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Journal articles on the topic 'Dichelobacter nodosus'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Storms, Julia, Anna Wirth, Danae Vasiliadis, Isabelle Brodard, Antje Hamann-Thölken, Christina Ambros, Udo Moog, Jörg Jores, Peter Kuhnert, and Ottmar Distl. "Prevalence of Dichelobacter nodosus and Ovine Footrot in German Sheep Flocks." Animals 11, no. 4 (April 12, 2021): 1102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11041102.

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The bacterium Dichelobacter nodosus (D. nodosus) is the causative agent of ovine footrot. The aim of this field study was to determine the prevalence of D. nodosus in German sheep flocks. The sheep owners participated voluntarily in the study. More than 9000 sheep from 207 flocks were screened for footrot scores using a Footrot Scoring System from 0 to 5 and sampling each sheep using one interdigital swab for all four feet of the sheep. The detection and discrimination between benign and virulent strains was done employing a real-time PCR. Our results showed a mean prevalence of 42.93% of D. nodosus in German sheep on an animal level. Underrunning of hoof horn on at least one foot (Scores 3-5) was detected in 567 sheep (6.13%). Sheep with four clinically healthy feet were found through visual inspection in 47.85% of all animals included in this study. In total, 1117 swabs from sheep with four clinically healthy feet tested positive for D. nodosus. In 90.35% of the positive swabs, virulent D. nodosus were detected. Benign D. nodosus were detected in 4.74% of the D. nodosus-positive swabs while 4.91% tested positive for both, benign and virulent D. nodosus. In 59 flocks D. nodosus were not detected and in 115 flocks only virulent D. nodosus were found while seven flocks tested positive for benign strains.

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2

Lacombe-Antoneli, Angela, S. Píriz, and S. Vadillo. "Aetiology of caprine footrot in Extremadura region, Spain." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 54, no. 3 (September 1, 2006): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.54.2006.3.2.

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The present study reports on the location of major foci of footrot in goats in the Extremadura region of Spain by the determination of locally occurring strictly anaerobic microorganisms involved in the pathogenesis and development of this disease. The most commonly isolated microorganisms belonged to the genera Dichelobacter, Fusobacterium, Porphyromonas and Prevotella; these were found in conjunction with other species of minor importance. The species most frequently isolated were Fusobacterium necrophorum (40%), Dichelobacter nodosus (31.7%), Porphyromonas asaccharolytica (21.1%) and Prevotella melaninogenica (12.9%). Virulence factors identified in the isolated microorganisms included haemolysins, elastases and lecithinases, which enabled the organisms involved to initiate and/or aggravate the disease. Serotyping was performed for Dichelobacter nodosus isolates, since this species is responsible for triggering the process of infection. A and C were the most frequently isolated serovarieties (representing 40.7% and 25.9% of the cases, respectively).

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3

Cagatay, Tulay Ifakat, and Jon Hickford. "Serotyping Dichelobacter nodosus with PCR-SSCP." Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 10, no. 13 (December 1, 2011): 1678–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/javaa.2011.1678.1682.

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4

Locher, Iwan, Ladina Giger, Sara Frosth, Peter Kuhnert, and Adrian Steiner. "Potential transmission routes of Dichelobacter nodosus." Veterinary Microbiology 218 (May 2018): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.03.024.

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5

Parker, Dane, Ruth M. Kennan, Garry S. Myers, Ian T. Paulsen, J. Glenn Songer, and Julian I. Rood. "Regulation of Type IV Fimbrial Biogenesis in Dichelobacter nodosus." Journal of Bacteriology 188, no. 13 (July 1, 2006): 4801–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00255-06.

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ABSTRACT Type IV fimbriae are expressed by several bacterial pathogens and are essential for virulence in Dichelobacter nodosus, which causes ovine footrot. We have identified a two-component signal transduction system (PilR/S) and an alternative sigma factor (σ54) that were shown by insertional inactivation to be required for the regulation of fimbrial biogenesis in D. nodosus. Western blots showed that in both pilR and rpoN mutants, fimbrial subunit production was significantly reduced by a process that was shown to occur at a PilR- and σ54-dependent promoter. The mutants lacked surface fimbriae, which were shown to be required for the adherence of D. nodosus cells to tissue culture monolayers. The reduction in fimbrial subunit production in these mutants also resulted in a concomitant loss of the ability to secrete extracellular proteases. A maltose binding protein-PilR fusion protein was purified and was shown to bind specifically to a region located 234 to 594 bp upstream of the fimA transcriptional start point. To determine additional targets of PilR and σ54, genome-wide transcriptional profiling was performed using a whole-genome oligonucleotide microarray. The results indicated that PilR and σ54 regulated genes other than fimA; these genes appear to encode surface-exposed proteins whose role in virulence is unknown. In conclusion, this study represents a significant advancement in our understanding of how the ability of D. nodosus to cause ovine footrot is regulated, as we have shown that the biogenesis of type IV fimbriae in D. nodosus is regulated by a σ54-dependent PilR/S system that also indirectly controls protease secretion.

