their use of dictionaries, while the second student survey was used to gain more qualitative data regarding their use of PEDs. Finally, 13 out of the 27 participants were chosen to take part in the main experimental studies. Data was collected using think aloud, observation, and retrospective interviews. The first eight participants were asked to read two reading passages (one in English and the other one in Thai). Using dictionaries in their PEDs, the participants were asked to write a summary in Thai for the English passage (the Light Bulb I experiment) and to write a summary in English for the Thai passage (the Water I experiment). The remaining 5 participants followed the same procedures, but additionally after the two summary tasks were completed they were asked to review their summaries again using Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary, the English-English dictionary in their PEDs (the Light Bulb II and the Water II experiments). ii The data was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The findings revealed that the teachers used and preferred their students to use monolingual learners’ dictionaries. They noticed the presence of PEDs in the classroom but they were under-informed about the contents and capabilities of Thai PEDs. The student surveys showed that although most students possessed learners’ dictionaries in book form, only a few of those owning the learners’ dictionaries reported actually using them. In contrast, nearly half of the students owned PEDs and most of these students reported using them. A greater number of students also reported they would like to use or own a PED in the future. The findings also suggest that the teachers do not have much influence over their students’ choice of dictionaries. The experimental studies revealed how the participants tackled the reading passages and wrote summaries, the problems they encountered, and the strategies they used to solve these problems. Models of PED consultations were proposed. The use of the English-English dictionary in their PEDs helped participants to comprehend the reading text, and helped some participants when reviewing their English summaries. It was found that some participants failed to display knowledge of the PEDs they were using. The investigations reveal several factors that may hinder dictionary look up success as well as factors that may promote dictionary look up success. On the basis of this research, guidelines for buying PEDs and for teaching PED skills are proposed. This research makes a significant contribution to the field of dictionary use, especially regarding the use of pocket electronic dictionaries. Through the use of a combination of research methods it provides an account of what really happens when PEDs are used for reception and for production. It also investigates and assesses PED features in detail, something which no existing PED studies have done before.
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Beckler, Matthew Layne. "On-Chip Diagnosis of Generalized Delay Failures using Compact Fault Dictionaries." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2017. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/906.
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Integrated Circuits (ICs) are an essential part of nearly every electronic device. From toys to appliances, spacecraft to power plants, modern society truly depends on the reliable operation of billions of ICs around the world. The steady shrinking of IC transistors over past decades has enabled drastic improvements in IC performance while reducing area and power consumption. However, with continued scaling of semiconductor fabrication processes, failure sources of many types are becoming more pronounced and are increasingly affecting system operation. Additionally, increasing variation during fabrication also increases the difficulty of yielding chips in a cost-effective manner. Finally, phenomena such as early-life and wear-out failures pose new challenges to ensuring robustness. One approach for ensuring robustness centers on performing test during run-time, identifying the location of any defects, and repairing, replacing, or avoiding the affected portion of the system. Leveraging the existing design-for-testability (DFT) structures, thorough tests that target these delay defects are applied using the scan logic. Testing is performed periodically to minimize user-perceived performance loss, and if testing detects any failures, on-chip diagnosis is performed to localize the defect to the level of repair, replacement, or avoidance. In this dissertation, an on-chip diagnosis solution using a fault dictionary is described and validated through a large variety of experiments. Conventional fault dictionary approaches can be used to locate failures but are limited to simplistic fail behaviors due to the significant computational resources required for dictionary generation and memory storage. To capture the misbehaviors expected from scaled technologies, including early-life and wear-out failures, the Transition-X (TRAX) fault model is introduced. Similar to a transition fault, a TRAX fault is activated by a signal level transition or glitch, and produces the unknown value X when activated. Recognizing that the limited options for runtime recovery of defective hardware relax the conventional requirements for defect localization, a new fault dictionary is developed to provide diagnosis localization only to the required level of the design hierarchy. On-chip diagnosis using such a hierarchical dictionary is performed using a new scalable hardware architecture. To reduce the computation time required to generate the TRAX hierarchical dictionary for large designs, the incredible parallelism of graphics processing units (GPUs) is harnessed to provide an efficient fault simulation engine for dictionary construction. Finally, the on-chip diagnosis process is evaluated for suitability in providing accurate diagnosis results even when multiple concurrent defects are affecting a circuit.
