Relevant bibliographies by topics / Dicoccoides

Academic literature on the topic 'Dicoccoides'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 30 May 2022
Last updated: 31 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Dicoccoides"

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Poyarkova, Helena, Z. K. Gerechter-Amitai, and A. Genizi. "Two variants of wild emmer (Triticum dicoccoides) native to Israel: morphology and distribution." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 2772–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-348.

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A detailed morphological comparison between the narrow-spiked and the wide-spiked variants of Triticum dicoccoides growing in Israel revealed significant differences that became evident in almost all organs, both vegetative and reproductive, in juvenile and adult stages, on macro- and micro-morphological levels. Phenologically the two variants are also distinct, the narrow-spiked one usually heading later. While the narrow-spiked form is widely distributed in Israel, covering the entire range of T. dicoccoides in this country, the wide-spiked form is restricted to the vicinity of Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee) and to Mt. Gilboa. Spike color was not found to be a stable character in either variant of T. dicoccoides and therefore cannot be used as a criterion for infraspecific taxonomy. A tendency to increase grain number in a spikelet to three was observed in both variants, but it was expressed more strongly in the wide-spiked one. Key words: Triticum dicoccoides, wild emmer, intraspecific variation.
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Raskina, Olga, Alexander Belyayev, and Eviatar Nevo. "Repetitive DNAs of wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides) and their relation to S-genome species: molecular cytogenetic analysis." Genome 45, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 391–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g01-142.

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We have analyzed the chromosomal GISH molecular banding patterns of three populations of the wild allopolyploid wheat Triticum dicoccoides in an attempt to unravel the evolutionary relationships between highly repetitive DNA fractions of T. dicoccoides and proposed diploid progenitors of the B genome. Aegilops speltoides showed almost complete affinity of its repetitive DNA to C-heterochromatin of T. dicoccoides, whereas other S-genome species demonstrated relatedness only to distal heterochromatin. This substantiates the priority of Ae. speltoides as the most similar to the wheat B-genome donor in comparison with other Sitopsis species. Using molecular banding technique with DNA of different Aegilops species as a probe permits tracing of the origin of each heterochromatin cluster. Molecular banding analysis reveals polymorphism between three wild emmer wheat populations. Comparison of molecular banding patterns with chromosomal distribution of the Ty1-copia retrotransposons, which constitute a large share of T. dicoccoides genome, makes it possible to propose that the activity of transposable elements may lie in the background of observed intraspecific polymorphism.Key words: Aegilops, evolution, heterochromatin, Ty1-copia retrotransposons, Triticum.
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3

Doari, Maya, and Mor Kadishzon. "Triticum dicoccoides: Mother of Wheat." Homœopathic Links 29, no. 03 (October 5, 2016): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1586130.

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4

Kaznina, Natalia, Nadezhda Dubovets, Yuliya Batova, Anna Ignatenko, Olga Orlovskaya, and Natalia Repkina. "The Response of Wheat with Different Allele Statuses of the Gpc-B1 Gene under Zinc Deficiency." Agronomy 11, no. 6 (May 25, 2021): 1057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061057.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of zinc (Zn) deficiency on the growth and grain yield of wheat with different allele statuses of the Gpc-B1 gene. For this research, common wild emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides (Koern. ex Asch. &Graebn.) Schweinf.), bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Festivalnaya), and two intogressive lines were used. T. dicoccoides and introgressive line 15-7-1 carry a functional allele of the Gpc-B1 gene, while the T. aestivum cv. Festivalnaya and introgressive line 15-7-2 carry the non-functional Gpc-B1 allele. Zn deficiency did not affect the shoot height or fresh weight of any of the studied plants. The only exception was T. dicoccoides, where a small decrease in shoot height was registered. Additionally, under Zn deficiency T. dicoccoides had an increase in flag leaf area, spike length, and dry weight, as well as in grain number and grain yield per spike. The other variants did not experience changes in the above-described parameters under Zn deficiency. Under Zn deficiency, the Zn concentration in the grains was higher in the plants with a functional allele of the Gpc-B1 gene compared to the plants with a non-functional allele. These results show that wheat with a functional allele of the Gpc-B1 gene growing under Zn deficiency is capable of grain production with a sufficient Zn concentration without a decrease in yield.
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Ozkan, Hakan, and Moshe Feldman. "Genotypic variation in tetraploid wheat affecting homoeologous pairing in hybrids with Aegilops peregrina." Genome 44, no. 6 (December 1, 2001): 1000–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g01-100.