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6

Kennan, Ruth M., Om P. Dhungyel, Richard J. Whittington, John R. Egerton, and Julian I. Rood. "Transformation-mediated serogroup conversion of Dichelobacter nodosus." Veterinary Microbiology 92, no. 1-2 (March 2003): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1135(02)00359-0.

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7

Gilhuus, Marianne, Synnøve Vatn, Om P. Dhungyel, Bereket Tesfamichael, Trine M. L’Abée-Lund, and Hannah J. Jørgensen. "Characterisation of Dichelobacter nodosus isolates from Norway." Veterinary Microbiology 163, no. 1-2 (April 2013): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.12.020.

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8

Jiménez, Ruth, S. Píriz, E. M. Mateos, and S. Vadillo. "Comparative study of biochemical methods for the identification of Dichelobacter nodosus." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 52, no. 3 (September 1, 2004): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.52.2004.3.3.

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The aim of this study was to compare four identification procedures to detect Dichelobacter nodosus and develop a rapid, simple and effective method to identify D. nodosus strains isolated from cases of ovine footrot. The four methods used were: (a) the classic guidelines set down by Holdeman et al. (1977) and Summanen et al. (1993) which are based on gas liquid chromatography (GLC) and different biochemical tests, this method was considered as landmark; (b) Baron and Citron's flowchart for the rapid identification of Gram-negative rod-shaped anaerobes (1997); (c) the API rapid 32 A system (bio Mérieux), and (d) Mast ID™ Anaerobe ID Ring (MID8) (Mast Diagnostics). None of the four methods used allowed us to correctly identify the D. nodosus strains (neither the strains isolated from cases of ovine footrot nor those originating from type collection). Because of the difficulties encountered in obtaining a correct identification of D. nodosus, we propose a simple, rapid and effective way to achieve this task. Our flowchart will provide the means to identify this microorganism in any laboratory of general microbiology without having to use any specialised equipment.

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9

Han, Xiaoyan, Ruth M. Kennan, John K. Davies, Leslie A. Reddacliff, Om P. Dhungyel, Richard J. Whittington, Lynne Turnbull, Cynthia B. Whitchurch, and Julian I. Rood. "Twitching Motility Is Essential for Virulence in Dichelobacter nodosus." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 9 (February 29, 2008): 3323–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01807-07.

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ABSTRACTType IV fimbriae are essential virulence factors ofDichelobacter nodosus, the principal causative agent of ovine foot rot. ThefimAfimbrial subunit gene is required for virulence, butfimAmutants exhibit several phenotypic changes and it is not certain if the effects on virulence result from the loss of type IV fimbria-mediated twitching motility, cell adherence, or reduced protease secretion. We showed that mutation of either thepilTorpilUgene eliminated the ability to carry out twitching motility. However, thepilTmutants displayed decreased adhesion to epithelial cells and reduced protease secretion, whereas thepilUmutants had wild-type levels of extracellular protease secretion and adherence. These data provided evidence that PilT is required for the type IV fimbria-dependent protease secretion pathway inD. nodosus. It was postulated that sufficient fimbrial retraction must occur in thepilUmutants to allow protease secretion, but not twitching motility, to take place. Although no cell movement was detected in apilUmutant ofD. nodosus, aberrant motion was detected in an equivalent mutant ofPseudomonas aeruginosa. These observations explain how inD. nodosusprotease secretion can occur in apilUmutant but not in apilTmutant. In addition, virulence studies with sheep showed that both thepilTandpilUmutants were avirulent, providing evidence that mutation of the type IV fimbrial system affects virulence by eliminating twitching motility, not by altering cell adherence or protease secretion.

