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1
Terkulov, Viacheslav I., and Irina R. Smirnova. "Abbreviated Construct: Principles of Definition and Description." Current Issues in Philology and Pedagogical Linguistics, no. 2 (June 25, 2022): 28–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/2079-6021-2022-2-28-42.
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The article is devoted to the abbreviations basic characteristics determination and the principles of their lexicographic description in the “Dictionary of Russian Language Abbreviations”, created by the Experimental Laboratory of Abbreviation Trends Research at the Russian Language Department of Donetsk National University. The urgency of the work is determined, firstly, by the attempts to give a consistent interpretation of the language unit, which is considered as one of the main means of new nominations forming at this stage of Russian language development and, secondly, by the fact that there are no dictionaries that give a relevant comprehensive description of these language units; the necessity of their creation is to help a native speaker to “model” the meanings of new items on the basis of described semantics and tactics of abbreviated constructs usage. On the one hand, the declared topic involves determining the abbreviated construct status, its similarities and differences with affixoids and words; on the other hand, it is important to establish the unit basic characteristics and describe them in the “Dictionary of Russian Language abbreviated constructs”. There have been studied 590 abbreviated constructs selected from the material of “The Explanatory Dictionary of Russian Abbreviated Words”. The study uses the traditional descriptive method - observation, generalization, interpretation and classification - and the methods and techniques of equivalence analysis developed by the Experimental Laboratory of Abbreviation Studies, which include methods and techniques of prediction and confirmation by means of equivalent texts of equivalence relations between a word and its descriptive equivalent, onomasiological analysis of compound abbreviation meaning structure; analysis of the formal correlation of the abbreviation structure and its descriptive equivalence. The work practical significance is supported by material selection methods and material description that can be used in compiling different types of abbreviations dictionaries: initial abbreviations dictionaries, ideographic abbreviations dictionaries, etc. In addition, dictionary entries of the Abbreviated Constructs Dictionary can be used in explanatory dictionaries so as to describe “complex words first parts”.
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Nefedova, Liliya, and Irina Merkulova. "Features of translation of english medical abbreviations." Linguistics & Education 3, no. 2 (July 16, 2023): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2712-9519-2023-2-90-98.
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Recently, a large number of abbreviations have been used in the medical literature. Abbreviations can be found in medical protocols, reports and medical histories. The article explores the concept of abbreviation as an integral part of modern medical discourse and one of the means of effective professional communication. Abbreviations allow to convey the maximum amount of information in a compression form. The main purpose of the study is to analyze the problems associated with the translation of medical abbreviations, as well as various approaches in solving these problems. For the correct translation of abbreviations, it is necessary to analyze their structure. In some cases, it is the decomposition of an abbreviation into its constituent elements that will allow it to be correctly understood and translated. It is often impossible to do without using abbreviations dictionaries. Abbreviations in educational discourse are important for practical application in all areas of education. This topic is an important subject for educational and linguistic study.
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Zhumanova, А. "FEATURES OF THE PROCESS OF LEARNING FOREIGN LANGUAGE ABBREVIATIONS." BULLETIN Series of Philological Sciences 75, no. 1 (April 12, 2021): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2021-1.1728-7804.08.
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This article examines the issue of the origin of foreign language abbreviations. It allows the reader to understand the methods of using the abbreviation, both in everyday life and in the scientific environment. Enriching the vocabulary with new abbreviations is one of the most important factors in the language. Nowadays, when all languages have borrowed words, the concept of the meaning of abbreviations makes it possible to correctly and clearly reveal the essence of the content of any text. In addition, the main reasons of borrowing are the need to name a new phenomenon; specialization of the concept; relevance for a foreign language word; communicative relevance of the concept denoted by borrowed abbreviations. The emergence of foreign language abbreviations in a language is a continuous process influenced by socio-economic and political changes. Numerous abbreviation dictionaries provide the researcher with not only extensive lexical material, but also with cultural, historical, socio-political.
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Riazanova, Valeria A. "Specificity of Dictionary Description of Abbreviation Appellatives and Onyms." World of the Russian Word, no. 2 (2023): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu30.2023.203.
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The article is focused on the comparison of abbreviations-appellatives and abbreviations onyms, units that are abbreviated equivalents of divided common nouns and proper nouns respectively. It is not customary in Russian language studies to differentiate abbreviations according to the above categories, and, as a consequence, abbreviated appellatives and onyms are considered to be identical language units in terms of their origin and purpose. The aim of this work is to establish the basic differences between abbreviated appellatives and onyms and to substantiate the obligatory nature of this distinction in their research and description. The relevance of the research is determined by the need to develop a new approach to the lexicographic description of abbreviations, which emerged in connection with the modern trend to create multi-informative dictionaries of abbreviations. The study’s novelty stems from its identification of the specific features of abbreviations-appellatives and abbreviations-onyms as lexicographic units for the first time. The article contains a brief review of theoretical studies and dictionaries of abbreviations, which form a general idea of the established tradition of studying abbreviations. Different mechanisms of abbreviations appellatives and abbreviations-onyms formation and their influence on the functioning of linguistic units in texts are considered. On the basis of the published dictionaries of abbreviations the peculiarities of the dictionary description of abbreviations apellatives and abbreviations-onyms are established. The author reviews dictionary entries from specialized dictionaries, which can be offered as models of differentiated vocabulary description of abbreviated appellatives and onyms.
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Terkulov, Vyacheslav I. "The paradigmatics of a compound abbreviation as a means of predicting equivalence relations." Russian Language Studies 21, no. 1 (March 30, 2023): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2618-8163-2023-21-1-79-96.
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The author describes the methods of finding and predicting compound word correlates in its equivalence nest on the basis of paradigmatic relations between the abbreviation and its decoding stimuli. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that it established the principles of dictionary entries formation for the Exploratory Dictionary of Russian Word Abbreviations compiled by Exploratory Laboratory of Abbreviation Trends Research at the Russian Language Department of Donetsk National University. The paper gives general idea of the multiple motivation possibilities of abbreviated words in the modern language. The aim of the study is to generally represent the dictionary methods of finding and predicting the content of compound abbreviation equivalence nests. The author considered pure search models in existing dictionaries of abbreviations and texts, where abbreviations and their equivalents are presented as absolute synonyms, as well as extrapolation prediction methods by decoding matrices models of word equivalence nests, connected with the described abbreviations and their decoding stimuli through their paradigmatic relations. The latter led to forming compound abbreviations paradigmatic associations typology, including an abbreviation nest, an abbreviation-onomasiologic field, an abbreviation group and an abbreviation paradigm. The novelty of the study has been determined by the fact that for the first it provides a set of methods for finding and predicting the equivalence nest of abbreviated words; the methodology of the obtained results verification is also described. The results have provided the possibility of a full-fledged comprehensive dictionary description of compound abbreviated appellatives. In the future, the author is planning to develop methods of searching for equivalents of other formal onomasicologic abbreviation types - initial abbreviations and onym compound abbreviations.
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Terkulov, Vyacheslav I. "Abbreviated appelatives as independent modifications of abbreviations." Russian Language Studies 18, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2618-8163-2020-18-1-97-112.
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The paper is devoted to compound abbreviated appellatives, i.e. non-initial common abbreviations, related to the collocations by means of “spontaneous” formation (in diachrony) and/or motivation (in synchrony).The relevance of the investigation is determined by implementing a new approach to interpreting abbreviation based on identifying onomasiologically significant mechanisms of the producing unit transformation into an abbreviation as well as on the differentiating synchronous and diachronic methods to abbreviations. As the result, the author can define new principles of abbreviations’ lexicographic description. The aim of the article is to establish the basic options for determining and describing compound abbreviated appellatives as an autonomous onomasiological type of abbreviations in diachrony and in synchrony. The novelty of the research consists in the following facts: firstly, the necessity to differentiate abbreviations as nominative units, arising from overcoming asymmetric dualism of descriptive collocations, from reductions, which act as formal doublets of abbreviated words because they preserve the onomasiological status of the original unit, is justified; secondly, it defines the reasons to refer compound abbreviated appellatives to an autonomous onomasiological class of abbreviations; thirdly, it shows the need to differentiate synchronous and diachronic descriptions of abbreviations. The practical significance lies in the fact that the results of the study can be used for composing dictionaries of abbreviations.
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Brovets, A. I., and V. I. Terkulov. "Decoding Stimulus as a Unit of Synchronous Approach to Abbreviation in Conditions of Consituational Semiosis." Current Issues in Philology and Pedagogical Linguistics, no. 1 (March 25, 2023): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/2079-6021-2023-1-70-80.
