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Journal articles on the topic 'Dicoccoides'

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Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 May 2022

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1

Poyarkova, Helena, Z. K. Gerechter-Amitai, and A. Genizi. "Two variants of wild emmer (Triticum dicoccoides) native to Israel: morphology and distribution." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 2772–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-348.

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A detailed morphological comparison between the narrow-spiked and the wide-spiked variants of Triticum dicoccoides growing in Israel revealed significant differences that became evident in almost all organs, both vegetative and reproductive, in juvenile and adult stages, on macro- and micro-morphological levels. Phenologically the two variants are also distinct, the narrow-spiked one usually heading later. While the narrow-spiked form is widely distributed in Israel, covering the entire range of T. dicoccoides in this country, the wide-spiked form is restricted to the vicinity of Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee) and to Mt. Gilboa. Spike color was not found to be a stable character in either variant of T. dicoccoides and therefore cannot be used as a criterion for infraspecific taxonomy. A tendency to increase grain number in a spikelet to three was observed in both variants, but it was expressed more strongly in the wide-spiked one. Key words: Triticum dicoccoides, wild emmer, intraspecific variation.

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2

Raskina, Olga, Alexander Belyayev, and Eviatar Nevo. "Repetitive DNAs of wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides) and their relation to S-genome species: molecular cytogenetic analysis." Genome 45, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 391–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g01-142.

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We have analyzed the chromosomal GISH molecular banding patterns of three populations of the wild allopolyploid wheat Triticum dicoccoides in an attempt to unravel the evolutionary relationships between highly repetitive DNA fractions of T. dicoccoides and proposed diploid progenitors of the B genome. Aegilops speltoides showed almost complete affinity of its repetitive DNA to C-heterochromatin of T. dicoccoides, whereas other S-genome species demonstrated relatedness only to distal heterochromatin. This substantiates the priority of Ae. speltoides as the most similar to the wheat B-genome donor in comparison with other Sitopsis species. Using molecular banding technique with DNA of different Aegilops species as a probe permits tracing of the origin of each heterochromatin cluster. Molecular banding analysis reveals polymorphism between three wild emmer wheat populations. Comparison of molecular banding patterns with chromosomal distribution of the Ty1-copia retrotransposons, which constitute a large share of T. dicoccoides genome, makes it possible to propose that the activity of transposable elements may lie in the background of observed intraspecific polymorphism.Key words: Aegilops, evolution, heterochromatin, Ty1-copia retrotransposons, Triticum.

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3

Doari, Maya, and Mor Kadishzon. "Triticum dicoccoides: Mother of Wheat." Homœopathic Links 29, no. 03 (October 5, 2016): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1586130.

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4

Kaznina, Natalia, Nadezhda Dubovets, Yuliya Batova, Anna Ignatenko, Olga Orlovskaya, and Natalia Repkina. "The Response of Wheat with Different Allele Statuses of the Gpc-B1 Gene under Zinc Deficiency." Agronomy 11, no. 6 (May 25, 2021): 1057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061057.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of zinc (Zn) deficiency on the growth and grain yield of wheat with different allele statuses of the Gpc-B1 gene. For this research, common wild emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides (Koern. ex Asch. &Graebn.) Schweinf.), bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Festivalnaya), and two intogressive lines were used. T. dicoccoides and introgressive line 15-7-1 carry a functional allele of the Gpc-B1 gene, while the T. aestivum cv. Festivalnaya and introgressive line 15-7-2 carry the non-functional Gpc-B1 allele. Zn deficiency did not affect the shoot height or fresh weight of any of the studied plants. The only exception was T. dicoccoides, where a small decrease in shoot height was registered. Additionally, under Zn deficiency T. dicoccoides had an increase in flag leaf area, spike length, and dry weight, as well as in grain number and grain yield per spike. The other variants did not experience changes in the above-described parameters under Zn deficiency. Under Zn deficiency, the Zn concentration in the grains was higher in the plants with a functional allele of the Gpc-B1 gene compared to the plants with a non-functional allele. These results show that wheat with a functional allele of the Gpc-B1 gene growing under Zn deficiency is capable of grain production with a sufficient Zn concentration without a decrease in yield.

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5

Ozkan, Hakan, and Moshe Feldman. "Genotypic variation in tetraploid wheat affecting homoeologous pairing in hybrids with Aegilops peregrina." Genome 44, no. 6 (December 1, 2001): 1000–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g01-100.

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The Ph1 gene has long been considered the main factor responsible for the diploid-like meiotic behavior of polyploid wheat. This dominant gene, located on the long arm of chromosome 5B (5BL), suppresses pairing of homoeologous chromosomes in polyploid wheat and in their hybrids with related species. Here we report on the discovery of genotypic variation among tetraploid wheats in the control of homoeologous pairing. Compared with the level of homoeologous pairing in hybrids between Aegilops peregrina and the bread wheat cultivar Chinese Spring (CS), significantly higher levels of homoeologous pairing were obtained in hybrids between Ae. peregrina and CS substitution lines in which chromosome 5B of CS was replaced by either 5B of Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides line 09 (TTD09) or 5G of Triticum timopheevii ssp. timopheevii line 01 (TIM01). Similarly, a higher level of homoeologous pairing was found in the hybrid between Ae. peregrina and a substitution line of CS in which chromosome arm 5BL of line TTD140 substituted for 5BL of CS. It appears that the observed effect on the level of pairing is exerted by chromosome arm 5BL of T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides, most probably by an allele of Ph1. Searching for variation in the control of homoeologous pairing among lines of wild tetraploid wheat, either T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides or T. timopheevii ssp. armeniacum, showed that hybrids between Ae. peregrina and lines of these two wild wheats exhibited three different levels of homoeologous pairing: low, low intermediate, and high intermediate. The low-intermediate and high-intermediate genotypes may possess weak alleles of Ph1. The three different T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides pairing genotypes were collected from different geographical regions in Israel, indicating that this trait may have an adaptive value. The availability of allelic variation at the Ph1 locus may facilitate the mapping, tagging, and eventually the isolation of this important gene.Key words: diploid-like meiotic behavior, genetic control of pairing, Ph1 gene, Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides, wild emmer.