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10

Liu, Don, and W. K. Yong. "Molecular basis for the virulence of Dichelobacter nodosus." Trends in Microbiology 3, no. 12 (December 1995): 474–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-842x(00)89013-7.

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11

Cagatay, Tulay I., and Jon G. H. Hickford. "Glycosylation of type-IV fimbriae of Dichelobacter nodosus." Veterinary Microbiology 126, no. 1-3 (January 2008): 160–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.06.007.

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12

Han, Jiaqi, Jing Dong, Wenhui Yang, Yunze Xu, Qiming Xing, Yuelei Chen, and Lin Li. "Detection of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Dichelobacter nodosus from cow footrot in the Heilongjiang Province, China." Acta Veterinaria Brno 88, no. 2 (2019): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201988020165.

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Cow footrot in the Heilongjiang Province, northeast China is a problem resulting in lost production in agriculture. In this study, 200 swab samples from footrot lesions of naturally infected cows with odorous exudative inflammation and keratinous hoof separation at 10 farms were examined in the period from May 2016 to May 2017. Twenty cows from each farm were taken for sampling. The samples were examined for detectingthe presence of Dichelobacter nodosus (D. nodosus) and Fusobacterium necrophorum (F. necrophorum). Such detection was carried out using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR primers were designed to identify the lktA gene, which encodes a leukotoxin unique to F. necrophorum, and the fimA gene of D. nodosus. Of the 200 samples, 111 (55.5%) revealed the presence of F. necrophorum and 11 (5.5%) exhibited D. nodosus. The frequent finding of F. necrophorum in cow farms of Heilongjiang province, northeast China is noteworthy. The possibility of F. necrophorum and D. nodosus infection should be an important concern when controlling cow footrot in China.

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13

Ozgen, Ediz Kagan, Seyda Cengiz, Mustafa Ulucan, Zafer Okumus, Asli Kortel, Hüseyin Erdem, and Huseyin Gurkan Sarac. "Isolation and identification of Dichelobacter nodosus and Fusobacterium necrophorum using the polymerase chain reaction method in sheep with footrot." Acta Veterinaria Brno 84, no. 2 (2015): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201584020097.

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Footrot is an important infectious disease of small ruminants leading to severe economical losses. The aim of the present study was to determine isolation and identification rates ofDichelobacter nodosusandFusobacterium necrophorumin the culture techniques and reveal the specificity and sensitivity of the culture technique based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method in sheep with footrot. Dry swabs and swabs with Amies medium from 83 sheep were subjected to PCR and culture analyses. In dry swabs, 4 samples were positive forF. necrophorumand all were negative forD. nodosus. Colonies in Eugon and Fusobacterium selective agars from swabs with Amies medium were evaluated. Polymerase chain reaction analysis was conducted on macroscopically and microscopically unidentified samples. The positivity rate was 55.4% forD. nodosusand 69.8% forF. necrophorumin cultures from Fusobacterium selective agars. The positivity rate forD. nodosusin Fusobacterium selective agars was higher than that in Eugon agar. Performing PCR and culture methods increased positivity as compared to performing them alone. In comparison with the PCR method, culturing in Fusobacterium selective agars had moderate sensitivity and low specificity forD. nodosus(71.7 and 28.7%) andF. necrophorum(61.3 and 80.0%), respectively. In conclusion, Fusobacterium selective agar (without antibiotics) for isolation and identification ofD. nodosusis superior to Eugon agar.Fusobacterium necrophorumshould also be considered as a provoking agent for footrot in small ruminants. The PCR method on culture increases elucidation of definitive aetiology.

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14

Best, Caroline M., Janet Roden, Kate Phillips, Alison Z. Pyatt, Tristan Cogan, Rosemary Grogono-Thomas, and Malgorzata C. Behnke. "Characterisation of Dichelobacter nodosus on Misshapen and Damaged Ovine Feet: A Longitudinal Study of Four UK Sheep Flocks." Animals 11, no. 5 (May 3, 2021): 1312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11051312.