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The Ph1 gene has long been considered the main factor responsible for the diploid-like meiotic behavior of polyploid wheat. This dominant gene, located on the long arm of chromosome 5B (5BL), suppresses pairing of homoeologous chromosomes in polyploid wheat and in their hybrids with related species. Here we report on the discovery of genotypic variation among tetraploid wheats in the control of homoeologous pairing. Compared with the level of homoeologous pairing in hybrids between Aegilops peregrina and the bread wheat cultivar Chinese Spring (CS), significantly higher levels of homoeologous pairing were obtained in hybrids between Ae. peregrina and CS substitution lines in which chromosome 5B of CS was replaced by either 5B of Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides line 09 (TTD09) or 5G of Triticum timopheevii ssp. timopheevii line 01 (TIM01). Similarly, a higher level of homoeologous pairing was found in the hybrid between Ae. peregrina and a substitution line of CS in which chromosome arm 5BL of line TTD140 substituted for 5BL of CS. It appears that the observed effect on the level of pairing is exerted by chromosome arm 5BL of T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides, most probably by an allele of Ph1. Searching for variation in the control of homoeologous pairing among lines of wild tetraploid wheat, either T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides or T. timopheevii ssp. armeniacum, showed that hybrids between Ae. peregrina and lines of these two wild wheats exhibited three different levels of homoeologous pairing: low, low intermediate, and high intermediate. The low-intermediate and high-intermediate genotypes may possess weak alleles of Ph1. The three different T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides pairing genotypes were collected from different geographical regions in Israel, indicating that this trait may have an adaptive value. The availability of allelic variation at the Ph1 locus may facilitate the mapping, tagging, and eventually the isolation of this important gene.Key words: diploid-like meiotic behavior, genetic control of pairing, Ph1 gene, Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides, wild emmer.
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6

Gerechter-Amitai, Z. K., Adriana Grama, C. H. Silfhout, and Frida Kleitman. "Resistance to yellow rust in Triticum dicoccoides. II. Crosses with resistant Triticum dicoccoides sel. G-25." Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology 95, no. 2 (March 1989): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01997476.

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7

Bai, Dapeng, and D. R. Knott. "Genetic studies of leaf and stem rust resistance in six accessions of Triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides." Genome 37, no. 3 (June 1, 1994): 405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g94-057.

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Six accessions of Triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides L. (4x, AABB) of diverse origin were tested with 10 races of leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici Rob. ex Desm.) and 10 races of stem rust (P. graminis f.sp. tritici Eriks. &Henn.). Their infection type patterns were all different from those of lines carrying the Lr or Sr genes on the A or B genome chromosomes with the same races. The unique reaction patterns are probably controlled by genes for leaf rust or stem rust resistance that have not been previously identified. The six dicoccoides accessions were crossed with leaf rust susceptible RL6089 durum wheat and stem rust susceptible 'Kubanka' durum wheat to determine the inheritance of resistance. They were also crossed in diallel to see whether they carried common genes. Seedlings of F1, F2, and BC1F2 generations from the crosses of the dicoccoides accessions with RL6089 were tested with leaf rust race 15 and those from the crosses with 'Kubanka' were tested with stem rust race 15B-1. The F2 populations from the diallel crosses were tested with both races. The data from the crosses with the susceptible durum wheats showed that resistance to leaf rust race 15 and stem rust race 15B-1 in each of the six dicoccoides accessions is conferred by a single dominant or partially dominant gene. In the diallel crosses, the dominance of resistance appeared to be affected by different genetic backgrounds. With one exception, the accessions carry different resistance genes: CI7181 and PI 197483 carry a common gene for resistance to leaf rust race 15. Thus, wild emmer wheat has considerable genetic diversity for rust resistance and is a promising source of new rust resistance genes for cultivated wheats.Key words: wheat rust, leaf rust, stem rust, rust resistance, genetic diversity.
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Orlovskaya, O. A., S. I. Vakula, L. V. Khotyleva, and A. V. Kilchevsky. "Grain quality in bread wheat lines T. aestivum with introgression of genetic material T. dicoccoides and T. dicoccum." Doklady of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus 62, no. 6 (January 13, 2019): 712–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8323-2018-62-6-712-718.