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Saleh, Ibrahim Mohamed Hassan. "Automatic extraction of lemma-based bilingual dictionaries for morphologically rich languages." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2009. http://worldcat.org/oclc/459744605/viewonline.
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Black, Kevin P. "Interactive Machine Assistance: A Case Study in Linking Corpora and Dictionaries." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5620.
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Machine learning can provide assistance to humans in making decisions, including linguistic decisions such as determining the part of speech of a word. Supervised machine learning methods derive patterns indicative of possible labels (decisions) from annotated example data. For many problems, including most language analysis problems, acquiring annotated data requires human annotators who are trained to understand the problem and to disambiguate among multiple possible labels. Hence, the availability of experts can limit the scope and quantity of annotated data. Machine-learned pre-annotation assistance, which suggests probable labels for unannotated items, can enable expert annotators to work more quickly and thus to produce broader and larger annotated resources more cost-efficiently. Yet, because annotated data is required to build the pre-annotation model, bootstrapping is an obstacle to utilizing pre-annotation assistance, especially for low-resource problems where little or no annotated data exists. Interactive pre-annotation assistance can mitigate bootstrapping costs, even for low-resource problems, by continually refining the pre-annotation model with new annotated examples as the annotators work. In practice, continually refining models has seldom been done except for the simplest of models which can be trained quickly. As a case study in developing sophisticated, interactive, machine-assisted annotation, this work employs the task of corpus-dictionary linkage (CDL), which is to link each word token in a corpus to its correct dictionary entry. CDL resources, such as machine-readable dictionaries and concordances, are essential aids in many tasks including language learning and corpus studies. We employ a pipeline model to provide CDL pre-annotations, with one model per CDL sub-task. We evaluate different models for lemmatization, the most significant CDL sub-task since many dictionary entry headwords are usually lemmas. The best performing lemmatization model is a hybrid which uses a maximum entropy Markov model (MEMM) to handle unknown (novel) word tokens and other component models to handle known word tokens. We extend the hybrid model design to the other CDL sub-tasks in the pipeline. We develop an incremental training algorithm for the MEMM which avoids wasting previous computation as would be done by simply retraining from scratch. The incremental training algorithm facilitates the addition of new dictionary entries over time (i.e., new labels) and also facilitates learning from partially annotated sentences which allows annotators to annotate words in any order. We validate that the hybrid model attains high accuracy and can be trained sufficiently quickly to provide interactive pre-annotation assistance by simulating CDL annotation on Quranic Arabic and classical Syriac data.
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Beyer, Herman Louis. "'n Metaleksikografiese ondersoek na konteksleiding in Afrikaanse vertalende woordeboeke /." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1214.