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Dichelobacter nodosus is the causal agent of ovine footrot, a contagious disease of welfare and economic concern worldwide. Damaged feet may be subclinical carriers of D. nodosus and covertly spread infection. Accordingly, we evaluated the risk of misshapen and damaged feet on D. nodosus presence and load in four commercial UK sheep flocks. Foot-level observations and swabs (n = 972) were collected from ewes (n = 85) over 12 months. On average, ewes were sampled three times. Feet were inspected for disease and scored (good/poor) for three hoof conformation traits (sole and heel, wall, and wall overgrowth). Swabs were analysed for presence and load of D. nodosus, and mixed models were constructed. Poor hoof conformation traits were present in 92.5% of foot-level observations. Feet with poor sole and heel conformation were more likely to have higher D. nodosus loads (β = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.04–0.35) than those with good conformation. Furthermore, on feet positive for D. nodosus, wall overgrowth was associated with higher D. nodosus loads (β = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.01–0.52). Feet with aspects of poor conformation covertly harbour D. nodosus and are a source of infection. Flock management should be guided by hoof conformation to reduce disease challenge.

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15

Zhou, Huitong, Sophia Lottner, Martin Ganter, and Jon G. H. Hickford. "Identification of two new Dichelobacter nodosus strains in Germany." Veterinary Journal 184, no. 1 (April 2010): 115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.02.003.

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16

Rood, Julian I., Stephen J. Billington, and Joanne L. Johnston. "Molecular pathogenesis of the ovine footrot pathogen Dichelobacter nodosus." Reviews in Medical Microbiology 8 (1997): S34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00013542-199712001-00015.

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17

Bennett, Grant, Jon Hickford, Richard Sedcole, and Huitong Zhou. "Dichelobacter nodosus, Fusobacterium necrophorum and the epidemiology of footrot." Anaerobe 15, no. 4 (August 2009): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2009.02.002.

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18

Carvalho, Vitor Santiago de, Charles Fernando Capinos Scherer, Maicon Pereira Lents, José Eugênio Guimarães, Juliana Targino Silva Almeida e Macêdo, Karla Alvarenga Nascimento, and Pedro Miguel Ocampos Pedroso. "Isolation and molecular characterization of Dichelobacter nodosus isolated from sheep in Brazil." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 46, no. 1 (May 16, 2018): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.82618.

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Background: Pododermatitis or footrot is an infectious disease that affects the hoof and interdigital tissue of sheep causing lameness. The disease is caused by the interaction of the agent Dichelobacter nodosus and symbiotic bacteria in the complex environment of the epidermal tissues of the hoof and host immune system. D. nodosus is not able to invadehealthy hooves, so the infection is preceded by colonization of the interdigital skin by Fuso bacterium necrophorum. The aim of this research was to perform the isolation andcharacterization of D. nodosus in sheep farms of different municipalities of Bahia, obtaining the serogroups present in each herd.Materials, Methods & Results: The study was carried out in nine sheep farms from eight municipalities in the state of Bahia. All farms presented history of foot diseases. A total of 620 animals were observed, 140 of which were examined for lameness. To collect the contents of the lesions, sterile swabs were introduced into tubes containing sterile Thorley transport medium under refrigeration at 8°C and sent for laboratory analysis. Subsequently, each swab collected was seeded in two Petri dishes containing 4% hoof agar medium and incubated in anaerobic at 37°C for 96 hours. The purified samples were seeded on 2% hoof agar and incubated under the same conditions as above. The colonies were identified by the morphological characteristic and Gram staining. The DNA was extracted and stored at -20°C until its use in PCR, for identification and classification of D. nodosus in serogroups (A-I). In the nine farms visited were found animals with clinical signs of infectious pododermatitis.After processing, there was success of isolation in 39 samples (41%), confirming the presence of D. nodosus in all municipalities evaluated. Seven serogroups (A, B, D, E, F, H, I) were identified, totalizing 52 positive cases involving these serogroups, being the most prevalent the serogroups D, with 59% of the cases (31/52) and H with 17% (7/52). Of the total samples, 11.5% had mixed infections with more than one serogroup per animal. Infection by up to two serogroups was found in 9.5% of the samples. Infection by more than two serogroups was found in only 2.1% of the samples of the present study.Discussion: The variations found in the number of affected animals and evolution of the lesions can be explained by the nature of the strains present in each farm and by epidemiological factors. According to the literature, it is possible to observe percentage variations of success in culturing D. nodosus either in different countries or in different regions within the same country, finding larger, smaller and similar values to this work (41%). These variations usually occur for reasons related to the quantity and viability of the bacteria in the samples. Thus, the number of bacteria in the lesion, degree of contamination with other bacteria, type and use of means of transport, besides the time elapsed among thecollection, packaging and shipment are primordial elements to reach good isolation rates. Among all the serogroups found in this experiment, D and H were the predominant ones. The present work is the first in Brazil to characterize isolates of D. nodosus by PCR, a more accurate molecular technique than the previously used technique, based on microagglutination, and the first report in the country involving serogroup I, including mixed infections of this species (D + H + I) and other serogroups (E + F, D + H). Thus, the knowledge of the serogroups prevalent in a given state or country is directly related to both prevention and eradication of the disease.