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Related wild and cultural wheat species are regularly involved for expanding T. aestivum genetic diversity because they contain many valuable genes. We evaluated the effect of the genetic material of tetraploid species of the genus Triticum (T. dicoccoides, T. dicoccum) on the grain quality of introgression lines of spring bread wheat. The composition of the high molecular weight glutenin subunits which play an essential role in the formation of wheat baking properties was identified in the introgression lines of bread wheat and their parental forms. The traits of grain quality (hardness, protein and gluten content, gluten quality) were also evaluated. The lines with Glu-1 loci alleles from wheat relatives T. dicoccoides and Т. dicoccum were selected. It was found that the introgression of alien genetic material into the common wheat genome had a positive effect on the parameters of grain quality such as hardness, protein and gluten content. The lines with Glu-A1 loci alleles from T. dicoccoides and Glu-B1 from T. dicoccum were at the level of a parent wheat variety or of a higher gluten quality. As a result of the research, the new lines of bread soft wheat with high grain quality were found and can be used in the crop breeding.
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González, Juan M., Rodrigo Cañas, Alejandra Cabeza, Magdalena Ruiz, Patricia Giraldo, and Yolanda Loarce. "Study of Variability in Root System Architecture of Spanish Triticum turgidum L. Subspecies and Analysis of the Presence of a MITE Element Inserted in the TtDro1B Gene: Evolutionary Implications." Agronomy 11, no. 11 (November 12, 2021): 2294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112294.

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We analysed nine traits of the root system of 223 genotypes of Triticum turgidum (2n = 4x = AABB) subspecies dicoccoides, dicoccum, turgidum, durum and polonicum, finding a large intra and interspecific variability in both the number and size of roots, as well as in their spatial distribution. We studied the presence of an incomplete MITE (Miniature Inverted-repeat Transposable Element) inserted in the TtDro1B gene, which is present in some genotypes of dicoccoides, dicoccum, and turgidum, but not in polonicum and the 97.9% of the durum accessions. Comparison between genotypes shows that genotypes with the MITE element have smaller and shallower roots. Since Aegilops is considered to be the donor of the wheat B genome, the presence of the same MITE element was analysed in 55 accessions of the species Aegilops speltoides, searsii, bicornis and longissima, and in no case was it detected. We propose that after the emergence of T. turgidum subsp. dicoccoides, the insertion of the MITE element probably occurred in a single plant. Subsequent domestication resulted in genotypes of dicoccum with and without the MITE element, which after selection gave rise to the subspecies turgidum, and durum and polonicum, respectively. The MITE element can be used to differentiate turgidum from the durum and polonicum with high reliability.
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10

Ganeva, G., and B. Bochev. "Effect of nullisomy for D-genome chromosomes and chromosome 5B on the cytological characteristics of pentaploid Triticum aestivum × T. dicoccoides hybrids." Genome 29, no. 2 (April 1, 1987): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g87-039.

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The effect of nullisomy for D-genome chromosomes and chromosome 5B on the meiotic behaviour of pollen mother cell chromosomes of pentaploid F1 hybrids of Triticum aestivum (cv. Bezostaya 1) × T. dicoccoides (Körn) was studied. The functional ability of female gametes with diverse chromosome constitution and the frequency of their inheritance in BC1 was assessed. Absence of individual T. aestivum D-genome chromosomes had a specific effect on meiotic chromosome pairing. The genetic systems involving chromosome 5B of the two species did not have the same effect on homologous and homoeologous chromosome pairing. Chromosome 5B of T. dicoccoides reduced bivalent pairing and increased multivalent associations. In BC1 the frequency of female gametes with n = 16–18 chromosomes was highest. Key words: nullisomy, chromosome pairing, Triticum, pentaploid hybrids.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Dicoccoides"

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Похилько, Світлана Юріївна. "Технологічні аспекти біофортифікації м'якої пшениці геном Gpc-B1 від Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides." Thesis, Київ, 2018. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/23295.