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The article is devoted to the substantiation and description of the deciphering stimulus of the abbreviation – a word or phrase, which is a decoding of the abbreviated component of the abbreviation in an equivalent phrase. The aim of the article is a comprehensive description of the system of deciphering stimuli of compound words of the Russian language within the framework of a synchronous approach to abbreviation. The goal is achieved by resolving the contradiction between the abbreviation pair and the abbreviation equivalence nest, the difference between which is the number of phrases corresponding to the abbreviated word. The relevance of the study is due to the actual textual practice of multiple interpretation of a compound word through several phrases, which are usually not taken into account in traditional dictionaries of abbreviations describing abbreviation pairs. Compound abbreviated words and equivalent phrases (2400 units) are used as empirical material, selected by continuous sampling from texts found in the Google.ru search engine, as well as from dictionaries of abbreviations and abbreviations. The novelty of the presented study lies in the fact that it states for the first time the existence in the language of a branched system of deciphering stimuli that perform parallel multiple deciphering of the abbreviated component of the abbreviation. The result of the study is the discovery of the mechanism of formation of the equivalent relations of the abbreviation in the equivalence nest, which is due to the synchronous action of deciphering stimuli – stereotypical decodings of the abbreviated component of the abbreviation. The authors argue that the presence of several equivalent phrases in one abbreviation is explained precisely by the existence of several deciphering stimuli in one abbreviated component. The authors pay special attention to the description of different structural types of decoding stimuli and the system of their meanings.
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Chen, Xi. "Structural and semantic features of abbreviation in Russian educational discourse." Litera, no. 6 (June 2023): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2023.6.40892.
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The object of this research is abbreviation as a way of creating terminological nominations of educational discourse. The subject of the study is the structural and semantic specificity of the terms–abbreviations used in the field of educational activity. In the first part of this article, the author characterizes the process of abbreviation, clarifies the content of the term "abbreviation", differentiating it from the concept of "abbreviation", after which such an area of discourse theory as educational discourse is touched upon. Having determined the spheres of influence and interaction of this type of discourse, the author of the article gives a structural and semantic classification of terms-abbreviations, after which, using various terminological and explanatory dictionaries, identifies abbreviated linguistic units of educational discourse. The second part of this study is devoted to the description of abbreviations in the field of education. Having divided the abbreviated nominations into six semantic groups, the author of the article describes them in accordance with the structural classification. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that the majority of abbreviations are acronyms (forty-five units out of the identified sixty abbreviated nominations). The scientific novelty of the research lies in the application of structural and semantic analysis to the abbreviated nominations of the field of education. But, having studied the terms-abbreviations in the context of the relationship between structure and semantics, the author of the article comes to the conclusion that only a small part of the abbreviations of educational activities are familiar to consumers of educational services, and therefore he believes that the broad abbreviation affecting the field of education does not justify itself.
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Steshin, K. M. ,., and O. S. Milotaeva. "Current trends in the development of the english language using the example of abbreviations." ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ НАУКИ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ 102, no. 2 (2023): 216–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/trnio-10-2023-121.
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This article is devoted to the problem of modern trends in the development of the English language using the example of abbreviations in the texts of the media and the Internet. The authors consider the possible reasons for the fairly frequent use of abbreviations and analyze their examples. The need to take into account the trends identified during the study when studying the dynamics of the development of the English language, as well as when compiling or editing dictionaries of both modern common vocabulary and dictionaries of abbreviations is justified.
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Alamayrekh, Yekaterina Yu. "Model of the decryption and model of the abbreviation formal diversity in the abbreviation group “auto-”." Current Issues in Philology and Pedagogical Linguistics, no. 2(2020) (June 25, 2020): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/2079-6021-2020-2-91-102.
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The article deals with the principles of the analyses of the formal structure of the equivalence in the families of the equivalence of the compound abbreviations by the example of the abbreviation group “auto”. The relevance of the research is determined by the fact that on the basis of the synchronic equivalent approach to the description of the compound abbreviations a new interpretation of the characteristics of the formal equivalence of the word and correlated word-combination is described systematically. The results of this study provide a means of predicting the equivalence relations for the adjacent abbreviation clusters that is important while composing the techniques of making the dictionaries of a new type – explanatory dictionaries of abbreviations, the distinctive feature of which is the presentation of all equivalent word-combinations detected in the texts. The material for the study is formed by 252 families of equivalence which form the abbreviation group “auto” and contains 1621 abbreviation doubles: “compound abbreviation” – “equivalent word-combination”. The research was carried out on the basis of descriptive and quantitative methods as well as descriptive analyses and formalization. The author defines such notions as “compound abbreviation”, “decryption inducement”, “family of equivalence” as the basic categories of the synchronic approach to the abbreviation. The methods of synchronic analysis of the formal equivalence devised in the Laboratory are described: the analyses technique of the decryption inducement that designates the structural peculiarities of the decryption inducement – the stereotype of the decryption of compound abbreviation, and the analyses technique of the formal diversity of the equivalency that is a detached scheme of the combination of the components of the equivalent word-combination in the abbreviation. While development of the models of the decryption inducements the part of speech characteristics of the words forming the decryption inducements and their order in the equivalent word-combination are taken into account. While designing the models of formal equivalence that include the model of the equivalent word collocations and the abbreviation model, the correlation of the constructs of the correlated units, their peculiar grammatical features and the representation status in in words and word collocations are designated
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Zaitseva, E. M., and Yu V. Smirnov. "Methodological guidelines on supporting databases of terminological dictionaries as the case study of RNPLS&T’s System of Electronic Dictionaries." Scientific and Technical Libraries 1, no. 10 (November 3, 2023): 121–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33186/1027-3689-2023-10-121-137.
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Within the framework of developing fundamental scientific discipline “e-librarianship”, the RNPLS&T designs its electronic terminological dictionaries. The authors describe the System of Electronic Dictionaries being developed by the Russian National Public Library for Science and Technology. For today, the System comprises subject terminological dictionaries and dictionaries of abbreviations, i. e. “Electronic terminological dictionary on SIBID”, “Union terminological dictionary in e-librarianship”, “Information technologies in education:The electronic terminological dictionary”, and “Electronic dictionary of standardized abbreviations in the Russian and 25 foreign European languages for bibliographic records”. The goal is to organize and systematize the terminology in the library and information sciences and related disciplines, which is especially important in the period of intensive development of e-librarianship as a fundamental scientific discipline. The practical significance of these electronic dictionaries is evidenced by the statistics of page traffic at RNPLS&T website where the dictionaries are accessible for free loading and further use. The characteristics and design principles of the subject terminological dictionaries are analyzed; the software designed at RNPLS&T for building them is described. The focus is made on methodological guidelines on how to manage the databases of subject terminological dictionaries.
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Brovets, Andrey I. "The deciphering stimulus of a compound word: the problem of definition and description." Russian Language Studies 17, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 487–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2618-8163-2019-17-4-487-501.
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The article discusses the concept of abbreviated decryption of stimulus, which refers to a method of rolling out a contracted construct abbreviation in an equivalent phrase. The study is relevant because it implements and describes a new approach to abbreviation interpretation, stating that a complex word in a synchronous section of the language usually corresponds not to not, but to several equivalent phrases that appear as a result of actualizing alternative decryption stimuli of a contracted abbreviation construct in the text, while existing dictionaries of complex words give only one phrase as an equivalent, usually with a relative adjective. The purpose of the article is to define and describe the system of decoding stimuli of abbreviations in the Russian language. The novelty of this study lies in the fact that it states the existence of a branched system of equivalent phrases in the language, where parallel multiple decryption of a contracted construct of the abbreviation is carried out. The practical significance of the results is the possibility to use them in compiling dictionaries of abbreviations, as well as in translating and editing. The article describes two principles of interpreting decryption stimuli - cognitive and formal. It is concluded that cognitive bases of allocating decryption stimulus are associated with such parameters as stereotypy, uniqueness, regularity. Under the decryption stimulus in this case we understand background knowledge, provoking a particular variant of rolling out a contracted construct of the abbreviation, the stereotype of its explication. As a result of the study, we found that a presentative decryption stimulus is the most stereotyped one. The formal approach defines the decryption stimulus as specific, i.e. empirically observed equivalent phrase in the form of a contracted construct abbreviation in the texts. The perspectives of further research in this area is clarification of the classification of decryption stimuli and on its basis methods of their forecasting.
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Mezhzherina, Hanna. "Structural types of English aviation abbreviations terms in the translation aspect." Terminological Bulletin, no. 5 (2019): 374–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37919/2221-8807-2019-5-51.