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19

Parker, Dane, Ruth M. Kennan, Garry S. Myers, Ian T. Paulsen, and Julian I. Rood. "Identification of a Dichelobacter nodosus Ferric Uptake Regulator and Determination of Its Regulatory Targets." Journal of Bacteriology 187, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 366–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.187.1.366-375.2005.

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ABSTRACT The expression of iron regulated genes in bacteria is typically controlled by the ferric uptake regulator (Fur) protein, a global transcriptional repressor that regulates functions as diverse as iron acquisition, oxidative stress, and virulence. We have identified a fur homologue in Dichelobacter nodosus, the causative agent of ovine footrot, and shown that it complements an Escherichia coli fur mutant. Homology modeling of the D. nodosus Fur protein with the recently solved crystal structure of Fur from Pseudomonas aeruginosa indicated extensive structural conservation. As Southern hybridization analysis of different clinical isolates of D. nodosus indicated that the fur gene was present in all of these strains, the fur gene was insertionally inactivated to determine its functional role. Analysis of these mutants by various techniques did not indicate any significant differences in the expression of known virulence genes or in iron-dependent growth. However, we determined several Fur regulatory targets by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry. Analysis of proteins from cytoplasmic, membrane, and extracellular fractions revealed numerous differentially expressed proteins. The transcriptional basis of these differences was analyzed by using quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR. Proteins with increased expression in the fur mutant were homologues of the periplasmic iron binding protein YfeA and a cobalt chelatase, CbiK. Down-regulated proteins included a putative manganese superoxide dismutase and ornithine decarboxylase. Based on these data, it is suggested that in D. nodosus the Fur protein functions as a regulator of iron and oxidative metabolism.

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20

Billington, S. J., B. H. Jost, and J. I. Rood. "A gene region in Dichelobacter nodosus encoding a lipopolysaccharide epitope." Microbiology 141, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): 945–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/13500872-141-4-945.

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21

Haring, V., S. J. Billington, C. L. Wright, A. S. Huggins, M. E. Katz, and J. I. Rood. "Delineation of the virulence-related locus (vrl) of Dichelobacter nodosus." Microbiology 141, no. 9 (September 1, 1995): 2081–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/13500872-141-9-2081.

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22

Whittle, Gabrielle, Margaret E. Katz, Edward H. Clayton, and Brian F. Cheetham. "Identification and Characterization of a Native Dichelobacter nodosus Plasmid, pDN1." Plasmid 43, no. 3 (May 2000): 230–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/plas.1999.1456.

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23

Alm, Richard A., Brian P. Dalrymple, and John S. Mattick. "Sequencing and expression of the aroA gene from Dichelobacter nodosus." Gene 145, no. 1 (July 1994): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1119(94)90329-8.

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24

GHIMIRE, S. C., and J. R. EGERTON. "PCR–RFLP of outer membrane proteins gene of Dichelobacter nodosus: a new tool in the epidemiology of footrot." Epidemiology and Infection 122, no. 3 (June 1999): 521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268899002290.

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Currently only phenotypic epidemiological markers, serogrouping and virulence testing of Dichelobacter nodosus, are available for investigating footrot outbreaks in small ruminants. These methods have limitations in tracing the source of infection. In this study, a genotypic marker, PCR–RFLP of outer membrane protein gene, was used to characterize D. nodosus. The technique was evaluated in a controlled experiment involving two strains of bacteria. PCR–RFLP was found to be highly specific in differentiating isolates obtained from recipient animals infected with different strains. Subsequently, this technique was used to characterize isolates obtained from field cases of footrot in Nepal. A total of 11 patterns was recognized among 66 Nepalese D. nodosus isolates representing four different serogroups. PCR–RFLP also discriminated isolates with similar phenotypic characteristics. However, all isolates which, phenotypically, were virulent were represented by only two patterns irrespective of their serogroups. It is suggested that PCR–RFLP described here could be a useful epidemiological marker in the study of footrot.