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Thesis (DLitt (Afrikaans and Dutch))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.This study reports on a metalexicographical investigation into contextual guidance in Afrikaans translation dictionaries. The problem that gives rise to the need for such an investigation is demonstrated from a practical perspective, after which attention is paid to determining the genuine purpose of a dictionary by looking at the component parts of the concept, i.e. the typological placement and the target user group of the dictionary in question. The discussion of the target user group evolves into an in-depth look at the user aspect, which results in the development and presentation of the model of lexicographical parameters for user-friendly dictionaries. This model aims to provide a scientific description of lexicographical user friendliness. Existing proposed definitions of the genuine purpose of a dictionary coupled with the benefit of insights derived from the model of lexicographical parameters for user-friendly dictionaries make the presentation of a new definition of the genuine purpose of a (translation) dictionary possible, which is followed by defining a polyfunctional translation dictionary for Southern Africa. Attention is also paid to some macrostructural issues pertaining to standard translation dictionaries, among others vertical and horizontal alphabetical macrostructures and niching and nesting as manifestations of horizontal alphabetical macrostructures. With regard to nesting, the classification of first and second level nesting is expanded by the description of third and fourth level nesting. The influence of the organisation plan and the dictionary conceptualisation plan on the selection of lexical items for the macrostructure of a standard dictionary is touched upon. An in-depth evaluation of contextual guidance in Afrikaans standard translation dictionaries follows the exposition of the rationale for it and the definitions of the terms context, contextualisation and contextual guidance. The discussion produces the identification of the types of contextualising entries, among others meaning explanations, lexicographical labels and glosses, which fall under the main class of discriminators and which in turn functions alongside the main classes of cotext entries and inserted texts. Each type and subtype is studied meticulously, and distribution structures are determined and evaluated through the study of dictionary data. The study of the data also results in the identification of different levels of contextualisation as well as different types of translation equivalent paradigms. The discussion of lexicographical labels takes on the form of a critical overview of the existing literature on this topic and results in the presentation of a new and scientifically sounder model for the description of labelling in dictionaries in general, i.e. the deixis model. The study of contextualising entries is followed by a discussion of certain elements of the composition of dictionary articles that can support successful contextual guidance, i.e. types of microstructures and the rapid internal access structure. The in-depth study of contextualisation makes the revision of the definition for the term contextualising entry possible. Ultimately a practical model for more effective contextual guidance in polyfunctional Afrikaans translation dictionaries is presented in three main components, i.e. (i) standards for the application of contextual entries, (ii) the proposal of an adapted rapid internal access structure, and (iii) the effective application of functional types of microstructures. The requirements of lexicographical accountability and user-friendliness remain central motives throughout the study.
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Nkwenti-Azeh, Blaise. "An investigation into the structure of the terminological information contained in special language definitions." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278554.
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Fatani, Amin Y. "The treatment of culture-specific vocabulary in dictionaries for translating from English to Arabic : a critical and empirical exploration." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284622.
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Duran, Magali Sanches [UNESP]. "Parâmetros para a elaboração de dicionários bilíngues de apoio à codificação escrita em línguas estrangeiras." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100101.
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O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar parâmetros que possam ser utilizados para orientar melhorias e inovações lexicográficas, a fim de atender as dificuldades dos brasileiros na codificação escrita em línguas estrangeiras. Revisam-se criticamente várias pesquisas, em busca de subsídios que contribuam para diagnosticar as dificuldades de escrever em língua estrangeira, dentre elas os trabalhos produzidos por teóricos da Lexicografia, as pesquisas sobre o uso do dicionário e estudos sobre corpus de aprendizes. Realiza-se, também, uma pesquisa empírica sobre o uso dos dicionários na codificação a fim de complementar, com dados primários, as informações obtidas nas demais fontes. Uma vez conhecidas as necessidades dos usuários de dicionários, analisam-se as obras lexicográficas que expressam o propósito de auxiliar a produção em língua estrangeira. Nessa análise, verifica-se em que medida as necessidades identificadas são atendidas e como são atendidas. Chegase, assim, à conclusão de que algumas das dificuldades solucionáveis por meio da consulta ao dicionário já são satisfatoriamente atendidas pelas obras disponíveis, embora seja oportuno otimizar o acesso dos usuários às informações. Há necessidades, porém, que não são atendidas pelos dicionários ou são atendidas apenas parcialmente. A principal delas é a busca de equivalentes para itens lexicais do português. Há carência de dicionários bilíngües na direção português línguas estrangeiras que possuam, principalmente, a grande maioria dos sentidos e as colocações mais recorrentes de cada item lexical do português, além de ampla exemplificação do uso dos equivalentes em línguas estrangeiras. Para elaborar esses dicionários, o primeiro passo é definir uma nomenclatura que tome por base o léxico ativo do português do Brasil, incluindo lexias simples e complexas, com suas...