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6

Gerechter-Amitai, Z. K., Adriana Grama, C. H. Silfhout, and Frida Kleitman. "Resistance to yellow rust in Triticum dicoccoides. II. Crosses with resistant Triticum dicoccoides sel. G-25." Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology 95, no. 2 (March 1989): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01997476.

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7

Bai, Dapeng, and D. R. Knott. "Genetic studies of leaf and stem rust resistance in six accessions of Triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides." Genome 37, no. 3 (June 1, 1994): 405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g94-057.

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Six accessions of Triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides L. (4x, AABB) of diverse origin were tested with 10 races of leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici Rob. ex Desm.) and 10 races of stem rust (P. graminis f.sp. tritici Eriks. &Henn.). Their infection type patterns were all different from those of lines carrying the Lr or Sr genes on the A or B genome chromosomes with the same races. The unique reaction patterns are probably controlled by genes for leaf rust or stem rust resistance that have not been previously identified. The six dicoccoides accessions were crossed with leaf rust susceptible RL6089 durum wheat and stem rust susceptible 'Kubanka' durum wheat to determine the inheritance of resistance. They were also crossed in diallel to see whether they carried common genes. Seedlings of F1, F2, and BC1F2 generations from the crosses of the dicoccoides accessions with RL6089 were tested with leaf rust race 15 and those from the crosses with 'Kubanka' were tested with stem rust race 15B-1. The F2 populations from the diallel crosses were tested with both races. The data from the crosses with the susceptible durum wheats showed that resistance to leaf rust race 15 and stem rust race 15B-1 in each of the six dicoccoides accessions is conferred by a single dominant or partially dominant gene. In the diallel crosses, the dominance of resistance appeared to be affected by different genetic backgrounds. With one exception, the accessions carry different resistance genes: CI7181 and PI 197483 carry a common gene for resistance to leaf rust race 15. Thus, wild emmer wheat has considerable genetic diversity for rust resistance and is a promising source of new rust resistance genes for cultivated wheats.Key words: wheat rust, leaf rust, stem rust, rust resistance, genetic diversity.

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8

Orlovskaya, O. A., S. I. Vakula, L. V. Khotyleva, and A. V. Kilchevsky. "Grain quality in bread wheat lines T. aestivum with introgression of genetic material T. dicoccoides and T. dicoccum." Doklady of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus 62, no. 6 (January 13, 2019): 712–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8323-2018-62-6-712-718.

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Related wild and cultural wheat species are regularly involved for expanding T. aestivum genetic diversity because they contain many valuable genes. We evaluated the effect of the genetic material of tetraploid species of the genus Triticum (T. dicoccoides, T. dicoccum) on the grain quality of introgression lines of spring bread wheat. The composition of the high molecular weight glutenin subunits which play an essential role in the formation of wheat baking properties was identified in the introgression lines of bread wheat and their parental forms. The traits of grain quality (hardness, protein and gluten content, gluten quality) were also evaluated. The lines with Glu-1 loci alleles from wheat relatives T. dicoccoides and Т. dicoccum were selected. It was found that the introgression of alien genetic material into the common wheat genome had a positive effect on the parameters of grain quality such as hardness, protein and gluten content. The lines with Glu-A1 loci alleles from T. dicoccoides and Glu-B1 from T. dicoccum were at the level of a parent wheat variety or of a higher gluten quality. As a result of the research, the new lines of bread soft wheat with high grain quality were found and can be used in the crop breeding.

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9

González, Juan M., Rodrigo Cañas, Alejandra Cabeza, Magdalena Ruiz, Patricia Giraldo, and Yolanda Loarce. "Study of Variability in Root System Architecture of Spanish Triticum turgidum L. Subspecies and Analysis of the Presence of a MITE Element Inserted in the TtDro1B Gene: Evolutionary Implications." Agronomy 11, no. 11 (November 12, 2021): 2294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112294.

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We analysed nine traits of the root system of 223 genotypes of Triticum turgidum (2n = 4x = AABB) subspecies dicoccoides, dicoccum, turgidum, durum and polonicum, finding a large intra and interspecific variability in both the number and size of roots, as well as in their spatial distribution. We studied the presence of an incomplete MITE (Miniature Inverted-repeat Transposable Element) inserted in the TtDro1B gene, which is present in some genotypes of dicoccoides, dicoccum, and turgidum, but not in polonicum and the 97.9% of the durum accessions. Comparison between genotypes shows that genotypes with the MITE element have smaller and shallower roots. Since Aegilops is considered to be the donor of the wheat B genome, the presence of the same MITE element was analysed in 55 accessions of the species Aegilops speltoides, searsii, bicornis and longissima, and in no case was it detected. We propose that after the emergence of T. turgidum subsp. dicoccoides, the insertion of the MITE element probably occurred in a single plant. Subsequent domestication resulted in genotypes of dicoccum with and without the MITE element, which after selection gave rise to the subspecies turgidum, and durum and polonicum, respectively. The MITE element can be used to differentiate turgidum from the durum and polonicum with high reliability.