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The article deals with the translation of aviation terms-abbreviations ((LORAN, tkof, Ttail, etc.) from English into Ukrainian. The regularities of structural integration of components in English and Ukrainian aviation terms were found. The types of structural and semantic transformations in translation were analyzed. The structure and features of the translation of letter abbreviations (UHF, HIPAR, etc.) are described. It was found that three–component word-combinations (ACC – area control center) often serve as the basis for design of letter aviation abbreviations; two-component, four-component, and five-component phrases are used occasionally. In the English aviation terminological system unlike the Ukrainian one the material for the formation of letter abbreviations may be composite as well as phrases, one of the components of which is expressed by a complex word. For the translation of the created in this way terms we can restore the original word-combination and use calquing. It should be borne in mind that one of the letters in its composition may be a reduction of conjunctions or prepositions (SARC – search and rescue center). The reduction to three or four letters of one of the components of the terminology word-combinations is a typical way of formation English aviation abbreviations. When determining the original form of the English term, a translator should take into account that not only the first, but also the last component of the phrase can be subject to reduction. The translation specificity of homoacronyms that based on word-combinations in which one of the components is a concatenation-type composite is shown. Attention is paid to the availability of borrowings in English and Ukrainian aviation terminological systems. Identification of abbreviations-borrowings requires the use of French, German and other terminology dictionaries. It is important to distinguish elliptical abbreviations not only from the initial ones, but also from the reductions of the composites to the first letters of their components, to achieve an adequate translation. The terms-abbreviations that are formed by the reduction of current words were found. The choice of methods, types, ways to translate English aviation abbreviations (calquing of the original form, calquing with the following abbreviation, descriptive translation, etc.) depends on the structural type of the term. The required condition for an adequate translation of abbreviations is to take into account the broad context. The material was taken from dictionaries of aviation terms and original scientific texts.
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Чи, Я. "Typology of abbreviations in the language of Russian mass media." Modern scientist, no. 2 (February 15, 2024): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.58224/2541-8459-2024-2-7-12.
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цель исследования заключается в рассмотрении понятия аббревиатура и аббревиация применительно к языку масс-медиа, а также определяются главные функции и роль сложносокращенных слов в мире масс-медиа. Автор выделяет наиболее распространенные типы аббревиатур в современных масс-медиа и причины появления аббревиатур. Актуальность данного исследования обусловлена тенденциями в активном развитии научного интереса на изучении аббревиации в лингвистике. Цель исследования обусловила постановку следующих задач: выделять наиболее распространенные типы аббревиатур в современных масс-медиа; выявить причины появления аббревиатур и тенденции дальнейшего развития аббревиатур в современной прессе. Научная новизна исследования состоит в том, что впервые анализировались различные русские аббревиатуры на основе источника «Парламентская газета», «Комсомольская правда». Полученные результаты показали, что в языке современной русской прессы выявляет активную тенденцию образования аббревиатур. Практическая значимость исследования состоит в том, что полученные данные будут использовать для практики преподавания русского языка, а также для составлении словарей русских аббревиатур. the aim of the study is to examine the concept of abbreviation and shortening as applied to the language of mass media, as well as to determine the main functions and role of complex abbreviated words in the world of mass media. The author identifies the most common types of abbreviations in modern mass media and the reasons for the emergence of abbreviations. The relevance of this study is conditioned by the trends in the active development of scientific interest in the study of abbreviation in linguistics. The purpose of the study has determined the following tasks: to identify the most common types of abbreviations in modern mass media; to identify the reasons for the emergence of abbreviations and the trends of further development of abbreviations in the modern press. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the fact that for the first time various Russian abbreviations were analyzed on the basis of the source Parlamentskaya Gazeta, Komsomolskaya Pravda. The obtained results showed that in the language of modern Russian press reveals an active trend of abbreviation formation. The practical significance of the study is that the obtained data will be used for the practice of teaching Russian language, as well as for compiling dictionaries of Russian abbreviations.
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Popescu, Floriana. "Abbreviations in English Shipbuilding Terminology and Their Translation into Romanian." Translation Studies: Theory and Practice 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/tstp/2021.1.1.73.
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Abbreviations represent a substantial element in the English and Romanian word stock as well as in their shipbuilding terminologies. This paper is an analysis of the English abbreviations and their Romanian versions in an attempt to assess the availability of the latter language to shipbuilding Anglicisms. The research mainly consisted in the creation of a data bank to comprise the abbreviations that occur in English shipbuilding glossaries, dictionaries and lexicons and whose versions were included in similar Romanian lexicographic works. A first step in this project was the determination of the meanings assigned to the notion of abbreviation, which has been described to convey rather controversial meanings in English lexicology. The translational perspective of this approach was constructed on the concepts of foreignization and domestication, advanced by Venuti in the mid 1990’s. Our analysis was designed to highlight the English touch on the vocabulary of the Romanian shipbuilding terminology, at the same time disregarding both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of this influence. These aspects were waived because terminologies, like any other compartment of languages, are vivid organisms in a continual strive to develop, enrich and expand.
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Kuć, Joanna. "Skrótowce w funkcji eufemizmów." Białostockie Archiwum Językowe, no. 6 (2006): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/baj.2006.06.03.
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The article analyzes abbreviations as euphemisms in Polish language. The material comes mainly from the youth’s slang. There are three most important phenomena in contemporary abbreviations. First – new, unknown ones in Polish language like: KTM, SWP, PDD and others which weren’t noticed in dictionaries, second – known ones which are realized differently than previous, e.g.: PCK, DVD, SLD and third – words that are now abbreviations, but young people translate them different, e.g.: NOC – Nowo Odkryta Cecha, OPIS – Ostre Picie I Seks. As abbreviations these upper words are softening elements. Everybody hardly ever uses them in full expressions. It depends on some pragmatic circumstances, of course. The abbreviations are shown as euphemisms in contemporary Polish, because they replace vulgarisms and can function as softening elements.
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Mansur, Zainab, Nazlia Omar, and Sabrina Tiun. "Abbreviation Dictionary for Twitter Hate Speech." International Journal on Cybernetics & Informatics 12, no. 2 (March 11, 2023): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijci.2023.120219.
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Informal methods of communication, like tweets, rely heavily on initialization abbreviations to reduce message size and time, making them difficult to mine and normalize using existing methods. Therefore, this present study compiled a lexicon repository to normalize the initialism abbreviations used in tweets in the English language. Several components were taken into consideration while compiling the repository. This included the Tweepy Python library, keyword list, small developed rules, and online dictionaries. A lexicon repository of 300 abbreviations and their complete forms was compiled. This will be used in an ongoing study to normalize Twitter hate speech data and to detect it.
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Denysiuk, Yuliya, Tetiana Serhiienko, Roman Serhiienko, and Yuliia Samoilova. "International military cooperation as an impetus for enriching terminological dictionaries: the English-Ukrainian context." XLinguae 14, no. 2 (April 2021): 255–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18355/xl.2021.14.02.19.
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The article focuses on the problem of successful communication in the course of military translation. The significant part of this process is a translation of numerous military terms, acronyms, and abbreviations where a translator must consider the context of the military document to ensure the right translation, which is as close as possible to the original text meaning. The research is based on the method of scientific observation during the classes and practical exercises in cooperation with NATO officers, the descriptive method, the method of comparison, which was used in the analysis of many textbooks and scientific articles. The use of the specific method of distributive analysis allowed the consideration of the context-dependent military terms and abbreviations. This paper presents the results of the research, including, in particular, the outlining of the classification of military terms and abbreviations, accentuation on the skills and knowledge which are important for producing a correct translation of the military terms and abbreviations which, in its turn, may have correspondents in a target language or may not have ones. Last but not least, the article provides the most striking instances of translating military terms and abbreviations grouped by their types. Reviewing the results, one can consider military translation as a context-based linguistic activity to a significant degree. The translator should have wide knowledge in the military sphere generally and in a concrete object of translation in part: artillery, ammo, IT-technologies etc. Besides English, itself is a language that develops exponentially, which invokes the growth of a variety of military terminology. As known, English is one of the two official languages of NATO. However, there are some differences in vocabulary and stylistic usage between the native languages of the Alliance member countries and English, so translators must take it into account in order to avoid misunderstandings
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Gómez-Adorno, Helena, Ilia Markov, Grigori Sidorov, Juan-Pablo Posadas-Durán, Miguel A. Sanchez-Perez, and Liliana Chanona-Hernandez. "Improving Feature Representation Based on a Neural Network for Author Profiling in Social Media Texts." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2016 (2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1638936.
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We introduce a lexical resource for preprocessing social media data. We show that a neural network-based feature representation is enhanced by using this resource. We conducted experiments on the PAN 2015 and PAN 2016 author profiling corpora and obtained better results when performing the data preprocessing using the developed lexical resource. The resource includes dictionaries of slang words, contractions, abbreviations, and emoticons commonly used in social media. Each of the dictionaries was built for the English, Spanish, Dutch, and Italian languages. The resource is freely available.
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Kosmin, V. V., and A. A. Kosmina. "Transport lexicography: history and the present." Transport Technician: Education and Practice 2, no. 1 (March 27, 2021): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.46684/2687-1033.2021.1.105-113.