This work aims at presenting useful parameters for lexicographical improvements and innovations that meet encoding difficulties of Brazilian dictionary users. A critical review of lexicographers’ works, and researches on second language writing, productive dictionary use, and learner’s corpus, contributes to diagnose the problem of foreign language encoding. Also, an empirical research about dictionary use in encoding activities completes with primary data the information obtained from secondary sources. After identifying what dictionary users need, this work presents an analysis of five dictionaries which expressly mention their purpose to help users to write in a foreign language. Such analysis tries to measure to what extent, and how, users’ needs are satisfied. The conclusion is that reference works are able to solve some of learners` difficulties, although it is desirable to improve the ways users retrieve information from them. However, there are some needs not met by dictionaries or only partially met. The major of them is the search for equivalents in foreign languages that correspond to Portuguese lexical items. There is a lack of bilingual dictionaries Portuguese-foreign language that present, specially, every meaning and recurrent collocations for Portuguese lexical items, besides examples of equivalents use in foreign language. To compile such dictionaries, the first step is to define a word-list based on Brazilian Portuguese active vocabulary, including simple and complex lexical units with all their respective senses. Then, it is suggested to find equivalents in foreign language with examples that illustrate pedagogically their use. For this work, results from other projects may be reused, such as semantic networks, collocation extraction, Brazilian learners corpus, and parallel corpora of Brazilian Portuguese and foreign languages.
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Iversen, Sarah Hoem. "Ideologies of childhood and education in monolingual English children's dictionaries 1750-1870." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.547763.
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Daoudi, Anissa. "Idiom-solving strategies with particular reference to bilingual dictionaries English-Arabic-English." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.442171.
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Song, Pingfan. "Multi-modal image processing via joint sparse representations induced by coupled dictionaries." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10061963/.
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Real-world image processing tasks often involve various image modalities captured by different sensors. However, given that different sensors exhibit different characteristics, such multi-modal images are typically acquired with different resolutions, different blurring kernels, or even noise levels. In view of the fact that images associated with the same scene share some attributes, such as edges, textures or other primitives, it is natural to ask whether one can improve standard image processing tasks by leveraging the availability of multimodal images. This thesis introduces a sparsity-based machine learning framework along with algorithms to address such multimodal image processing problems. In particular, the thesis introduces a new coupled dictionary learning framework that is able to capture complex relationships and disparities between different image types in a learned sparse-representation domain in lieu of the original image domain. The thesis then introduces representative applications of this framework in key multimodal image processing problems. First, the thesis considers multi-modal image super-resolution problems where one wishes to super-resolve a certain low-resolution image modality given the availability of another high-resolution image modality of the same scene. It develops both a coupled dictionary learning algorithm and a coupled super-resolution algorithm to address this task arising in [1,2]. Second, the thesis considers multi-modal image denoising problems where one wishes to denoise a certain noisy image modality given the availability of another less noisy image modality of the same scene. The thesis develops an online coupled dictionary learning algorithm and a coupled sparse denoising algorithm to address this task arising in [3,4]. Finally, the thesis considers emerging medical imaging applications where one wishes to perform multi-contrast MRI reconstruction, including guided reconstruction and joint reconstruction. We propose an iterative framework to implement coupled dictionary learning, coupled sparse denoising and k-space consistency to address this task arising in [5,6]. The proposed framework is capable of capturing complex dependencies, including both similarities and disparities among multi-modal data. This enables transferring appropriate guidance information to the target image without introducing noticeable texture-copying artifacts. Practical experiments on multi-modal images also demonstrate that the proposed framework contributes to significant performance improvement in various image processing tasks, such as multi-modal image super-resolution, denoising and multi-contrast MRI reconstruction.
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Osti, Letizia. "From person to persona : portraits of scholars in medieval Arabic biographical dictionaries." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.496407.