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10

Ganeva, G., and B. Bochev. "Effect of nullisomy for D-genome chromosomes and chromosome 5B on the cytological characteristics of pentaploid Triticum aestivum × T. dicoccoides hybrids." Genome 29, no. 2 (April 1, 1987): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g87-039.

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The effect of nullisomy for D-genome chromosomes and chromosome 5B on the meiotic behaviour of pollen mother cell chromosomes of pentaploid F1 hybrids of Triticum aestivum (cv. Bezostaya 1) × T. dicoccoides (Körn) was studied. The functional ability of female gametes with diverse chromosome constitution and the frequency of their inheritance in BC1 was assessed. Absence of individual T. aestivum D-genome chromosomes had a specific effect on meiotic chromosome pairing. The genetic systems involving chromosome 5B of the two species did not have the same effect on homologous and homoeologous chromosome pairing. Chromosome 5B of T. dicoccoides reduced bivalent pairing and increased multivalent associations. In BC1 the frequency of female gametes with n = 16–18 chromosomes was highest. Key words: nullisomy, chromosome pairing, Triticum, pentaploid hybrids.

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11

Miyashita, N. T., N. Mori, and K. Tsunewaki. "Molecular variation in chloroplast DNA regions in ancestral species of wheat." Genetics 137, no. 3 (July 1, 1994): 883–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/137.3.883.

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Abstract Restriction map variation in two 5-6-kb chloroplast DNA regions of five diploid Aegilops species in the section Sitopsis and two wild tetraploid wheats, Triticum dicoccoides and Triticum araraticum, was investigated with a battery of four-cutter restriction enzymes. A single accession each of Triticum durum, Triticum timopheevi and Triticum aestivum was included as a reference. More than 250 restriction sites were scored, of which only seven sites were found polymorphic in Aegilops speltoides. No restriction site polymorphisms were detected in all of the other diploid and tetraploid species. In addition, six insertion/deletion polymorphisms were detected, but they were mostly unique or species-specific. Estimated nucleotide diversity was 0.0006 for A. speltoides, and 0.0000 for all the other investigated species. In A. speltoides, none of Tajima's D values was significant, indicating no clear deviation from the neutrality of molecular polymorphisms. Significant non-random association was detected for three combinations out of 10 possible pairs between polymorphic restriction sites in A. speltoides. Phylogenetic relationship among all the plastotypes (plastid genotype) suggested the diphyletic origin of T. dicoccoides and T. araraticum. A plastotype of one A. speltoides accession was identical to the major type of T. araraticum (T. timopheevi inclusively). Three of the plastotypes found in the Sitopsis species are very similar, but not identical, to that of T. dicoccoides, T. durum and T. aestivum.

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12

Bai, D., and D. R. Knott. "Suppression of rust resistance in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by D-genome chromosomes." Genome 35, no. 2 (April 1, 1992): 276–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g92-043.

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Several tests were done in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to demonstrate the occurrence of genes on D-genome chromosomes that suppress resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici Rob. ex Desm.) and stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Eriks. &Henn.). Ten rust-resistant wild tetraploid wheats (T. turgidum var. dicoccoides) were crossed with both durum (T. turgidum var. durum) and bread wheats. In all cases, resistance to leaf rust and stem rust was expressed in the hybrids with durum wheats but suppressed in the hybrids with bread wheats. Crosses were made between five diverse durum wheats and four diverse bread wheats. The pentaploid hybrid seedlings of 12 crosses were tested with leaf rust race 15 and in all cases the resistance of the durum parents was suppressed. Fourteen D-genome disomic chromosome substitution lines in the durum wheat 'Langdon' were tested with stem rust race 15B-1 and leaf rust race 15. Chromosomes 1B, 2B, and 7B were found to carry genes for resistance to stem rust but no suppressors were detected. Chromosomes 2B and 4B carried genes for resistance to leaf rust, and 1D and 3D carried suppressors. Crosses between seven D-genome monosomies of 'Chinese Spring' and three dicoccoides accessions showed that 'Chinese Spring' possesses genes on 1D, 2D, and 4D, which suppress the stem rust resistance of all three dicoccoides accessions. All three chromosomes must be present to suppress resistance, indicating that some form of complementary gene interaction is involved. In addition, 'Chinese Spring' carries a gene or genes on 3D that suppresses the leaf rust resistance of all three dicoccoides accessions, plus a gene or genes on 1D that suppresses the leaf rust resistance of only one of them. The data raise some interesting questions about the specificity of the suppressors. The high frequency of occurrence of suppressors in the bread wheat population suggests that they must have a selective advantage.Key words: Triticum aestivum, stem rust, leaf rust, rust resistance, suppressor.

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13

Golenberg, Edward M. "LINKAGE RELATIONSHIPS IN WILD EMMER WHEAT, TRITICUM DICOCCOIDES." Genetics 114, no. 3 (November 1, 1986): 1023–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/114.3.1023.