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Дисертаційна робота присвячена біотехнологічним аспектам біофортифікації озимої м’якої пшениці геном Gpc-B1 від Тriticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides, що підвищує вміст білка та мінеральних елементів. Розроблено молекулярно генетичні маркерні системи для комплексного аналізу та відбору рослин з популяції м’якої озимої пшениці, носіїв гена Gpc-B1 від Тriticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides. З 160-ти дослідних сімей F2 покоління, було відібрано 44-и ліній F5 покоління, гомозиготних за цільовим геном. Вони були комплексно охарактеризовані по генам пуроіндолінів та глютенінів, проведено вимірювання вмісту макро- та мікроелементів, визначено вміст загального білка у зерні та зрештою відібрано 13-ть ліній, які є цінним і перспективним матеріалом для подальших селекційних робіт. Проведено аналіз врожайності та фізіологічних показників ліній пшениці, носіїв гена Gpc-B1 від Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides, який показав, що лінії є стійкими до полягання, середньорослими з середньою врожайністю, високим вмістом та якістю запасного білка.
The dissertation is devoted to the biotechnological aspects of winter bread wheat biofortification by the Gpc-B1 gene introgressed from Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides, which increases the content of protein and minerals in grain. Molecular-genetic marker systems for the complex analysis and selection of bread wheat hybrids, the carriers of Gpc-B1 gene from Triticum turgidum ssp dicoccoides, have been developed. The 44 lines of F5 generation, homozygous in target gene were selected from 160 plants of F2 generation. The generation of F5 hybrid lines was thoroughly characterized by the puroindolins and glutenins genes. The macro- and micronutrient content analysis was performed. The content of total protein in grain was determined, and eventually, 13 hybrid lines were selected for the future work. The analysis of yield and physiological parameters of lines-carriers of Gpc-B1 gene from Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides showed that the lines were resilient to lodging, medium-growing with medium yields.
Диссертация посвящена биотехнологическим аспектам биофортификации озимой мягкой пшеницы геном Gpc-B1 от Тriticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides, который повышает содержание белка и минеральных элементов в зерне. Разработаны молекулярно генетические маркерные системы для комплексного анализа и отбора образцов мягкой пшеницы, носителей гена Gpc-B1 от Тriticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides. С их помощью для SSR локусов Xgwm626, Xgwm508, Xgwm193, Xgwm219, расположенных на 6В хромосоме, было рассчитано частоту рекомбинации, которая составила для Xgwm508 = 2,94 ± 1,28%, Xgwm193 = 3,96 ± 1,51%, Xgwm626 = 2,98 ± 1,29%, Xgwm219 = 6,77 ± 2,08%. Из 160-ти семей F2 поколения, методическим ежегодным анализом было отобрано 44 линии F5 поколения, гомозиготных по гену Gpc-B1, перенесенным из Тriticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides. Проведен анализ аллельного состояния пуроиндолинових генов F5 поколения линий пшеницы, носителей гена Gpc-B1 от Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides, а также был измерен физический показатель твердозерности. Выявлено 17 линий, имеющих такое же аллельное состояние генов, как у исходного сорта Куяльник, а также обнаружены уникальные генотипы, несущие комбинацию Pina-D1b, Pinb-D1a, которую не было выявлено ранее в сортах украинской селекции. Статистическая обработка данных показала, что сочетание аллелей Pina-D1b Pinb-D1a статистически достоверно (р<0,05) обеспечивало большую твердозерность, чем у растений, с аллеями Pina-D1a Pinb-D1b. В ходе выполнения работы был проведен анализ аллельного состояния генов глютенинов озимых линий пшеницы F5 поколения и отобрано 16-ть наиболее ценных, содержащих оптимальную для хлебопекарского качества аллельную формулу локуса Glu-1 (Glu-A1a или Glu-A1b, Glu-B1al, Glu-D1d). Проанализированы линии пшеницы F4 и F5 поколений на содержание макро- и микроэлементов в зерне методом ICP-MS. Было установлено, что присутствие гена Gpc-B1 от Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides в линиях пшеницы приводит к статистически (на уровне 0,05) значимому повышению уровня накопления биологически важных элементов питания – железа, цинка, марганца, меди, селена, а также магния. Проведен комплексный анализ определения содержания общего белка в зерне растений F5 поколения методом Кьельдаля и NIR. В среднем содержание белка в линиях, которые были носителями гена Gpc-B1 из Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides, повышалось на 14% по сравнению с исходным сортом Куяльник. В результате было отобрано 13-ть линий, перспективных для дальнейшей работы. Разработанная технология отбора по урожайности и физиологическим показателям позволила в F6 поколении носителей гена Gpc-B1 от Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides определить линии устойчивые к полеганию, среднерослые и со средней урожайностью, которая даже превышала среднюю урожайность сортов озимой пшеницы 2017 года в Киевской области, и на была 40% выше чем у исходной линии Glupro. Нами был проведен анализ хлебопекарного качества зерна пшеницы методом непрямой оценки «силы» муки – индексом седиментации SDS-30. У большинства линий пшеницы он был больше 80 мл, что считается очень хорошим показателем. Высокий индекс седиментации SDS-30, указывает на отменное хлебопекарное качество муки. Суммируя все показатели разработанной технологии отбора можно отметить, что линии-носители гена Gpc-B1 от Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides являются уникальным генетическим материалом, который сочетает в себе лучшие свойства родителей и в дальнейшем будет использоваться для создания новых высокоперспективных сортов пшеницы.
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Books on the topic "Dicoccoides"