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25

Whittington, Richard. "Immunoblot and Ultrastructural Analysis of Antigens Extracted from Dichelobacter Nodosus with Potassium Thiocyanate." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 8, no. 3 (July 1996): 315–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879600800307.

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The antigens extracted from Dichelobacter nodosus with potassium thiocyanate were analyzed by western blotting with sera from footrot-free sheep and from sheep infected with D. nodosus to identify components specific for infection. Several components with molecular mass < 33 kD were associated with infection, particularly bands of 32.5 kD, 30.5 kD, and 28 kD. Components with molecular mass > 56 kD may be responsible for false-positive reactions observed when sera of footrot-free sheep react with the potassium thiocyanate extract in solid phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Bands of 62.5 kD, 56 kD, 40 kD, and 19 kD were recognized for most sheep regardless of their disease status or ELISA reactivity and therefore do not appear to be detected by the ELISA. No components of the potassium thiocyanate extract were completely specific for infection. Antigens in the extract were identified primarily on the cell envelope by immunogold electron microscopy. Labeling was concentrated in the periplasm, with minor labeling of the cell surface. The extract consisted of tangled strands of particles with electron-dense cores, and few vesicular structures were observed.

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26

Agbaje, Michael, Catrin S. Rutland, Grazieli Maboni, Adam Blanchard, Melissa Bexon, Ceri Stewart, Michael A. Jones, and Sabine Totemeyer. "Novel inflammatory cell infiltration scoring system to investigate healthy and footrot affected ovine interdigital skin." PeerJ 6 (July 2, 2018): e5097. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5097.

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Ovine footrot is a degenerative disease of sheep feet leading to the separation of hoof-horn from the underlying skin and lameness. This study quantitatively examined histological features of the ovine interdigital skin as well as their relationship with pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β) and virulent Dichelobacter nodosus in footrot. From 55 healthy and 30 footrot ovine feet, parallel biopsies (one fixed for histology) were collected post-slaughter and analysed for lesions and histopathological analysis using haematoxylin and eosin and Periodic Acid-Schiff. Histological lesions were similar in both conditions while inflammatory scores mirror IL-1β expression levels. Increased inflammatory score corresponded with high virulent D. nodosus load and was significant (p < 0.0001) in footrot feet with an inflammatory score of 3 compared to scores 1 and 2. In addition, in contrast to healthy tissues, localisation of eubacterial load extended beyond follicular depths in footrot samples. The novel inflammatory cell infiltration scoring system in this study may be used to grade inflammatory response in the ovine feet and demonstrated an association between severity of inflammatory response and increased virulent D. nodosus load.

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27

Zhou, Huitong, and Jon G. H. Hickford. "Dichelobacter nodosus serotype M fimbrial subunit gene: implications for serological classification." Veterinary Microbiology 79, no. 4 (April 2001): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1135(00)00385-0.

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28

Kennan, Ruth M., Carrie J. Lovitt, Xiaoyan Han, Dane Parker, Lynne Turnbull, Cynthia B. Whitchurch, and Julian I. Rood. "A two-component regulatory system modulates twitching motility in Dichelobacter nodosus." Veterinary Microbiology 179, no. 1-2 (August 2015): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.03.025.

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29

Knappe-Poindecker, M., H. J. Jørgensen, T. K. Jensen, B. Tesfamichael, M. J. Ulvund, S. Vatn, and T. Fjeldaas. "Experimental infection of sheep with ovine and bovine Dichelobacter nodosus isolates." Small Ruminant Research 121, no. 2-3 (October 2014): 411–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.07.021.

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30

PITMAN, DR, MA PALMER, and LJ DEPIAZZI. "The laboratory culture of Dichelobacter nodosus in a footrot eradication program." Australian Veterinary Journal 71, no. 4 (April 1994): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1994.tb03349.x.

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31

La Fontaine, S., and J. I. Rood. "Organization of ribosomal RNA genes from the footrot pathogen Dichelobacter nodosus." Microbiology 142, no. 4 (April 1, 1996): 889–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00221287-142-4-889.

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32

Bhat, M. A., S. A. Wani, I. Hussain, S. N. Magray, and M. Muzafar. "Identification of two new serotypes within serogroup B of Dichelobacter nodosus." Anaerobe 18, no. 1 (February 2012): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.12.010.