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The development of transport lexicography in retrospect, starting with the first transport technical dictionaries (railway and others), shown. An almost exhaustive list (55 titles) of the dictionaries that have been published so far that make up the transport lexicography with Russian as the main language or one of the languages included in the transport dictionaries given. The multilingual form of the first dictionaries noted, covering the languages of those countries where, by the time of the constitution of the railway network in Russia, railways had advanced development. The stage of updating transport technical dictionaries by the middle of the XX century considered. The characteristics of the current state in the field of foreign-language and Russian-language terminological transport dictionaries, including terminological dictionaries, as well as their new types, such as dictionaries of abbreviations, are given. The coverage of the transport lexicography of the main types of transport (except for pipeline transport) shown. The tendency of specialization of dictionaries in the field of one type of transport and the revival of multilingual dictionaries, including the use of ‘new’ languages for transport lexicography (Kazakh, Mongolian, Ukrainian), where Russian is not the state language after the collapse of the USSR, noted. Recommendations for the further development of transport lexicography, including the continuation and expansion of the practice of issuing highly specialized dictionaries along with universal transport dictionaries, as well as specialization of electronic dictionaries as a way to improve their quality and speed up work with them formulated.
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KRASNOKUTSKAYA, K. I. "On translating fire-technical terms from Russian into Serbian based on the material of the Russian-Serbian dictionary of abbreviations." CULTURE AND SAFETY 4 (2023): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.25257/kb.2023.4.61-69.
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The article examines the history of creating Russian-Serbian dictionaries, describes the difficulties that arise when translating from one related language into another and suggests ways to overcome them. The relevance of creating a dictionary of abbreviations of scientific and technical fire terms is substantiated. Some features of translating Russian fire-technical vocabulary into Serbian depending on the grammatical structure of the Serbian language are presented. Translation methods determined by the specifics of dictionary entries are described. The widespread use of abbreviations in scientific and technical literature, the relevance and uniqueness of the Russian-Serbian dictionary of fire-technical abbreviations are pointed out. A descriptive method as well as methods of analysis and synthesis are used. Conclusions are drawn about the feasibility of creating the dictionary and its contribution to strengthening international cooperation.
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Egorova, Kyunney, and Sang-Cheol Ahn. "Abbreviation in korean cyber communication." LAPLAGE EM REVISTA 7, Extra-C (June 25, 2021): 204–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-622020217extra-c1005p.204-221.
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The purpose of this paper is to argue that the various patterns of the Korean abbreviations should be interpreted as cultural icons. Leading approach to research: classification by types of abbreviations and theoretical analysis of their properties. The authors argue that the phonetic but also graphic nature of the Korean alphabet system makes the structure very innovative and unique. Moreover, the authors claim that along with the common borrowing of English abbreviations, the typological differences in writing produce unique abbreviations patterns, especially in Korean. As for the theoretical analyses, we take the examples from various papers on neologism and the online dictionaries. The theoretical significance of the work lies in the fact that the abbreviated expressions are considered as a unique tool of modern communication, especially for the young generation. In this regard, this study can also contribute to the typological research on writing systems. From a practical point of view, the result of this study can serve a reference material as well as a good basis for subsequent research on coinage of neologism.
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Udovichenko, H. M., and O. S. Kashpurovska. "SPECIFICITY OF SCIENTIFICAND TECHNICAL LITERATURE TRANSLATION." INTELLIGENCE. PERSONALITY. CIVILIZATION, no. 2 (19) (December 30, 2019): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33274/2079-4835-2019-2-49-55.
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Objective. The objective of the article is to analyze the specifics and ways of overcoming difficulties in the process of scientific and technical literature translation. Methods. The methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, study of critical literature on the topic, work with scientific sources are used in the work. Results. An algorithm for translating scientific texts should include the formulation of the task, the definition of the recipient and the purpose of the translation, the definition of the genre of the text, the establishment of possible ways of conveying the thought and style of presentation of the author. The translated text should be as close as possible to the original one and to the accuracy of the transmitted information and other parameters. In addition, the English and Ukrainian texts are characterized by frequent use of abbreviations, shortenings and symbols. If conventions can always be viewed in the same book or publication, as they are used only within this work, then the translation of abbreviations and shortenings can present considerable complexity. In addition to the well-known abbreviations used around the world, there are many meaningful acronyms, shortenings that are specific to a particular industry, as well as several variants of writing the same abbreviation. Dictionaries will help to understand their full diversity. However, the translator can face quite difficult questions, which are solved with experience: translation of the author’s terms and words, the style of presentation of the text as close as possible to the author’s, translation of specific terminology that requires deep knowledge in a particular field. All these difficulties can be overcome only by having gained enough practical experience.
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Bayniyazov, A., and Zh Bayniyazova. "The Importance of the Development of Compilation of Monolingual Dictionaries (by the Example of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Kazakh Language)." Iasaýı ýnıversıtetіnіń habarshysy 131, no. 1 (March 30, 2024): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.47526/2024-1/2664-0686.06.
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There are many types of dictionaries depending on the purpose and scope of use. Among them, a special place is occupied by monolingual explanatory dictionaries, which reflect the vocabulary of the cultural life of the people as a whole. Explanatory dictionaries are a real resource that collects the vocabulary of a language in one place. The creation and improvement of monolingual dictionaries has its own unique features. Therefore, it is important to continue the tradition of employing the basics of lexicography in explanatory dictionaries, expand them, republish them, and constantly update them. The article emphasizes the importance of constantly updating the explanatory dictionary and improving its vocabulary articles. In particular, the 15-volume “Dictionary of the Kazakh Literary Language”, prepared by the Akhmet Baitursynuly Institute of Linguistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2011, was selected. This dictionary is an example of creating an explanatory dictionary, reflecting existing traditions and practices of scientific creation of dictionaries. In addition, the article also discusses such issues as ways to enrich the content of dictionary entries by selecting the examples from works of art, examples of spelling complex words, conventional abbreviations; it also provides various explanations of individual concepts for dictionary entries. Particular attention is paid to explaining political terms such as “sovet” (Soviet) and “tarikh” (history) associated with the Soviet era.
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Lazarević, Radmila. "WORD-FORMATION PRODUCTIVITY OF ABBREVIATIONS IN ITALIAN AND SERBIAN / MONTENEGRIN: DERIVATION BY SUFFIXATION." Folia linguistica et litteraria XIII, no. 39 (February 2022): 207–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31902/fll.39.2022.11.
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The research is focused on the comparison between the abbreviations in modern Italian and those in Serbian and Montenegrin language, as stems for derivation by nominal, adjectival, and verbal suffixes. The approach is contrastive, and for the corpora were used mostly materials extracted from the daily press, as well as dictionaries of neologisms in the case of Italian corpus. For the Italian corpus, the dictionaries used were Neologismi: Parole nuove dai giornali (2009) by Istituto Treccani, with an updated online version of that dictionary on the publisher’s site https://www.treccani.it/magazine/lingua_italiana/neologismi/, as well as the database ONLI: Osservatorio Neologico della Lingua Italiana (https://www.iliesi.cnr.it/ONLI/), which collects materials mostly from daily and weekly press. Several studies on abbreviations were also very helpful as the source for examples of suffixation. Serbian and Montenegrin press was analyzed as one corpus, as there are virtually no differences between these languages as far as abbreviations are concerned. The latter corpus relies mostly on online versions of Serbian and Montenegrin daily press (Vijesti, Pobjeda, Dan, Novosti, Telegraf, Politika, and so on), with several examples taken from social media, blogs and web portals, for the most part through the web site Kontekst.io (https://www.kontekst.io/) which for Serbian corpus uses database srWaC (Serbian Web, https://www.clarin.si/noske/run.cgi/corp_info?corpname=srwac&struct_attr_ stats=1&subcorpora=1). As in printed Serbian and Montenegrin literature were found only older and, in some cases, outdated examples, it was necessary to complement this corpus with newer and more up-to-date materials. In the corpora analysis, neologisms derived from acronyms by suffixation were of particular interest, as an indicator of vitality and productivity of these lexical items in modern language. As they become more and more present in modern languages, this traditional approach to abbreviations as a marginal anomaly should be revised. It is necessary to establish consistent rules of writing and pronouncing for some acronyms, as well as to meet the requirements of everyday use which their limited inflection and morphosyntactic irregularity can complicate. Although their form does not conform to the rest of the language system, their use is becoming more frequent and encompassing, and the number of derivations from the most used and present abbreviations keeps growing. In both Serbian and Montenegrin linguistics, the research of abbreviations has merely started as far as word formation is concerned. Therefore, this field offers a lot of potential for further research, especially if one observes the daily influence of extralinguistic context on the changes in modern language.
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Karpinska, Laura. "User’s Guides in General English-Latvian Dictionaries." Baltic Journal of English Language, Literature and Culture 4 (April 25, 2014): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/bjellc.04.2014.05.