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Sowers, Brett Kelly. Inheritance and characterization of resistance to Puccinia striiformis in club wheat derived from a Triticum dicoccoides source. 1992.

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2

Nevo, E., A. B. Korol, A. Beiles, and T. Fahima. Evolution of Wild Emmer and Wheat Improvement: Population Genetics, Genetic Resources, and Genome Organization of Wheat's Progenitor, Triticum dicoccoides. Springer, 2002.

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Nevo, E. Evolution of Wild Emmer and Wheat Improvement: Population Genetics, Genetic Resources, and Genome Organization of Wheat's Progenitor, Triticum dicoccoides. Springer, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Dicoccoides"

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Nevo, Eviatar, Abraham B. Korol, Avigdor Beiles, and Tzion Fahima. "Genome Structure of Triticum dicoccoides." In Evolution of Wild Emmer and Wheat Improvement, 241–71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07140-3_7.

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Nevo, Eviatar, Abraham B. Korol, Avigdor Beiles, and Tzion Fahima. "Wild Emmer, Triticum dicoccoides,Wheat Progenitor: Origin and Evolution." In Evolution of Wild Emmer and Wheat Improvement, 11–17. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07140-3_2.

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Nevo, Eviatar, Abraham B. Korol, Avigdor Beiles, and Tzion Fahima. "Microgeographic Studies of Allozyme and Dna Polymorphisms in Triticum dicoccoides." In Evolution of Wild Emmer and Wheat Improvement, 75–176. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07140-3_5.

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Nevo, Eviatar, Abraham B. Korol, Avigdor Beiles, and Tzion Fahima. "Macrogeographic Population Genetic Studies of Triticum dicoccoides in the Fertile Crescent, Israel and Turkey: Allozyme and DNA Polymorphisms." In Evolution of Wild Emmer and Wheat Improvement, 25–73. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07140-3_4.

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Fedak, George. "Alien Introgressions from wild Triticum species, T. monococcum, T. urartu, T. turgidum, T. dicoccum, T. dicoccoides, T. carthlicum, T. araraticum, T. timopheevii, and T. miguschovae." In Alien Introgression in Wheat, 191–219. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23494-6_8.

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"Reconstitution of hexaploid wheat from Triticum dicoccoides (AABB, 2n=28) and T. tauschii (DD, 2n=14)." In Genetic Manipulation in Plant Breeding, 175–78. De Gruyter, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110871944-028.

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Conference papers on the topic "Dicoccoides"

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"Molecular-cytological analysis of common wheat lines with Triticum dicoccoides genetic material." In Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Novosibirsk ICG SB RAS 2021, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/plantgen2021-150.

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Казнина, Н. М., Ю. В. Батова, А. А. Игнатенко, О. А. Орловская, and Н. И. Дубовец. "EFFECT OF GPC-B1 GENE ALLELE STATE ON ADAPTATION OF TRITICUM DICOCCOIDES AND TRITICUM AESTIVUM PLANTS TO ZINC DEFICIENCY." In Материалы I Всероссийской научно-практической конференции с международным участием «Геномика и современные биотехнологии в размножении, селекции и сохранении растений». Crossref, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47882/genbio.2020.50.12.068.