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This thesis proposes a methodology for the analysis of medieval Arabic biographical dictionaries. This genre is distinctive of medieval Arabic literature; modern scholarship has investigated its origins and motivations, and has widely used it as a reference tool. However, only recently have scholars considered the value of biographical dictionaries as original creations, rather than mechanical compilations, and their role in shaping our perception of the past. After a review of recent scholarship, this thesis proposes a definition of the genre, and develops an approach to the sources which combines methods used for early Islamic history (the so-called "literary approach") with quantitative history, usually applied to post-`Abbasid periods. This approach is tested on six biographical dictionaries belonging to various fields of scholarship, times of writing or geographical locations of the writer, and on the different ways in which they describe the same group of people: the scholars operating in Baghdad between ca. 892/279 and 946/334. The background for my work is a prosopography, which I have created in the form of a computer database, including all the people of this period mentioned by my sources. On this basis, I devote one section to the comparison of structure, method and criteria of each author. I then select a smaller number of scholars, who appear most often in the sources, and follow their fortune throughout several centuries, thus highlighting the processes through which some have become legendary, some have been almost forgotten, and some are famous for their eccentricity, rather than their science. The three case studies pose several questions on our perception of the past and how the medieval sources have filtered it. These questions are provisionally answered in the conclusion, where the possible future of the research is also outlined.
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Alzi'abi, Safi Eldeen. "Missing words and missing definitions : NL Arabic speakers' use of EFL dictionaries." Thesis, Swansea University, 1995. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42945.
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Research into EFL learner dictionary use is receiving increasing attention. Most studies, however, focus on learners' reference needs. Only a few studies concern learners' productive use of dictionaries. Thus, we know very little about learners' reference skills and the reasons behind their difficulties in using dictionaries. The scarcity of empirical data about learners' actual use of dictionaries prompts this research. This thesis is an empirical examination of Arabic-speaking learners' actual use of EFL dictionaries for comprehension and production. It endeavours to uncover the root causes of their difficulties in dealing with EFL dictionaries. The thesis begins with a replication of Béjoint's (1981) questionnaire to ascertain whether Arab learners encounter the same problems as others. Three issues are raised: 'missing words', strategies for looking up 'compounds', and 'problematic definitions'. Two studies are carried out to investigate 'missing words'. Problems with missing words are attributed to candidates' apparent failure to locate certain meanings of polysemes, to find compound nouns and to searching for specialised words. Three studies are conducted to investigate strategies for looking up 'compounds'. Failure to look up compounds correctly is attributed to looking up noun-adjective compounds under the noun and noun-noun compounds under the 'meaning-bearer'. Four further studies centre on using dictionary entries for production. Problems with dictionary entries are attributed to the use of synonyms, the use of 'etc', the lack of some collocates and the ambiguity of explanations. Candidates' misinterpretations of meanings play a part. It appears that entries created in line with EFL learners' needs are more effective than traditional dictionary entries.
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Oliveira, Ana Flávia Souto de. "Subsídios da semântica cognitiva para a disposição das acepções nos Learner's Dictionaries." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/25440.
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Este trabalho tem como objetivo buscar subsídios na concepção de polissemia da Semântica Cognitiva para auxiliar na disposição das acepções de itens lexicais polissêmicos em learner’s dictionaries. Para tanto, ele, inicialmente, analisa de que forma os quatro principais dicionários que compreendem esse genótipo – CALD (2008), COBUILD (2006), LDCE (2009) e OALD (2005) – apresentam suas acepções, considerando duas variáveis: (i) o emprego de uma solução homonímica ou polissêmica para a estruturação dos verbetes e (ii) a divisão e ordenação das acepções. A partir das análises, percebe-se que a solução empregada por essas obras varia, havendo a adoção tanto da solução polissêmica, com e sem divisão interna nos verbetes, quanto da solução homonímica, por critério morfológico e semântico. Quanto às acepções, por um lado, as formas como os dicionários dividem e relacionam os significados são diferentes e, por outro, os critérios utilizados pelas obras para a ordenação das acepções não se mostram plenamente satisfatórios, pois algumas delas não explicitam quais critérios são empregados na ordenação das acepções e a utilização do mesmo critério (de frequência) por diferentes obras gera resultados distintos. Além disso, para que a frequência pudesse ser empregada como critério objetivo, seria necessária a delimitação de parâmetros quantitativos ainda não disponíveis. A seguir, são levantadas questões teórico-metodológicas que surgem ao abordar a organização microestrutural, destacando que a discussão da ordenação das