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The purpose of the user’s guide is to introduce the user to the dictionary layout and provide information on its use. Its location can vary from dictionary to dictionary, but in most cases it is placed in the front matter. Since the user’s guide can be viewed as an umbrella term for a cluster of several metafunctional outside matter components (e.g. the list of abbreviations, pronunciation key, etc.), special attention is paid to the overall contents of these components rather than to their titles which might not be sufficiently revealing. The study focuses on the analysis of the user’s guides in the general English-Latvian dictionaries (ELDs) compiled from 1924 to 2007, forming the English-Latvian lexicographic tradition. The aim of the study is to describe the typical contents and elements of the user’s guides in ELDs, as well as to trace the development of this metafunctional outside matter component throughout the lexicographic tradition. The analysis revealed that at the beginning of the tradition there was no clear distinction between the preface and the user’s guide, the latter as a distinct outside matter component was established and developed in the Soviet period, but the dictionaries published by ‘Avots’ reveal a tendency towards unification of the user’s guides both structure and content-wise.
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Hongyin, Nie. "Graph omission and abbreviation in Tangut script." Journal of Chinese Writing Systems 2, no. 3 (September 2018): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2513850218779768.
Full textAbstract:
In a few Tangut manuscripts there are eight omitted graphs used for explaining the character structures and three abbreviations used for transcribing the Tibetan word badzra or Sanskrit word vajra. The latter were formed by merging two or three parts of standard graphs so as to record polysyllables or consonant clusters in other languages. The usage of this method to create new characters, though originating from an ancient tradition and being occasionally used in the Chinese writing system, proves to be accepted merely in a limited sphere and is not mentioned in any authoritative dictionaries.
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Andrishko, Oleh. "Neosemantization in “Joke dictionaries”." Synopsis: Text Context Media 30, no. 1 (2024): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2311-259x.2024.1.6.
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The article examines the phenomenon of secondary nomination (neosemantization) in “Joke Dictionaries”. Such words are most common on the pages of humor in periodicals. The basis for the study of the phenomenon was the materials of the column of the same name in the magazine “Perets”, the newspapers “Silski Visti”, “Literary Ukraine” and others. Some of the neosemanticisms are also published by humorist writers in the form of books or presented on specialized literary portals. The purpose of this research is to investigate neosemantization in “Joke Dictionaries”, hence the subject of research is the author’s neosemantisms with a humorous basis. Such words pose a problem for scientific understanding, since they did not attract the attention of linguists before. The most expedient, and therefore the main method, is descriptive. The novelty of the article is that for the first time neosemantisms are described and an attempt is made to classify them by meaning. In the results of the study, it was found that words most often acquire new meanings with the help of neometaphorization and paronomasia, as well as the decomposition of a simple word into two consonant roots. However, a certain number of such innovations can be considered not too successful from the point of view of semantics, when the author looks for seemingly consonant words, but this consonance is not enough to create a successful new value. An interesting way of creating such lexical units is to interpret words of foreign origin as composites or abbreviations with paronymic or homonymous meaning. The question of the connection between the meanings of neosemanticisms and jargonisms (slangisms) remains open. The results of the study show that the authors explain the same word in different ways: in some cases the new meanings are identical or close, in others they are different depending on the author’s vision. In some cases, the author may interpret the word in different ways, publishing these meanings in different editions or releases; because of this, the issue of plagiarism is important, although it can be argued that the absolute majority of coincidences (if not all) are accidental. Sometimes the formed lexemes are characterized by enantiosemy. Since this section is quite regular in the latest editions of these publications, in the future it is possible to study more words in greater detail and compile a dictionary of humorous neosemanticisms.
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Glušac, Tatjana, and Mira Milić. "UPOTREBA REČNIKÂ U UČENjU ENGLESKOG JEZIKA STRUKE NA TERCIJARNOM NIVOU IZ PERSPEKTIVE STUDENATA." Nasledje Kragujevac 18, no. 49 (2021): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/naskg2149.107g.
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The aim of this paper is to present one part of a research study that explored the use of gen- eral-purpose and technical dictionaries in learning English for specific purposes at the tertiary level in Serbia. The research was carried out in 2018 on a sample encompassing 705 students from all the faculties of the University of Novi Sad. It was realized by means of a question- naire composed of 50 questions with a four-point Likert scale and 10 questions with answers on a two-point scale. Also, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 11 students. The quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS 20, and the interview data were analyzed utilizing content analysis. Our quantitative findings reveal that students mostly use digital dictionaries, followed by printed and monolingual ones, and finally dictionaries of technical terms. The same quantitative data indicate that students use dictionaries primarily to find out the mean- ing of a word or its spelling, while they do not understand the abbreviations for grammati- cal information and cannot evaluate the quality of a dictionary. The majority of them do not possess a technical dictionary. The qualitative data confirm that the respondents mostly use digital sources and tools (e.g., Google Translate) since such searches are consistently faster and offer single, ready-made answers. The findings suggest that a systematic training in dictionary use at all educational levels is necessary.
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Jalala, Souad Sanoussi Yosef. "The Effect of Using Electronic Dictionary in Learning English Language by Libyan Students (A Case Study of the Students of English Department at Education Faculty-Waddan of Al-Jufra University)." Journal of Human Sciences 22, no. 2 (November 30, 2023): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.51984/johs.v22i2.2696.
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Electronic dictionaries have revolutionized the educational landscape, providing instantaneous access to a wealth of lexical knowledge for students and educators alike. This study aimed to find out the effect of using an Electronic Dictionary in learning English Language by Libyan Students: The English department at the Education Faculty of Al-Jufra University. This study applied descriptive qualitative method. The data in this study were obtained through a document analysis (questionnaire). Thirty-five students of English department participated in the questionnaire that was used in this study. The results of this study report that all students depend on the electronic dictionaries in their studies, but they face some difficulties in using it as a machine. Most students use the multi-language dictionary to get the meaning of the word in Arabic. Even though, more than 50% percent of the students find all words that they need in the e-dictionary. Most students face difficulties in selecting the suitable meaning of the word in the context. Moreover, about 50% of the students face difficulty in finding explanations for grammar tasks in E-dictionaries that they use. They face difficulty in using dictionaries that use English language only. That means they depend on their native language for learning English language. Transitivity of the meaning of the word confuses them in selecting the suitable meaning, some words don’t exist in the dictionary, in the translation of phrasal verbs, a translation of abbreviations and some words don’t have any translation in Arabic language. On the other hand, electronic dictionary helps them to improve their English vocabularies.
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ODYNTSOVA, HALYNA. "APPLICATION OF THE “BYOD” TECHNIQUE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF FUTURE PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS’ LEXICOGRAPHICAL COMPETENCE." Scientific Issues of Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University. Series: pedagogy 1, no. 1 (July 14, 2022): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.25128/2415-3605.22.1.21.
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The importance of introducing innovative educational techniques in higher education institutions has been outlined. The essence of notions “mobile learning” and “BYOD technique” has been investigated: mobile learning is considered as a type of electronic learning when mobile devices are used with didactic purpose; the particular feature of BYOD technology is the use of personal smartphones, tablets, laptops, etc. by the participants of educational process as means of mobile learning. It has been outlined, that creation of mobile educational environment refers to competency-oriented techniques. The advantages of mobile learning over other innovative techniques have been characterized.
The essence and structure of the notion of “lexicographical competency” in scientific and pedagogical literature have been analysed, author’s own interpretation of this term has been suggested, which stands for natural unity of lexicographical knowledge, abilities and skills of reproductive and creative information search activity while working with dictionaries and reference sources. The following components of lexicographical competence have been distinguished: lexicographical knowledge (awareness of types of dictionaries, principles of dictionary article structuring, major works concerning lexicography and their authors, etc.); lexicographical routines (ability to use dictionaries of different types; to find and highlight the necessary information; to enrich lexicographical description of word with grammatical and stylistic information, which is contained in remarks and abbreviations, etc.); lexicographical skills (collecting and processing lexicographical material, compiling dictionaries and reference books, etc.).
The peculiarities of electronic dictionaries and their advantages over paper ones have been emphasized (large amount of information due to hyperlinks; multimedia applications; effective search system; constant updating of current information, etc.). Linguistic portals, websites and links of different types and purposes have been provided as a recommendation for professional preparation of future primary school teachers. A list of the most popular e-dictionaries has been proposed for in-class usage and performing tasks while studying the course “Modern Ukrainian Language with Workshops” using the BYOD technology combined with the technology of QR-coding.
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Valančiauskienė, Aušra. "Encyclopedic Information in Bilingual Dictionaries: Field of Geography." Verbum 10 (December 20, 2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/verb.9.