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Фанін, Я. С., М. А. Литвиненко, and О. О. Молодченкова. "Біохімічний склад та технологічна оцінка зерна інтрогресивних ліній пшениці м’якої озимої з генами високої білковості від Triticum dicoccoides та Aegilops tauschii." In THE LATEST SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS IN THE MODERN AGRO-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX. Baltija Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-184-8-7.

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Reports on the topic "Dicoccoides"

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Sela, Hanan, Eduard Akhunov, and Brian J. Steffenson. Population genomics, linkage disequilibrium and association mapping of stripe rust resistance genes in wild emmer wheat, Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598170.bard.

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The primary goals of this project were: (1) development of a genetically characterized association panel of wild emmer for high resolution analysis of the genetic basis of complex traits; (2) characterization and mapping of genes and QTL for seedling and adult plant resistance to stripe rust in wild emmer populations; (3) characterization of LD patterns along wild emmer chromosomes; (4) elucidation of the multi-locus genetic structure of wild emmer populations and its correlation with geo-climatic variables at the collection sites. Introduction In recent years, Stripe (yellow) rust (Yr) caused by Pucciniastriiformis f. sp. tritici(PST) has become a major threat to wheat crops in many parts of the world. New races have overcome most of the known resistances. It is essential, therefore, that the search for new genes will continue, followed by their mapping by molecular markers and introgression into the elite varieties by marker-assisted selection (MAS). The reservoir of genes for disease and pest resistance in wild emmer wheat (Triticumdicoccoides) is an important resource that must be made available to wheat breeders. The majority of resistance genes that were introgressed so far in cultivated wheat are resistance (R) genes. These genes, though confering near-immunity from the seedling stage, are often overcome by the pathogen in a short period after being deployed over vast production areas. On the other hand, adult-plant resistance (APR) is usually more durable since it is, in many cases, polygenic and confers partial resistance that may put less selective pressure on the pathogen. In this project, we have screened a collection of 480 wild emmer accessions originating from Israel for APR and seedling resistance to PST. Seedling resistance was tested against one Israeli and 3 North American PST isolates. APR was tested on accessions that did not have seedling resistance. The APR screen was conducted in two fields in Israel and in one field in the USA over 3 years for a total of 11 replicates. We have found about 20 accessions that have moderate stripe rust APR with infection type (IT<5), and about 20 additional accessions that have novel seedling resistance (IT<3). We have genotyped the collection using genotyping by sequencing (GBS) and the 90K SNP chip array. GBS yielded a total 341K SNP that were filtered to 150K informative SNP. The 90K assay resulted in 11K informative SNP. We have conducted a genome-wide association scan (GWAS) and found one significant locus on 6BL ( -log p >5). Two novel loci were found for seedling resistance. Further investigation of the 6BL locus and the effect of Yr36 showed that the 6BL locus and the Yr36 have additive effect and that the presence of favorable alleles of both loci results in reduction of 2 grades in the IT score. To identify alleles conferring adaption to extreme climatic conditions, we have associated the patterns of genomic variation in wild emmer with historic climate data from the accessions’ collection sites. The analysis of population stratification revealed four genetically distinct groups of wild emmer accessions coinciding with their geographic distribution. Partitioning of genomic variance showed that geographic location and climate together explain 43% of SNPs among emmer accessions with 19% of SNPs affected by climatic factors. The top three bioclimatic factors driving SNP distribution were temperature seasonality, precipitation seasonality, and isothermality. Association mapping approaches revealed 57 SNPs associated with these bio-climatic variables. Out of 21 unique genomic regions controlling heading date variation, 10 (~50%) overlapped with SNPs showing significant association with at least one of the three bioclimatic variables. This result suggests that a substantial part of the genomic variation associated with local adaptation in wild emmer is driven by selection acting on loci regulating flowering. Conclusions: Wild emmer can serve as a good source for novel APR and seedling R genes for stripe rust resistance. APR for stripe rust is a complex trait conferred by several loci that may have an additive effect. GWAS is feasible in the wild emmer population, however, its detection power is limited. A panel of wild emmer tagged with more than 150K SNP is available for further GWAS of important traits. The insights gained by the bioclimatic-gentic associations should be taken into consideration when planning conservation strategies.
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Breiman, Adina, Jan Dvorak, Abraham Korol, and Eduard Akhunov. Population Genomics and Association Mapping of Disease Resistance Genes in Israeli Populations of Wild Relatives of Wheat, Triticum dicoccoides and Aegilops speltoides. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697121.bard.