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Muzafar, Mohd, Laura E. Green, Leo A. Calvo-Bado, Esther Tichauer, Hayley King, Philip James, and Elizabeth M. H. Wellington. "Survival of the ovine footrot pathogen Dichelobacter nodosus in different soils." Anaerobe 38 (April 2016): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.12.010.

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34

La Fontaine, Sharon, John R. Egerton, and Julian I. Rood. "Detection of Dichelobacter nodosus using species-specific oligonucleotides as PCR primers." Veterinary Microbiology 35, no. 1-2 (May 1993): 101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1135(93)90119-r.

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35

Han, Xiaoyan, Ruth M. Kennan, Dane Parker, John K. Davies, and Julian I. Rood. "Type IV Fimbrial Biogenesis Is Required for Protease Secretion and Natural Transformation in Dichelobacter nodosus." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 14 (May 18, 2007): 5022–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00138-07.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to develop an understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which type IV fimbrial biogenesis, natural transformation, and protease secretion are linked in the ovine foot rot pathogen, Dichelobacter nodosus. We have shown that like the D. nodosus fimbrial subunit FimA, the pilin-like protein PilE and the FimN, FimO, and FimP proteins, which are homologs of PilB, PilC, and PilD from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, are essential for fimbrial biogenesis and natural transformation, indicating that transformation requires an intact type IV fimbrial apparatus. The results also showed that extracellular protease secretion in the fimN, fimO, fimP, and pilE mutants was significantly reduced, which represents the first time that PilB, PilC, and PilE homologs have been shown to be required for the secretion of unrelated extracellular proteins in a type IV fimbriate bacterium. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of the three extracellular protease genes aprV2, aprV5, and bprV showed that the effects on protease secretion were not mediated at the transcriptional level. Bioinformatic analysis did not identify a classical type II secretion system, and the putative fimbrial biogenesis gene pilQ was the only outer membrane secretin gene identified. Based on these results, it is postulated that in D. nodosus, protease secretion occurs by a type II secretion-related process that directly involves components of the type IV fimbrial biogenesis machinery, which represents the only type II secretion system encoded by the small genome of this highly evolved pathogen.

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Kennan, Ruth M., Om P. Dhungyel, Richard J. Whittington, John R. Egerton, and Julian I. Rood. "The Type IV Fimbrial Subunit Gene (fimA) ofDichelobacter nodosus Is Essential for Virulence, Protease Secretion, and Natural Competence." Journal of Bacteriology 183, no. 15 (August 1, 2001): 4451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.183.15.4451-4458.2001.

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ABSTRACT Dichelobacter nodosus is the essential causative agent of footrot in sheep. The major D. nodosus-encoded virulence factors that have been implicated in the disease are type IV fimbriae and extracellular proteases. To examine the role of the fimbriae in virulence, allelic exchange was used to insertionally inactivate the fimAgene, which encodes the fimbrial subunit protein, from the virulent type G D. nodosus strain VCS1703A. Detailed analysis of two independently derived fimA mutants revealed that they no longer produced the fimbrial subunit protein or intact fimbriae and did not exhibit twitching motility. In addition, these mutants were no longer capable of undergoing natural transformation and did not secrete wild-type levels of extracellular proteases. These effects were not due to polar effects on the downstream fimB gene because insertionally inactivated fimB mutants were not defective in any of these phenotypic tests. Virulence testing of the mutants in a sheep pen trial conducted under controlled environmental conditions showed that the fimA mutants were avirulent, providing evidence that the fimA gene is an essential D. nodosus virulence gene. These studies represent the first time that molecular genetics has been used to determine the role of virulence genes in this slow growing anaerobic bacterium.

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Thomas, N., S. Joseph, R. Alex, K. C. Raghavan, G. Radhika, L. Anto, and S. G. Mohan. "Genetic variation in resistance to caprine foot rot by Dichelobacter nodosus in goats of Kerala, India." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 27, no. 2 (2011): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1102235t.