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ABSTRACT The linkage relationships in wild emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccoides, between nine enzymatic loci (Mdh-1, Ipo, β-Glu, Pept-1, Pept-3, Est-5, Est-1, 6Pgdh-2 and Hk) and a coleoptile pigment locus (Rc) were investigated. Chromosome locations of genes were inferred from analysis of ditelocentric lines of Triticum aestivum, cultivar Chinese Spring. The loci Mdh-B1 and Hk are linked (lambda = 0.1869) and are most likely located on the chromosome 1B. The loci Pept-B1 and Rc are linked (lambda = 0.2758) and are located on the 6Bq chromosomal arm. Rc also has significant interactions with the loci Pept-3 and Ipo, although there is no significant linkage detectable. The interactions may be a result of epigenetic interactions. Est-1 has only one active product in T. dicoccoides and is most likely located on the 3Ap chromosome arm. No significant interactions were found for the remaining loci.

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14

Belyayev, Alexander, Olga Raskina, Abraham Korol, and Eviatar Nevo. "Coevolution of A and B genomes in allotetraploid Triticum dicoccoides." Genome 43, no. 6 (December 1, 2000): 1021–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g00-060.

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Data is presented on the coevolution of A and B genomes in allotetraploid wheat Triticum dicoccoides (2n = 4x = 28, genome AABB) obtained by genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). Probing chromosomes of T. dicoccoides with DNA from the proposed A/B diploid genome ancestors shows evidence of enriching A-genome with repetitive sequences of B-genome type. Thus, ancestral S-genome sequences have spread throughout the AB polyploid genome to a greater extent than have ancestral A-genome sequences. The substitution of part of the A-genome heterochromatin clusters by satellite DNA of the B genome is detected by using the molecular banding technique. The cause may be interlocus concerted evolution and (or) colonization. We propose that the detected high level of intergenomic invasion in old polyploids might reflect general tendencies in speciation and stabilization of the allopolyploid genome.Key words: Triticum, polyploid, evolution, genomic in situ hybridization, repetitive sequences.

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15

Dyck, P. L. "The transfer of leaf rust resistance from Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides to hexaploid wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 74, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): 671–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps94-121.

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Accession 8404 of Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides was shown to have excellent resistance to leaf rust. Genetic analysis of the F3 of 8404 and RL6089, a leaf rust susceptible durum, indicated that 8404 had three genes for leaf rust resistance. Two of these genes were transferred to hexaploid wheat (Thatcher) by a series of backcrosses. One of the genes transferred was the same as Lr33 (RL6057). The second gene, which gives a fleck reaction to avirulent P. recondita races, appears to be fully incorporated into the hexaploid where it segregated to fit a one-gene ratio. Backcross lines with this gene give excellent resistance to leaf rust, although race MBG is virulent to this gene. This may be a previously unidentified leaf rust resistance gene and should increase the genetic diversity available for wheat breeders. Key words:Triticum aestivum, wheat, Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides, leaf rust resistance

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16

Chu, C. G., S. S. Xu, J. D. Faris, E. Nevo, and T. L. Friesen. "Seedling Resistance to Tan Spot and Stagonospora nodorum Leaf Blotch in Wild Emmer Wheat (Triticum dicoccoides)." Plant Disease 92, no. 8 (August 2008): 1229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-8-1229.

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Tan spot and Stagonospora nodorum blotch (SNB), caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis and Stagonospora nodorum, respectively, are two destructive foliar diseases of wheat, causing significant yield reduction worldwide. The objective of this study was to evaluate 172 accessions of wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides) for seedling resistance to tan spot and SNB. All accessions were inoculated with P. tritici-repentis race 1 and a mixture of three diverse isolates of S. nodorum, respectively. The accessions were also evaluated for sensitivity to host-selective toxins (HSTs), including ToxA produced by both S. nodorum and P. tritici-repentis and culture filtrate produced by S. nodorum. A total of 34 accessions were resistant to tan spot, and 136 accessions were resistant to SNB. Among these accessions, 31 were resistant to both diseases. Significant correlations between HST insensitivity and disease resistance were observed. Our results showed that T. dicoccoides is a good genetic source of resistance to tan spot and SNB in wheat.

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17

Anikster, Y., W. R. Bushnell, A. P. Roelfs, T. Eilam, and J. Manisterski. "Puccinia recondita causing leaf rust on cultivated wheats, wild wheats, and rye." Canadian Journal of Botany 75, no. 12 (December 1, 1997): 2082–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-919.

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Aecial and telial host range, interfertility, teliospore dimensions, and amount of nuclear DNA were determined for Puccinia recondita collected either worldwide from species of cultivated wheats (Triticum aestivum and Triticum turgidum ssp. durum and rye (Secale cereale), or from wild emmer (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides) and four species of wild wheat (Aegilops) in Israel. The results indicate that the collections belong in two major groups: Group I (from cultivated wheats and wild emmer), which has Thalictrum speciosissimum (in the Ranunculaceae) as principal aecial host; and Group II (principally from wild wheats or rye), which has several species in the Boraginaceae, such as Anchusa aggregata, Anchusa italica, Echium glomeratum, and Lycopsis arvensis as aecial hosts. In glasshouse experiments, intercrosses could be made readily among collections within Groups I and II but not between the two groups. Group I consisted of all collections from Triticum aestivum, Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides, and most collections from Triticum turgidum ssp. durum. For Group I collections, four species of Aegilops, Hordeum maritimum, S. cereale, as well as Triticum aestivum and Triticum turgidum ssp. durum and ssp. dicoccoides could all serve as telial host in glasshouse experiments. Group II consisted of four types, all clearly different from Group I. Type A was from Triticum turgidum ssp. durum found in fields near Anchusa italica, which was its only aecial host; Triticum aestivum, Triticum turgidum ssp. durum, and Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides could serve as telial hosts. Type B was from Aegilops ovata and had E. glomeratum, Anchusa undulata, and L. arvensis as aecial hosts. Type C was from Aegilops longissima, Aegilops sharonensis, and Aegilops variabilis and had Anchusa aggregata, Anchusa undulata and L. arvensis as aecial hosts. Type D was from S. cereale and had L. arvensis and Anchusa undulata as aecial hosts. In addition to differences in host range, teliospores were wider and bigger in cross sectional area, and nuclear DNA content of pycniospores was 1.3–1.6 times greater in Group II than in Group I. The results suggest that Groups I and II have evolved separately for an extended period and are now morphologically distinct and genetically isolated from each other. Furthermore, differences in both telial and aecial host species, in teliospore dimensions, and in amount of nuclear DNA indicate that subgroups within Group II are beginning to show genetic divergence. Key words: aecial hosts, Aegilops, Anchusa, Echium, Hordeum, leaf rust, Lycopsis, Puccinia recondita, Puccinia triticina, Secale, Thalictrum, Triticum.