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Wheat is the most widely grown crop on earth, together with rice it is second to maize in total global tonnage. One of the emerging threats to wheat is stripe (yellow) rust, especially in North Africa, West and Central Asia and North America. The most efficient way to control plant diseases is to introduce disease resistant genes. However, the pathogens can overcome rapidly the effectiveness of these genes when they are wildly used. Therefore, there is a constant need to find new resistance genes to replace the non-effective genes. The resistance gene pool in the cultivated wheat is depleted and there is a need to find new genes in the wild relative of wheat. Wild emmer (Triticum dicoccoides) the progenitor of the cultivated wheat can serve as valuable gene pool for breeding for disease resistance. Transferring of novel genes into elite cultivars is highly facilitated by the availability of information of their chromosomal location. Therefore, our goals in this study was to find stripe rust resistant and susceptible genotypes in Israeli T. dicoccoides population, genotype them using state of the art genotyping methods and to find association between genetic markers and stripe rust resistance. We have screened 129 accessions from our collection of wild emmer wheat for resistance to three isolates of stripe rust. About 30% of the accessions were resistant to one or more isolates, 50% susceptible, and the rest displayed intermediate response. The accessions were genotyped with Illumina'sInfinium assay which consists of 9K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. About 13% (1179) of the SNPs were polymorphic in the wild emmer population. Cluster analysis based on SNP diversity has shown that there are two main groups in the wild population. A big cluster probably belongs to the Horanum ssp. and a small cluster of the Judaicum ssp. In order to avoid population structure bias, the Judaicum spp. was removed from the association analysis. In the remaining group of genotypes, linkage disequilibrium (LD) measured along the chromosomes decayed rapidly within one centimorgan. This is the first time when such analysis is conducted on a genome wide level in wild emmer. Such a rapid decay in LD level, quite unexpected for a selfer, was not observed in cultivated wheat collection. It indicates that wild emmer populations are highly suitable for association studies yielding a better resolution than association studies in cultivated wheat or genetic mapping in bi-parental populations. Significant association was found between an SNP marker located in the distal region of chromosome arm 1BL and resistance to one of the isolates. This region is not known in the literature to bear a stripe rust resistance gene. Therefore, there may be a new stripe rust resistance gene in this locus. With the current fast increase of wheat genome sequence data, genome wide association analysis becomes a feasible task and efficient strategy for searching novel genes in wild emmer wheat. In this study, we have shown that the wild emmer gene pool is a valuable source for new stripe rust resistance genes that can protect the cultivated wheat.
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Dubcovsky, Jorge, Tzion Fahima, Ann Blechl, and Phillip San Miguel. Validation of a candidate gene for increased grain protein content in wheat. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7695857.bard.

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High Grain Protein Content (GPC) of wheat is important for improved nutritional value and industrial quality. However, selection for this trait is limited by our poor understanding of the genes involved in the accumulation of protein in the grain. A gene with a large effect on GPC was detected on the short arm of chromosome 6B in a Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides accession from Israel (DIC, hereafter). During the previous BARD project we constructed a half-million clones Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library of tetraploid wheat including the high GPC allele from DIC and mapped the GPC-B1 locus within a 0.3-cM interval. Our long-term goal is to provide a better understanding of the genes controlling grain protein content in wheat. The specific objectives of the current project were to: (1) complete the positional cloning of the GPC-B1 candidate gene; (2) characterize the allelic variation and (3) expression profile of the candidate gene; and (4) validate this gene by using a transgenic RNAi approach to reduce the GPC transcript levels. To achieve these goals we constructed a 245-kb physical map of the GPC-B1 region. Tetraploid and hexaploid wheat lines carrying this 245-kb DIC segment showed delayed senescence and increased GPC and grain micronutrients. The complete sequencing of this region revealed five genes. A high-resolution genetic map, based on approximately 9,000 gametes and new molecular markers enabled us to delimit the GPC-B1 locus to a 7.4-kb region. Complete linkage of the 7.4-kb region with earlier senescence and increase in GPC, Zn, and Fe concentrations in the grain suggested that GPC-B1 is a single gene with multiple pleiotropic effects. The annotation of this 7.4-kb region identified a single gene, encoding a NAC transcription factor, designated as NAM-B1. Allelic variation studies demonstrated that the ancestral wild wheat allele encodes a functional NAC transcription factor whereas modern wheat varieties carry a non-functional NAM-B1 allele. Quantitative PCR showed that transcript levels for the multiple NAMhomologues were low in flag leaves prior to anthesis, after which their levels increased significantly towards grain maturity. Reduction in RNA levels of the multiple NAMhomologues by RNA interference delayed senescence by over three weeks and reduced wheat grain protein, Zn, and Fe content by over 30%. In the transgenic RNAi plants, residual N, Zn and Fe in the dry leaves was significantly higher than in the control plants, confirming a more efficient nutrient remobilization in the presence of higher levels of GPC. The multiple pleiotropic effects of NAM genes suggest a central role for these genes as transcriptional regulators of multiple processes during leaf senescence, including nutrient remobilization to the developing grain. The cloning of GPC-B1 provides a direct link between the regulation of senescence and nutrient remobilization and an entry point to characterize the genes regulating these two processes. This may contribute to their more efficient manipulation in crops and translate into food with enhanced nutritional value. The characterization of the GPC-B1 gene will have a significant impact on wheat production in many regions of the world and will open the door for the identification of additional genes involved in the accumulation of protein in the grain.
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Dubcovsky, Jorge, Tzion Fahima, and Ann Blechl. Positional cloning of a gene responsible for high grain protein content in tetraploid wheat. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7695875.bard.