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When preparing a dictionary it is impossible to ignore outside world or so called encyclopedic knowledge. In megastructure level of a bilingual dictionary, various appendices are often addede.g. toponyms, anthroponyms, and ethnonyms. Arranged before or after the corpus, these appendices are most commonly used for grammatical descriptions as well as toponyms (hydronyms and oikonims) and lists of commonly used abbreviations. At the macrostructure and microstructure level, the presentation of encyclopedic knowledge is even more evident: the nomenclature of the modern linguistic monolingual or bilingual dictionary includes a number of lexis related to a particular cognitive domain (ethnography, history, mythology, geography, economics, etc.); therefore, a lot of different encyclopedic information is provided in order to explain it. Recently, many European lexicographers have been discussing the need to avoid any appendices to the vocabulary and to instead incorporate the information contained into the text of lexicographic publication wherever possible. Researchers base this view on the fact that each additional source of information in the dictionary requires further time and energy from the user looking for the lexical unit they want. The user may also be unfamiliar or insufficiently familiar with the dictionary structure and simply be unaware that additional information can be found elsewhere rather than in the dictionary text itself. Thus, the goal of this study is to examine, based on the analytical and descriptive method, four dictionaries published in Lithuania (The Great Lithuanian-English Dictionary (2006), Lithuanian-Russian Dictionary (2015), The Great Lithuanian-French Dictionary (2012) and Lithuanian-Norwegian Dictionary (2001))in terms of geographical knowledge presentation: evaluate the presentation of this knowledge at megastructure, macrostructure and microstructure levels.
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Mędelska, Jolanta. "Rosyjskie skrótowce porewolucyjne w pierwszych radzieckich słownikach dwujęzycznych." Acta Baltico-Slavica 34 (August 31, 2015): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/abs.2010.006.
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Russian post-revolutionary abbreviations in the first bilingual Russian dictionariesThe process of real expansion of abbreviations started at the end of 19th century and it developed tremendously in 20th century. The process of creating abbreviations in Russian became active after World War I and suddenly became widespread particularly in the post-revolutionary period. At that time abbreviations were created spontaneously and in a disorganized way, yet numerous creations were commonly used. The period of time during which they were used was usually short, compare: ОСОАВИАХИМ (= Общество содействия обороне, авиации и химическому строительству). In most cases they were names of political parties, combat, revolutionary, social and other organizations, for instance: волисполком, военкомат, ревком. This characteristic type of Russian lexis was very troublesome for Polish intellectuals who were trying to code the Polish Russian language, i.e. specific, language code with many Russian and Soviet idioms that was used by the Polish living in the Soviet Union during the post-revolutionary period. Attempts to standardize abbreviations were reflected in translation dictionaries (Polish-Russian and Russian-Polish) published in Moscow in the 30s of 20th century. Русские послереволюционные аббревиатуры в первых советских двуязычных словаряхПроцесс настоящей экспансии аббревиатур начался в конце XIX столетия и продолжался, продвигаясь большими темпами, в ХХ веке. В русском языке аббревиация сильно активизировалась после первой мировой войы, особенно бурно распространялась в ранний послереволюционный период. В то время аббревиатуры образовались спонтанно, стихийно, неупорядоченно, но – несмотря на это – многие подобные образования попадали в общенародный обиход. Как правило, их жизнь быстро обрывалась, ср. ОСОАВИАХИМ (= Общество содействия обороне, авиации и химическому строительству). В основном это были названия политических партий, боевых, революционных, общественных и др. организаций, напр.: волисполком, военкомат, ревком. Этот характерный слой русской лексики доставлял много хлопот польским интеллигентам, пытавшимся кодифицировать советский польский язык, этот особый, сильнорусифицированный и советизированный языковой код, используемый поляками, проживавшими в СССР в межвоенный период. Попытки нормализовать образования аббревиатурного типа нашли отражение в переводных словарях (польско-русском и русско-польском), выпущенных в Москве в 30-е годы ХХ в.
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Korolova, Tetiana, Olha Aleksandrova, Svetlana Yukhimets, and Valeriya Smagliy. "TERMINOLOGY SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT IN MARITIME SUBLANGUAGE." Scientific Research Issues of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 2023, no. 36 (August 2023): 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2023-36-8.
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The article examines the principles of maritime terms terminology formation, and provides their translation into Ukrainian. Under the conditions of the English-Ukrainian and Ukrainian-English dictionaries absence in the field of the maritime industry, the problem of scientific and technical literature translation, being a tool of intercultural communication, acquires special attention. Maritime terms correspond to the well-known classification of scientific and technical terms, among which general scientific, general technical and highly specialized terms are distinguished. The results of the experiment demonstrate that the term system (TC) of various marine-related industries belongs to the group of macro term systems; among them we can single out the following ones: singlecomponent terms, divided into simple or root terms, affixer ones and complex; multi-component terms with the number of components from 2 to 5 units; abbreviations of initial letters, syllables, acronyms, double abbreviations (that combine initial letters and abbreviations of the morphological and syntactic level). The considered means of forming terminological units help to understand the ways of their generation or transformation in maritime discourse and the principles of their combination. Translators and specialists in the field of marine topicality try to preserve the meaning of a foreign term in the translation language as accurately as possible. Some differences that appear in translation of English terms are presented by three main varieties: differences in the morphological and syntactic structure, differences in lexical structure, differences in lexical and grammatical structure of the terms.
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Gorshunov, Yuriy V. "English Euphemisms for Health and Disease." Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences, no. 3 (June 20, 2024): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1505-v348.
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Euphemisms for disease created by means of abbreviation and rhyming slang reflect new capabilities of euphemisms. This research is relevant since such euphemisms are widely used and require a more detailed examination. The article aimed to identify some synonymous euphemistic and dysphemistic names from the arsenal of communicatively correct expressions on the topic of health and illness in English, as well as to provide a sociocultural commentary on euphemisms in the form of rhyming slang and abbreviations characterizing two deadly diseases – cancer and AIDS – and such an unpleasant ailment as haemorrhoids. The key research method used here is descriptive, implemented in the techniques of systematization, generalization and interpretation of language material. The linguistic methods include contextual analysis and semantic interpretation. The topic of health and disease is represented by examples of euphemisms and dysphemisms selected from authoritative dictionaries of euphemisms and general and rhyming slang, as well as English-language fiction. Euphemisms and dysphemisms serve as an effective way to overcome taboos; they are used to smooth out unpleasant moments and “cover up” sensitive issues for the interlocutor, provided that the exact meaning of the statement can be guessed. In particular, the author selected euphemisms for cancer, AIDS and haemorrhoids in the form of rhyming slang and abbreviation since they had been overlooked by specialists in English euphemisms, which brings an element of novelty to the study of modern English euphemisms. Euphemisms associated with rhyming slang in Englishspeaking countries constitute a promising area of research. The main points and conclusions of this paper can be used when discussing euphemisms during lectures and seminars on the theory of language, lexicology, stylistics, text interpretation, and cross-cultural communication.
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Tsybova, I. A. "On Debov’s dictionary." Philology at MGIMO 6, no. 4 (December 28, 2020): 167–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2410-2423-2020-4-24-167-169.
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B.M. Debov’s dictionary Romanic component in rhymes of French rap (On the specificity of youth’s word-creation)”. Ivanovo: Publishing House of Ivanovo State University, 2020. – 221 p. is the continuation of the preceding works of the author – dictionaries of abbreviations and deviating from norm vocabulary of youth (verlan, rap). The selection and analysis of Romanic (Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Provensal) vocabulary is an evident quality of the dictionary. Among the words forming the rhymes are internationalisms (maestro, opera, villa, etc), names of well-known national dishes (macaroni, pizza), popular Latin American dances (lambada, samba, tango) and also the names of drugs used by some youngsters (cocaїna, marijuana). One can consider rap as a source to supplement vocabulary. The dictionary by V.M. Debov is undoubtedly interesting for those who study Romanic languages.
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Sergii V., Mashtalir, and Nikolenko Oleksandr V. "Data preprocessing and tokenization techniquesfortechnical Ukrainian texts." Applied Aspects of Information Technology 6, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 318–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15276/aait.06.2023.22.
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The field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) has witnessed significant advancements fueled by machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence, expanding its applicability and enhancing human-computer interactions. However, NLP systems grapple with issues related to incomplete and error-laden data, potentially leading to biased model outputs. Specialized technical domains pose additional challenges, demanding domain-specific fine-tuning and custom lexicons. Moreover, many languages lack comprehensive NLP support, hindering accessibility.In this context, we explore novel NLP data preprocessing and tokenization techniques tailored for technical Ukrainian texts. We address a dataset comprising automotive repair labor entity names, known for errors and domain-specific terms, often in a blend of Ukrainian and Russian. Our goal is to classify these entities accurately, requiring comprehensive data cleaning, preprocessing and tokenization.Our approach modifies classical NLP preprocessing, incorporating language detection, specific Cyrillic character recognition, compounded word disassembly, and abbreviation handling. Text line normalization standardizes characters, punctuation, and abbreviations, improving consistency. Stopwords are curatedto enhance classification relevance. Translation of Russian to Ukrainian leverages detailed classifiers, resulting in a correspondence dictionary.Tokenization addresses concatenated tokens, spellingerrors, common prefixes in compound words and abbreviations.Lemmatization, crucial in languages like Ukrainian and Russian, builds dictionaries mapping word forms to lemmas, with a focus on noun cases. The results yield a robust token dictionary suitable for various NLP tasks, enhancing the accuracy and reliability of applications, particularly in technical Ukrainian contexts. This research contributes to the evolving landscape of NLP data preprocessing and tokenization, offering valuable insights for handling domain-specific languages.