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18

Bi, Z. G., B. H. Wu, X. G. Hu, X. H. Guo, D. C. Liu, and Y. L. Zheng. "Identification of an active 1Ay gene from Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 50, No. 3 (September 12, 2014): 208–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/195/2012-cjgpb.

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The high molecular weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS), encoded by the 1Ay gene, unexpressed in common wheat, exists in diploid and tetraploid wheats. An active 1Ay gene was first cloned from wild emmer wheat (T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides, 2n = 4x = 28, AABB), the oldest species in emmer wheat. Here, a novel subunit encoded by the 1Ay gene (JF519636) present in T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides line D141 was characterized. The protein had 608 amino acids with six cysteine residues and showed faster electrophoretic mobility than 1Dy12 from common wheat. Compared with previously reported 1Ay subunits, it contained 16 single point mutations (SPMs). Comparative and phylogenetic sequence analyses suggested that this gene was more similar to the 1Ay gene from the diploid species (2n = 2x = 14, AA) T. urartu than from T. monococcum ssp. aegilopoides. Its predicted secondary protein structure possessed a different content of motifs relative to the 1Ay gene (AY245578) from T. urartu, which had similar electrophoretic mobility. In the central repetitive domain, JF519636 had more β-turns and β-bends than the 1Ay subunit AY245578. These structural characteristics in JF519636 could possibly be associated with specific gluten properties.

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19

Millet, E., M. Zaccai, and M. Feldman. "Paternal and maternal effects on grain weight and protein percentage in crosses between hexaploid and tetraploid high- and low-protein wheat genotypes." Genome 35, no. 2 (April 1, 1992): 257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g92-039.

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The inheritance of grain protein percentage and of grain weight were studied by crossing common and durum wheat cultivars with hexaploid and tetraploid breeding lines that excel in grain protein percentage. All high protein lines were descendants of the tetraploid wild emmer Triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides. One hexaploid cultivar was also crossed with a high-protein var. dicoccoides genotype. All crosses were made between low- and high-protein genotypes and were carried out reciprocally for any combination of genotypes; some of them between genotypes of the same ploidy level and some between hexaploid and tetraploid lines. Weight and protein percentage were determined in selfed and crossed grains that developed on the same spike. Mean weight and protein percentage were also determined in F2 grains of all crosses of the same ploidy level, either tetraploid or hexaploid. At any ploidy level, F1 grains resembled the selfed grains of the mother plant both in grain weight and in grain protein percentage, indicating a major maternal effect on both traits. F2 grains had similar grain weight to the heavy-grained parent, and their protein percentage was close to the midparents value. However, a slight indication of cytoplasmic inheritance of grain protein percentage was found in the comparison between most pairs of F2 reciprocals. The interspecific crosses (hexaploid with tetraploid combinations) yielded shrivelled seeds with highly reduced weight but relatively unchanged protein percentage. Weight reduction in the shrivelled hybrid grains (compared with the selfed ones) was more severe when the mother plant was hexaploid rather than tetraploid. The significance of the different tissues in determining grain weight and protein percentage is discussed.Key words: grain weight, grain protein percentage, maternal effect, paternal effect, reciprocal crosses, wheat, Triticum aestivum, Triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides.

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20

Yang, Chuntao, Jianshu Zhu, Yun Jiang, Xiaolu Wang, Mengxue Gu, Yi Wang, Houyang Kang, et al. "100 Gy60Coγ-Ray Induced Novel Mutations in Tetraploid Wheat." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/725813.

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10 accessions of tetraploid wheat were radiated with 100 Gy60Coγ-ray. The germination energy, germination rate, special characters (secondary tillering, stalk with wax powder, and dwarf), meiotic process, and high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GSs) were observed. Different species has different radiation sensibility. With 1 seed germinated (5%),T. dicoccum(PI434999) is the most sensitive to this dose of radiation. With a seed germination rate of 35% and 40%, this dose also affectedT. polonicum(As304) andT. carthlicum(As293). Two mutant dwarf plants,T. turgidum(As2255) 253-10 andT. polonicum(As302) 224-14, were detected. Abnormal chromosome pairings were observed in pollen mother cells of bothT. dicoccoides(As835) 237-9 andT. dicoccoides(As838) 239-8 with HMW-GS 1Ax silent in seeds from them. Compared with the unirradiated seed ofT. polonicum(As304) CK, a novel HMW-GS was detected in seed ofT. polonicum(As304) 230-7 and its electrophoretic mobility was between 1By8 and 1Dy12 which were the HMW-GSs of Chinese Spring. These mutant materials would be resources for wheat breeding.