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Foot rot is a highly contagious and economically important disease of sheep and goats, caused predominantly by Dichelobacter nodosus. The current investigation was intended to analyse the genetic variation for resistance to caprine foot rot among two purebred native breeds of goats(Malabari and Attappady Black) and crossbred (Malabari crosses with Sannen, Alpine and Boer) goats in Kerala state, India. The cases were identified by observing characteristic symptoms of foot rot in goats, detecting Gram negative large rods from the hoof lesions and by PCR to detect the 783bp amplicon from the 16sRNA gene of D. nodosus. Two hundred and four animals were subjected to the study and statistical analysis of the data generated could substantiate that, there is variation in caprine foot rot resistance among genetic groups studied (p?0.01) with significantly lower incidence rates in Malabari (14.29%) and Attappady Black (2.29%) compared to the crossbreds (43.75%).

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Locher, Iwan, Deborah Greber, Kerstin Holdener, Rita Lüchinger, Christina Haerdi-Landerer, Gertraud Schüpbach-Regula, Joachim Frey, and Adrian Steiner. "Longitudinal Dichelobacter nodosus status in 9 sheep flocks free from clinical footrot." Small Ruminant Research 132 (November 2015): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.10.021.

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Zakaria, Z., Son Radu, A. R. Sheikh-Omar, A. R. Mutalib, P. G. Joseph, and G. Rusul. "Molecular analysis of Dichelobacter nodosus isolated from footrot in sheep in Malaysia." Veterinary Microbiology 62, no. 3 (July 1998): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1135(98)00219-3.

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La Fontaine, Sharon, and Julian I. Rood. "Physical and genetic map of the chromosome of Dichelobacter nodosus strain A198." Gene 184, no. 2 (January 1997): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1119(96)00617-8.

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Petrov, Kaloyan K., and Leon M. T. Dicks. "Fusobacterium necrophorum, and not Dichelobacter nodosus, is associated with equine hoof thrush." Veterinary Microbiology 161, no. 3-4 (January 2013): 350–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.07.037.

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Knappe-Poindecker, Maren, Marianne Gilhuus, Tim K. Jensen, Synnøve Vatn, Hannah J. Jørgensen, and Terje Fjeldaas. "Cross-infection of virulent Dichelobacter nodosus between sheep and co-grazing cattle." Veterinary Microbiology 170, no. 3-4 (June 2014): 375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.02.044.

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Vaughan, P. R., L. F. Wang, D. J. Stewart, G. G. Lilley, and A. A. Kortt. "Expression in Escherichia coli of the extracellular basic protease from Dichelobacter nodosus." Microbiology 140, no. 8 (August 1, 1994): 2093–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/13500872-140-8-2093.

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Katz, M. E., C. L. Wright, T. S. Gartside, B. F. Cheetham, C. V. Doidge, E. K. Moses, and J. I. Rood. "Genetic organization of the duplicated vap region of the Dichelobacter nodosus genome." Journal of Bacteriology 176, no. 9 (1994): 2663–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.176.9.2663-2669.1994.

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45

Wani, S. A., I. Samanta, M. A. Bhat, and A. S. Buchh. "Molecular detection and characterization of Dichelobacter nodosus in ovine footrot in India." Molecular and Cellular Probes 18, no. 5 (October 2004): 289–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mcp.2004.03.004.

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Hussain, I., S. A. Wani, S. D. Qureshi, and S. Farooq. "Serological diversity and virulence determination of Dichelobacter nodosus from footrot in India." Molecular and Cellular Probes 23, no. 2 (April 2009): 112–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mcp.2009.01.003.

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Billington, Stephen J., Joanne L. Johnston, and Julian I. Rood. "Virulence regions and virulence factors of the ovine footrot pathogen,Dichelobacter nodosus." FEMS Microbiology Letters 145, no. 2 (December 1996): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08570.x.

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Cederlöf, Sara Ellinor, Tomas Hansen, Ilka Christine Klaas, and Øystein Angen. "An evaluation of the ability of Dichelobacter nodosus to survive in soil." Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 55, no. 1 (2013): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1751-0147-55-4.

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Wong, W., C. J. Porter, R. M. Kennan, D. Parker, J. I. Rood, and J. C. Whisstock. "Structural proteomics of secreted proteases from the ovine footrot pathogen,Dichelobacter nodosus." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 64, a1 (August 23, 2008): C251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767308091939.

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Katz, M. E., R. A. Strugnell, and J. I. Rood. "Molecular characterization of a genomic region associated with virulence in Dichelobacter nodosus." Infection and Immunity 60, no. 11 (1992): 4586–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.60.11.4586-4592.1992.

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