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Ojugo, Arnold Adimabua, and Andrew Okonji Eboka. "Memetic algorithm for short messaging service spam filter using text normalization and semantic approach." International Journal of Informatics and Communication Technology (IJ-ICT) 9, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijict.v9i1.pp9-18.
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Today’s popularity of the short messages services (SMS) has created a propitious environment for spamming to thrive. Spams are unsolicited advertising, adult-themed or inappropriate content, premium fraud, smishing and malware. They are a constant reminder of the need for an effective spam filter. However, SMS limitations of 160-charcaters and 140-bytes size as well as its being rippled with slangs, emoticons and abbreviations further inhibits effective training of models to aid accurate classification. The study proposes Genetic Algorithm Trained Bayesian Network solution that seeks to normalize noisy feats, expand text via use of lexicographic and semantic dictionaries that uses word sense disambiguation technique to train the underlying learning heuristics. And in turn, effectively help to classify SMS in spam and legitimate classes. Hybrid model comprises of text preprocessing, feature selection as well as training and classification section. Study uses a hybrid Genetic Algorithm trained Bayesian model for which the GA is used for feature selection; while, the Bayesian algorithm is used as classifier.
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Mohamed, Emad Jasem. "DIFFICULTIES FACED BY TRANSLATION STUDENTS IN TRANSLATING INTERNET CONTRACTIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS FROM ENGLISH INTO ARABIC." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES 12, no. 03 (2022): 01–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.37648/ijrssh.v12i03.001.
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The scientific translation from English to Arabic is a subject that has been in the light of concern nowadays. With the increasing development of the technology and social media, language also developed along with it. Therefore, the current study aims at investigating the difficulties that translation students face when they try to translate internet language especially the slangs and contractions. The sample of the study is a third year students from the Translation Department, College of Arts. The goal is to determine the types of difficulties these Iraqi students face while translating the contractions and abbreviations used by internet users from English to Arabic. The number of students involved in the study are it 36 students. A text containing a series of conversations among an internet users were given to the students to translate from English to Arabic. Afterward, the conversations were analysed based on a specific scoring scheme figure out what exactly the problems that encountered the translation process from the items or order and sequence (clear and unclear), Translation (Under translation, complete translation, and over translation), and Accuracy (title and numbering). Based on the statistical analysis, the translation students made some errors and encountered a number of difficulties while translating these conversations into Arabic and this is ascribed to them employing dictionaries that are not designed to keep pace with the increasing change in language.
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Husnullina, Yuliya A. "COMPONENT COMPOSITION OF NEOLOGISMS-ICT TERMS." Sovremennye issledovaniya sotsialnykh problem 13, no. 4 (January 31, 2022): 605–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2021-13-4-605-615.
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Purpose. This study is devoted to the description and analysis of the component composition of neologisms-ICT terms.
Methods. In the course of the research, a theoretical analysis of the scientific literature on the subject under study was carried out. Methods of linguistic observation and analysis of structural components of neologisms-ICT terms were also applied.
The material of the study was the data of modern lexicographic online dictionaries with regularly updated corpora (Dictionary of IT, Techopedia. Technology Dictionary, WordSpy, English abbreviations and acronyms).
Results. The analysis of neologisms-ICT terms contributed to the identification of the component composition diversity of the ICT term system. Scientific and technological progress contributes to the emergence of a large number of new concepts and objects that need nomination and require timely linguistic description and lexicographic registration.
Practical implications. The practical significance of the research results lies in the possibility of using the obtained data in a practical course on the theory and practice of translation and in compiling recommendations on term formation addressed to researchers.
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Templeton, Douglas M., Michael Schwenk, Reinhild Klein, and John H. Duffus. "IUPAC glossary of terms used in immunotoxicology (IUPAC Recommendations 2012)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 84, no. 5 (February 16, 2012): 1113–295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-rec-11-06-03.
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The primary objective of this “Glossary of Terms Used in Immunotoxicology” is to give clear definitions for those who contribute to studies relevant to immunotoxicology but are not themselves immunologists. This applies especially to chemists who need to understand the literature of immunology without recourse to a multiplicity of other glossaries or dictionaries. The glossary includes terms related to basic and clinical immunology insofar as they are necessary for a self-contained document, and particularly terms related to diagnosing, measuring, and understanding effects of substances on the immune system. The glossary consists of about 1200 terms as primary alphabetical entries, and Annexes of common abbreviations, examples of chemicals with known effects on the immune system, autoantibodies in autoimmune disease, and therapeutic agents used in autoimmune disease and cancer. The authors hope that among the groups who will find this glossary helpful, in addition to chemists, are toxicologists, pharmacologists, medical practitioners, risk assessors, and regulatory authorities. In particular, it should facilitate the worldwide use of chemistry in relation to occupational and environmental risk assessment.
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Templeton, Douglas M., Michael Schwenk, and John H. Duffus. "IUPAC Glossary of terms used in neurotoxicology (IUPAC Recommendations 2015)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 87, no. 8 (August 1, 2015): 841–927. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0103.
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AbstractThe primary objective of this Glossary of Terms Used in Neurotoxicology is to give clear definitions for those who contribute to studies relevant to neurotoxicology, or must interpret them, but are not themselves neurotoxicologists, neuroscientists or physicians. This applies especially to chemists who need to understand the literature of neurotoxic effects of substances without recourse to a multiplicity of other glossaries or dictionaries. The Glossary includes terms related to basic and clinical neurology insofar as they are necessary for a self-contained document, and particularly terms related to diagnosing, measuring, and understanding effects of substances on the central and peripheral nervous systems. The glossary consists of about 800 terms as primary alphabetical entries, and includes Annexes of common abbreviations, and examples of chemicals with known effects on the nervous system. The authors hope that among the groups who will find this glossary helpful, in addition to chemists, are toxicologists, pharmacologists, medical practitioners, risk assessors, and regulatory authorities. In particular, it should facilitate the worldwide use of chemistry in relation to occupational and environmental risk assessment.
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Zhunussova, Zh, and М. Tulegenova. "MODERN STRATIFICATION OF THE LANGUAGE SYSTEM: SOCIOLINGUISTIC ASPECT." BULLETIN Series of Philological Sciences 75, no. 1 (April 12, 2021): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2021-1.1728-7804.09.
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This article examines issues related to the functioning of non-standard vocabulary in the language system. One of the tasks of sociolinguistics is the study of the social stratification of language and its variability on the basis of languages of different structures. The article is devoted to the analysis of the most productive and effective ways of forming non-standard vocabulary in Russian and English, such as: formal modifications, abbreviations, borrowings, education without external modification, reverse and middle slang, reduplication. In the research of modern languages, scientists pay special attention to the classification of substandard vocabulary based on motivation/non-motivation. The relevance of the study of these phenomena is caused by the growing interest in the study of a new direction – sociolectology in modern linguistics, to the issues of non-standard vocabulary, the language situation. Many of the most important theoretical issues of Russian-foreign substandard lexicography, the lexicographicization of sociolects in bilingual dictionaries, their contrastive research, the development of which is an urgent need, still remain unexplored. The change in theoretical and methodological guidelines was reflected in the development of the theory and practice of bilingual lexicography.
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Voeste, Anja. "Spelling variation and text alignment." Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 40, no. 3 (November 1, 2021): 279–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfs-2021-2032.
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Abstract In the 15th century, at a time when codification via dictionaries and grammars had not yet taken effect, printers, editors, and compositors were already producing pamphlets and books that had to meet the new requirements of the letterpress, especially as regards the arrangement of white space and uniform line justification (even-margined on the left and right). The following analysis investigates five German editions of the Mirabilia Romae (Marvels of the City of Rome), a well-known pilgrim guide, all printed in 1500 for the contemporaneous Jubilee year and thus for short-term sale. The results show that compositors used different means for text alignment: In addition to deviations in line counts and the repositioning of lines, they chose extended or contracted spelling variants, predominantly on the second half of the page. The most frequent variants are abbreviations in the form of tildes. However, just a few spelling patterns with tildes were used. With respect to explanatory processes in a historical perspective, the results call for a closer consideration of page format, text layout (mise-en-page) and line justification when evaluating spelling variation in early book printing.
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Duffus, John H., Michael Schwenk, and Douglas M. Templeton. "Glossary of terms used in developmental and reproductive toxicology (IUPAC Recommendations 2016)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 88, no. 8 (August 1, 2016): 713–830. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-1202.