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21

Nevo, Eviatar. "Genome evolution of wild cereal diversity and prospects for crop improvement." Plant Genetic Resources 4, no. 1 (April 2006): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pgr2006108.

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Genomic and proteomic diversity provide the basis of evolutionary change by natural selection under abiotic and biotic stresses, and the human-driven evolutionary process of domestication by artificial selection. Described here are some of the regional and local genomic and proteomic long-term multidisciplinary studies conducted at the Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Israel, during 1975–2005 (see publications at http://evolution.haifa.ac.il), involving both wild barley, Hordeum spontaneum, the progenitor of cultivated barley and wild emmer sheat, Triticum dicoccoides, the progenitor of modern tetraploid and hexaploid cultivated wheat. Wild cereals harbour large amounts of as yet untapped adaptive genetic resources for crop improvement (resistances against abiotic and biotic stresses, micronutrient metal deficiencies, storage proteins, amylases and photosynthetic yield, among others). The adaptive genomic diversity of wild cereals, including cryptic beneficial alleles at specific quantitative trait loci of T. dicoccoides and H. spontaneum is the best genomic resource to be conserved in situ and ex situ for utilization by classical and modern biotechnologies, to enrich the genetically impoverished and stress-vulnerable food cultivars, advance crop improvement, and thereby increase and optimize world food production in a second genetic green revolution.

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22

Joppa, L. R., Gary A. Hareland, and R. G. Cantrell. "Quality Characteristics of the Langdon Durum‐ dicoccoides Chromosome Substitution Lines." Crop Science 31, no. 6 (November 1991): 1513–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1991.0011183x003100060024x.

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23

Peng, J., D. Sun, Y. Peng, and E. Nevo. "Gene discovery inTriticum dicoccoides, the direct progenitor of cultivated wheats." Cereal Research Communications 41, no. 1 (March 2013): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/crc.2012.0030.

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24

Özkan, Hakan, George Willcox, Andreas Graner, Francesco Salamini, and Benjamin Kilian. "Geographic distribution and domestication of wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides)." Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 58, no. 1 (July 3, 2010): 11–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10722-010-9581-5.

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25

Golenberg, E. M. "Outcrossing rates and their relationship to phenology in Triticum dicoccoides." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 75, no. 6 (June 1988): 937–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00258057.

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26

Pokhylko, S. Yu, S. V. Schwartau, V. V. Pochynok, L. M. Mykhalska, O. M. Dugan, and B. V. Morgun. "Complex analysis of total protein content in bread wheat containing GPC-B1 gene from Triticum turgidum SSP. dicoccoides." Visnik ukrains'kogo tovaristva genetikiv i selekcioneriv 15, no. 1 (October 1, 2017): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/visnyk.utgis.15.1.712.

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Aim. The purpose of our study was to determine the content of total protein in the F5 generation grains, the carriers of the Gpc-B1 gene from Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides by two methods, which in turn would confirm the successful expression of the Gpc-B1 gene in the genetic environment of bread winter wheat. Methods. Determination of protein content was carried out by Kjeldahl method and by infrared spectrometry (NIR) method. Results. The 44 hybrid lines that are homozygous for the Gpc-B1 gene from T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides have been analyzed. It has been established that for both methods, the average content of protein in the grain of hybrid lines is 14 % higher in comparison to the original Kuyalnik variety. Particular attention should be paid to the line number 10, 12 and 35 in which the content of protein exceeds 15 % by the method of Kjeldahl. Conclusions. The obtained results indicate that the gene Gpc-B1 from the wild relative in the new genetic environment of the highly productive registered wheat cultivar Kuyalnik has been functioning and has a positive effect on the accumulation of total protein in grains.Keywords: biofortification, protein content, Triticum aestivum, Gpc-B1 gene, Kjeldahl and NIR methods.

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27

Anikster, Y., J. Manisterski, D. L. Long, and K. J. Leonard. "Leaf Rust and Stem Rust Resistance in Triticum dicoccoides Populations in Israel." Plant Disease 89, no. 1 (January 2005): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0055.

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A total of 742 single plant accessions of Triticum dicoccoides were collected from 26 locations in Israel. All accessions were evaluated for leaf rust (Puccinia triticina) resistance in field plots at Tel Aviv, and subsets of 284 and 468 accessions were tested in the greenhouse in Tel Aviv and St. Paul, MN, respectively, for seedling resistance to leaf rust; 460 accessions were also tested for seedling resistance to stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) in St. Paul. One accession was highly resistant to leaf rust in seedling tests in Tel Aviv, and 21 others had moderately susceptible to moderately resistant seedling resistance. Four accessions were highly resistant to leaf rust in seedling tests in St. Paul, and 11 were resistant to at least one stem rust race. Adult resistance to leaf rust was more common than seedling resistance among the accessions; 21 accessions had less than 25% leaf rust severity in field plots compared with 80 to 90% severity for highly susceptible accessions. Most of the accessions with effective adult plant resistance came from two nearby locations in Upper Galilee, a region where populations of T. dicoccoides are most extensive and genetically diverse. These accessions may provide valuable new partial resistance genes for durable protection against leaf rust in cultivated wheat.

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Deckard, E. L., L. R. Joppa, J. J. Hammond, and G. A. Hareland. "Grain Protein Determinants of the Langdon Durum‐dicoccoides Chromosome Substitution Lines." Crop Science 36, no. 6 (November 1996): 1513–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1996.0011183x003600060017x.