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High Grain Protein Content (GPC) is a desirable trait in breadmaking and pasta wheat varieties because of its positive effects on quality and nutritional value. However, selection for GPC is limited by our poor understanding of the genes involved in the accumulation of protein in the grain. The long-term goal of this project is to provide a better understanding of the genes controlling GPC in wheat. The specific objectives of this project were: a) to develop a high-density genetic map of the GPC gene in tetraploid wheat, b) to construct a T. turgidum Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library, c) to construct a physical map of the GPC gene and identify a candidate for the GPC gene. A gene with a large effect on GPC was detected in Triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides and was previously mapped in the short arm of chromosome 6B. To define better the position of the Gpc-B1 locus we developed homozygous recombinant lines with recombination events within the QTL region. Except for the 30-cM region of the QTL these RSLs were isogenic for the rest of the genome minimizing the genetic variability. To minimize the environmental variability the RSLs were characterized using 10 replications in field experiments organized in a Randomized Complete Block Design, which were repeated three times. Using this strategy, we were able to map this QTL as a single Mendelian locus (Gpc-B1) on a 2.6-cM region flanked by RFLP markers Xcdo365 and Xucw67. All three experiments showed that the lines carrying the DIC allele had an average absolute increase in GPC of 14 g/kg. Using the RFLP flanking markers, we established the microcolinearity between a 2.l-cM region including the Gpc-B1 gene in wheat chromosome 6BS and a 350-kb region on rice chromosome 2. Rice genes from this region were used to screen the Triticeae EST collection, and these ESTs were used to saturate the Gpc-B1 region with molecular markers. With these new markers we were able to map the Gpc-B1 locus within a 0.3-cM region flanked by PCR markers Xucw83 and Xucw71. These flanking markers defined a 36-kb colinear region with rice, including one gene that is a potential candidate for the Gpc-B1 gene. To develop a physical map of the Gpc-B1 region in wheat we first constructed a BAC library of tetraploid wheat, from RSL#65 including the high Gpc-B1 allele. We generated half- million clones with an average size of l3l-kb (5.1 X genome equivalents for each of the two genomes). This coverage provides a 99.4% probability of recovering any gene from durum wheat. We used the Gpc-BI flanking markers to screen this BAC library and then completed the physical map by chromosome walking. The physical map included two overlapping BACs covering a region of approximately 250-kb, including two flanking markers and the Gpc-B1 gene. Efforts are underway to sequence these two BACs to determine if additional wheat genes are present in this region. Weare also developing new RSLs to further dissect this region. We developed PCR markers for flanking loci Xucw79andXucw71 to facilitate the introgression of this gene in commercial varieties by marker assisted selection (httQ://maswheat.ucdavis.edu/ orotocols/HGPC/index.hlm). Using these markers we introgressed the Gpc-B1 gene in numerous pasta and common wheat breeding lines.
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