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Abstract The primary objective of this glossary is to give clear definitions for those who contribute to studies relevant to these disciplines, or who must interpret them, but are not themselves reproductive physiologists or physicians. This applies especially to chemists who need to understand the literature of reproductive and teratogenic effects of substances without recourse to a multiplicity of other glossaries or dictionaries. The glossary includes terms related to basic and clinical reproductive biology and teratogenesis, insofar as they are necessary for a self-contained document, particularly terms related to diagnosing, measuring, and understanding the effects of substances on the embryo, the fetus, and on the male and female reproductive systems. The glossary consists of about 1200 primary alphabetical entries and includes Annexes of common abbreviations and examples of chemicals with known effects on human reproduction and development. The authors hope that toxicologists, pharmacologists, medical practitioners, risk assessors, and regulatory authorities are among the groups who will find this glossary helpful, in addition to chemists. In particular, the glossary should facilitate the worldwide use of chemical terminology in relation to occupational and environmental risk assessment.
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Kruhlij, Olena, and Oksana Chernyak. "THE MAIN FEATURES OF TERMS TRANSLATION FROM ENGLISH INTO UKRAINIAN (ON THE EXAMPLE OF NUCLEAR POWER INDUSTRY)." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 12(80) (December 23, 2021): 93–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2021-12(80)-93-95.
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The article deals with the productive ways of translating English terms of nuclear power industry and considers the field of nuclear power industry as a source of language units in science causing translation difficulties. The nuclear power industry term is a word or phrase that has both scientific and technical meaning, accurately and unambiguously reflects the concept of the studied field, used in the process of cognition and development of objects and relations in the investigated field. The main ways of translating terms on the example of nuclear power industry vocabulary are illustrated. The following methods are used such as systematization and description, continuous sampling of examples, and translation analysis. Like any other branch of science, the nuclear power industry vocabulary is illustrative of a set of distinctive features and arises difficulties in intercultural communication, the elimination of which is possible only through adequate translation of terms. The deep analysis of terms proves that the method of full correspondence of lexical units is universal when translating the terms of nuclear power industry. In order to give a correct translation and convey to the reader the exact meaning of terms and abbreviations in the field of nuclear power industry, it is necessary to interpret and “decipher” them accurately, i.e. to find the appropriate meaning in the dictionary, and create technical English-Ukrainian dictionaries and glossaries with full translation and explanation.
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Korolova, Larisa. "THE CHALLENGES OF TRAINING FUTURE ENGLISH TACHERS." English and American Studies, no. 20 (June 23, 2023): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/382312.
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The article deals with topical challenging issues that are related to the training of future teachers of the English language. The first of which is the absence of any Standards of English itself. The definitions of the term ‘Standard’ from the Cambridge and Oxford dictionaries are given. The paper also insists that neither the European Framework nor the English language proficiency exams (IELTS та TOEFL) are English language standards for their native speakers and that this type of standardization exists only for those for who English is a second language. The next problem that university teachers face in teaching correct pronunciation and vocabulary to future English teachers is that English is a large and flexible language, with a huge number of words, abbreviations and a large number of different accents. The article describes the three main London accents that exist today: RP, Cockney and EE. The latter is seen as a derivative version of the new modern accent from the mixing of RP and Cockney. At the end of the article, the author comes to the conclusion that first-year students should be introduced to the peculiarities of the English language (a variety of accents, vocabulary, teaching English to schoolchildren and future British English teachers), and Oxford and Cambridge English should be taken as the standard.
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Odiakaose, Christopher, Frances Emordi, Patrick Ejeh, Nwanze Ashioba, Christopher Odeh, Obiageli Attoh, and Maduabuchuku Azaka. "Hybrid Genetic Algorithm Trained Bayesian Ensemble for Short Messages Spam Detection." Advances in Multidisciplinary & Scientific Research Journal Publications 12, no. 1 (March 30, 2024): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22624/aims/maths/v12n1p4.
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Today’s popularity of the short messages services (SMS) has created a propitious environment for spamming to thrive. Spams are unsolicited advertising, adult-themed or inappropriate content, premium fraud, smishing and malware. They are a constant reminder of the need for an effective spam filter. However, SMS limitations of 160-charcaters and 140-bytes size as well as its being rippled with slangs, emoticons and abbreviations further inhibits effective training of models to aid accurate classification. The study proposes Genetic Algorithm Trained Bayesian Network solution that seeks to normalize noisy feats, expand text via use of lexicographic and semantic dictionaries that uses word sense disambiguation technique to train the underlying learning heuristics. And in turn, effectively help to classify SMS in spam and legitimate classes. Hybrid model comprises of text preprocessing, feature selection as well as training and classification section. Study uses a hybrid Genetic Algorithm trained Bayesian model for which the GA is used for feature selection; while, the Bayesian algorithm is used as classifier. Keywords: Hybrid Genetic Algorithm, Trained Bayesian Ensemble, Short Messages Spam Detection Odiakaose, C. Emordi, F. Ejeh, P., Ashioba, N., Odeh, C., Attoh, O. & Azaka, M. (2024): Hybrid Genetic Algorithm Trained Bayesian Ensemble for Short Messages Spam Detection. Journal of Advances in Mathematical & Computational Science. Vol. 12, No. 1. Pp 37-52. Available online at www.isteams.net/mathematics-computationaljournal. dx.doi.org/10.22624/AIMS/MATHS/V12N1P4
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Baram, Laila Othman, and Aram Kamil Noori. "Blend Words and Their Influence on the Lexicon and Future of English Language." Journal of University of Human Development 5, no. 3 (July 8, 2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v5n3y2019.pp43-48.
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This research studies the widening range of forming and using blend (portmanteau) words in English language. It sheds light on the fact that most blend words are exocentric not only for second language learners but also to natives too, since they have not been listed in English dictionaries. Even if listed; still the continuous process of forming blend words will leave no room to catch up with listing all of them. English nowadays has become the most dominant language and at the same time it has been influenced by some factors as much as it has been influential. In terms of word formation processes especially blending, one can realize how rapidly and unexpectedly new words are coined for new purposes in accordance with daily life needs. In this era of speed; English native speakers, as their nature, do like to economize in their word choice especially in their word formation processes such as blending, acronyms, clipping and all types of abbreviations. In fact, the inevitability of life change as the result of daily life’s needs inventions influences English language in many ways. In addition, the policy of economizing and being selective reflects well on letter choice and word forming processes. In relation to this, the consequences of life change can be noted in studying blend forms in English. Some simple examples are: blunch, chexting, spork, feminar, brinner, brunch, fanzin, hubot, smog, etc. In a nut shell, the research states the inevitable and intriguing change of English words in the process of blending in which two or more words are cut and mixed together to form a new form, called a blend word. One basic point here is that a blend word is not simply one word; brinner as an example is formed from three other words (breakfast + lunch + dinner) to describe a situation in which you just have one meal instead of the three. Most of blend words have not so far been listed in English dictionaries. So this continuous process of forming new words does a great change to English vocabularies now and in the upcoming years.
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Devyatkova, Olga I., and Nadezhda G. Kantysheva. "Design of a terminological learner’s dictionary in the customs sphere: A corpus approach." Voprosy leksikografii, no. 25 (2022): 55–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22274200/25/3.
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The article discusses the principles of designing of a multilingual educational terminological dictionary in the customs sphere for the Russian-Belarusian-Kazakh-Kirghiz-Armenian language pairs. The dictionary is planned in electronic format and is intended for the University of Tyumen’s students majoring in Customs. A review of the existing dictionaries of the customs subject area is made. The prerequisites for compiling such a dictionary are analyzed: both in the professional customs domain and from a linguistic point of view. The thematic criteria for determining the boundaries of the discourse of the named subject area are described, the principles of modeling the elements of discourse are listed. The corpus-based study (AntConc, SketchEngine) describes the qualitative and quantitative principles of determining the coverage of discourse, algorithms for the formation of the general population and the sample size, the selection of relevant terminological units for the dictionary. Lexicographic work involves the consideration of different types of sources: (a) official documents (standards, program documents of the EAEU, regulatory legal acts, agreements on international treaties, protocols of meetings of the Eurasian Intergovernmental Council); (b) official websites of the customs services of Russia, Belarus, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan; (c) scientific/educational texts (summary monographs, articles in relevant specialized journals, new research in the field of customs studies); (d) dictionaries and encyclopedias. Each term has been selected on the basis of importance and usage within an area of the customs sphere. This dictionary will include various types of information: multilingual equivalents of terms, references to synonyms, antonyms, hypohyperonyms, and abbreviations. An ideographic dictionary - built using the corpus approach - will allow (a) analysing and structuring key concepts and trends in a simplified form using equivalents, pointers and links that reflect the subject area of the customs sphere; (b) collecting the minimum number of terminological units of real usage that are most effective in professional communication. (c) solving the problems posed by the different lexicalization of the same concepts in different languages. Quantitative and systemic criteria were used for this purpose. The learner’s dictionary can help students to understand and translate terminological texts, perform more effectively in a multilingual workplace, and advance knowledge in professional communication. The results can be applied not only to terminology representation, but also to terminography, documentation and translation. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.