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29

Peng, J., Y. Ronin, T. Fahima, M. S. Roder, Y. Li, E. Nevo, and A. Korol. "Domestication quantitative trait loci in Triticum dicoccoides, the progenitor of wheat." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100, no. 5 (February 25, 2003): 2489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.252763199.

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30

Carver, Brett F., and Eviatar Nevo. "Genetic diversity of photosynthetic characters in native populations of Triticum dicoccoides." Photosynthesis Research 25, no. 2 (August 1990): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00035460.

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31

Janni, Michela, Tiziana Bozzini, Michela Di Giovanni, Ilaria Moscetti, Roberta Lupi, Andrea Gennaro, Chiara Volpi, Stefania Masci, and Renato D’Ovidio. "First production of wild hemmer (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides) transgenic plants." Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) 132, no. 3 (November 16, 2017): 461–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11240-017-1342-0.

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32

Chhuneja, Parveen, Jaskaran Kaur Arora, Pawandeep Kaur, Satinder Kaur, and Kuldeep Singh. "Characterization of wild emmer wheat Triticum dicoccoides germplasm for vernalization alleles." Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology 24, no. 2 (June 25, 2014): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13562-014-0281-7.

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33

Fahima, T., G. L. Sun, A. Beharav, T. Krugman, A. Beiles, and E. Nevo. "RAPD polymorphism of wild emmer wheat populations, Triticum dicoccoides, in Israel." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 98, no. 3-4 (March 1999): 434–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051089.

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34

Kumar, S., R. W. Stack, T. L. Friesen, and J. D. Faris. "Identification of a Novel Fusarium Head Blight Resistance Quantitative Trait Locus on Chromosome 7A in Tetraploid Wheat." Phytopathology® 97, no. 5 (May 2007): 592–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-97-5-0592.

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Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium graminearum is one of the most destructive diseases of durum (Triticum turgidum sp. durum) and common wheat (T. aestivum). Promising sources of FHB resistance have been identified among common (hexaploid) wheats, but the same is not true for durum (tetraploid) wheats. A previous study indicated that chromosome 7A from T. turgidum sp. dicoccoides accession PI478742 contributed significant levels of resistance to FHB. The objectives of this research were to develop a genetic linkage map of chromosome 7A in a population of 118 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between the durum cv. Langdon (LDN) and a disomic LDN-T. turgidum sp. dicoccoides PI478742 chromosome 7A substitution line [LDN-DIC 7A(742)], and identify a putative FHB resistance quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 7A derived from LDN-DIC 7A(742). The population was evaluated for type II FHB resistance in three greenhouse environments. Interval regression analysis indicated that a single QTL designated Qfhs.fcu-7AL explained 19% of the phenotypic variation and spanned an interval of 39.6 cM. Comparisons between the genetic map and a previously constructed physical map of chromosome 7A indicated that Qfhs.fcu-7AL is located in the proximal region of the long arm. This is only the second FHB QTL to be identified in a tetraploid source, and it may be useful to combine it with the QTL Qfhs.ndsu-3AS in order to develop durum wheat germ plasm and cultivars with higher levels of FHB resistance.

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35

Ren, Jing, Liang Chen, Xiaoli Jin, Xuegui Yin, Chunjie Fu, Eviatar Nevo, and Junhua Peng. "Adaptive Genetic Differentiation and Solar Radiation in Wild Emmer Wheat, Triticum dicoccoides." Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 18, no. 12 (March 12, 2018): 1017–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389201019666180124234242.

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36

Stack, R. W., E. M. Elias, J. Mitchell Fetch, J. D. Miller, and L. R. Joppa. "Fusarium Head Blight Reaction of Langdon Durum‐ Triticum dicoccoides Chromosome Substitution Lines." Crop Science 42, no. 2 (March 2002): 637–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2002.6370.

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37

Lucas, Stuart, Emel Durmaz, Bala Anı Akpınar, and Hikmet Budak. "The drought response displayed by a DRE-binding protein from Triticum dicoccoides." Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 49, no. 3 (March 2011): 346–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.01.016.

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38

Belyayev, Alexander, Olga Raskina, Abraham Korol, and Eviatar Nevo. "Coevolution of A and B genomes in allotetraploid Triticum dicoccoides." Genome 43, no. 6 (2000): 1021–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-43-6-1021.

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39

Qi, Peng-Fei, Yuan-Wen Yue, Hai Long, Yu-Ming Wei, Ze-Hong Yan, and You-Liang Zheng. "Molecular characterization of α-gliadin genes from wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides)." DNA Sequence 17, no. 6 (January 2006): 415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10425170600931601.

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40

Li, Y. C., T. Fahima, A. Beiles, A. B. Korol, and E. Nevo. "Microclimatic stress and adaptive DNA differentiation in wild emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccoides." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 98, no. 6-7 (May 1999): 873–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051146.

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41

Nevo, E., B. F. Carver, and A. Beiles. "Photosynthetic performance in wild emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccoides: ecological and genetic predictability." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 81, no. 4 (April 1991): 445–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00219434.

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42

Kantar, Melda, Stuart J. Lucas, and Hikmet Budak. "miRNA expression patterns of Triticum dicoccoides in response to shock drought stress." Planta 233, no. 3 (November 11, 2010): 471–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00425-010-1309-4.

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43

Bálint, A. F., G. Kovács, and J. Sutka. "ORIGIN AND TAXONOMY OF WHEAT IN THE LIGHT OF RECENT RESEARCH." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 48, no. 3 (December 1, 2000): 301–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.48.2000.3.11.