acepções nos dicionários é dependente de outras variáveis, como sua vinculação a uma teoria do significado lexical e da definição lexicográfica. Por fim, o trabalho busca delimitar quais das características da visão prototípica de estrutura lexical podem ser transpostas ao âmbito lexicográfico para lidar com o problema da representação da polissemia nos learner’s dictionaries.Apresentam-se propostas de verbetes criados com base em critérios estabelecidos por nós para a transposição das noções semântico-cognitivas para a ordenação das acepções.In this thesis, we aim at contributing to sense ordering of polysemous lexical items in learner‘s dictionaries based on the conception of polysemy as developed by Cognitive Semantics. First we analyze in which way the four main dictionaries known under the label of learner‘s dictionary present their senses – CALD (2008), COBUILD (2006), LDCE (2009) e OALD (2005). We consider two variables in this analysis: (i) the use of a homonymic or a polysemous solution for structuring the entry and (ii) the sense division and ordering. From the analysis, we find out that the solutions applied in the dictionaries vary, for they adopt both a polysemous solution, with and without a division within the entry, and a homonymic solution, through morphological and semantic criteria. Regarding the senses, on the one hand, the way the dictionaries split and relate them is different. On the other hand, the criteria used in the dictionaries for ordering senses showed to be unsatisfactory, because some of the works do not explicit which criteria they apply in sense ordering, and because the use of the same criterion (frequency) in different dictionaries yields distinct results. Moreover, in order to use frequency as an objective criterion, the definition of quantitative parameters, which are still not available, would be made necessary. Hereafter, we discuss theoretical-methodological issues raised when it comes to sense ordering: this microstructural organization is dependent upon other variables, such as its relation to a theory of word meaning and a theory of lexicographical definition. At the end of this work, we present the characteristics of the prototypical conception of lexical structure that could be applied to lexicography to deal with the problem of representing polysemy in learner‘s dictionaries. We, then, propose some entries developed according to criteria we established in order to use cognitive semantic notions in sense arrangement.
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Williams, Dennis II. "Portraiture and Text in African-American Illustrated Biographical Dictionaries, 1876 to 1917." VCU Scholars Compass, 2014. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3666.
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Containing portraiture and biography as well as protest text and affirmative text, African- American Illustrated biographical dictionaries made from 1876 to 1917 present Social Gospel ideology and are examples of Afro-Protestantism. They are similar to the first American illustrated biographical dictionaries of the 1810s in that they formed social identity after national conflict while contesting concepts of social inferiority. The production of these books occurred during the early years of Jim Crow, a period of momentous change to the legal and social fabric of the United States, and because of momentous changes in modern American print industries. While portraits within the books simultaneously form, blur, and stabilize identity, biographies convey themes of perseverance, social equity, and social struggle. More specifically, text formed an imagined community in the African-American middle class imaginary. It worked together with image to help create a proto-Civil Rights social movement identity during the beginning of racial apartheid.
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Wang, Shanshan. "Study of analytic and trained dictionaries for sparse representation and its applications." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/11486.
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Inverse problems are ubiquitous in the field of medical imaging and image processing. Prominent examples include image reconstruction and image denoising. The goal of these problems is to reconstruct or restore an unknown image from a set of direct/indirect measurements. However, due to the limitation of the acquisition time or the existence of noise, the obtained measurements are often corrupted or incomplete, which introduces big challenges for the reconstruction process. In order to remove the noise or overcome the ill-posed nature caused by the insufficient measurements, it is necessary to explore the prior knowledge and utilize this to form constraints in the reconstruction process so as to make up for the missing or corrupted information. However, traditional prior knowledge regularizations and their corresponding algorithms suffer from loss of the detailed information such as texture and structure while reducing the image degradation factors. To this end, based on the physiological findings about human visual system (HVS), this thesis focuses on exploiting the prior knowledge of self-similarity and sparsity inherited in the image and has developed a series of novel algorithms via sparse representation over analytic and trained dictionaries. The main work and contributions are summarized as follows: 1) A Gabor feature based nonlocal means (GFNLM) algorithm for textured image restoration; 2) an adaptive dictionary learning based impulse noise removal (DL-INR) algorithm; 3) a Fenchel duality based dictionary learning (FD-DL) algorithm and 4) a spatially adaptive constrained dictionary learning (SAC-DL) algorithm for Rician noise removal and a joint entropy regularized bias removal approach.