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There is still disagreement among scientists on the exact origin of common wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. aestivum), one of the most important crops in the world. The first step in the development of the hexaploid aestivum group (ABD) may have been hybridisation between T. urartu (A), as pollinator, and a species related to the Sitopsis section of the Aegilops genus (S) as cytoplasm donor, leading to the creation of the tetraploid species T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides (AB). The following step may have involved hybridisation between T. turgidum ssp. dicoccon (AB genome, cytoplasm donor), a descendant of T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides, and Ae. tauschii (D genome, pollinator), resulting in the hexaploid species T. aestivum ssp. spelta (ABD) or some other hulled type. This form may have given rise to naked types, including T. aestivum ssp. aestivum (ABD). The ancestors of the tetraploid T. timopheevii (AG) may have been the diploid T. urartu (A genome, pollinator) and Ae. speltoides (S genome, cytoplasm donor). Species in the timopheevii group developed later than those in the turgidum group, as confirmed by the fact that the G genome is practically identical to the S genome of Ae. speltoides, while the more ancient B genome has undergone divergent evolution. Hybridisation between T. timopheevii (AG, cytoplasm donor) and T. monococcum (A m, pollinator) may have resulted in the species T. zhukovskyi (AGA m). Research into the relationships between the various species is of assistance in compiling the taxonomy of wheat and in avoiding misunderstandings arising from the fact that some species are known by two or more synonymous names.

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44

Knott, D. R., Dapeng Bai, and Janice Zale. "The transfer of leaf and stem rust resistance from wild emmer wheats to durum and common wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 85, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p03-212.

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Wild emmer wheats (Triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides L.) are potentially valuable sources of leaf rust (Puccinia triticina Eriks.) and stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Eriks. & Henn.) resistance in breeding both durum (T. turgidum var. durum L.) and common wheat (T. aestivum L.). In an extension of previous work, 11 rust resistant accessions of wild emmer wheat were crossed and backcrossed from two to five times to susceptible durum or common wheats. Genes for leaf or stem rust resistance were transferred singly into several susceptible genotypes. Backcross lines homozygous for resistance to leaf rust were tested with a set of either 9 or 10 leaf rust races and those homozygous for resistance to stem rust were tested with a set of either 10 or 13 stem rust races. The emmer wheats proved to carry a number of genes for resistance to each rust. In most cases, when a cross was made to a hexaploid wheat, resistance to both rusts was suppressed in the F1 seedlings, even when resistance was dominant in the tetraploids. Nevertheless, resistance was successfully transferred from several accessions to the hexaploids, indicating that suppressors on the A or B genome chromosomes were involved and segregation occurred for them. Rust resistance tended to decrease when it was transferred to another species, particularly hexaploid wheat. A number of lines carrying genes for either leaf rust or stem rust resistance were resistant to all races with which they were tested and have potential in wheat breeding. Key words: Emmer wheat, Triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides, stem rust, leaf rust, suppressors

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45

Hao, Ming, Jiangtao Luo, Lianquan Zhang, Zhongwei Yuan, Youliang Zheng, Huaigang Zhang, and Dengcai Liu. "In situ hybridization analysis indicates that 4AL–5AL–7BS translocation preceded subspecies differentiation of Triticum turgidum." Genome 56, no. 5 (May 2013): 303–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2013-0049.

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The important cyclic translocation 4AL–5AL–7BS is an evolutionary signature of polyploidy in wheat. This study aimed to determine its distribution within the subspecies of Triticum turgidum L., using genomic in situ hybridization and fluorescence in situ hybridization. As it exists in all eight subspecies, this translocation appeared before the differentiation of the subspecies of T. turgidum. This translocation probably first appeared in T. turgidum subsp. dicoccoides and was then transmitted into the other subspecies. Its existence in all of the analyzed subspecies suggests that this translocation may confer an adaptive advantage during the course of evolution.

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46

Orlovskaya, O. A., K. K. Yatsevich, S. I. Vakula, L. V. Khotyleva, and A. V. Kilchevsky. "Characterization of High Molecular Weight Glutenin Subunits in Wild Emmer Wheat (Triticum dicoccoides)." Cytology and Genetics 54, no. 3 (May 2020): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s009545272003010x.

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47

Vuorinen, Anssi, Ruslan Kalendar, Tzion Fahima, Helena Korpelainen, Eviatar Nevo, and Alan Schulman. "Retrotransposon-Based Genetic Diversity Assessment in Wild Emmer Wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides)." Agronomy 8, no. 7 (June 29, 2018): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8070107.

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48

Moseman, J. G., E. Nevo, Z. K. Gerechter-Amitai, M. A. El-Morshidy, and D. Zohary. "Resistance of Triticum dicoccoides Collected in Israel to Infection with Puccinia recondita tritici1." Crop Science 25, no. 2 (1985): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1985.0011183x002500020014x.

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49

Cantrell, R. G., and L. R. Joppa. "Genetic Analysis of Quantitative Traits in Wild Emmer ( Triticum turgidum L. var. dicoccoides )." Crop Science 31, no. 3 (May 1991): 645–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1991.0011183x003100030020x.

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50

Pan, Dong, Chen Guo Yue, Liu Ya Xi, Wei Yu Ming, Jiang Qian Tao, Li Wei, Nevo Eviatar, Liu Yong Sheng, and Zheng You Liang. "Molecular cloning of WRKY transcription factor sequences in wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides)." African Journal of Agricultural Research 7, no. 47 (December 31, 2012): 6343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajar12.316.

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