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Hughes, Jennifer G. "Misheard Me Oronyminator: Using Oronyms to Validate The Correctness of Frequency Dictionaries." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2013. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/936.
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In the field of speech recognition, an algorithm must learn to tell the difference between "a nice rock" and "a gneiss rock". These identical-sounding phrases are called oronyms. Word frequency dictionaries are often used by speech recognition systems to help resolve phonetic sequences with more than one possible orthographic phrase interpretation, by looking up which oronym of the root phonetic sequence contains the most-common words.Our paper demonstrates a technique used to validate word frequency dictionary values. We chose to use frequency values from the UNISYN dictionary, which tallies each word on a per-occurance basis, using a proprietary text corpus, to calculate word frequency.In the first phase of our user study, we generated oronym strings for the phrase "a nice cold hour", and had over a dozen people make 62 of the most-common oronyms for that phrase. In the second phase, we selected 15 of the phase one recordings, and had 74 different people transcribe each one, for a total of 953 transcriptions overall. If the frequency dictionary values for our test phrases accurately reflected the real-world expectations of actual listeners, we would expect that the most-commonly transcribed phrases in our user study would roughly correspond with our metric for the most likely oronym interpretation of the root phrase. During the course of our study, we found that using per-occurance frequency values, like those found in the UNISYN dictionary, when computing our overall-phrase-frequency metric caused the end result to be thrown off by excessively common words, such as "the", "is", and "a" These super-common words had such high per-occurance tallies that they overpowered any effect that any regular word had on a frequency metric. When we used frequency values from the COCA dictionary, which has word frequency values tallied on a document-count basis instead of a UNISYN-like per-occurance basis, we found that this effect was mitigated. As a result, we do not recommend using the UNISYN dictionary for word frequency purposes.
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Al-Ajmi, Hashan. "The use of monolingual English and bilingual Arabic-English dictionaries in Kuwait : an experimental investigation into the dictionaries used and reference skills deployed by university students of arts and science." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.398470.
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This is an empirical investigation into the use of dictionaries by students of English and Science at Kuwait University with a particular focus on bilingual dictionaries of Arabic and English. In the introductory chapter we discuss the increasingly important role of vocabulary in EFL methodology and the relevant emphasis on improving existing dictionaries and teaching students how to make effective use of them. In chapter two we focus on bilingual dictionaries and review their status in EFL methodology. Then structural features of this type of dictionary are discussed with special reference to the problems of translation equivalents, sense discriminations, and intended dictionary function. Chapter three is a critical examination of two bilingual dictionaries in Kuwait. AL-MAWRID (English-Arabic) and DlcrIONARY OF MJDERN WRI'lTEN ARABIC (Arabic-English) are examined in terms of their users and uses, introductory matter, translation equivalents, sense discriminations, illustrative examples, collocations and idioms, grammatical information, and pronunciation. In the fourth chapter we review previous studies of dictionary users and uses and focus on their findings which bear relevance to our investigation. Chapter five is a description of the research method we follow in our investigation i.e. a questionnaire and two translation tests. In chapter six we present and analyse the findings on specific aspects of dictionary use addressed in the questionnaire. Chapter seven is an analysis of translation errors in relation to the type(s) of dictionary used in the Ll-L2 and L2-Ll translation tests. The final chapter summarises the research findings and presents same suggestions with regard to the improvement of existing bilingual dictionaries of English and Arabic and the training of dictionary users.